BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN
1.1.
Latar Belakang Masalah
Peledakan adalah merupakan kegiatan pemecahan suatu material (batuan) dengan menggunakan bahan peledak atau proses terjadinya ledakan. Suatu operasi peledakan batuan akan mencapai hasil optimal apabila perlengkapan dan peralatan yang yang dipa dipaka kaii sesu sesuai ai deng dengan an meto metode de pele peleda daka kan n yang ang dite ditera rapk pkan an.. Dala Dalam m membicarakan perlengkapan dan peralatan peledakan perlu hendaknya terlebih dahulu dibedakan pengertian antara kedua hal tersebut. Peralat Peralatan an peleda peledakan kan ( Blasting Blasting equipment ) adal adalah ah alat-a alat-alat lat yang yang dapa dapatt diguna digunakan kan berula berulang ng kali, kali, misalny misalnyaa blasting blasting machine machine,, crimper dan sebagainya. Sedangkan perlengkapan peledakan hanya dipergunakan dalam satu kali proses peledakan atau tidak bisa digunakan berulang kali. Untuk setiap metode peledakan, perlu perlengkapan dan peralatan yang diperlukan berbeda-beda. Oleh karena itu agar tidak terjadi kerancuan dalam pengertian, maka dibuat sistematika berdasarkan tiap-tiap metode peledakan dalam arti baha perlengkapan dan peralatan akan dikelompokan berdasarkan metodenya. Pekerjaan peledakan adalah pekerjaan yang penuh bahaya. Oleh karena itu, harus dilakukan dengan penuh perhitungan dan hati!hati, agar tidak terjadi kegagalan atau bahkan kecelakaan. Untuk itu operator yang melakukan pekerjaan peledakan harus mengerti benar tentang cara kerja, si"at s i"at dan "ungsi dari peralatan yang yang digu diguna naka kan. n. #are #arena na pers persia iapa pan n
pele peleda daka kan n
yang ang
kura kurang ng baik baik akan akan
menghasilkan bisa menyebabkan hasil yang tidak sempurna serta mengandung resiko bahaya terhadap keselamatan pekerja maupun peralatan. Dalam hal ini pemilihan metode peledakan, pemilihan serta penggunaan peralatan dan perlengkapan juga berpengaruh terhadap hasil yang yang dicapai. Dalam Dalam peke pekerja rjaan an pele peleda daka kan n terd terdap apat at $ meto metode de yaitu yaitu meto metode de elektrik (list (listrik rik), ), non elektri elektrik k (non (non listrik listrik), ), namun namun terkad terkadang ang proses proses peledak peledakan an tidak tidak berjalan dengan baik, banyak kendala pekerjaan peledakan yang sering dihadapi
1
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
seperti seperti,, missfire missfire (gagal meledak), meledak), flyrock, flyrock, vibration, vibration, serta banyaknya bongkahan yang yang dihasil dihasilkan kan oleh oleh proses proses peleda peledakan kan.. Dalam Dalam hal missfire, missfire, terdapat beberapa kondisi yang menyebabkan gagalnya proses peledakan suatu jenjang, contohnya terdapat air didalam lubang ledak yang menyebabkan bahan peledak menjadi basah sehingga gagal meledak. Dari Dari perm permas asala alaha han n diat diatas, as, penu penuli liss menc mencob obaa untu untuk k menca mencari ri solu solusi si bagaimana cara
menanggulangi masalah
missfire (gag (gagal al mele meleda dak) k) yang yang
menggunakan metode peledakan elektrik dalam dalam penambangan. 1.2.
Rumusan Masalah
Perumusan masalah dalam penulisan ini adalah. %pa "actor-"aktor yang mempengaruhi gagalnya peledakan pada metode electric, dan bangai mana ciriciri gagal ledak pada peledakan, serta bagaimana cara menanggulanginya.
1.3.
Batasan Masalah &atasan masalah yang dibahas dalam penulisan ini hanya terbatas pada
pengertian misfire yang misfire yang menggunakan metode electrick , dan bangai mana ciri-ciri gagal ledak pada peledakan, serta bagaimana cara menanggulanginya. 1.4.
Maksud Dan Tuuan Penul!san
'aksud dan tujuan di susun penelitian ini adalah ) 'engkaji misfire dalam misfire dalam peledakan $) 'eng 'enghi hind ndar arii terjad terjadin inya ya misfire 1.".
Met#de Penul!san 'etode penulisan ini, penulis menggabungkan antara data-data literatur
dengan dengan mengkaitkan mengkaitkan data-data data-data sekunder. sekunder.*a *ahapan hapan metodologi metodologi yang dilakukan dilakukan dalam melakukan penulisan ini adalah . Stud Studii +ite +itera ratu turr Studi Studi literat literatur ur ini dilakuk dilakukan an dengan dengan mencari mencari bahanbahan-bah bahan an pustak pustakaa yang yang menunjang yang diperoleh dari a. Perpus Perpustak takaan aan berupa berupa buku buku dan dan modul modul b. nternet berupa ebook dan jurnal-jurnal
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
berdasarkan permasalahan yang diteliti dan selanjutnya diolah dalam bagian pembahasan. . #esim simpulan lan #esimpulan ini merupakan suatu hasil akhir dari semua aspek dari semua yang telah dibahas.
1.$.
Man%aat Penul!san
*ujuan penulisan ini adalah agar dapat mengetahui penyebab terjadinya misfire dan mengeta mengetahui hui ciri-ciri ciri-ciri dan cara menanga menangani ni misfire misfire dengan baik dan benar pada metode electrick .
BAB &&
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
2.1.
Met#de Peledakan
'etode peledakan terbagi menjadi $ yaitu metode listrik dan metode nonlistrik. listrik. 'etode 'etode non-listrik non-listrik adalak tube plastik yang mempunyai mempunyai diameter diameter luar mm, di dalamnya berisi suatu bahan reakti" yang dapat menjalankan gelombang kejut ( shock wave) wave) dengan kecepatan ca. $ meter ($ kilometer) per detik. 'etode 'etode listrik listrik %dalah %dalah jenis jenis detona detonator tor yang yang penyalaa penyalaanny nnyaa dengan dengan arus arus listrik yang dihantarkan melalui kabel khusus untuk itu pada kedua ujung kabel kedalam kedalam tabung tabung detona detonator tor listrik listrik dileng dilengkap kapii dengan dengan jenis jenis kaat kaat halus halus yang yang telanjang yang apabila dileati arus listrik akan berpijar. Pada prinsipnya susunan dan jenis kandungan ini, detonator ini sama dengan detonator biasa, pijar dari kaat halus akan membakar ramuan pembakar dan kemudian menyentuh isian utama sehingga menghasilkan gelombang sentak yang akan meledakkan isian dasar, jadi terlihat disini baha prinsipnya detonator listrik s ama dengan detonator biasa bedanya hanya pada penyalaannya. 2.2.
)e#metr! Pe Pem*#ran
/eomet /eometri ri pembor pemboran an melipu meliputi ti diamet diameter er lubang lubang bor, bor, kedalam kedalaman an lubang lubang ledak, kemiringan lubang ledak, tinggi jenjang dan juga pola pemboran. 2.2.1.
D!ameter Lu*ang Ledak
Diameter lubang tembak yang biasanya dipilih disesuaikan dengan si"atsi"at "isik batuan yang akan diledakkan. %pabila batuan yang akan diledakkan sukar pecah maka penggunaan diameter lubang tembak yang lebih besar akan dapat menghasilkan energi peledakkan yang lebih baik. Diamet Diameter er lubang lubang ledak ledak berpen berpengar garuh uh pada pada penent penentuan uan jarak jarak burd burden en dan jumlah bahan peledak yang digunakan pada setiap lubangnya (/ambar $.). 0aktor!"aktor yang mempengaruhi penentuan diameter lubang ledak antara lain a. 1olume lume massa massa batuan batuan yang yang akan akan dibon dibongka gkar r b. *inggi *inggi jenjang dan kon"igurasi isian 0r asi yang yang dii dii inka inka
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
)am*ar 2.1 +engaruh d!ameter lu*ang ledak terhada+ *urden
Diameter Diameter lubang lubang ledak berpengaruh berpengaruh terhadap terhadap panjang panjang stemming . Untuk menghindari getaran tanah dan batuan terbang ( flyrock ( flyrock ), ), maka lubang ledak yang berdiameter besar harus mempunyai stemming yang panjang. panjang. Sedangkan Sedangkan jika lubang lubang ledak berdia berdiamet meter er kecil kecil maka maka stemming yang digunakan menjadi lebih pendek, agar tidak terjadi bongkah pada hasil peledakan. 2ika stemming terlalu panjang, maka energi ledakan tidak mampu mampu menghancurkan batuan pada daerah di sek sekitar itar stemming tersebu tersebut. t. Diamet Diameter er lubang lubang ledak ledak juga juga dibatas dibatasii oleh oleh tinggi tinggi jenjang. Untuk tinggi jenjang tertentu terdapat batas minimum diameter lubang ledak tertentu pula, apabila batas minimum ini tidak tercapai maka akan terjadi penyimpangan berlebihan yang bersi"at merusak, yaitu pemecahan yang tidak merata di sepanjang lantai jenjang serta akan menyebabkan getaran tanah. 2.2.2.
,edalaman Lu*ang Ledak
#edalaman lubang ledak biasanya di sesuaikan dengan tinggi jenjang yang diterapkan. Dan untuk mendapatkan lantai jenjang yang rata maka hendaknya
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
bertujuan agar lantai jenjang hasil peledakan tidak mengalami tonjolan atau agar lantai jenjang rata. 2.2.3. 2.2.3. ,e ,em!r m!r!ng !ngan an Lu* Lu*an ang g Leda Ledak k
%rah pemboran secara teoritis ada dua ,yaitu arah pemboran tegak dan arah pemboran miring menururt 'c /regor /regor #. (345), (345), kemiringan lubang ledak antar O !$O dari bidang 6ertikal yang biasanya digunakan pada tambang terbuka yang akan memberikan keuntungan dan kerugian masing-masing terhadap arah kemiringan lubang tembak 6ertikal maupun miring. 1- Lu* Lu*ang ang Te Tem*ak m*ak ert! ert!kal kal
Suatu Suatu jenjan jenjang g dengan dengan arah arah lubang lubang tembak tembak 6ertik 6ertikal al dileda diledakka kkan, n, maka maka bagian bagian lantai lantai jenjan jenjang g akan akan menerim menerimaa gelomb gelombang ang tekan tekan terbesar terbesar.. /elombang tekan tersebut sebagian akan dipantulkan pada bidang bebas dan sebagi sebagian an lagi lagi diteru diteruskan skan pada pada bagian bagian baah baah lantai lantai jenjang jenjang (lihat (lihat gambar gambar $.$). Dengan pemboran pemboran tegak, pada bagian atas jenjang kurang kurang bagus karena ada back break , "rakmentasi kurang dan pada bagian lantai dasar daya ledak tidak bias sepenuhnya tersalurkan. 2- Lu* Lu*ang ang Tem*ak m*ak M!r! M!r!ng ng
Pada lubang tembak miring, gelombang ledak yang dipantulkan dari dari lantai lantai dasar dasar jenjang jenjang akan lebih lebih besar besar (lihat (lihat /ambar /ambar $.$). $.$). Dengan Dengan demikian sebagian besar gelombang tekan yang dihasilkan oleh bahan peledak digunakan untuk membongkar batuan. +ebih dari itu lubang bor miring mempunyai lebih banyak keuntungan dari pada yang tega k, yaitu a. &isa mengurangi biaya pemboran dan konsumsi bahan peledak,
karena dengan burden yang lebih besar. *. %kan diperoleh jenjang (bench ( bench)) yang stabil. /. 'engurangi resiko timbulnya tonjolan dan back break . d. 7asil tumpukan (much (much pile shape) shape ) yang lebih bagus.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Sehingga kaitannya dengan tonjolan (toe ( toe)) setelah dilakukan peledakan, pemboran dengan lubang ledak miring menghasilkan tonjolan ( toe) toe) lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan lubang ledak tegak.
Daerah bongkar besar
Lantai Atas 450
Daerah backbreak Stemming Gel.ekan !iter"skan Gel.ekan !i#ant"lkan
450
Lantai Bawah
L"bang tembak tegak
Daerah bongkar besar Daerah backbreak
Lantai Atas
Stemming Gel.ekan !iter"skan
450
Gel.ekan !i#ant"lkan
450
Lantai Bawah
Lubang tembak miring
Gambar 2.2 Pemboran dengan lubang tembak tegak dan lubang tembak miring
2.2. 2.2.4. 4. P#la P#la Pem* Pem*#r #ran an
Pola pemboran merupakan suatu pola pada kegiatan pemboran dengan menempatkan lubang!lubang tembak secara sistematis. &erdasarkan letak!letak
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Dalam penerapannya di lapangan, pola pemboran sejajar merupakan pola yang lebih mudah dalam pengaturan pengaturan pemboran lebih lanjut. lanjut. *etapi etapi perolehan perolehan "ragmentasi batuannya kurang seragam, sedangkan pola pemboran selang!seling lebih sulit penanganannya di lapangan namun "ragmentasi batuannya lebih baik dan seragam. 'enu 'enuru rutt hasi hasill pene peneli liti tian an di lapa lapang ngan an pada pada jeni jeniss batu batuan an komp kompak ak,, menu menunju njuka kan n bah bahaa hasil hasil prod produk ukti ti6i 6itas tas dan dan "ragm "ragmen entas tasii peled peledak akan an deng dengan an menggunakan pola pemboran selang-seling lebih baik dari pada pola pemboran sejajar, hal ini disebabkan energi yang dihasilkan pada pemboran selang-seling lebih lebih optima optimall dalam dalam mendis mendistrib tribusi usikan kan energi energi peledak peledakan an yang yang bekerja bekerja dalam dalam batuan.
)am*ar 2.3 P#la Pem*#ran seaar dan 'elang0'el!ng
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
9t : 8aktu edar (menit) &t : 8aktu pemboran (menit) St : 8aktu menyambung batang bor (menit) %t : 8aktu 8aktu melepas batang bor (menit) Dt : 8aktu untuk mengatasi hambatan (menit) ( menit) Pt : 8aktu pindah ke lubang yang lain, dan mempersiapkan alat bor hingga siap untuk melakukan pemboran (menit) 2.3.2. 2.3.2. ,e/ ,e/e+a e+ata tan n Pem*#r Pem*#ran an Rata0R Rata0Rata ata
#ecepatan #ecepa tan pemb pemboran oran terdiri dari beberapa de"inisi seperti Drilling Rate. Drilling Rate mer merupa upakan kan per perban bandin dingan gan ked kedalam alaman an lub lubang ang bor yan yang g dic dicapa apaii terhadap aktu yang diperlukan untuk membuat atau lebih lubang bor, tanpa memperhitungkan aktu untuk mengatasi hambatan ( delay time). time). H
Dr :
Ct
#eterangan Dr Dr
: #e #ece cepa patan tan pem pembo boran ran be bersi rsih h (m (mete eter
7
: #edalaman lubang tembak (meter)
9t!Dt : 8aktu 8aktu edar pemboran tanpa hambatan (menit) 2.3.3. 2.3.3. E%% E%%!s! !s!en ens! s! ,er ,era a Pem* Pem*#ra #ran n
="isi =" isien ensi si ke kerj rjaa pem pembo bora ran n ad adala alah h pe perb rban andi ding ngan an an anta tara ra a akt ktu u ke kerja rja produkti" dengan aktu kerja yang terjadal dan dinyatakan dalam persen. 8aktu 8aktu produkti" adalah aktu yang digunakan untuk kerja pemboran. 2adi e" isiensi kerja
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
2.3. 2.3.4. 4. #lume lume 'eta 'etara ra
1olume setara ( quivalent quivalent volume, !eq eq)) menyatakan 6olume batuan yang diha di harap rapka kan n te terb rbon ongk gkar ar un untu tuk k se seti tiap ap me meter ter ke keda dalam laman an lu luba bang ng le leda dak k ya yang ng dinyatakan dalam m
1e@ :
Σ H
#eterangan 1e@ 1e @
: 6olume setar setaraa (m
1
: 6olume batuan yang diledakkan (m )
n
: jumlah lubang tembak
7
: kedalaman lubang tembak (m)
2.3. 2.3.". ". Pr#d Pr#duk uks! s! Mes Mes!n !n B#r B#r
Produksi pemboran tergantung kecepatan pemboran mesin bor, 6olume setara dan penggunaan e"ekti" mesin bor. Produksi tersebut dinyatakan dalam m
: produksi alat bor (m
1t
: kecepatan pemboran rata-rata (m
1e@ 1e @
: 6olume setar setaraa (m
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
B.+.%sh (345) membuat suatu pedoman perhitungan geometri peledakan jenjang berdasarkan pengalaman empirik yang diperoleh di berbagai tempat dengan dengan jenis jenis pekerja pekerjaan an dan batuan batuan yang yang berbed berbeda-be a-beda. da. Sehing Sehingga ga B.+. B.+. %sh %sh berhasil mengajukan rumusan-rumusan empirik yang dapat digunakan sebagai pedoman dalam rancangan aal suatu peledakan batuan. 1) Burden (B (B)
Burden adalah adalah jarak jarak tegak tegak lurus lurus antara antara lubang lubang tembak tembak dengan dengan bidang bebas yang panjangnya tergantung pada karakteristik batuan. 'enent 'enentuka ukan n ukuran ukuran burd burden en merupakan merupakan langkah aal agar "ragmentasi "ragmentasi batuan hasil peledakan, vibrasi, vibrasi, airb airbla last st dapa dapatt memu memuas aska kan. n. Burden diturunkan berdasarkan diameter lubang tembak atau diameter mata bor atau diameter dodol bahan peledak. peledak. Untuk menentukan burden, burden, B.+. %sh (345) mendasarkan pada acuan yang dibuat secara empirik, yaitu adanya batuan standar dan bahan peledak standar. standar. a. &atu &atuan an stan standa darr adal adalah ah batu batuan an yang ang memp mempun uny yai bera beratt jeni jeniss atau atau densitas 4 lb
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
2ika De
: diameter lubang tembak
&
: burden
#b
: burden ratio
#eterangan &obot isi batuan standar (Dst) : 4 lb
: ,$
1estd 1estd (1ODstd) (1ODst d)
: $ "ps
#bstandard
:
'aka #b koreksi : A %" A %"$ %" : adjusment "actor untuk batuan yang diledakkan %"$ : ad"usment factor untuk handak yang dipakai Dengan 1
%"
:
Dstd 3 ( ) D
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
2) Spa Spacing ing (S) (S)
#pacing adalah jarak antar lubang tembak dirangkai dalam satu baris dan diukur sejajar terhadap bidang bebas. S
: #s A &
#eterangan #s
: spacing : spacing ratio (, ratio (, ! $,)
&
: burden (m) burden (m) Spacing yang lebih kecil dari ketentuan akan menyebabkan ukuran
batuan hasil peledakan terlalu hancur. *etapi *etapi jika spacing jika spacing lebih lebih besar dari ketent ketentuan uan akan akan menyeba menyebabka bkan n banyak banyak terjadi terjadi bongka bongkah h ( boulder ) dan tonjolan ( stump) stump) diantara dua lubang tembak setelah peledakan. &erdasarkan cara urutan peledakannya, pedoman penentuan spacing penentuan spacing adalah sebagai berikut a. Pele Peledak dakan an seren serentak tak,, S : $ & b. Peledakan beruntun dengan delay interval lama ( second second delay), delay), S : &
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
mengontrol airblast, flyrock airblast, flyrock dan dan stress balance. %pabila #t F maka akan terjadi. Untuk menghitung stemming dipakai persamaan *
: #t A &
#eterangan $
: #temming (m)
%t
: #temming ratio (,5 ! ,)
B
: Burden (m)
4- Subdrilling (J)
merupakan kelebihan panjang lubang ledak pada bagian #ubdrilling merupakan baah lantai jenjang. Subdrilling dimaksudkan agar jenjang terbongkar tepat pada batas lantai jenjang sehingga didapat lantai jenjang yang rata setelah peledakan. Panjang subdrilling Panjang subdrilling dipengaruhi oleh struktur geologi, tinggi jenjang dan kemiringan lubang ledak. Panjang subdrilling diperoleh dengan menentukan harga subdrilling harga subdrilling ratio (#j) yang besarnya tidak lebih kecil kecil dari dari ,$. ,$. Untuk batuan batuan massive massive biasanya dipakai #j sebesar ,.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
antara ,E ! C,. 7ubungan kedalaman lubang ledak dengan burden adalah sebagai berikut 7
: #h A &
#eterangan 7
: #edalaman lubang ledak (m)
#h
: 7ole dept ratio (,E ! C)
&
: Burden (m) Burden (m)
6) Panjan Panjang g Klm Klm !"ian !"ian (P#) (P#)
Panjang kolom isian merupakan hasil pengurangan dari kedalaman lubang ledak dengan panjang stemming. panjang stemming. Persamaan &'
* $
#eterangan &'
: Panjang kolom isian (m)
: #edalaman lubang ledak (m)
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
burden, ada beberapa "aktor yang harus diperhitungkan seperti diameter lubang ledak, bobot isi batuan dan struktur geologi dari batuan tersebut. Semakin besar diameter lubang diameter lubang ledak maka akan semakin besar jarak burden, karena dengan diameter lubang ledak yang semakin besar maka bahan peledak yang digunakan akan semakin banyak pada setiap lubang lubangnya nya sehing sehingga ga akan akan mengha menghasilk silkan an energ energii ledaka ledakan n yang yang semaki semakin n besar. Sedangkan apabila densitas batuannya yang semakin besar, maka agar energi ledakan berkontraksi maksimal dilakukan dengan memperkecil ukuran burden, sehingga "ragmentasi batuan yang dihasilkan akan baik. Sedangkan struktur geologi batuan digunakan sebagai "aktor koreksi pada penentuan burden. Untuk "aktor " aktor koreksi berdasarkan geologi batuan dapat dapat dibagi dibagi kedalam kedalam $ konsta konstanta nta yaitu yaitu #d yang yang merupa merupakan kan koreks koreksii terh terhad adap ap posis posisii lapi lapisan san batu batuan an dan dan %s yaitu koreksi terhadap terhadap struktur struktur geologi batuan dilihat pada tabel $. Ta*le 2.1 ,#reks! terhada+ struktur ge#l#g! *atuan
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
0,85
: ,E A ,E A(
2,50
¿
,
: 5,5$ "t A ,C : $,E m
2 x SGe
&
: ((
SGr 2 x 0,85
: ((
2,50
¿ + 1,50 ¿ xDe ¿ + 1,50 ¿ × 3,50
: 5,4 "t A ,C
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
&$
: &urden terkoreksi (m)
#d
: 0aktor koreksi berdasarkan struktur geologi batuan
#s
: 0aktor koreksi berdasarkan orientasi perlapisan
#r
: 0aktor koreksi berdasarkan jumlah baris peledakan, yaitu #r :
jika terdapat satu atau $ baris dan #r : ,3 jika terdapat baris atau lebih.
2) Spa"i (S (S)
Spasi adalah jarak terdekat antara dua lubang ledak yang berdekatan di dalam satu atu baris (row). row). %pabi pabila la jara jarak k spas spasii terl terlal alu u keci kecill akan akan menye menyebab babkan kan batuan batuan hancur hancur menjad menjadii halus, halus, diseba disebabka bkan n karena karena energ energii yang yang mene meneka kan n terla terlalu lu kuat, kuat, seda sedang ngka kan n bila bila spasi spasi terla terlalu lu besa besarr akan akan
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
%da dua hal yang berhubungan dengan stemming yaitu 1. Panjang #temming Secar Secaraa teor teoriti itis, s, stemming ber"ungsi sebagai penahan agar energy ledakan terkurung dengan baik sehingga dapat menekan dengan kekuatan yang yang maksim maksimal. al. %pabi %pabila la peleda peledakan kan menerap menerapkan kan stemming yang terlalu pendek, maka akan mengakibatkan pecahnya energi ledakan terlalu mudah menca mencapa paii bida bidang ng beba bebass sebel sebelah ah atas atas sehin sehingg ggaa menim menimbu bulk lkan an batu batuan an terb terban ang g dan dan ener energi gi yang ang mene meneka kan n batu batuan an tida tidak k maksi aksima mal, l, sert sertaa "ragmentasi batuan hasil peledakan secara keseluruhan kurang baik. Pada jenjang yang terbentuk juga akan timbul retakan yang meleati batas jenjang (overbreak ). ) . Seda Sedang ngka kan n stemming yang yang terlalu terlalu panjan panjang g dapat dapat
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
SH
: Ukuran material stemming material stemming (mm)
$) Su Subd bdri rill llin ing g (J) (J)
#ubdrilling adalah adalah tambahan kedalaman pada lubang bor di baah lantai jenjang yang dibuat dengan maksud agar batuan dapat terbongkar sebatas sebatas lantai jenjangny jenjangnya. a. 2ika 2ika panjang panjang subdrilling terlalu terlalu kecil maka batuan pada batas lantai jenjang (toe) toe) tidak lengkap terbongkar sehingga akan menyisakan tonjolan pada lantai jenjangnya, sebaliknya bila panjang subdrilling terlalu terlalu besar maka akan menghasilkan getaran tanah dan secara lang langsu sung ng akan akan mena menamb mbah ah biaya biaya pemb pembora oran n dan dan pele peleda daka kan. n. Dalam Dalam penentuan tinggi subdrilling yang yang baik untuk memperoleh lantai jenjang
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Panjang kolom isian merupakan panjang kolom lubang ledak yang akan diisi bahan peledak. Panjang Panja ng kolom ini merupakan kedalaman lubang ledak dikurangi panjang stemming panjang stemming yang digunakan. P9
:7!*
dengan
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
P#tens! ang terad! ak!*at 8ar!as! "ti''ne" rati 7L6Brati 7L6B't!%%ne
9ragmentas!
Ledakan
Batu
)etaran
s rat!#
*atuan
udara
ter*ang
tanah
,#mentar
&anyak
muncul
back-break di
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Saat Saat peleda peledakan kan berlan berlangsu gsung, ng, dari dari arah arah runtuh runtuhan an batuan batuan yang yang terjadi terjadi menggambarkan suatu bentuk hasil peledakan yang dapat diklasi"ikasikan sebagai berikut (+ihat gambar $.E) %. I1J I1J 9ut 9ut yaitu aitu hasi hasill pele peleda daka kan n yang yang arah arah runt runtuh uhan an batu batuan anny nyaa kedepan dan membentuk huru" 1
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Secara teoritis, dengan adanya tiga bidang bebas ( free ( free face) face) maka kuat tarik tarik batu batuan an akan akan berk berkur uran ang g sehi sehing ngga ga meni mening ngka katk tkan an ener energi gi leda ledaka kan n untu untuk k pemecahan batuan dengan syarat s yarat lokasi dua bidang bebasnya memiliki jarak ja rak yang sama terhadap lubang tembak.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
X
>c
:
1
( 0,693 )
n
Dimana BA
: prosentase material yang tertahan pada ayakan (?)
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.