Dalam bahasa Jepang terdapat beberapa jenis kata (hinshi). Jenis kata tersebut didasarkan pada fungsi masing-masing dalam kalimat. Adapun jenis kata tersebut adalah: 1. 名詞(めいし)
: kata benda (noun)
2. 形容詞(けいようし)
: kata sifat (adjective)
3. 動詞(どうし)
: kata kerja (verb)
4. 副詞(ふくし)
: kata keterangan (adverb)
5. 接続詞(せつぞくし)
: kata penghubung (conjuction)
6. 感動詞(かんどうし)
: kata seru (interjection)
7. 助詞(じょし)
: partikel ( particle particle)
8. 助動詞(じょどうし)
: kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb )
Dari delapan jenis tersebut, pembelajar awal bahasa Jepang diharapkan dapat memahami terlebih dahulu mengenai kata benda, kata sifat, kata k erja, dan partikel. Oleh karenanya, berikut ini akan s edikit dibahas mengenai keempat jenis tersebut.
Kata Benda (
)
Kata benda dalam bahasa Jepang adakalanya sed ikit berbeda dengan kata benda dalam bah asa Indonesia. Kata benda dapat berupa kata benda asli dan kata benda hasil bentukan dari kata sifat/kata kerja. Kata sifat dan kata kerja biasanya dibentuk menjadi kata benda dengan menambahkan partikel NO ( の) atau KOTO (こと). Kata benda hasil bentukan tersebut biasanya dibutuhkan untuk meggabungkannya dengan pola-pola kalimat tertentu. Ada kalanya pula kata yang dalam bahasa Indonesia merupakan kata sifat/ kata keterangan/ kata kerja, dalam bahasa Jepang merupakan kata benda. Oleh sebab itu untuk memahami jenis sebuah kata, ada kalanya kita harus menarik diri menjauh dari bahasa ibu kita masingmasing. Berikut ini adalah kata benda level dasar:
秋(あき) 朝(あさ) あさごはん あさって 足(あし) 明日(あした) 頭(あたま) あなた 兄(あに) 姉(あね) アパート 雨(あめ)
外(そと) 空(そら) 大学(だいがく) 大使館(たいしかん) 台所(だいどころ) タクシー 建物(たてもの) たばこ 食べ物(たべもの) たまご 近く(ちかく) 地下鉄(ちかてつ)
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飴(あめ) 家(いえ) 池(いけ) いしゃ いす 犬(いぬ) 意味(いみ) 妹(いもうと) 入り口(いりぐち) 色(いろ) 上(うえ) 後ろ(うしろ) 歌(うた) 海(うみ) うわぎ 絵(え) 映画(えいが) 映画館(えいがかん) 英語(えいご) 駅(えき) えんぴつ お母さん(おかあさん) おかし お金(おかね) おくさん おさけ おさら おじいさん おじさん お茶(おちゃ) お手洗い(おてあらい) お父さん(おとうさん) 男(おとこ) 弟(おとうと) おととい おととし 大人(おとな) おなか おふろ
地図(ちず) 茶色(ちゃいろ) ちゃわん 机(つくえ) 手 テープ テーブル テープレコーダー 手紙(てがみ) 出口(でぐち) テスト デパート テレビ 天気(てんき) 電気(でんき) 電車(でんしゃ) 電話(でんわ) 戸(と) ドア トイレ 動物(どうぶつ) 時計(とけい) 所(ところ) 年(とし) 図書館(としょかん) 隣(となり) 友だち(ともだち) 鳥(とり) 鶏肉(とりにく) ナイフ 中(なか) 夏(なつ) 夏休み(なつやすみ) 名前(なまえ) 肉(にく) 西(にし) 荷物(にもつ) ニュース 庭(にわ)
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外国(がいこく) 外国人(がいこくじん) 会社(かいしゃ) 階段(かいだん) 買い物(かいもの) かぎ 学生(がくせい) 傘(かさ) 風(かぜ) 風邪(かぜ) 家族(かぞく) 方(かた) 学校(がっこう) カップ かてい かど かばん かびん 紙(かみ) カメラ 体(からだ) カレー カレンダー 川(かわ) 漢字(かんじ) 木(き) 北(きた) ギター 喫茶店(きっさてん) 切手(きって) 切符(きっぷ) 昨日(きのう) 牛肉(ぎゅうにく) 牛乳(ぎゅうにゅう) 今日(きょう) 教室(きょうしつ) 兄弟(きょうだい) 去年(きょねん) 銀行(ぎんこう)
歯(は) パーティー はいざら 箱(はこ) 橋(はし) 箸(はし) バス バター 花(はな) 鼻(はな) 話し(はなし) 春(はる) 晩(ばん) パン ハンカチ 番号(ばんごう) ばんごはん 東(ひがし) 飛行機(ひこうき) 左(ひだり) 人(ひと) 病院(びょういん) 病気(びょうき) 昼(ひる) ひるごはん フィルム 封筒(ふうとう) プール フォーク 服(ふく) 豚肉(ぶたにく) 冬(ふゆ) 文章(ぶんしょう) ページ ベッド ペット 部屋(へや) 辺(へん) ペン
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靴下(くつした) 国(くに) くもり クラス 車(くるま) けいかん 今朝(けさ) 結婚(けっこん) げんかん 公園(こうえん) こうさてん 紅茶(こうちゃ) こうばん 声(こえ) コート コーヒー ごご ごぜん コップ 今年(ことし) 言葉(ことば) 子供(こども) ごはん 今月(こんげつ) 今週(こんしゅう) 今晩(こんばん) さいふ 魚(さかな) 先(さき) 作文(さくぶん) 雑誌(ざっし) 砂糖(さとう) 再来年(さらいねん) 塩(しお) 時間(じかん) 仕事(しごと) 辞書(じしょ) 下(した)
ボタン ホテル 本(ほん) 本棚(ほんだな) 本当(ほんとう) 毎朝(まいあさ) 毎月(まいつき) 毎週(まいしゅう) 毎日(まいにち) 毎年(まいねん / まいとし) 毎晩(まいばん) 前(まえ) 町(まち) マッチ 窓(まど) まんねんひつ 右(みぎ) 水(みず) 店(みせ) 道(みち) 緑(みどり) 皆さん(みなさん) 南(みなみ) 耳(みみ) 向こう(むこう) 村(むら) 目(め) めがね 物(もの) 問(もん) 問題(もんだい) 八百屋(やおや) 野菜(やさい) 休み 山(やま) 夕方(ゆうがた) ゆうはん 郵便局
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字引(じびき) 自分(じぶん) 写真(しゃしん) シャツ シャワー 授業(じゅぎょう) 宿題(しゅくだい) しょうゆ 食堂(しょくどう) 新聞(しんぶん) スカート ストーブ スプーン スポーツ ズボン スリッパ 背(せ) 生徒(せいと) セーター せっけん せびろ 先生(せんせい)
Kata Sifat (
横(よこ) 夜(よる) 来月(らいげつ) 来週(らいしゅう) 来年(らいねん) 来日(らいにち) ラジオ ラジカセ 留学生 (りゅうがくせい) 両親(りょうしん) 料理(りょうり) 旅行(りょこう) 冷蔵庫(れいぞうこ) レコード レストラン 廊下(ろうか) ワイシャツ わたし わたくし
)
Dalam bahasa Jepang, kata sifat dibagi menjadi dua, yakni kata sifat (i) dan kata sifat (na) atau dalam bahasa Jepang disebut dengan I Keiyoushi dan NA Keiyoushi. Sesuai dengan namanya, yang dimaksud dengan kata sifat (i) adalah kata sifat yang berakhiran bunyi (i) dan kata sifat (na) adalah kata sifat yang berakhiran bunyi (na). Berikut ini adalah contoh kata sifat level dasar:
青い(あおい) 赤い(あかい) 明るい(あかるい) 暖かい(あたたかい) 新しい(あたらしい) 厚い(あつい) 暑い(あつい) 熱い(あつい)
強い(つよい) 遠い(とおい) 長い(ながい) ぬるい 早い(はやい) 速い(はやい) 低い(ひくい) 広い(ひろい)
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忙しい(いそがしい) 痛い(いたい) うすい うるさい おいしい 多い(おおい) 大きい(おおきい) 遅い(おそい) 重い(おもい) おもしろい からい 軽い(かるい) かわいい きいろい きたない 暗い(くらい) 黒い(くろい) 寒い(さむい) 白い(しろい) 少ない(すくない) 涼しい(すずしい) せまい 高い(たかい) 楽しい(たのしい) 小さい(ちいさい) 近い(ちかい) つまらない 冷たい(つめたい)
まずい まるい 短い(みじかい) 難しい(むずかしい) やさしい やすい 弱い(よわい) 若い(わかい) 悪い(わるい) いや(な) 大きな(おおきな) かんたんな きらいな きれいな 元気な(げんきな) しずかな 上手な(じょうずな) 丈夫な(じょうぶな) 好きな(すきな) 大切な(たいせつな) たいへんな 小さな(ちいさな) ひまな 下手な(へたな) 便利な(べんりな) 不便な(ふべんな) 有名な(ゆうめいな) りっぱな
Kata Kerja (どうし) Kata kerja dalam bahasa Jepang dibagi menjadi tiga golongan, yakni g olongan I, II, dan II I. Setiap golongan kata kerja memiliki pola perubahan tersendiri untuk menjadi bentuk yang lain. Pola pembentukan ini mempengaruhi fungsi/makna kata kerja tersebut. Pola pembentukan ini biasanya mengacu kepada bentuk Kamus atau bentuk –masu. –masu. Bentuk Kamus adalah bentuk yang muncul di dalam kamus. Untuk mencari arti sebuah verba, kita h arus mengetahui bentuk kamusnya. Bentuk – Bentuk –masu masu adalah bentuk formal, pembelajar dasar biasanya dikenalkan kepada bentuk ini terlebih dahulu. Bentuk kata kerja di Jepang ada sekitar sepuluh bentuk. Namun tidak semua dipelajari dalam level dasar. Dari bentuk-bentuk tersebut kemudian verba disambungkan dengan pola-pola kalimat tertentu untuk
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Berikut ini adalah daftar kata kerja level dasar dan beberapa bentuk yang perlu diketahui. Bentuk Kamus
会う(あう) 開く(あく) 開ける(あける) 上げる(あげる) 遊ぶ(あそぶ) あびる 洗う(あらう) ある 歩く(あるく) 言う(いう) 行く(いく) 居る(いる) 要る(いる) 入れる(いれる) 歌う(うたう) 売る(うる) 起きる(おきる) 置く(おく) 教える (おしえる) 押す(おす) 覚える (おぼえる) 泳ぐ(およぐ) 降りる(おりる) 終わる(おわる) 買う(かう) 返す(かえす) 帰る(かえる)
Gol 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2
あいます あきます あけます あげます あそびます あびます あらいます あります あるきます いいます いきます います いります いれます うたいます うります おきます おきます おしえます
1 2
おします おぼえます
1 2 1 1 1 1
およぎます おります おわります かいます かえします かえります
Bentuk
Bentuk
Bentuk
Arti
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かかる 書く(かく) かける 貸す(かす) 借りる(かりる) 消える(きえる) 切る(きる) 着る(きる) くもる 来る(くる) 消す(けす) 答える (こたえる) コピーする 困る(こまる) 咲く(さく) 差す(さす) 散歩する (さんぽする) 閉まる(しまる) 閉める(しめる) 締める(しめる) 知る(しる) 吸う(すう) 住む(すむ) 座る(すわる) する 洗濯する (せんたくする) そうじする 出す(だす)
1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 2
かかります かきます かけます かします かります きえます きります きます くもります きます けします こたえます
3 1 1 1 3
コピーします こまります さきます さします さんぽします
1 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 3
しまります しめます しめます しります すいます すみます すわります します せんたくします
3 1
そうじします だします
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立つ(たつ) 頼む(たのむ) 食べる(たべる) 違う(ちがう) 使う(つかう) 疲れる (つかれる) 着く(つく) 作る(つくる) つける つとめる でかける できる 出る(でる) 飛ぶ(とぶ) 止まる(とまる) 取る(とる) 撮る(とる) 鳴く(なく) 泣く(なく) なくす 習う(ならう) 並ぶ(ならぶ) なる 脱ぐ(ぬぐ) 寝る(ねる) 登る(のぼる) 飲む(のむ) 乗る(のる) 入る(はいる) はく
1 1 2 1 1 2
たちます たのみます たべます ちがいます つかいます つかれます
1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
つきます つくります つけます つとめます でかけます できます でます とびます とまります とります とります なきます なきます なくします ならいます ならびます なります ぬぎます ねます のぼります のみます のります はいります はきます
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始まる (はじまる) 始める (はじめる) 走る(はしる) 話す(はなす) 働く(はたらく) 貼る(はる) 晴れる(はれる) 引く(ひく) 弾く(ひく) 吹く(ふく) 降る(ふる) 勉強する (べんきょうする) 曲がる(まがる) 待つ(まつ) 磨く(みがく) 見せる(みせる) 見る(みる) 持つ(もつ) 休む(やすむ) やる 呼ぶ(よぶ) 読む(よむ) 練習する (れんしゅうする) 分かる(わかる) 忘れる(わすれる) 渡す(わたす) 渡る(わたる)
1
はじまります
2
はじめます
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3
はしります はなします はたらきます はります はれます ひきます ひきます ふきます ふります べんきょうします
1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3
まがります まちます みがきます みせます みます もちます やすみます やります よびます よみます れんしゅうします
1 2 1 1
わかります わすれます わたします わたります
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Partikel (
)
Dalam bahasa Jepang terdapat satu hingga tiga karakter Hiragana yang berfungsi sebagai kata bantu. Karakter tersebut disebut dengan partikel. Partikel tersebut biasanya menempel pada kata dalam sebuah kalimat. Biasanya berfungsi menunjukkan hubungan antar kata atau mengindikasikan subjek/objek/target. Berikut ini adalah partikel-partikel dalam bahasa Jepang dan penjelasan tentang fungsi masing -masing.
[は]→dibaca WA Penanda topik pembicaraan dan subjek. Contoh:
わたしは
がくせいです。
きょうは
にちようびです。
Selain itu, partikel WA juga dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan kontras dari dua topic pembicaraan. Contoh:
わたしは
せんせい
、みなさんは せんせい
Penanda jumlah yang dianggap sedikit. Contoh:
うちから
がっこうまで
5ふんは
かかります。
[が] Penanda subjek. Contoh:
その ケーキは
わたしが
つくりました。
Penanda subjek yang belum diketahui/ditanyakan dan j awabannya. Contoh:
だれが きましたか。・・・やまだせんせいが
Penanda informasi baru. Contoh:
ほら、ほしが
きれいですよ。
Penanda keberadaan/’memili’ keberadaan/’memili’ benda. benda.
きました。
。
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DIgunakan dalam pembuka pembicaraan. Contoh:
のびたですが、しずかさんは
いますか。
しつれいですが、おいくつですか。 [を] Penanda objek. Contoh:
あかちゃんは
おかゆを
たべます。
Penanda tempat yang ditinggalkan. Contoh:
あした
6 じに
いえを でます。
5 じに
スラバヤを
しゅっぱつします。
Penanda tempat yang dilewati. Contoh:
とりは そらを とびます。 まいあさ
こうえんを
さんぽします。
[に] Penanda ‘korban’, ‘target’, ‘sasaran’, ‘sumber/asal’ sebuah verba.
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Penanda tujuan kepergian. Contoh:
MOG へ
カラオケに
いきます。
“per’ Contoh:
いちにちに
さんかい
ごはんを
たべます。
[で] Penanda alat/media. Contoh:
はしで たべます。 にほんごで
てがみを
かきます。
Penanda grup, waktu yang dibutuhkan. Contoh:
さんにんで
いきます。
1 じかんで
できます。
Penanda tempat berlangsungnya aktivitas. Contoh:
がっこうで
サッカーを
Penanda tempat berlangsungnya acara.
します。
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[までに] Penanda deadline waktu. Contoh:
あさってまでに
しゅくだいを
だしてください。
[の] Penanda kepemilikan. Contoh:
これは ともだちの
かばんです。
Penanda produsen, spesifikasi. Contoh:
ホンダは
にほんの
これは えいごの
バイクです。 じしょです。
Penanda aposisi (keterangan tambahan). Contoh:
どうも、SMAN1 の ティアです。
Tanda penghubung. Contoh:
[と]
せんせいの
でんわばんごうは
0838
3499
6322 です。
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[も] “juga” “pun(“pun(-)” Contoh:
わたしも
いきます。
ここにも
きのこが
ありますよ。
なにも たべますん。なにも
のみません。どこへも
[でも] “pun(+)” Contoh:
なんでも
たべます。なんでも
[ごろ] Penanda waktu yang tidak pasti/diragukan. Contoh:
6 じごろ
かえります。
[ぐらい・くらい] Penanda jumlah yang tidak pasti/diragukan. Contoh:
8 じかんぐらい
ねました。
のみます。
いきません。
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12. ボールペン( 13. ちち(
)レポート(
)でんわ(
14. せんせい(
)かけます。
)えいご(
)はなし(
15. わたし(
)ワイン(
16. こども(
)チョコレート(
17. この
アパートは
18. はなや(
20. はこ(
22. わたし(
)とうきょう(
23. まつもとさん( 24. くだもの(
)あいだ(
)なに(
)あたらしい
)パンや(
25. わたし(
)あに(
26. にほん(
)すうがく(
)あります。
)いきます。
)ありません。 )ひこうき(
パソコン(
)いちばん
)1 じかん(
)ほしいです。
)どこですか。・・・にわ( )りんご(
)のみません。
)、ふべんです。
)3 かい ハイキング(
21. おおさか(
)、ビール(
)すきです。
やすいです(
)なか(
)します。
)のみます(
)さかなや(
19. いちねん(
)かきました。
)います。
すきです。
)3 にん います。 )べんきょう(
)いきます。
)かかります。
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Kata Tanya dalam bahasa Jepang dapat dilihat seperti dalam tabel berikut ini:
Indonesia Apa
Inggris What
Jepang 何(なに)
Keterangan Banyak berubah menjadi なん. Biasanya ketika bertemu partikel, kata benda (tidak semua) dan です. What time = なんじ
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Verba bentuk – bentuk –masu masu merupakan verba dasar yang selalu dipelajari di awal oleh pembelajar dasar bahasa Jepang. Verba ini digunakan dalam situasi formal, digunakan kepada lawan bicara yang tidak terlalu akrab atau baru dikenal. Bentuk –masu –masu memiliki satu paket untuk menyatakan kalimat positif (masu), lampau (-mashita), negatif (-masen), dan negatif lampau (-masendeshita). Berikut ini adalah contoh kalimat menggunakan bentuk – bentuk –masu. masu.
まいあさ
ミルクを
けさ、ミルクを
のみます。(Saya minum susu setiap hari.)
のみました。(Tadi pagi saya minum susu.)
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C
:あ~、おなかが
Ah…Saya lapar.) すきました。(Ah…Saya
D
:それじゃ、ごはんを
食べましょう。 (Kalau begitu ayo kita makan!)
Bentuk ini digunakan pembicara untuk menawarkan bantuan kepada lawan bicara. Contoh: A
:あ、雨だ。 (Eh, hujan!)
B
:かさが
ふたつ ありますから、ひとつ
かしましょうか。
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A
B
Bentuk ini juga didapat dengan cara yang sama dengan bentuk たい yaitu dengan membuang ‘masu’ dari kata kerja bentuk –masu, lalu menggantinya dengan ‘nagara’. ‘nagara’. Bentuk ini bermakna bermakna ‘sambil’. Dalam konteks A ながら B, dalam bahasa Indonesia dapat dimaknai ‘melakukan B sambil melakukan A’. Kegiatan utama dalam konteks tesebut adalah kegiatan B. D alam bentuk ini, baik A maupun m aupun B adalah kegiatan yang keberlangsungannya membutuhkan jangka waktu. Contoh:
わたしは
まいばん
おんがくを
聞きながら
勉強します。
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Verba bentuk –te –te pada dasarnya merupakan verba yang digunakan untuk memerintah. Contohnya, jika kata (tabemasu) yang bermakna ‘makan’ diubah menjadi bentuk –te, – te, (tabete), maka maknanya berubah menjadi ‘makanlah!’. Seperti halnya bentuk –masu, –masu, bentuk – bentuk –te te juga dapat digabung dengan pola-pola lain untuk membentuk makna lain. Berikut ini adalah pemakaian verba bentuk –te –te dalam beberapa pola dasar level N5.
Seperti yang telah dijelaskan sebelumnya, bahwa bentuk ini bermakna kata perintah. Dalam
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Fungsi lain dari bentuk ini adalah menandai hubungan urutan dari dua kegiatan. Akan tetapi untuk menandai hubungan urutan yang lebih jelas dan kuat, digunakan bentuk [ – [ –te te kara]. Dengan kata lain,
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Fungsi selanjutnya dari bentuk – bentuk –te te ini adalah menyambungkan dua kegiatan yang mana, kegiatan pertama merupkan hal yang dibutuhkan untuk melakukan k egiatan kedua.
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Pola – Pola –teimasu teimasu ini digunakan untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang sedang dilakukan, kegiatan yang menjadi kebiasaan, dan kegiatan yang dilakukan sehari-hari.
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bentuk – bentuk –naihougaiidesu. naihougaiidesu. Pada penggunaannya dalam dalam percakapan, pola ini cenderung c enderung digunakan bersama akhiran (YO) Karena pemberi saran biasanya lebih memahami apa yang disarankan daripada lawan bicaranya.
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ふつうけい
(bentuk biasa) merupakan bentuk non formal yang pada dasarnya merupakan bahasa Futsuukei (bentuk
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