Table of Contents １ Overview of CADNICA Batteries ●1-1. Advantages and Characteristics of CADNICA (Nickel-Cadmium) (Nickel-Cadmium) Batteries ●1-2. Theory of Operation, Manufacturing Manufacturing Processes and Structural Designs of CADNICA Batteries
２ Charge Characteristics ●2-1. Outline of Charge Characteristics ●2-2. Charge Efficiency ●2-3. Cell Temperature during Charge ●2-4. Internal Gas Pressure during Charge ●2-5. Cell Voltage during Charge
３ Discharge Characteristics ●3-1. Outline of Discharge Characteristics Characteristics ●3-2. Internal Resistance ●3-3. Discharge Capacity ●3-4. Polarity Reversal
４ Storage Characteristics ●4-1. General ●4-2. Storage Conditions ●4-3. Items to be Remembered for Storage
５ Battery Service Life ●5-1. General ●5-2. Factors Influencing Service Life ●5-3. Summary of Service Life
６ Special Purpose Batteries ●6-1. High-capacity CADNICA Batteries ●6-2. Fast-charge CADNICA Batteries ●6-3. High-temperature CADNICA Batteries ●6-4. Heat-resistant CADNICA Batteries ●6-5. Memory-backup CADNICA Batteries
CADNICA SLIM ７ CADNICA ●7-1. Characteristics of CADNICA SLIM ●7-2. Structure of CADNICA SLIM ●7-3. Charge Characteristics Characteristics ●7-4. Discharge Characteristics ●7-5. Temperature Characteristics ●7-6. Storage Characteristics Characteristics ●7-7. Battery Service Life
Methods and Charging Circuits ８ Charging Methods ●8-1. Outline of Charging Methods ●8-2. Charging Methods ●8-3. Quick Charge ●8-4. Designing Charging Circuits ●8-5. Parallel Charge and Parallel Discharge
９ Assembled Assembled Battery ●9-1. Outline of Assembled Battery ●9-2. How to Assemble Batteries ●9-3. Interchangeability with Dry Cells
１０ General Remarks and Precautions
1- 1 Advantages Adva Advantages tages and an and Characteristics of CADNICA (Nickel(Nic kelCadm ad dmium) mium) Batteries Batt Batteries eries (Nicke (N (Nick ickelicke el- Ca
1
A s an energy storage storage and conversi conversion on system syst em,, CADN CA DN I CA batteri batterie es excel in i n ease ease of of operati operati on and electric characteristics, even though being classified as a secondary battery. Anticipating diversified mark marke et r equire quir ements, ments, Sanyo El ectric Co. C o.,, L td. has put CADN CA DN I CA batteries to use in sophisticated sophisticated appli appli-cations that call for such requirements as high-speed charging and high-temperature operation, while maintaining all the features of general-use CADN CA DN I CA batteri batteri es. Significa Signifi cant nt features features of the CADN CA DN I CA battery battery are as follows.
Overview of CADNICA Batteries
(1) Outstanding ec economy onomy and and long se servic rvi ce life li fe which can last over 500 charge/discharge cycles. (2) (2) L ow internal r esistanc sistance e which which enable enables s high-rate discharge, and constant discharge voltage which guarantees exce excell ll ent sources sources of DC power power for any battery-oper battery-oper ated appli appl i ance. ance. (3) Sealed Sealed co construction which prevents prevents leakage leakage of of electr electrolyte olyte and is maintenanc maint enance e free. free. No N o restricrestri ction on mounting direction so as to be incorporated in any appliance. (4) Abil ity it y to withstand ove overcharge rcharge and ove overdisc rdi scharharge. (5) (5) L ong sto storage life li fe without without deterio ri oration in perforperformance; and recovery of normal performance on being recharged. (6) (6) Operationa Operationall within a wide temp tempe erature range range. (7) Casing made made from metal metal provides provides extra extra strength. (8) Similar Si milarit ities ies in discharge discharge volt voltag age e betwe between en CADN CA DN I CA and dry dry cell cell s all all ow inte int erchange rchange ability. (9) (9) H igh reliabil reliabil ity i n performa performanc nce e due due to high high standard quality control in manufacturing process based based on I SO9000 standards.
1- 1 Cha Characte racteri risti stics cs of CADNICA (Nickel(Nickel- Cadm admium) Batteries 1- 2 The Theory of Op Operatio ration n, Manufacturing Processes and Structural Designs of CADNICA Batteries
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evolve internally, extending its normal service life. Some of its it s notable design features are as follows: fol lows: (1) Active mate materi ri als have have greater greater capa capacity city at the negati negative ve than at the positi ve electrode electrode.. (2) The electr electro ode used used features features superi or conduc conducti tivity vity and exemplary uniform distribution of its active materials. (3) The elec electrode trodes s are are thin plates having having a large lar ge surface area. The negative and positive electrodes sandwich a separator through which gases freely move. These are wound tightly and housed housed in i n the t he casin casing. g. (4) The elec electrolyte trolyte in a cell cell is i s kept kept to the precise precise quantity quanti ty nee n eede ded d for the req r equi uired red output capaci capaci ty. F ig.1-1 il lustr ates ates the t he charging charging proces process s of the t he CADN CA DN I CA battery. battery. As shown shown in this thi s proces process s chart, chart, the positive electrode becomes fully charged well before the negative electrode which is larger in capacity. Then, oxygen gas is generated by the electrolysis of water in the following manner.
1- 2 The Th Theory Theo eorry yo off Operation Ope Operration, atio tion, Manufacturing Processes and and Structural Designs of CADNICA Batteries 1- 2- 1 The Th The Theorry y of Op Operrati ra atio tion As its name suggests, the Nickel-Cadmium battery has a positi ve electrode electrode made made of of ni ckel hydroxide hydr oxide and a negati negati ve electrode electrode in which wh ich a cadmium cadmium compo compound und i s used as active material. Potassium hydroxide is used as its electrolyte. During change and discharge, the following reactions take place: (At the positi positi ve) ve) Discharge －
NiOOH ＋H 2O +e
Ni(OH)2 +OH － Char ge 0.52Ｖ･･･(1) (1)
(At the negative) Discharge － Cd + 2OH － Ｃd(ＯＨ)2 + 2e Charge (2) －0.80Ｖ･･･ (2) (Overall) Discharge 2Ni OOH + Cd + 2H 2O 2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2 Charge 1.32Ｖ･･･(3) (3) (Standard (Standar d electromoti electromotive ve force) force)
4OH －
2H2O +O2＋4e－
(4) ・・・・・・・・・・ (4)
Oxygen gas migrates to the negative electrode where it is recombined and removed from the gas phase. Thus, the negativ negative e elec lectrode trode will not not become fully charged and there will be no generation of hydrogen gas. Because cadmium reacts quickly to oxygen, they produce cadmium hydroxide at the negative electrode where cadmium metal is produced on charge. This takes tak es the process process descr scr ibed in i n E q. (5).
N amel amel y, at the t he posit positii ve el el ectrode, ctrode, changes changes take place between nickel oxyhydroxide and nickel hydroxide, and at the negative electrode between cadmium metal and cadmium hydroxide. I n E q. (3) abo above, ve, potassium tassiu m hydroxide does does not not play pl ay a role in the electrochemical reaction of the NickelCadmium battery battery apparently. apparently. In I n addition, it is a well-known fact that the H 2O molecules which are generated during charge disappear during discharge. Therefo Therefore re,, variation variations s in elec electro trolyte lyte conce ncentration ntration are insignificant. Because of this reaction, the NickelCadmium battery excels in temperature characteristi cs, cs, hi gh-rate discharge discharge charac characteristi teristi cs, cs, dur abil abil ity it y, etc. Most significant is the fact that the amount of electrolyte in a cell can be sizably reduced in order to allow completely sealed cells to be manufactured. With any other types of batteries, the discharged active materials will be exhausted as the batteries reach a full ful l y charged state. Consequently, Consequently, electr electrolysi olysis s of water contai contained ned in electr electrolyte olyte comm commenc ences es.. I t is well-known that at this stage oxygen and hydrogen gases begin to be generated respectively at the positi positi ve and and negative negative elec electrode trodes. s. This T his wi ll result i n a decrease of water contained in electrolyte. At the same time, the gases will build up the internal pressure pressure of a battery. battery. Final F inally, ly, the battery battery will wi ll be destroyed or electrolyte will run short, deteriorating the charge/di charge/di scharge characteri characteristi stics. cs. Because Because of its unique uni que design, design, the CADN I CA battery is capable of completely consuming the gases that
Gas Recombinati Recombination on Cd + 1/2O2 +H 2O Cd(OH) 2 (5) ・・・・・・・・・ (5) Charge Cd(OH) 2 +2e－
Cd +2OH － ・・・・・・・・ (2) (2)’
The cadmium hydroxide produced by the process descri describe bed d in E q. (5) (5) is or or iginall igi nall y a di di scharge product of the negati negative ve electrode electrode as is clear from fr om Eq. (2) ’. I f overchar overcharge ge current curr ent is li mited, mit ed, the reacti reaction on rate rat e i n Eq. E q. (5) will ultimately catch up with the reaction rate in E q. (4) (4) and a balance wil l be achieved. achieved. I n other other words, the apparent charging of the negative electrode will cease to continue any further. This means that the negative electrode will remain short of being fully charged all the time and the generation of hydrogen hydrogen gas wil wi l l not occur. occur. Besides the chemical recombination mechanism of oxygen gas descr descr ibed above, above, oxygen gas is recombined elec electroc trochem hemicall ically y in the CADN CA DN I CA battery battery.. As explained explained previously previously,, the CAD N I CA battery is composed of electrodes which have very large surface areas. These are placed side by side, sandwiching a separator which allows the free passage of gaseous substance. Accordingly, the oxygen gas generated at the positive electrode moves through the separator and reaches into the negative electrode, where it is quickly reduced due to the prevalent state of
- 2-
Fig.1 Fig.1- 1: GasGas- Recom Rec Reco om mbining bining Mechanism Mecha Mechanism nism Fig.1Fig. 1-1: of CADNICA Battery
potential. Consequently, at the boundaries of three phases － namely oxygen gas (gas), electrolyte (liquid) and negative electrode (solids) － the reaction ti on shown shown i n E q. (6) takes place, place, causing oxygen oxygen gas to be rec r ecomb ombii ned. 2H2O +O2 +4e－
4OH －
Positive
Positive o2
S epa rator ator Negative
(6) ・・・・・・・・ (6)
Before fully charged (Charging reaction proceeds almost quantitatively.)
T he CADN CA DN I CA battery battery has a mechanism mechanism of completely disposing of the entire quantity of oxygen gas gene generated rated in i n i ts sealed casin casing. g.
Negative
o2
Positive
o2
After full charge, gas is generated. (Positive electrode is fully charged.)
Charged section Electrode
Negative o2
o2 o2
Being overcharged, gas is consumed at negative electrode.
Uncharged section
1- 2- 2 Manufacturing Manufactu facturin ring g Processe Proce Processes sses s of of CADNICA Batteries I n order to t o guarant guarantee ee the performance charactercharacteristics which a sealed sintered Nickel-Cadmium cell should possess, its manufacturing processes are very sophisticated and consist of many stages, A sintered plate, for example, is processed as follows to guarantee the critical quality needed to maintain the exc excellent performance performance of CADN CA DN I CA batteries. batteries. F irst ir st of of all, all , nickel powde powder, r, which is very very small i n apparent specific gravity and large in specific surface area, is mixed with a thickening agent and water which in turn is applied on both faces of a core substance, such as thin nickel-plated steel plate, dried, and then sintered in reducing atmosphere so as to produce a sintered base plate of 80 to 85 ％ porosity, and 0.4 to 0.8mm thickness. The quality of this plate, which supports active materials, has great bearing upon the performance characteristics of sealed cell to be manufactured. I n the next stage, stage, active materi materi als, which wh ich are ar e produced from nickel and cadmium salts and which are insoluble in water, are loaded in the plate. This process process is i s most most important beca because use the character character isti ist i cs of the plate are determined in this stage. At Sanyo, this process is controlled with great care and constant improvements have been made for better results. T he acti active ve materi materi als are ar e then reacti reacti vated and washed clean before the electrodes are wound in a roll, being isolated from each other by a porous separator. separator. I n the th e final process, process, they are assembled assembled into a cell and are made ready to undergo strict inspections prior to shipment form the factory.
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Fig 1- 2 Structural Structu Structura rall Design De Design of CADNICA Fig.1Fig..1-2: 2:: Structural Battery
1- 2- 3 Structural Structu Structura rall Designs De Desig signs of o off CADN CAD CADNICA NICA Sanyo CADN I CA batteri batteries es range range in type t ype from standard batteries to fast-charge batteries, or high temperature batteries for exclusive use as well as in capacity from 45mAh to 20 Ah to meet diverse user requirements. Though each type has its own structural design according to its required performance, the basic structural design is identical. F ig.1-2 ig.1-2 ill ustrates ustrates the internal view of a CADN CAD N I CA battery where the electrodes are very thin sintered plates wound compactly in a roll and insulated from each other by a porous separator. Almost the entire room inside the cell casing is occupied by this roll so that energy efficiency as well as charge/discharge, and temperature characteristics are raised to the highest possible levels. The cell casing is made of solid steel. Althoug Al though h Sanyo CADN CA DN I CA batteries are are designe designed d to completely recombine gas generated within their casings, they have a gas release vent, as illustrated in Fig.1-3, which opens automatically and releases excessive pressure when the internal gas pressure increases. Then it is resealed so that the battery can be used used again. F urthermore, ur thermore, because because Sanyo’s original current collector is employed for both the positive and negative tabs(some models excepted), internal impedance is extremely small and excellent characteristics are exhibited, even under high-rate discharge conditions.
Electric Welding
Positive tab
Enlargement
Negative electrode Separator Positive electrode
Positive cap Cover plate Gasket
Spring Seal plate Rubber plate Positive current collector
Separator
Casing
Positive electrode Negative electrode
Negative tab
Fig.1 Fig.1 - 3: Structural Structura Structurall Design Des Desig ign n of of Gas Ga Gas Fig.1Fig. 1-3: Release Release Vent Positive cap
Spring
Gasket Seal plate
Over plate
Rubber plate Casing
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2- 1 Outline Outlin Outline e of of Charge Ch Charge rge Characteristics
2
CADN CA DN I CA batteri batteri es should should be charge charged d wi th constant or quasi-constant current. As illustrated in F ig.2-1, ig.2-1, the gene general ral characte characteri ri stics of of CA DN I CA batteries such as cell voltage, internal gas pressure and cell temperature vary during charge, depending on charge cur current rent and ambient temperat temperature. ure.
Charge Characteristics
Fig. Fig Fig.2.2 2-1: - 1: Charge Cha Charge Chara Cha Characteristics racter cteristics istics N -1300S -1300S C 50
40
30
C h a rge：0.1 It Te m p erature erature：20℃
1.5 1.5
0.6
C e ll voltag e
1.4 1.4
0.5
1.3 1.3
0.4
C el e lltem pe rature 1.2 1.2
0.3
1.1 1.1
0.2
20
2- 1 Outli Outlin ne of Cha Charge Characteristics
10
0
2- 2 Cha Charge Eff Effic icie ien ncy
Internal ga s press ure
1.0 1.0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0.1
20
0
As mentioned in Section 1-4 above, the sealed structure of CA DN I CA batteri batterie es has been been achieve achieved d by recombining oxygen gas, which is generated at the positive electrode during overcharging, at the negative negati ve electrode. However, since si nce recombin recombinii ng capacity is limited, the charge current of each model is determined by first calculating the balance of oxygen gas generated at the positive electrode against the negative electrode’s gas recombination capability. As long as the input rate is kept lower than the specified value, internal gas pressure during charging will stay low and oxygen generation will not be excessive even in the late period of charging. T he fast-charge fast-charge type of Sanyo Sanyo CADN CA DN I CA batteries is designed to accelerate oxygen gas recombination, permitti permit ting ng a char char ge rate rat e of of 0.3It 0.3I t for f or some some mode model s. 1 hour charge is also possible with a simple external circuit.
2- 3 Cell Cell Tem Temperatu rature re during Charge 2- 4 Inte Intern rna al Ga Gas Pressu Pressure re during Charge 2- 5 Cel Cell Vol Voltag tage
2- 2 Charge Charg Charge e Efficiency Efficien Efficiency cy “ Charge
efficiency ” is the term expressing how effectively input energy is used for charging the active materials into a useful, dischargeable form as against total input energy and can be defined as follows: Charge Efficienc Ef ficiency( y(％)
{
Discharge Current × Discharge = T i me t o D i sch ar ge E nd Vol t age Charge Curr ent ×Charge Time×100 100
}
×100
I nput ener ener gy is used used to conve convert rt the t he active active materi materi als into a charged form, and the side reactions to gener gener ate oxygen oxygen gas, gas, etc. Fi F ig.2-2 shows the correlations of input energy to the output capacity,
- 5-
and the charge input to charge efficiency when a completely discharged cell is charged at the rate of 0.1It. 0.1I t. The T he figures given given for charge input in put and discharge capacity are shown as a percentage of nominal battery capacity. Charge efficiency varies considerably in the course of charging as seen in the figure. The dotted line indicates an ideal cell of 100％ charge efficiency. In I n area area①, of the charts below, electric energy is mainly consumed for the conversion of active materials in the electrode into a chargeable form. Theref Therefo ore, re, cha charge rge efficien fficienc cy is low low at this stag stage. I n area area②, which marks the middle of the charging process, charging is carried out in a near ideal state, with almost all of the input energy used for the conversion of active materials. In area area ③ , the cell approaches the state of full charge. There the input energy is used for the reaction which generates oxygen gas. The charge input is lost and consequently charge efficiency decreases.
Fig. Fig.2-3: 2- 3: 3: Charge Charge rge Efficie Effici ency vs vs Fig.2Efficiency Charge Rate
60 40 20 0
80 60
0 0
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Fig. Fig Fig.2.2 2-4: -4 4:: Charge Charge rge Efficie Effici Efficiency encyvs vs Ambient Ambient Efficiency Tem Temperatu ra rature re
C harge ：0. ：0 .1It D isch arge： 0.2It,E .V .=1 .0V Te m perature：20℃ 20
0
Char Ch arge ge efficiency effi ciency al so depends on ambient tempe temperatur ratur e during charge. charge. F ig.2-4 ill ustrates the correlations between charge input and discharge capacity, using the ambient temperature as a parameter. parameter. I t is i s noted noted that there t here is a sli ght decreas decrease e in cell capacity in the high temperature range due to a fall in potential for oxygen gas generation at the positive electrode. This decrease in cell capacity is a temporary phenomenon and the cell capacity will be recovered when charged at normal temperature. F ig.2-5 ill ustrates the cell cell capac capacit ity y vs ambient ambient temperature.
100
20
0.01 It
80
100% E fficien cy Line Line
40
1It 1It 0 .1It 0.033It 0.02 It
100
N -1300 S C
120
Tem p：20℃
120
Fig. Fig.2-2: 2- 2: 2: Charge Charge rge Efficien Efficie Efficiency ncy Fig.2140
N -1300SC
140
N -1300S -1300S C
140
200
C h arge：0.1It
120 100
100
80
80
60
60
20℃ 0℃ 40℃
40
40
20 0 0
20
3 1 20
2 40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0
Char ge efficienc effici ency y depend depends s on charge charge rate. Fi F i g.2-3 g.2-3 is is a chart on the correlations existing between the charge input and the output capacity, as functions of charge rate. The chart shows that the charge efficiency as well as the output capacity is lower at a l ower ower charge rate. Be sure sur e to charge charge withi n the curr curr ent range specifi specifi ed. ed. When charging is performed out of the specified current range, charging efficiency is reduced and the battery cannot be fully charged.
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Fig.2 Fig.2 -5 Discharg Disc Disch Di scha harg arge Capacit Cap Capacity acity y vs Ambient Ambient Fig.2Fig. 2-5: 5:: Discharge Discharge Capa Tem Temperature ture
Fig 2- 6: 6: Charge Cha Charge Current and Cell Fig.2Fig..2-6: Tem Temperature ture Rise ise
N -1300 S C
20
KR -7000F
18
100
C harge Input： Input：200％ 200％ Tem p：20℃ p：20℃
16
0.1It
80
14 12
0.033It R at a te
60
KR -4400D
10 8
40
20
0
4
10
20
30
40
50
N -600AA
2 0
0
N -1300SC
6
C ha rge：0 .1It,0.033 It×16 0％ D isch arge： 0.2It,E .V .=1 .0V Te m p erature du ring discha rge ：20℃
60
0
0.1
0 .2
0.3
0 .4
0.5
Note: Measured With Single Cell
T he charge charge effi effi ciency depe depends nds lar gel gel y on charge charge rate and ambient temperature; therefore the appropriate type of CADN CAD N I CA battery batter y shoul should d be selected selected accordin according g to the operat operatii ng requir ements. ements.
2- 4 Internal Intern Interna al Gas Ga Gas s Pre PPressure ressu ssure re during Charge I n CADN CA DN I CA batteri batteries es,, oxyg oxygen en gas gene generated rated during overcharge is recombined in the sealed cell. When continuing charging with the specified cur-rent, the internal gas pressure achieves a balance according to the gas generation and recombination rate. F ig.2-7 shows change changes s in internal in ternal gas pr pr essure when a newly produced cell is tested by varying the charge input after the onset of overcharge. Oxygen gas is generated in an amount proportionate to the charge curr curr ent on overcharge overcharge and cause causes s the th e internal in ternal gas pressure to build up.
2- 3 Cell Cell Temperature Temperature erature during Charge T hough hough charging charging reaction reaction in CADN CAD N I CA batteri batteri es is in itself endothermic, cell temperature changes very little during the initial and intermediate steps of charging and is compensated by heat generated by i nternal r esistance. esistance. Input I nput ener ener gy duri ng overcharge overcharge is converted to heat energy which is generated through gas recombination reaction; therefore the cell temperature rises. The following factors may cause cell cell temperatur temperature e to ri se: se: (1) (1) Charge Charge curre current nt (2) (2) Cell Cell desig design n (3) Design of battery, battery, (shape (shape,, number number of cell cells, s, etc.) etc.) (4) Ambient conditi conditi on, (temp (temperature, erature, venti ventilati lati on, etc.) F ig.2-6 il lustr ates ates the correlati correlation on ce cell tempe temperatur ratur e rise vs charge current with respect to different types of batteries. batteri es. Here generat generated ed heat heat i ncreases ncreases with wi th charge current, and so does the value of temperature rise which also depends on battery type in proportion to its size. The battery arrangement or the thermal conductance of casing materials becomes important for battery assemblies where the closely packed arrangement, or the poor thermal conductance of casing materials, causes a larger temperature rise. Any battery batt ery should be charged charged at at a normal ambient temperature, and the charging conditions should be carefully selected after due consideration to the heat generation of cells. The fast-charge batteries are controlled according to generated heat during overcharge, so the investigation of heat generation beco become mes s more more signifi si gnifi cant. Details Detai ls on this thi s subject subject may be found in paragraph 6-2.
Fig.2 Fig.2- 7: Overcharge Overcha Overcharg rge e Current Curren Currentt and and Internal Intern Internal al Fig.2Fig. 2-7: Gas Pressure at Equilibrium 1.0 1.0
Te m p： p：20℃
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0
N -1300S -1300S C
0
0.1
0 .2
0.3
0 .4
0 .5
The internal gas pressure tends to increase with l ower ower ambient temper temper ature atur e as as shown shown in F ig.2-8. The Th e gas recombination rate at the negative electrode decreases with lower ambient temperature so that the charge current should be accordingly lower. F i g.2-9 shows a sample of recomm recommended ended charging char ging current at low temperatures.
- 7-
Fig Fig.2-8: 2- 8: 8: Char Charge Cha Charge Temperature and Fig.2Fig. Internal Gas Pressure
charge voltage fluctuates within a range of －3.0 to 4.0mV/degree 4.0mV/degree.. Fi F i g.2-12 g.2-12 illu il lustr strates ates the r ange of cell cell voltage at the end of charging in relation to ambient temperatur rat ures es at at the t he charge charge rate of 0.1It 0.1It..
1.0 1.0
C h arge：0.3It
0.8 0.8
Fig.2Fig. Fig.2 2-10 Charg Charge e Current Current and and Cell Fig Fi g.2.2 - 10: 10: Charge Voltage
0.6 0.6
N -1300S -1300S C
0.4 0.4
Te m perat perature：20℃ ure：20℃
N -1300S -1300S C
0.2 0.2
1.6 1.6
N -1300 S C R 0
0
10
20
1.5 1.5 30
1It 1It 0 .1 It 0.033It 0.02 It
40 1.4 1.4
1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3
C h arge：0.1It
0.8 0.8
1.2 1.2
0.6 0.6
1.1 1.1
0
20
40
60
80
10 0
1 20
14 0
0.4 0.4
16 0
1 80
20 2 00
K R -1300S C Te m perature：20℃
0.2 0.2
1.7 1.7
KR -1300S -1300S C 1.6 1.6 0
0
10
20
30
40 1.5 1.5
0.1It 0.033It 0.02I 0.02 It
1.4 1.4
Fig.2Fig.2-9: 9: Ambient Ambient ient Temperature Temperature erature and and Recommended Charge Current
1.3 1.2
0.2 0.2
1.1 1.1
0.1
0.02 0 -20
-10
0
10
20
30
Note: For some models, c harge currents dif fer from the figures shown above.
2- 5 Cell Cell Voltage Volta Voltag ge T he cell cell volt voltag age e of Sanyo CADN CA DN I CA batteri batteri es varies, depending on charge current, ambient temperature during charge, cell design and other factors. T he cell cell voltage increas in creases es in the t he course course of of charging, chargi ng, and drops slightly in the end to its equilibrium value because of heat generation within the cell, as shown in F ig.2-1. ig.2-1. F ig.2-10 ig.2-10 il lustr ates ates the cell cell voltage voltage as as a function of charge current where charge voltage goes higher with an increase in charge input, accompanied by increased internal resistance and polarization values inside the cell. T he cell cell voltage volt age also al so depends depends on ambi ambi ent temperatur e, as as shown shown in F ig.2-11, ig.2-11, where the tempe temperat rature ure rise results in voltage decrease. As the temperature climbs, there is a decrease in internal resistance as well as in oxygen gas generati generation on pote potenti nti al. Dur D urii ng charge charge at the 0.1I 0.1Itt rate, r ate,
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0
20
40
60
80
1 00
1 20
14 0
1 60
1 80
20 2 00
Fig Fi Fig.2Fig.2 g.2.2- 11: 11: Ambient Ambie Ambient nt Tem T Temperature emperature perature and and Cell Voltage N -1300SC
1.7 1.7
charge：0.1It 1.6 1.6
0℃
1.5 1.5
20℃ 1.4 1.4
45℃
1.3 1.3
1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1
0
20
40
60
80
10 0
12 0
1 40
16 0
18 0
2 00
Fig Fi Fig.2Fig.2 g.2.2- 12: 12: Ambient Ambie Ambient nt Tem T Temperature emperature perature and and Cell Voltage ge at Volta at the the End End of of Charging Charging 1.8 g1.8 n i g r 1.7 a1.7 h C f 1.6 1.6 o d n1.5 1.5 E e h t 1.4 1.4 t a e1.3 g1.3 a t l o1.2 V1.2 l l e 1.1 C1.1
cha rge：0 .1It
KR -1300S -1300S C N -1300S -1300S C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
- 9-
3- 1 Outline Outline of Discharge Discha Discharg rge e Characteristics
3
Dischar D ischarge ge voltage and cell cell capacity capacity (self (self-sustai -sustaini ning ng discharge duration) are the units commonly employed to express the discharge characteristics of batteries. The voltage of a Nickel-Cadmium cell remains almost constant at 1.2V until most of its capacity capacity is discharged. Discha Di scharr ge voltage drops very little even during high current discharge, and a great amount amount of current more more than 100I 100I t can be discharged in a very short time. The capa capacity city of of CA DN I CA batteries is defi define ned d in terms of the time from the start to the end of discharge multiplied by the discharge current, where the unit is Ah, A h, (ampe (ampere re hours), or or mAh, (mil li ampe ampere re hours). T he capa capacity city given for each each type t ype of of CAD C ADN N I CA battery is i s specifi specified ed by by a 5 hour hour r ate at at 0.2It 0.2I t discharge di scharge current cur rent.. Howe H owever, ver, the actual capacity capacit y depends depends on on discharge current and ambient temperature. F ig.3-1 compares compares the discharge discharge characteri characteristi stics cs of an ordinary dry cell cell and a CADN CA DN I CA battery. battery. The T he cell cell voltage decreases with discharge in an ordinary dry cell cell , while the CADN CA DN I CA battery battery exhibit exhibits s an excellent characteristics of constant discharge voltage due to its low internal resistance, and less variati on during disc di scharge harge..
Discharge Characteristics 3- 1 Outlin Outline e of Disch Discha arge Characteristics 3- 2 Inte Intern rna al Resis Resista tan nce 3- 3 Disch ischarge Cap Capacity 3- 4 Pola Polarity rity Reversa rsal
Fig.3 Fig - 1: Discharge Discha Discharge rge Chara Cha Characteristics racteristics cteristics Fig.3Fig..33-1: of Ordinary Dry Cell and CADNICA Battery 1.6 1.6
700
D ischarge： scharge：300m A Tem p：20℃ 1.4 1.4
D ischarge scharge voltage o fC A D N IC A battery(N -200 0C )
600 500
1.2 1.2
400
1.0 1.0
D ischarge voltage of dry cell(R14 (R 14 )
0.8 0.8
300
Interna lresistanc e o f dry ce ll(R14 (R 14 ) 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4
- 10 -
Interna nterna lresistan stan ce o fC A D N IC A b attery (N (N -2000C ) 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
20
0
tures on internal resistance. The internal impedance increases as the temperature drops, because the conductivity of electrolytes is lower at lower temperatures.
3- 2 Internal Interna Internal Impedance Impeda edance As mentione menti oned d previously previousl y, the t he discharge vol vol tage of a CADN CA DN I CA battery remains remains stable stable for for a long durati durati on. One of the factors which explain this is the battery ’s low internal impedance. The low internal impedance is due mainly to the use of thin and large surface sintered nickel plates which exhibit excellent conductivity. and a thin separator of nonwoven fabric which exhibits excellent electrolyte retention. I nternal ntern al impe i mpedance dance is a key parameter parameter for the discharge characteristics of batteries.
Fig.3 Fig.3 .3-- 2
Internal Int Intern Inte ernal rna al Im Imped pedance ance and and Discharge Capacity
16
C h arge：0.1It×16H ×1 6H rs D ischa rge：0.2I 0.2 It Te m p：20℃
14 12
N -600A A
10 8 6
3- 2- 1 Components Compone onents of of Internal Inte Intern rna al Resistance
N -1300S -1300S C
4 2
Disc Di scharge harge voltag voltage e of of CAD C ADN N I CA batteries batteries is expresexpressed as below: V =E 0 － I Z where: E 0 = no l oad or open cir cuit voltage vol tage I =disc =di scharge harge current Z = i nternal resistance resist ance
0
0
20
40
60
80
1 00
Fig.3 Fig.3- 3: Internal Int Intern ernal al Im IIm mped pedance ance and and Fig.3Fig. 3-3: Cell Temperature Temperature 16
F ull ully ch arged cell 14
This equation confirms that discharge voltage is higher with l owe ower i nternal res r esistance istance.. I nternal r esistance esist ance consi consists sts of of 3 resisti resi sti ve compone component nts: s: Z =r + r η + jX. I n this equ equatio ation, n, “ r ” represents ohmic resistance due to conductivity or structure of current collector, electrode plates, separator, electrolytes, etc. The “r η”denotes the resistance due to polarization, when polarization is a phenomenon where the electrode potential ’s value deviates from the equilibrium one when current circulates through the electrodes. Ohmic resistance “r ” is independent of current, while polarization “ r η ” varies in a complicated way according to current. “ r η” also value with time and needs several seconds to reach its equilibrium value. Thus “ r η” is negligible for discharge pulse duration of a few milliseconds. “ jX ” denotes reactance for example, the resistance caused by alternating-current wave. The reactance is very low at normal charge/discharge. Thus, discharge voltage during discharge is written as below:
12
N -600AA
10 8 6
N -1300SC
4 2 0 ー20
0
20
40
60
3- 2- 2 Measurements Measu sure rem ments of of Inte In Internal tern rna al Impedance T here are two t wo methods methods of measuri measuri ng intern i nternal al impedance; the direct-current method and the alternating-current method. The internal impedance of CADN CAD N I CA batteries is diffi cult to estimate estimate be because cause of its i ts l ow impedance impedance and compli complicate cated d vari ables. (1) Direct-current method Fig.3-4 illustrates a basic wiring diagram for this method. Close the switch Sw and record the changes of current and voltage while adjusting the variableresistance Rv. When the change of variableresistance is low, then the voltage change is approximated by a straight line; where it drops off and gives the value of internal impedance.
V = E 0－I ×(r+ (r +r η) (during (during disc discha harge rge) V = E 0－I ×r (momentary, after start of discharge and for discharge pulses of a few milliseconds.) The internal impedance of a cell varies due to various factors. factors. As shown in F ig.3-2, ig.3-2, the inte int ernal i mpedance mpedance of CADN CA DN I CA batteries batter ies undergoes undergoes almost no change during discharge from the state of full charge to the point where 90% of its capacity has been dissipated. After that point it increases due to the conversion of active materials in the electrode plates into hydroxides, which tend to lower electrical conductivity. Fi g.3-3 il lustr lu strates ates the effect effect of of ambient temperatempera-
That is, R =
ΔV ΔI
The internal impedance estimated by the directcurrent method method is equa equall to t o r + r η, as mentioned before, where the polarization term is included, so that it varies with the increase in current, or the current circulation cir culation peri peri od.
- 11 -
Fig.3Fig.3-4: 4: Internal Interna Internal Impedance Impeda pedance Measured Measu Measured red by Direct Current Method
3- 3 Discharge Discha Discharge rge Capa Cap Capacity acity city T he capac capacit ity y of of CA DN I CA batteri batteri es is deri deri ved ved from the discharge current and the time from start to finish of discharge. Here the influence of discharge end voltage, discharge rate, ambient temperature during discharge, etc., on discharge capacity will be discussed.
SW
I
V
Battery
A
3- 3- 1 Discharge Discha ischarge rge End End Voltage Volta Voltag ge
(2) Alternating-current Al ternating-current method method T he alternati alt ernating-curr ng-current ent method method i s used used to avoi avoi d the influence of polarization. The basic circuit for the alternating-current method consists of an AC power supply circuit and a voltage detection circuit, as shown shown in F ig.3-5. ig.3-5. The alternating alternating-c -curre urrent nt impe impedanc dance e is calculate alculated d from from the voltage drop at constant alternating-current through a cell as:
When esti estimatin mating g battery battery capaci capaci ty and discharge in actual applications, the discharge end voltage is defined as the limiting voltage when a battery is considered to have no residual capacity. The standard end voltage adopted adopted for CA DN I CA batteri es is 1.0 V/cell. The end voltage can be 1.1 V/cell, (for signal of emergency lamps), or 1.02 V/cell, (for automatic fire alarms), according to operational requirements. CADN CA DN I CA batteri batterie es have extrem extremely ely stable volt voltag age e characteristics during discharge, and the voltage drop occurs suddenly at the end of discharge, so that the difference in the discharge capacity is minor when specifi specifi ed in terms of the end voltage around 1.0 V/cell. V/cell . The T he differenc dif ference e in the discharge time ti me at the 1 I t rate would be within a range of 1 to 2 minutes between the end voltage, 1.0 V/cell and 1.1 V/cell. Since the cell voltage drops at high current discharge, the energy stored in the battery may not be fully discharged with discharge end voltage higher than 1.0 V/cell.
v Z= Δ Δi T he impedance impedance esti estimate mated d by the alternatin alternat ing-c g-curr urr ent method method is equal to t o r + jX, jX , where the rea r eactanc ctance e term is included, though though polarization polari zation is i s negli negli gible. I mpedance mpedance when using AC current curr ent varies vari es acco accorr ding din g to current frequency. The technical data of Sanyo gives the value estimated by the alternating-current method method (at 1 K H z) unless unl ess other other wise specifi specifi ed. ed.
Fig.3 Fig - 5: Measuring Mea Measurin suring g Intern In terna al Resistan Resista Resistance nce Fig.3Fig..33-5: Internal Resistan by Alternating - Current Method AlternatingAlternating-Current i
AC ppower supply circuit
V
Battery
Voltage detection circuit
- 12 -
3- 3- 2 Discharge Disch ischa arge Rate Rate
3- 3- 3 Ambient Ambien ient Temperature Temperatu rature re
The discharge capacity of a cell decreases as the discharge current increases, as shown in Fig.3-6, since the active materials of electrodes are used less effectively with higher discharge current. Fig.3-7 illustrates that the discharge voltage drops as the discharge current increases. The reason is an increased loss of energy due to internal resistance. Compared Compared with other other batteries, CADN CA DN I CA batteri batteri es have an excellent high current discharge capabilities where the contin continuous uous discharge at at the t he rate of of 4 I t or, i n some types, a high curr ent discharge of of over over 10 It It is possible.
Sanyo CADN CA DN I CA batteri batt eries es can be used over over a very wide temperature range, from. － 20℃ to + 60℃ . Thoug Though the disc discharge harge charac haracte teristics ristics will not cha chang nge e as the temperature increases, a drop in temperature causes internal impedance to be higher, and active materials to be less reactive, so that the discharge capacity as well as the discharge voltage decreases. The tend tende ency ncy is more marked marked in highe higher rates rates of discharge. This decrease of discharge capacity is a temporary phenomenon, much like the decrease in capacity capacity at hi gh-tempe gh-temperatu raturr e. F igs.3-8 and 3-9 3-9 illustrate the discharge temperature characteristics and the discharge voltage characteristics of CADNI CAD NI CA batte batteri rie es.
Fig.3 Fig - 6: Discharge Discha Discharge rge Rate Rate and and Fig.3Fig..33-6: Discharge Capacity
Fig.3 Fig - 8: Discharge Discha Discharge rge Tem Temperature pera peratur ture e Fig.3Fig..33-8: Characteristics
N -1300S -1300S C
120
N -1300S -1300S C 100
100
80
0 .2 ItR a te
80
1It R at a te
60 60
C harge：0. h arge：0.1It×16H ×1 6H rs. D isch arge：E .Ｖ.＝1.0Ｖ Te m p： p：20℃
40
C h arge： arg e：0 .1It×16 H rs.,20 ℃ D ischa rge：E .Ｖ.＝1.0Ｖ 40
20 20 0
0
2
4
6
8 0 ー2 0
Fig. Fig.3-7: 3- 7: 7: Discharge Disch Discha arge Voltag Volta Voltage ge Fig.3Characteristics Characteristics
0
20
40
60
Fig. Fig.3-9: 3- 9: 9: Discharge Disch Discha arge Voltag Volta Voltage ge Fig.3Characteristics
N -1300SC
N -1300S -1300S C
1.4 1.4
C ha rge：0.1It×16 H rs. Tem p：20℃
C h arge：0.1It arge：0.1It×1 6H rs.,20 ℃ D isch ag e rate：0.2It
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8
8 It 4 It 0
20
40
60
80
1 It 0 .2 It
1 00
0.8 0.8
1 20
0
- 13 -
ー20℃ 0℃ 20 ℃ 60℃ 20
40
60
80
10 0
1 20
3- 4 Polarity Polarity olarity Reversal Rev Reversal rsal Deep discharge of series connected cells, when differences in residual capacity between cells exist, may cause one of the cells to reach the state of complete discharge sooner then the others. As it beco become mes s over-di over-di scharged, scharged, its i ts polar ity it y i s reve r ever sed. sed. See F ig.3-10 for the discharge di scharge voltage cur curve ve of of the t he cell cell on forced discharge, including polarity reversal. Section ① of the graph shows the period when recharged active materials remain on both positive and negative electrodes, with charging voltage at normal levels. Section ② shows the period when all the active materials on the positive electrode have been discharged and hydrogen gas starts to be generated on the positive electrode, creating a hydrogen gas build up inside the cell. Active materials still remain at the negative electrode, however, and discharging continues at this electrode. Cell voltage changes according to discharge current, but stays about －0.2 0.2 ～－0.4V. I n sec section ti on③, discharging has been completed at both the positive and negative electrode, and oxygen gas starts star ts being generat generated ed at the negative electr electrode ode. I n prolonged discharging where this type of polarity reversal takes place, gas pressure within the cell rises, resulting in operation of the gas release vent. This also leads leads to to a brea breakdo kdown wn of of the balanc alance e of of the charging capacity of the positive and negative electrodes, thus prolonged discharge should be stri ctly tl y avoided. avoided. I f a cel cel l i s left l eft connec connected ted to a load for for a long peri peri od of time, the cell will eventually become completely discharged and its it s output volt voltage age wil l drop to 0V. 0V. I f this occurs, the polarity of the positive electrode will become negative(－0.8V) and electrolyte may easily creep. Therefore, avoid leaving a cell connected to a load for too long a time.
Fig.3 Fig.31 0:: Polarity Polarity Polarity Reversal Reve Reversa rsall Fig Fi g.3.3- 10: 10 1
2
3
P osi os itive E lectrode ec trode N e ga tive E lectrod ectrod e
1.0
0
ー1 .0
1.0
P osi os itive E lec trod e 0
N e ga tive E lectrod ectrod e ー1 .0
P olarity o f po sitive P olarity o f both electrode electrode reve rsed electrode electrode reve rsed
Discharge Time
- 14 -
4- 1 General Gen General ral
4
Generall y speaki speaking, ng, a loss of of voltage and capac capacii ty of batteries due to self-discharge during storage is unavoidable. With open-type Nickel-Cadmium batteries, or manganese dry cells, this self-discharge is less notice-ab notice-able le than wit with h CAD N I CA batteri batteri es which have a large facing electrode area and a limited amount of electrolyte, all of which are completely sealed. The following 2 factors greatly affect the selfdischarge of Nickel-Cadmium batteries while storage: (1) (1) I nstabili nstability ty of ac active mate materi rials. als. Nickel oxide is thermodynamically unstable at its charged state and self-decomposes gradually to generate oxygen gas, which in turn oxidizes the negative electrode. Thus, the self-discharge proceeds. (2) (2) I mpuri mpurities ties in electrod lectrode es or elec electrolyte. trolyte. A typical example is the self-discharge due to nitrate impurities. Nitric ion, NO3－, is reduced from fr om a negati negative ve electr electrod ode e to nitr ni trous ous ion, NO N O 2－ which diffuses to a positive electrode, and is oxidized. T hus, the t he self self-di -discha scharr ge proceeds. eds. T he portion portion of the capac capacit ity y of of CAD C ADN N I CA batteries which is dissipated by self-discharge may, however, be completely restored when recharged.
Storage Characteristics 4- 1 General 4- 2 Stora Storag ge Con Conditio itions 4- 3 Items to be be Rem Remembered ered for Storage
4- 2 Storage Stora Storag ge Conditions Co Conditions itions 4- 2- 1 Storage Stora Storage Temperature Temperatu rature re CAD C ADN N I CA batteri es can be stored at temperatur temperatures es ranging from － 30 ℃ to 50 ℃ without essential deterioration in performance. The organic materials, such as gasket or separator, may deteriorate or become deformed at high temperatures during prolonged storage. Thus, it is recommended that CADN CA DN I CA batteri es be stored at tempe temperat ratur ure e below below 35℃ if there is a possibility of prolonged storage surpassing 3 months. A decrease decrease i n capacity capacity dur ing in g storage storage is determi determined ned mainl mainl y by ambient ambient tempe temperatur ratur e. F ig.4-1 illustr il lustr ates ates self self-discha -discharge rge charac characteristi teristi cs of of CAD C ADN N I CA batteri batteries es stored at 0, 20, 30 and 45 ℃.
- 15 -
Fig. Fig.4-1: 4- 1: 1: Storage Storag Storage Cha Ch Characteristics aracte racteristi ristics cs Fig.4-
Fig.4 Fig - 3: Storage Storage Temperature Temperature and and Fig.4Fig..44-3: Capacity Recovery Capacit Capacity y Recove Rec overy ry Characteristic
N series
100
0℃
N -1300SC
80
20℃ 100
60
20
0
0
R ecove ry a fter 2yea rs storage storage in disch disch arge state state S torage a t20℃
90
C harge： harge： 45℃ 0.1It×16H ×1 6H rs. D ischarge： 0.2It,E .Ｖ.＝1. Ｖ.＝1 .0Ｖ storage tem peratures：0,20 , 30,45℃
40
30℃ 80
S torage a t35℃ S torage a t45℃
70
1
2
3
C apa city m easu ring cond itions: C harge:0. harge:0.1I 1It t×16 H rs. D isch arge:0.2 It, E .V .=1 .0V Te m perature: ure:20℃ 20℃
60
Storage Time（ Months ） 50
K R se seri ri es
100
1
2
3
4
5
Number of Cycles after Storage
2 0℃
80
4- 2- 2 Battery Batte Battery ry Conditions Con Conditio itions
3 0 0 ℃
60
CAD N I CA batteri batter i es may be be stored stored in charged or discharged state. F ig.4-4 compares compares the capaci capaci ty recovery characteristics of charged and discharged CADN CA DN I CA batteri batterie es after prolo pr olonge nged d storage storage. T hough hough the capacity is recovered with a couple of charge/discharge cycles in either case, the capacity recovery of a discharged battery is more quickly achieved. Due to differenc diff erences es in self-discharge self-di scharge rate, seal seal ed cell cell s in a CADN CA DN I CA assemb assembled led battery battery may have have varyin varying g degrees of available capacity after having been in storage for an extended period of time, so they should be recharged recharged prior pri or to bei ng returned retur ned to servi servi ce. ce. I f thi s i s not done, done, polari ty rev r eversal ersal may occur occur i n some some of of the th e cel cel ls. I t is i s advisable for for prolong pr olonged ed storage that batteries be in the discharged state.
4 5 5 ℃
40
C harge：0 .1It 1It×16 H rs. D isch arge ：0. ：0 .2 It,E .Ｖ.＝1.0Ｖ Ｖ.＝1.0Ｖ S torage tem peratures：0,20,30, ures：0,20,30,45℃ 45℃
20
0
0
0℃
0
1
2
3
F ig.4-2 shows shows the relati rel ationship onship betwee between n ambient temperature and the self-discharge current of CADN CA DN I CA batteri batteri es, using using this thi s graph, graph, the approxiapproximate self-discharge current can be determined as shown by the example.
Fig. Fig.4.4- 2 Fig.4
SelfSelf Self-- Discharg Discha ischarge Curre Cu Current Curren rren nt and and Ambient Temperature
300 200
Fig. Fig.4-4: 4- 4: 4: Charged Charged rged Storage Stora Storag ge vs vs Fig.4Discharged Storage
100 70 50
N -1300 S C
30 20 18
100
10 7 5
90
3 2 1
R eco very after 2ye ars.stored at 35℃ S torage at disch arge s tate S torage at charge s tate C ap acity m ea suring con dit dition s: C ha rge:0.1I rge:0.1It×16 H rs. D isch sch arge :0.2 It, E .V .= 1.0V Te m p erature:20℃
80
ー10
0
10
20
30
40
70
50
60
E xam ple:The ple:The self self-discha discha rge curren curren t Is of N -60 0A A at 20℃ is estimated as: Is=(nominal capacity)×(self-discharge current ItmA) 5 =(600)×(18×10 )(mA)=108×10-3(mA) =108( µA)
50
1
2
3
4
Number of Cycles after Storage
F ig.4-3 i l l ustrates ustr ates the capacity capacity recove recovery ry characteri characteri stics after prolonged storage at respective temperatures. The inactivity of active material is increased during high-temperature storage, and as a result, the capacity recovery time may be longer. As mentioned before before,, it i t is recom recomme mende nded d that CADN CA DN I CA batteri batterie es be stored stored at l ow tempe temperr atures. atur es.
- 16 -
5
4- 2- 3 Storage Stora Storag ge period perio riod Sanyo CADN CA DN I CA batteri batteri es can can be stored stored indefi indefinit nitely ely without the deterioration of electrodes, which is often observed observed in lead-acid batteries batteri es.. F ig.4-5 il l ustrates ustr ates sample case cases s conc concerni erning ng the cycl cycl e characteristics of cells stored for 3, 5 and 10 years respectively. E ven in the t he case case of long-term storage, storage, the cell cell ’s high rate capacity does not significantly decrease and superior cycle characteristics are maintained.
Fig Fig.4 ..44- 5
Cycle Cycle Characteristics Cha Characte racteri risti stics cs After After Prolonged Storage N -600A A
100
S torage at 20℃ in d isch arged state state
80
S torage for 3 yea rs S torage for 5 yea rs
60
S torage for 10 years
40
C ycle cond co nd ition s: C h arge:0.1It×11 H rs. D isch arge :0.7It×1H ×1 H r. Te m p.:20℃
20
0
0
100
2 00
C ap acity m e asu ring ng cond co nd ition s: C h arge:0.1It×16 H rs. D isch arge:0.2It,E .V .=1 .0V Te m p.:20℃ p.:20℃ 3 00
4 00
50 0
Number of Cycles after Storage
4- 3 Items IItem tems tto o be be Remembered Remem Remembered for for Storage Thoug Though CADN I CA batte batteries ries are are mainte maintena nanc nce e-free -free, and require no supply of electrolytes, or water during storage, the following guidelines should be observed to make best use of battery capacity: (1) Batteri es should should be com complete pletely ly disc di scharge harged d prio pri or to prolonged storage. (2) Batteri es should should be stored stored at the pos possible sible lo l owest west temperature. The temperature should never exceed +35℃ for prolonge prol onged d storage stor age.. (3) Batteries Batteri es should should be recha recharge rged d prio pri or to t o use use after after prolonged storage.
- 17 -
5
T he service service li fe is defi defined ned as, The leng length th of of time time it takes tak es a battery battery to t o reach reach a state stat e of of wear-out wear-out failure, fail ure, where it can no longer drive the necessary load. Here the wear-out failure denotes the failure during the period when the failure rate increases with time due to the elements of fatigue, abrasion of aging, and is distinguished from the initial failure and the random failure, which denote the failure due to errors in design/production or unsuitable specifications, and accidental failure, between the initial failure and the wear-out failu fai lure re period, res r espe pectively ctively.. “
“
”
Initial failure period
5-1 G eneral 5-2 5-2 F actor actors s Infl nfluenc uenci ing S ervi ervice L ife 5-3 S um m ary ary of S ervi ervice Life
e t a R e r u l i a F
0
R ando an do m fail ailure pe riod
W e a r-o u t fa ilu re pe riod
Service Life
The wear-out wear-out failur e of CA DNI DN I CA batterie batteri es is classified into 2 types. One is due to an internal short circuit caused by changes in active materials and the deterioration of organic materials, such as a separator. The other is due to the electrolyte drying up. I n normal charge and discharge cycles cycles no electrolyte electrolyte will wil l l eak eak outside the ce cell due to CADN CAD N I CA battery’s completely sealed structure. A small amount of leakage may occur from the safety vent or the sealed part if the battery is charged with a current higher than specified, overdischarged until polarity reversal occurs, or used at extremely high/low temperatures. Repeated loss of electrolyte will eventually increase internal resistance and decrease capacity. The servi service ce li fe of CADN CA DNII CA batterie batteri es is ge generally considered to terminate when their available capacity has been lowered to less than 60% of the nominal capac capacit ity y. This rule, however, is not applicable in conditions where, depending upon operating requirements, the termination point of their service life is set higher or lower than the above mentioned level. Shown in F i g.5-2 g.5-2 is i s the number of charge/discharge charge/discharge cyc cycles les in in relatio relati on to discharge discharge capa capacity city.. CA DNI DN I CA batteri batteries es exhibit excellent cycle characteristics where no noticeable drop is observed after 500 charge/ discharge cycl cycl es under Sanyo S anyo specifi specified ed conditi ndi tions. ons. In additi on, CADN CA DNII CA batteries exhibit exhibit exce excell ent cycle characteristics even for pulse discharge cycle
ing. As the figures dem demo onstrate, CADN CA DNII CA batteri batterie es can be used for extremely long periods on continuous charge cycles.
N -1300SC 100
80
C ycle ycle c on dit dition s: C ha rge :0.1It×11 H rs. D isch arge :0.7It 0.7It×1H ×1 H rs. Te m perature:20℃
60
C ap acit acity m ea suring con dition s: C ha rge :0.1It×16 H rs. D isch arge :0.2It,E .V .＝1. ＝1 .0V Te m perature:20℃
40
20
0
0
200
400
600
80 0
1000
Number of Cycles
N -1300SC 100
80
C ycle co n dition s: C ha rge:0.1It×16 H rs. D isch arge :resistan stan ce (10It×30 sec se c 1It×30 sec. se c.)×20M )×20M ins. ns . Te m p:20℃
60
40
C ap aci ac ity m ea suri su ring cond co nd ition s: C ha rge:0.1It×16 H rs. D ischa rge:0.2 It,E .V .＝1.0V Te m p:20℃
20
0
One of the most important factors affecting the service service life of of a CADN CA DNII CA battery battery is i s ambient ambient tempe temperatur rature e. F ig.5-5 illustr il lustr ates ates an approximate approximate relation between ambient temperature and battery service life. Generally speaking the optimum temperature is room temperature and temperatures higher than 40℃ will wi ll deteri deteriorate orate cell performance. performance. E xposure xposure to a high temperatur temperature e for for a short ti t i me however will not cause permanent damage and will recover with a couple of charge/discharge cycles at room temperature. The most adverse effects of a prolonged rise in cell temperature may be seen as damage to organic materials. Used at high temperatures for a long time, the separator in particular is gradually damaged, and its insulation function dec decrease reases, resulting resulti ng in i nternal short cir cuit. uit . Overcharging and continuous charging at high temperatures should be avoided. This accelerates deterioration of the separator through oxidization resulting from oxygen generated at the positive electr electro ode duri ng overchargi overcharging. ng.
0
100
200
300
400
50 50 0
Number of Cycles
100 80 60 40 30
KR- SCH(1.2 SCH(1.2)
20
100 10 80 5
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
C ha rge:It/30 ~6Months Discharge:1It,E.V.＝1.1V Temp:20℃
40
20
0
0
1
2
3
Service Life (Years)
4
5
The charge charge curr curre ent of a CA DNI DN I CA battery battery is is specified according to its design. As long as a CA DNI DN I CA battery is charge charged d at an input rate below below the specified value, internal gas pressure remains at a low level. However, heat generated by gas recombination causes a rise in cell temperature. When overcharging is repeated often, heat deteriorates the cell and shortens its service life. Charging at rates over specified value increases internal gas pressure, occasionally causing operation of the gas release vent and should be avoided. T he batteri batt eries es as standby st andby power sources of emergency lights or signal lights, are continuously charged with trickle charge current in order to
observed in CAD C ADNI NI CA batteries. KR- SCH(1.2 SCH(1.2)
120
Eve E ven n when when fully ful ly discharge discharged, d, a CADN CA DNII CA battery recove recovers rs its it s capacity capacity by charging. Over-discharge Over-di scharge has only a mi mi nor effec effectt on CADN CA DNII CA batteries batt eries com compared pared with lead-acid batteries. Depth of discharge is the term used to express percentage wise the capacity removed from a battery at the onset of discharge from the state of full charge. The number of cycles CADN CA DNII CA batteri batteries es can can withstand wi thstand depe depends nds on on the depth depth of discharge discharge as ill ustrated in F ig.5-6. ig.5-6. When the cell is discharged to a greater depth, the number of cycles decreases. “
C harge inp ut:15 0% of discha discha rge d ca pa city D ischa rged :1It Te m perature:20 ℃
300 200 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 00
Nickel-Cadmium batteries have a memory-effect in which the voltage drops by 2 levels during discharge after shallow shal low charge/discharge charge/discharge cyc cycll es. es. I n application when discharge end voltage is highly established, apparent decreases in capacity and operating voltage are shown. This phenomenon doesn t occur after 1 or 2 complete discharge cycles. “
KR- 1100AEL Initia l 1s t after 10 0 c ycles 2n d a fter 100 cycles cycles 3rd after 100 cyc les
0.8 0.8 0
20
30
40
50
C harge It/30×3 ,6,12M 6,12M onths D isch arge :1It,E .V .＝1.1V Te m perature:20℃
40
20
0
0.5 0.5
1
1 .5
2
2 .5
3
Degradation in electrode performance Variation in electrolyte distribution
Battery cycle life
Crystal growth in active materials
Deterioration of constituents
High ambient temperature Rise in internal temperature (high-rate Overcharge charge/ discharge) Intermittent charge Extremely low current discharge High ambient temperature Overcharge
Charging at a higher rate than specified.
Venting Reverse charge
C ycle con dition s: C ha rge:0.1I rge:0.1It×10 H rs. D ischa rge :1It×10 M ins. Te m perature:45℃ D isch arge C ha racteristics Te sting C on dition s: C ha rge:0.1I rge:0.1It×16 H rs. D isch arge :1It Te m perature:20℃ 10
1 y ea r cycle
Loss of electrolyte
1.2 1.2
1.0 1.0
6 m onth cycle
60
”
’
1.4 1.4
3 m onth cycle
I n the pr ece eceding din g paragraphs various vari ous factors affec affecting ti ng the service life lif e of of Sanyo CADN CAD N I CA batteri batteries es have been discussed. The conclusion of the discussion is that, if they are used under normal operating conditions, a very long service life can be expected. CADN CA DNII CA battery life li fe is determined by these these factors factors which relate to one another in an intricate manner. Thus, it is difficult difficult to predic predictt how how long long they they will generally perform well. T he rel rel evant evant factors to battery battery lif l ife e are summari summari zed zed below:
C h arge cu rren t:0.1It
s 3000 e l c y 2000 C f o r e 1000 b m 700 u N 500
80
”
10000
5000
100
Good understanding of these relevant factors will assist the designer of battery-powered devices in obtaining the longest life, optimum performance, and greate greatest st reliabil ity it y from from Sanyo Sanyo CADN CA DNII CA batteries. 60
70
The batte battery ry perfo performa rmanc nce e is hardly hardly affec affected ted by the discharge frequency during continuous charge of reserve reserve power power supply, supply, as il lustr lu strated ated in F ig.5-8, which represents the continuous charge cycle characteristics in 3, 6 and 12 months.
CAD C ADN N I CA Batteries B atteries may may be be used used in various vari ous fields with wit h excell excellent ent results r esults as mentioned before. Sanyo has designe designed d CA DN I CA batteri batteries es for for special special purposes purposes that concur with necessary requirements, and further improve the efficiency of the devices in which they are used. The T he basic basic structural design design of of CADN CA DN I CA batteries for exclusive use, is the same as that of standard CADN CA DN I CA batteries. The characte characteri ri stics of of CADN CA DN I CA batteri es for exclusi exclusive ve use succee succeed d respective respective exce excell ll ence ence of standard standard CAD C ADN N I CA batteri es. es. CADN CA DN I CA batterie batteri es for for exclusi exclusive ve use use are are by no means limited to a particular field, but may be used for many purpos pur poses. es.
6 Special Purpose Batteries
6- 1 High Hig High igh- Capa Cap Capacity city CAD C CADN CA ADNICA DNIC NICA ICA A Batteries 6- 1- 1 Characteristics Cha Characte cterist ristiics T he growing growin g use of compac compactt and l ightweight ight weight equipment has rapidly increased the need for a highcapac capacit ity y battery. battery. In I n anticipation anti cipation of of this t his trend, Sanyo has deve develope loped d hi gh-capa gh-capacity city CAD C ADN N I CA batteri batteries es with approx. a 40-percent higher capacity featuring a significant improvement in energy density while employing the same manufacturing method used for highly-reli highly-reliab able le standard standard CA DN I CA batte batteri rie es. The T hey y can also be charged in as little as one hour.
6- 1 High- Cap Capacity CADN CADNICA Batteries 6- 2 FastFast-Ch Cha arge CADN CADNICA Batteries
6- 1- 2 Charge Cha Charge rge Cha Ch Characteristics aracte racteri risti stics cs
6- 3 High- Tem Temperatu rature re CADNICA Batteries
H igh-capac igh-capacit ity y CA DN I CA batteries are designe designed d for improved gas recombination in order to facilitate fast charging. They are capable of one-hour charging via －ΔV sensor fast charge system. Fig.6-1 F ig.6-1 shows the charge charge characteri characteristi stics cs for for －Δ V sensor fast charging. P lease refer refer to Chapter Chapt er 7-3 for informati in formation on regarding －ΔV sensor fast charging.
6- 4 Heat- Resi Resista stan nt CADN CADNICA Batteries 6- 5 Memoryry- Back Backu up CADNICA Batteries (CADNICA BACKUP)
Fig.6 Fig - 1: Charg Chargin ing g Charact Chara Characteristics racteristi cteristics eristics cs Fig.6Fig..66-1: KR -1800SC 1800SC E
1.7 1.7 50
40
30
C ha rge :1.5 It( – ∆V = 1 0m 0m V /cell) Temperature:20℃
1.6 1.6
C ellvol vo ltag e
1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3
1.5 1.5
C elltem pe rature
20 1.2 1.2 10
0
- 21 -
1.0 1.0
1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
Interna nterna lgu s p ress ure 0
10
20
30
40
0 50
Fig. Fig.6-4: 6- 4: 4: Cycle Cycle Characteristics Cha Characteristics racter racteristics istics Fig.6-
6- 1- 3 Discharg Discharge Discharge Characteristics Characteristics
KR -1800SC 1800SC E
T he discharge discharge volt voltag ages es of standard CAD N I CA batteries show extremely smooth voltage characteristics up to the end of of the t he discharge peri period od.. H igh-capacit igh-capacity y CADN CA DN I CA batteries share share this advantage advantage,, and in addition, through a significant improvement in energy density, they exhibit a capacity 40% greater than previous models. F ig.6-2 shows shows the discharge characteri characteri stics sti cs of highcapac capacit ity y CADN CA DN I CA batteries, while F ig.6-3 shows shows the relationship between discharge current and discharge capacity. As the figures demonstrate, highcapac capacit ity y CAD N I CA batteri batteri es maintain a higher capac capacit ity y than standard standard CAD C ADN N I CA batteries at low low,, medium or high current discharge levels.
100
80
60
C ycle c on dition s: C harge:1.5 It ( ∆＝10 m V /cell) D ischa rge :1It 1It×55M ins. 20 Tem perature: ure:20℃ 40
0
0
100
20 0
C apa city m easu ring cond co nd ition s: C harge:1.5 It ( ∆V ＝10m V /cell) D isch arge:1It,E .V .＝1.0V Tem perature: ure:20℃ 20℃ 30 0
4 00
5 00
Number of Cycles
6- 2 FastFast- Charg Cha Charge rge CADN CAD CADNICA NICA Batteries
Fig.6 Fig - 2: Discharge Discharge Chara Cha Characteristics racteristics cteristics Fig.6Fig..66-2: 1.6 1.6
6- 2- 1 Characteristics Cha Characte cterist ristiics
C ha rge:0.1 It×16Hrs. Discharge:1.7A Temperature:20℃
1.4 1.4
Standard CADN CA DN I CA batteries require require a charging charging period of 14 to 16 hours at a standard charge current of0.1I of0.1I t. I n order to t o mee meett demands demands for a faster f aster charging speed, fast-charge CADN CA DN I CA batteries batteri es have been developed. Designed to facilitate recombination of oxygen gas generated at the electrode, they offer the foll owing advantages: advantages: (1) One-hour quick-charge capability With Wi th the temperat temperatur ure e sensor sensor fast-charge fast-char ge system or or the －ΔV sensor fast charge system, charging time can be reduced to as little as approx. one hour. F or － Δ V sensor fast charging and temperature sensor fast charging, see chap chapter ter 7-3. (2) E xcell xcell ent high cur current rent discharge characteri characteri stics sti cs T hroug hr ough h the use of Sanyo’s original highly-efficient current collecting method, plus an electrode that demonstrates superior discharge characteristics, these batteries possess excellent voltage characteristics at high rate discharge.
1.2 1.2
1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8
H igh -cap ac ity S tanda rd C adn ica C ad nica ba tte rie s ba tte rie s (N -130 -130 0S C ) (KR -1800S C E )
0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Fig.6 Fig - 3: Discharge Discharge Curren Curr Current entt and and and Fig.6Fig..66-3: Discharge Capacity 2.0 2.0
C harge:0. harge:0.1I 1It t×16 H rs. D ischarge:E.V scharge:E.V .＝1.0V ＝1.0V Te m perature: ure:20℃ 20℃
1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4
H igh -cap acity C ad nica b atteries (KR -1800SC E)
1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0
S tanda rd C ad nica nica ba tteries (N -1300SC )
0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
6- 1- 4 Service Ser Service Life Li fe Life T he servi service ce li fe of high-capac high-capacity ity CA DN I CA batteri batteri es differs according to the conditions of use. The manufac manufactur turing ing proces process s for high-c hi gh-capa apacity city CA DN I CA follows that of of standard standard CA DN I CA batteri batteri es, es, which have consistently demonstrated high reliability. Theref Therefo ore high-c high-cap apac acity ity CADN I CA batte batteries ries also also attain a cycle service life equivalent to that of standa standard rd C ADN I CA batteri batterie es. Fig.6-4 F ig.6-4 shows an example example of of cycle character character istics ist ics with －ΔV sensor sensor fast f ast chargi charging. ng. It i s possibl possible e to use high-capac high-capacit ity y CADN CA DN I CA batteri batteries es for for more more than 500 charge/discharge cycles.
- 22 -
6- 2- 2 Operating Ope Operatin rating g Princip Prin Principle ciple le of of FastFastCharge CADNICA Batteries
their high capability for oxygen gas recombination.
Fig. Fig.6-5: 6- 5: 5: FastFast- Charg Cha Charge rge Cha C Cha Ch haracteristics aracteristics racte racteristi ristics cs Fig.6Characteristic Chara cteristics s
Sanyo CADN CAD N I CA batteries batter ies gene generate rate oxyge oxygen n at the positive electrode as the state of full charge is approached, according to the following equation, as discussed already in 1-4. 4OH －
2H 2O+O2+4e－
70
1.6 1.6
60
1.5 1.5
50
1.4 1.4
40
1.3 1.3
30
1.2 1.2
C harge:1.5It C ellvo ltag e
C ut-offtem pe rature N-1300SCR N-1300SCR
(1) ･･･････････････ (1)
1.5 N -1300SC
20
In I n the overcharge overcharge region, the chargi charging ng cur current rent i s completely consumed in gas generation. When the charge current is“a”A, oxygen gas is generated at a rate of 208 × a ml/hr. at 1atm and 20 20℃. Generated gas is recombined at the negative electrode according to the follow foll owing ing fo f ormulas: rmul as:
Cd+1/2O2+H 2O O2+2H 2O+4e－
10 0
1.1 1.1
1.0
C elltem pe rature
1.0 1.0
0.5 Internal gu s press ure 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
The internal internal gas press pressure ure of of a standa standard rd CADN I CA battery cell quickly increases during charging, while that of a fast-cha fast-charge rge CADN I CA battery stabil stabil izes at approx. 5kg/cm2. When only onl y gas recombinati recombination on is i s taken t aken into i nto consideration, consideration, fast-charge fast-charge CADN CAD N I CA batteries batteries can be said to be capable of withstanding overcharging at a current lev l evel el as high as 1.5I 1.5I t. I f overcharging overcharging continues, however, the cell temperature will continue to increase. After a time, it may badly damage damage the battery. battery. I n order to t o prevent prevent the occurrence of this problem, fast charging must be suspended suspended after the th e appropri appropri ate amount amount of ti t i me. me. F ig.6-6 shows shows the relationshi relat ionship p betwee between n the leve l evel of overcharge current and the internal gas pressure, while Fig.6-7 shows the relationship between the ambient temperature during charging and the internal gas pressure.
Cd(OH ) 2 ･･････････ (2) (2) 4OH － ･･････････････ (3) (3)
Oxygen Oxygen gas is generated generated in prop pr oporti ortion on to the charge charge current so that the oxygen consumption reaction in E qs. (2) and (3)must be accelerat accelerated ed in order to t o charge at a higher current. Otherwise, unconsumed oxygen gas increases the internal pressure to such a level that the t he safety safety vent vent wil wi l l operate. operate. As seen seen from fr om E qs. (2) and (3), the oxygen consumption reaction takes place in the 3-phase zone where the 3 phases, electrolyte (liquid), oxygen(gas)and electrode(solid), come into contact with each other. F ast-charge ast-charge CADN I CA batteri batteries es are are specifi specifica call ll y designed in terms of electrode structure and electrolyte distribution so that a large number of 3phase zones may be formed. This design makes possibl possible e fast charging chargin g over over a peri od of of approx. appr ox. 1 hour. With the temperature-sensor fast-charge system, the charging condition is assessed by detecting the surface temperature of the battery. The oxygen gas recombination reaction at the negative electrode is shown by the above above Eqs.(2) and (3). Eq. E q. (2) detai details ls an oxidized reaction of the metal cadmium, which results in high heat generation. This heat in turn causes an increase in the battery surface tempe temperatur ratur e. F ast-charge ast-charge CADN CA DN I CA batteries batteries are designed for faster recombination of generated oxygen gas and feature improved internal heat conductivity, making a quick increase in surface temperatur rat ure e possibl possible. e.
6- 2- 3 Charge Cha Charge Cha Ch Characteristics aracteristics F ig.6-5 shows the charge character character isti ist i cs of of fastf astcharge charge CADN I CA batteries in compa compari ri son son with wit h standard standard CA DN I CA batteri batteri es. es. In I n order order to increase increase gas recombinati recombination on capabil capabilit ity y, fast-char fast-char ge CADN CA DN I CA batteries possess a slightly reduced cell capacity. Theref Therefo ore their their peak peak voltag voltage es appe appear ar earli earli er during during the charging chargi ng cycl cycl e. F ast-charge ast-charge CADN CA DN I CA batteries sho show w lower lower charge voltages at the end of charging due to the ease with which heat is generated within the cell, a result of
- 23 -
Fig.6 Fig - 6: Overcharge Overch Overcha arge rge Current Curre Current nt and and and Fig.6Fig..66-6: Internal Gas Pressure
6- 2- 5 Tem Te Tem mperatu ra rature ture Cha Charact ra racte cte cteristics eristics risti istics cs
N -1300 S C R
2.0
One of of the th e greatest greatest featur features es that －ΔV-sensor and temperature-sensor fast-charge systems offer is the capability of achieving stable cell capacity over a wide wi de range of temper temper atur es. However, at low temperature, gas recombination capacity is reduced and internal gas pressure can increase to a level that adversely affects service life. Therefore, be sure to perform fast-charging under the specified temperatur e. Fi g.6-9 shows charge charge tempe temperat rature ure characteristics.
Te m perature:20℃ 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 00
1
2
3
4
Fig.6 Fig - 9: Charge Charg Charge e Temperature Tem Temperature ture Fig.6Fig..66-9: Characteristics
Fig.6Fig.6-7: 7: Ambient Ambient ient Temperature Temperature erature and and Internal Gas Pressure 2.0
N -1300 S C R
110
N-1300SCR N-1300SCR C harge:1.5 It
100
1.8 1.6
90
1.4 1.2
80
C h arge:1.5 It to 45 ℃ D ischa rge:1It,E .V .＝1. ＝1 .0V
1.0 70
0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6
60
0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2
50
00
10
20
30
Fig.6 Fig - 8: Discharge Discharge Chara Cha Characteristics racteristics cteristics Fig.6Fig..66-8: N -1300 -1300 S C R 1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1.0 1.0
C ha rge:1.5 Itto 45 ℃ Tem perature:20 ℃ 8 It 4 It 1It 1It 0.2 It 20
40
60
80
10 0
20
30
40
50
The gas recombination capability does not decline even after many cycles. Battery service life does, however, however, differ diff er accordin according g to ambient conditions. conditi ons. Although the factors affecting the service life of fast-charge fast-charge CADN CA DN I CA batteries are are esse essenti ntiall ally y the same same as as those of standard CA DN I CA batteri batteries es,, the charging condit conditions ions of the two are very very different. diff erent. I n the case of fast-charge models, the period of overcharge from the onset of temperature increase to charge cut-off, should be made as short as possible in order to ensure a long service life. Therefore the following precautions should be observed when designing fast-charge control circuits. (1) Tempe Temperatur rature e-senso -sensorr fast-charge fast-charge contro controll (a) I n the case case of asse assemb mbled led batteries batteries that easily easily radiate heat it takes a long time to reach the cut-off temperature. Sanyo recommends a design under which temperature increases are maximized, maximized, either by thi ckening ckening the t he material materials s of the battery case or by utilizing materials which feature low heat conductivity. (b) Charged with a temp temperature-s erature-se ensor nsor system, system, CADN CA DN I CA batteri batteri es tend to be be ove overcharge rcharged d in in proportion to the difference between the ambient and cut-off temperatures. Decrease the setting value of the cut-off temperature when using at low temperature. (2) (2) －ΔV-sens V- sensor or fast-charge f ast-charge control control (a) I n the case case of asse assemb mbled led batteries batteries that easily easily radiate radi ate heat, cell voltage decreas decreases es gentl gentl y after aft er reaching its peak. Sanyo recommends a design
F ast-charge ast-charge CADN CA DN I CA batteries batteries employ employ sintered plates which exhibit excellent discharge characteri stics sti cs for for both both the t he posit positii ve and and negati negative ve electrode electrodes. s. I n addition, through the utilization of Sanyo’s original highly-efficient current collecting method which demonstrates superior discharge characteristics, these batteries offer an extremely stable discharge performance, even at high current levels. F ig.6-8 shows an an example example of discharge characteri characterisstics.
0
10
6- 2- 6 Service Ser Service Life Li fe Life
6- 2- 4 Discharge Disch scharge Characteristics Characteristics
0.8 0.8
0
40
12 0
- 24 -
under which temperature increases are maxim-i maxim-ize zed, d, espe especiall cially y for for CAD C ADN N I CA batteries of small capacity. capacity. (b) (b) The highe higherr the－ΔV value becomes, the more the battery becomes overcharged. Set the －ΔV value to 10~20mV per single cell. F ig.6-10 shows shows temperat temperatur ure-se e-sensor nsor fast-charge c cycle ycle characteri characteri stics. sti cs. Use for more than 500 charge/dischcharge/discharge cycl cycl es is possibl possible. e. F ig.6-11 shows shows conti conti nuous-charge cycle cycle characteristics. F ig.6-12 shows shows super-fast-charge cycle cycle characteri characterisstics. ti cs. Use U se for for more more than th an 500 charge/discharge charge/discharge cycles cycles is possible.
6- 3 High High Temperature Temperature erature CADNICA Batteries 6- 3- 1 Advantages Adv Ad vantages of High Hig High Temperature Temperatur rature e CADNICA Batteries Being maintenance-free, and having a high allowance for overcharge, which no other secondary batteri batteries es have have,, high tempe temperature ratur e CADN CAD N I CA batteri batteries es are highly highl y suitable suit able for for use in emerge emergency ncy lightin li ghting. g. For use in this case, the batteries are continuously charged with a low current, (trickle-charged), at a relatively high temperature, (35℃ to 45℃ ). High tempe temperatur ratur e CADN CAD N I CA batteri batteries es were designe designed d to meet necessary requirements for use in high temperature situations. Advantages in using high tempe temperatur ratur e CADN CA DN I CA batteries are: are: (1) Outstanding charge charge/discha /discharge rge charac characteristi teristi cs at high temperature. The high temp tempe eratur e CADN CA DN I CA battery battery has a high trickle-charge efficiency even in temperature as high as 35℃ to 45 45℃. (2) (2) L ong service service life li fe and high reli reliab abil ility. ity. The high tempe temperature ratur e CADN CA DN I CA battery battery shows shows a minor cycle-deterioration even at high temperature, and also withstand overcharge, ensuring a long service life.
Fig.6 Fig.6- 10: 10: Cycle Characteristics Chara Characteristics cteristics Fig.6Fig. 6-10 N -1300SC 1300SC R 100
80
60
40
C ycle c on dition s: C ha rge :1.5Itto 45 ℃ D ischarge:1It×55 M ins. 20 T em perature: ure:20℃ 20℃ 0
0
100
20 0
C apacit apacity m easurem ent: ent: C ha rge :1.5Itto 45 ℃ D isch arge:1It,E .V .＝1.0V Te m perature: ure:20℃ 20℃
30 0
4 00
5 00
Number of Cycles
Fig.6 Fig.6- 11: 11: Continuoustinu u ous-Charg ou e Cycle Fig.6Fig. 6-11 Continu Con Continuo Contin tinuou uousousus-Ch s- Charg Charge Cycle Characteristics
6- 3- 2 Operating Ope Operatin rating g Princip Prin Principles ciple les s of of High Hig High Tem Temperatur ture CAD CADNICA ICA Batteries
N -1300 S C R 100
80
T he charging charging of N ickel-Cadm ickel-C admium ium batteries batteries in general general beco become mes s more more diffi di ffi cult at hi gher gher temperatur temperature, e, and with lower current. As explained in Chapter 2, this is because the charging reaction of active material (1), and the oxygen generation reaction (2), compete with each other at the positive electrode towards the end of charging.
60
40
C ycle c on dition s: C harge:0.3 It×1W ee k D isch arge :1It,E .V .＝1. ＝1 .0V Te m p erature:20℃
20
0
0
10
20
C apa city m ea surem e nt: C ha rge:0.3It rge:0.3It×5H rs. D isch arge :1It,E .V .＝1. ＝1 .0V Te m perature:20℃ 30
40 40
50
Number of Cycles
Ni(OH)2 +OH － 4OH 4OH －
Fig.6 Fig.6 -1 2: SuperSuperer-Faster- FastFast- Charg Charge rge Cycle Fig.6Fig. 6-12 12: Characteristics
When When oxygen oxygen gas i s gener gener ated, the t he chargin char ging g reaction at the positive electrode becomes reluctant to proceed. The generation potential of oxygen becomes lower with the increase of cell temperature, so that oxygen is generated in the earlier stage. As a result, the charge voltage is low, the charge efficiency at the t he electr electrod ode e deteri deteri or ates, and the charge capacity capacity becomes lower. The high tempe temperatur ratur e CADN CA DN I CA battery is made made with specially designed electrodes and electrolyte, in order to maintain a high generation potential of oxygen, even at high temperature.
N -1300 -1300 S C R 100
80
60
40
C ycle con c on dition s: C harge:4It×15 M ins. 20 D isch sch arge :1It,E .V .＝1. ＝1 .0V Te m p erature:20℃ 0
0
100
200
C apa city m ea surem e nt: C harge:4It×15 M ins. D isch arge :1It,E .V .＝1. ＝1 .0V Te m p erature:20℃ 3 00
4 00
Ni OOH + H 2O+e－ ･･･････ (1) (1) － ･･････････ (2) 2H2O+O2+4e (2)
50 500
Number of Cycles
- 25 -
6- 3- 3 Tem Te Tem mperatu ra rature ture Cha Charact ra racte cte cteristics eristics risti istics cs
characteristics at the same voltage level as the standard standard CAD C ADN N I CA battery. battery. The high tempe temperatur rature e CADN CA DN I CA battery battery shows improved improved discharge discharge characcharacteristics when trickle-charged in high ambient temperature. Figs.6-15 and 6-16 illustrate the high temperature trickle-charge characteristics, examples A and B, 45℃ characte characteri ri stics as spe specified cified by J I S C 8705, respectively. T he dischar di scharge ge vol vol tage drop often observed in in N ickel-Cadm ickel-C admium ium batteries is only slightl sl ightly y detec detect-able in CADN CA DN I CA batteries batteri es when when charge charged d continuous continuously ly at high temperatures.
The high tempe temperature ratur e CADN I CA battery guaranguarantees its outstanding characteristics even in high temperatur rat ure. e. F ig.6-13 il lustr lu strates ates cell cell capacity capacity as a function of ambient temperature where the cell capacity at 20℃ is taken tak en as as a standard standard (100%). The Th e high tempe temperatur rature e CADN I CA battery exhibit exhibits s maximaximum capacity at just over 20℃ . Though its high temperature characteristics are much improved as compa compared red with those those of of the t he standard standard CA DN I CA battery battery,, the high tempe temperatur rature e CADN CAD N I CA battery battery has slightly lower discharge capacity at low temperature, as a result of improving its high temperature quality. H owev owever er,, the high tempe temperatur ratur e CADN CAD N I CA battery can withstand a charge at 0℃, and a discharge at well as the standard standard CAD N I CA battery, battery, so －20℃, as well no practical problem exists.
Fig Fi Fig.6Fig.6 g.6.6- 15: 15: High High Tem Temperature perature perature TTricklerickleCharge Characteristics Example A 1.4
Fig.6Fig. Fig.6 6-13 Te Tem mp peratu pe era rature ture ture Cha Ch Characteristics ara racteristics cte cterist ri stic ics s Fig Fi g.6.6 - 13: 13: Tem risti is tics cs
1.2
110
100
H igh tem pe rature ature C A D N IC IC A
1.0
90
C harge:It/30× 48H rs. D isch arge:1It Tem p:45℃
80 0.8
70
S tan dard C A D N IC A
10
20
30
40
50
60
Discharge Time( Mins.)
C ha rge :It/30 ×48 H rs. D isch arge :1It,20 ℃,E.V .＝1. ＝1 .1V
60 50 0
10
20
30
40 40
50
60
Fig Fi Fig.6Fig.6 g.6.6- 16: 16: High High Tem Temperature perature perature TTricklerickleCharge Characteristics Example B
70
1.4 1.4
6- 3- 4 Charge Cha Charge rge Cha Ch Characteristics aracte racteri risti stics cs T he high tempe temperature ratur e CADN CA DN I CA battery battery is usuall usuall y used at a trickl tri ckle-c e-charge harge of It/20 It /20 to It/50. I t/50. Fi g.6-14 g.6-14 illustrates the trickle-charge voltage characteristics with wit h I t/30 cur current. rent. T he charge charge volt voltage age of the high tempe temperatur ratur e CADN CA DN I CA battery battery is sli ghtly higher higher than that of of the standard standard CADN CAD N I CA battery due to the improvement of its oxygen generating potential, as menti menti oned oned in i n 6-3-2.
S tanda rd C A D N IC IC A
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
KR -SC H(1.2)
1.7 1.7
C ha rge:It/30
1.6 1.6
0℃ 1.5 1.5
20℃
1.4 1.4
40℃ 60℃
1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2
0
20
40
60
80
1 00 00
12 12 0 1 40 40
16 16 0 1 80 80
H igh tem perature perature C A D N IC IC A
1.2 1.2
Fig.6 Fig.61 4:: Trick Tri TrickleTrickle ckle le-- Cha Ch Charg arg rge e Volt Vo Voltag Volta lta age Fig Fi g.6.6- 14: 14 Characteristics
1.1 1.1
0
H igh tem perature C A D N IC IC A
S tanda rd C A D N IC IC A
20 20 0
6- 3- 5 Discha Discharg rge e Characteristics Characteristics The high tempe temperature ratur e CADN I CA battery has has the same same basic basic structure as the standard standard CADN CA DN I CA battery. Thus, its discharge voltage exhibits a flat
- 26 -
C harge:It/30× 24H rs. D isch arge:1It Tem p:45℃
0
10
20
30
40
6- 3- 6 Service Ser Service Life Li fe Life
6- 4- 2 Charge Cha Charge rge Cha Ch Characteristics aracte racteri risti stics cs
T he servi servi ce life of of the high temp temperature erature CADN I CA battery depends depends lar gely gely on the t he ambient ambient conditions, conditi ons, as mentioned in Chapter 5, though expected as over 4 years years under normal conditi conditi ons. ons. F ig.6-17 ig.6-17 il lustr ates ates cycle characteristics when trickle charged. The effects of ambient conditions on the service life are discussed in Chapter 5. As a rule the service life is shortened with higher ambient temperature and/or high charge current, but will be affected very little by a tri ckle ckl e charge current curr ent betwee between n It/50 I t/50 and I t/20. High ambient temperature may deteriorate the electrodes and/or the cell constituents, and eventually all y shorten rt en the life of of the batte battery. ry. I n CADN CA DN I CA batteries, appropriate materials are used to prevent this thi s deteriorati deterioration. on.
F ig.6-18 shows charge character character istics. ist ics. Fig.6-19 F ig.6-19 shows shows the relati r elationship onship between between ambient ambient temperatur rat ure e and cel l voltage. voltage. I n the high-tem hi gh-tempe perr ature atur e range, the cell cell voltage decreases significantly as the electrode potential of the cell cell i s changed. changed.
Fig.6Fig. Fig.6 6-18 - 18: 18: Charge Charg Charge e Characteristics Cha racteristics Fig Fi g.6.6 Characteristics 50
40
30
0.6 0.6
1.4 1.4
0.5 0.5
1.3 1.3
0.4 0.4
1.2 1.2
10
0
0.3 0.3
C elltem pe rature ature
1.1 1.1
0.2 0.2
1.0 1.0
0.1 0.1
0.9 0.9
Interna nterna lga s p ress ure 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
20℃
50
35℃ 45℃
40
Fig Fi Fig.6Fig.6 g.6.6- 19: 19: Ambient Ambie Ambient nt Tem Temperature Temperature perature and and and Cell Voltage
30
C ha rge :It/30 ×1 M on th,20,35,45℃ D isch arge :1It,20 ℃,E.V .＝1 .1V
20
N -1200S C K
1.7 1.7
C h arge:0.3 arge:0.3 It
1.6 1.6
10 0
1.5 1.5
20
KR -C H (2.0)
60
0.7 0.7
C harge:0.3 It Tem perature: ure:20℃ 20℃ C ellvol vo ltag e
Fig.6Fig. Fig.6 6-17 Tr Trickle Tric ick k kle le Cha Ch Charg arg rge e Serv Se Service rvic ice e Life Lif Liffe e Fig Fi g.6.6 - 17: 17: Tric Trick Tri ckle Li 70
N -1200SCK
1.6 1.6
0
1
2
3
1.5 1.5
4
20℃ 1.4 1.4
40℃ 70℃ 1.3 1.3
6- 4 Hea He Heat- Resistan Resista Resistan nt CADN CA DNICA NICA Resistant CAD DNICA Batteries
1.2 1.2
1.1 1.1 0
6- 4- 1 Features Fea Features Conventional Conventi onal batteri batt eries es can can be mai mai ntained ntai ned in in optimum condit condition ion when used at normal temper temper ature. atur e. I f they t hey are used used at hi gh temperatur temperature e howeve however, service servi ce l ife if e greatly decrease decreases. s. In I n anticipati anti cipation on of the growing need for batteries that perform well in warm environments, Sanyo developed high-temperature CADN CA DN I CA batteries batter ies for use as a powe powerr source for emerge emergency ncy li l i ghting, ghti ng, etc. H owev oweve er, since si nce high-tempe high-temperatur e CADN CA DN I CA batteries often require extended periods of charge at low rate( rat e(II t/50~I t/20), Sanyo devel devel oped oped heat-resistant CADN CA DN I CA batteries which permit permit fast f ast charging charging at high temperature. H eat-resistant eat-resistant CADN CA DN I CA batteries batteries posse possess ss the following features: (1) Quick charging charging at 0.3It 0.3It i s pos possible, sible, eve even n at temperature as high as 45 ﾟ~70℃ (2) (2) L ong service service life li fe and high high reli reliab abil ility ity attained. attained. Cycle deterioration at high temperature remains small.
- 27 -
1
2
3
4
5
6
6- 4- 3 Tem Te Tem mperatu ra rature ture Ch C Cha haract ra racte cte cteris erist ri ristic sti tic ic risti is
6- 5 Mem Me Memoryory- Backup Backu Backup p CAD CA CADN DNIC DNICA ICA A CADNICA ADNIC Batteries(CADNICA BACKUP)
The temperature characteristics of heat-resistant CADN CA DN I CA batteries are are similar simil ar to those those of standard standard CADN CA DN I CA batteries. Compare Compared d with the latter, however, heat-resistant models are capable of charging and discharging at higher temperature. Fig.6-20 F ig.6-20 shows shows the temperat temperature ure character character isti ist i cs of of heat-re heat-resistan sistantt C ADN I CA batteries batteries.. I nternal nternal resistresistance and storage characteristics are almost the same as those those of standard standard CADN CA DN I CA batteries.
6- 5- 1 Adv Ad Advantages vantag tages of oof f CADN CAD CADNICA NICA BACK BACK UP Recent progress in electronics has increased the number of devices using semiconductor memories. M ost memo memori ri es tend to lose their memo memory ry the t he mome moment nt power power is remove removed. d. A small smal l sealed sealed N ickelickel Cadmium battery is used to compensate for this powe powerr failur e. CADN I CA BA CK U P has bee been designed to overcome this failure with the following advantages: (1) (1) L ong service service life li fe and high reli reliab abil ility. ity. CADN CAD N I CA B BACK ACK U P has be been espe espec ciall y desigdesigned for memory backup with a long and reliable service life. (2) (2) No lea leakage kage There There is no l eakag akage of alkaline electrolyte trolyte,, to damage printed circuit boards. (3) I mprove mproved d storage storage characte characteri ri stics The rate of self-dis self-disc charge harge is reduc reduce ed to half half the rate of of the standard standard CADN CA DN I CA battery. battery. (4) (4) Dir ectly soldered to printed cir circu cuit it board board The termina terminals ls are are pin-sha pin-shape ped d so that that the they can be soldered directly to the printed circuit board. (5) (5) Capable Capable of of hi gh-rate disc discharg harge e The use use of of sintere sintered d ele elec ctrode trodes s make makes s it poss possible ible to discharge with a current as high as 1A, therefo therefore, re, CADN I CA BACK B ACK U P may may be used used as the power supply for large transistors.
Fig.6Fig. Fig.6 6-20 - 20: 20: Tem Te Tem mp peratu pe era rature ture ture Cha Ch Characteristics ara racteristics cte cterist ri stic ics s Fig Fi g.6.6 risti is tics cs N -1200 S C K
120
D isch arge 100
80
C harge 60
C h arge:0.1 It×16 H rs. D isch arge :0.2 It,E .V .＝1. ＝1 .0V
40
20
0.8 0.8 -2 0
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
6- 4- 4 Service Ser Service Life Li fe Life Fig.6-21 F ig.6-21 shows shows the relati r elationship onship between between ambient ambient temperature and service life for both standard and heat-resistant heat-resistant CADN CA DN I CA batteries. At hi gh temp temperaerature, the decrease in the performance of the electrode and the deterioration of other battery components become big factors shortening battery life. Through the use of specially selected materials, heat-resistant CADN CA DN I CA batteries batteri es have have bee been n developed developed to provide a long service life, even at high temperatures.
6- 5- 2 Operating Ope Operatin rating g Princip Prin Principle ciple le of of CADN CAD CADNICA NICA BACKUP
Fig. Fig.6Fig.6 ..6 6- 21: 2 1: Service Servi Service ce Life Fig Fi g.621 Life 120 100
A CA DNI DN I CA B ACK U P is a module module co compo mposed sed type N-50SB1, N-50SB2, N-50SB2, N 50SB3, 50SB3, N-SB1, N -SB1, N-SB 2, N-SB3, N-SB4, which are specially designed for memory backup backup.. CAD NI CA B ACK U P i s provide provided d with acc access terminals to printed circuit boards, so is easily mounted. CADNI CAD NI CA BACK B ACK U P is deve develop lope ed to prov provide ide long long service life under the condition that deep charge and rest or shallow discharge with a low current of several μ A are repeated alternately. Generally, in this application, it is well known that crystal growth of negative active materials tends to cause internal short circuits. H oweve weverr CADN CA DNII CA BACK BA CK U P uses uses i mprov mprove ed electr electrod odes, es, separator separator and electr electrolyte olyte which whi ch guarantee a long service life as well as outstanding storage characteristics.
H ea t-resi es istant C A D N IC A b att atteri eries
50
30 20
S tanda rd C A D N IC A b att atteri eries 10
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
- 28 -
Fig.6 Fig.623: LowLow Rate Disch Di Discharg Discharge schar arg ge Fig Fi g.6.6- 23: Lowow- Rate Characteristics
6- 5- 3 Discharge Discha ischarge rge Cha Ch Characteristics aracte racteris ristics tics When a battery is used for memory backup, the discharge current can be as low as a few μA, which in some cases is lower than the self-discharge current of the battery. The time of memory retention thus depends on the self-discharge rate of the battery. F ig.6-22 com compares pares the sel sel f-discharge f-di scharge current curr ent of the CADN I CA BACK UP with that that of stan standa dard rd CADNI CA battery. Compared Compared with standard standard CADN CA DN I CA batteri batterie es, CADNI CAD NI CA BAC K U P has a minimal se self-discharg lf-discharge e current. Therefore, memory retention time is great even when operation has stopped for long periods of time, making it extremely suitable as a memory backup. F ig.6-23 shows l ow-rate discharge characteri characteri stics. sti cs.
C ha rge:It/30 ×48H ×4 8H rs.,20 ℃ D isch arge:10μ A at 0,20,40,60,80 0,20,40,60,80 ℃ 4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
80℃ 2.0
4
20℃
6
8
0℃ 10
12 12
N -SB 3
4.0
) V ( e3.5 g a t l o V3.0 l l e C
200
2.5
S tand ard C ad nica nica b attery
80℃
20
2.0
10 7 5
0
10
20
60℃ 30
40
40℃ 50
60
20℃ 0℃ 70
80
90
1 00
Discharge Time (Days) C ad nica ba ttery for m em ory ory backup backup
3 2 1
2
40℃
C ha rge:It/30 ×48H ×4 8H rs.,20 ℃ D isch arge:50μ A at 0,20,40,60,80 0,20,40,60,80 ℃
300
30
0
60℃
4.5
Fig.6Fig. Fig.6 6-22 Discharge Characteristics Cha racteristics Fig Fi g.6.6 - 22: 22: Self- Discharg Chara racteristi cteristics cs 100 70 50
N -SB 3
4.5
N -S -S B 3
4.5 4.5
C ha rge :It/30 ×48 H rs., s.,20 ℃ D ischarge:100μA at 0,20,40, 0,20,40,60,80℃ 60,80℃ ー10
0
10
20
30
40
50
4.0 4.0
(Note:refer to page 20 for calculation method of self-discharge current.)
3.5 3.5
3.0 3.0
2.5 2.5
80℃ 2.0 2.0
- 29 -
0
5
10
15
60℃ 20
25
30
40℃ 20℃ 0℃ 35
40
45
50
6- 5- 5 Other Othe Oth Other Cha Ch Characteristics aracte ra racteristics cteri risti stics cs
The CADNI CAD NI CA BACK BA CK U P is i s de designe signed for for lo l ow-rate discharge. Thus, its internal resistance is slightly higher than the standard standard CADN CA DN I CA battery. battery. I ts discharge qualities, therefore, are not as good as those those of of the standard standard C ADN AD N I CA battery at a highrate discharg discharge e over ver 2I t. The CADN I CA BA CK U P, however, however, is i s capable capable of high-curr hi gh-current ent discharge di scharge bec because ause of the high-quality sintered electrodes.
CADN I CA B ACK UP as we well as the standa standard rd CADN CA DN I CA battery guarantees guarantees stable stable tempe temperatur rature e characteristics over a wide range of temperature as shown shown in Fig. Fi g.6-2 6-27. 7. CADNI CAD NI CA BACK BA CK U P exhibits exhibits an extraordinary long life, unlike the standard CADN CA DN I CA battery, battery, when when used for for low current charge/discharge, charge/discharge, Fi g.6-28 g.6-28 illu il lustr strates ates the effect on the service life when tests were performed under extreme temperature conditions accelerating battery deterioration. The T he facto factors rs affecti affecting ng the servi service ce li fe of of CA DN I CA BACK BA CK U P are the same same as those those for the standard standard CADN CA DN I CA battery, battery, discusse discussed d in C hapter hapter 5. Since the ambient temperature plays an important role in battery battery se service life li fe,, CADN I CA BA CK U P should should be mounted away from any heat generating parts on the circuit board. board.
Fig.6Fig. Fig.6 6-24 Discharg Discharge Chara Ch Characteristics aracteristics cteristics Fig Fi g.6.6 - 24: 24: Discharge C harge:I harge:It/30× 48H rs. Te m perature: ure:20℃ 20℃
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
1C 0
20
40
60
80
0.1C
10 0
12 0
Fig.6Fig. Fig.6 6-27 Te Tem mp peratu pe era rature ture ture Fig Fi g.6.6 - 27: 27: Tem Characteristics 120
Fig.6Fig. Fig.6 6-25 Discharge rge Rate Fig Fi g.6.6 - 25: 25: Discharge Characteristics
100
120 80 100
D isch arge
C harge
60 80 40
C h arge:It/30 ×48 H rs. D isch arge :0.2 It.E .V .＝1. ＝1 .0V
60 20 40
0
0 ー20 ー10
C harge:It/30× 48H rs. D ischa rge:E.V.＝1. ge:E.V.＝1.0V 0V Tem perature: ure:20℃ 20℃
20
0
0.2 0.2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 .0
Fig.6 Fig Fig.628: 28 8:: Accelerated Accelera Accelerated ted Service Service Life LLife ife Fi g.6.6- 2 Characteristics
It
3.9
6- 5- 4 Storage Stora Storag ge Cha Ch Characteristics aracte racteri risti stics cs The CADN I CA BACK BA CK U P also offe offers rs outsta outstanding nding high temperature storage quality in comparison with the standard standard CADN CA DN I CA battery. battery. F ig.6-26 ig.6-26 il lustr ates ates storag storage e charac characte teri ristics stics of of the CADN CA DN I CA BACK BA CK U P.
N-SB N-SB 3 S tandard andard C A D N IC A battery ery 3.6
Fig.6Fig. Fig.6 6-26 Storage Characteristics Characteristics Fig Fi g.6.6 - 26: 26: Storage
C ycle con dit dition s C harge:It/30× 8H rs. S torage:16H rs. Tem perature: ure:60℃ 60℃ O ne cycle/day e/day
100
0℃
3.3 0
80
60
40
45℃
20
C ha rge :It/30 ×48 H rs. D isch arge :0.2 It,E .V .＝1. ＝1 .0V S torage :0,20,45,60℃
60℃ 0
0
1
2
3
4
5
50 0
10 00
Number of Cycles
20℃
6
- 30 -
15 00
80
7- 1 Characteristics Cha Character racteristics istics of of CADNICA SLIM
7
As the t he trend for lightwei l ightweight ght and compact mpact equipment continues, there is a requirement for batteries to perform to even even higher standards. I n answer to this thi s need, need, Sanyo has dev deve eloped loped CADN I CA SL I M “ K F Series Series” batteries that maintain the superior characteristics for for which which all CADNI CAD NI CA batteri batterie es (cylindri (cylindri cal typ t ype e) have gained a high reputation. T he deve developm lopment ent of CADN CA DN I CA SL I M i s base based on on the high capacity technology first introduced by Sanyo in its CADNICA “ E Series ” batteries, allowing the energy density to be increased by 50% over conventional CADNICA batteries. A fur ther ther adva advantag ntage e of of new new CA DN I CA SL I M batteries over conventional batteries is that their shape (form factor) allows creating volume efficiency in equipment. This means that the battery space can be reduced, while the capacity remains same.
CADNICA SLIM 7- 1 Cha Characte racteri rist stic ics s of CADNICA SLIM 7- 2 Str Structu cture of CADNICA SLIM
7- 2 Structure Structu Structure re of of CADNICA CADN CADNICA SLIM Batteries
7- 3 Cha Charge Cha Characte racteris ristics tics
F ig.7-1 shows shows the inner structure of of CAD C ADN N I CA SLIM. The electrodes have been manufactured using the metho method d outli outline ned d in 1-4-2. 1-4-2. For For CADN C ADN I CA SL I M battbatteries, the finished electrodes are cut to predetermined dimensions and placed in the metal casing. There are are then herme hermetically tically seale sealed d in plac place to the cover plate. All sides of the casing and the cover plate are laser welded together to prevent electrolyte leakage and thus ensure high reliability. To guard guard against the possibi possibili li ty of misuse, the same safety system has been built into these batteries as is used used in conve conventional ntional cylindrical cylindr ical CA DN I CA batteri batteri es. es.
7- 4 Discha ischarge rge Cha Characte racteristi ristics cs 7- 5 Tem Temperatu rature re Characteristics 7- 6 Stora Storag ge Cha Characte racteri risti stics cs 7- 7 Batte Battery ry Serv Servic ice e Life Life
Fig. Fig.7-1: 7- 1: 1: Structural Structu Structura rall Design Des Desig ign n of of of Fig.7CADNICA SLIM P osi os itive c ap (w /saf sa fety ven t) G asket asket
C ove r plate
P o sitive cu rren t co llec tor
Spacer P o sitive el e le ctrod e N eg ative electrod e S eparator
- 31 -
C asing (neg ative term ina l)
7- 3 Char Charge Cha Charge Characteristics
7- 5 Tem Te Tem mperratu ra ature tu turre re Characteristics
To allow fast, approx. one-hour charging, the gas recombinati recombination on capab capabii li ty has been been improve i mproved. d. F ast charging control circuit, battery voltage sensoring system or －ΔV voltage sensoring system is employed. oyed. F ig.7-2 shows fast-charge characteri characteri stics. sti cs.
CADNI CAD NI CA SL I M exhibits the same same supe superio ri or temtemperatur perature e characte characteri ri stics as cyli cyli ndrica ndri call CA DN I CA batteries. batteri es. Fi g.7-4 pr pr ovides a sample sample of temperatur temperature e characteristics.
Fig. Fig.7-2: 7- 2: 2: Charge Cha Charge Chara Cha Characteristics racter cteristics istics Fig.770
1.7 1.7
60
1.6 1.6
50
1.5 1.5
40
1.4 1.4
30
1.3 1.3
Fig.7 Fig - 4: Tem Te Tem mpe eratu er ra ature ture ture Cha Chara racteristics cte ct cteristics erist ristic ics s Fig.7Fig..77-4:
KF-A650 C harge :1.5It(− ΔV ＝10 m V /cell) Te m perature: perature:20℃ C e ll Vo ltag e
20
1.2 1.2
10
1.1 1.1
Interna nterna lga s pressu re(M re(M P a) 0
1.0 1.0 0
10
20
30
40
100
e r u 2.0 2.0 s s e r p 1.5 1.5 s a g 1.0 1.0 l a n r e t 0.5 0.5 n I
C ellte m p e rature
50
60
70
D ischa rge 60
40
C harge:0.1It×16 H rs. D isch arge :0.2 It,E .V .＝1. ＝1 .0V 20
0 0
7- 4 Discharge Discha ischarge rge Characteristics
0
20
40
60
7- 6 Storage Storag Storage Cha Ch Characteristics aracteristics racteristics L ike cylindrica cylindricall CADN I CA batteries batteries,, CADNI CA DNI CA SL I M batteri batteries es do do not not need need maint maintena enance nce during duri ng its usable life. To ensure the best performance, the following precautions should be taken: 1.When 1. When batteries batteri es are stored for for l ong per per iods of of time, the battery should be discharged and they should be removed from any equipment or load and stored in an open circuit condition. 2.Bat 2. Batteri teries es should should be stored stored at as low tempe temperaratures as possible. When storing for extended periods, the temperature should be maintained under 35℃. 3.I 3. I f batteries batter ies have not not been been used for some ti me, me, they should be recharged before use. F ig.7-5 shows storage storage characteri characteristi stics cs for for each each temperature.
CAD NI CA SL I M uses uses sintered sintered plates plates which which have have superior discharge characteristics at both positive and negative electrodes. Thus, extremely flat regulated battery voltage characteristics are maintained throughout throughout discharg discharge. e. Althoug Al though h CADN CA DN I CA SL I M exhibits xhibit s the sam same e supe superi ri or discharge discharge characte characteri ri stics as as cyli cylindri ndrica call CA DN I CA batteri batteri es, es, the new cell structure has higher internal resistance. Theref Therefo ore, re, whe when n a current urrent greate reater than than 4It is applie applied, d, the discharge characteristics are slightly reduced compared compared to conve conventi nti onal batteries. batter ies. F i g.7-3 g.7-3 provides pr ovides a sample of discharge characteri characteristi stics cs..
Fig. Fig.7-3: 7- 3: 3: Discharge Disch Discha arge Chara Cha Characteristics racte cteristics Fig.7Discharge Characte KF-A650
1.5 1.5
C harge:0.1It 1It×16H rs. Tem perature: ure:20℃ 20℃
1.3 1.3
C harge harge
80
-20
1.4 1.4
KF-A650
120
) a P M (
Fig. Fig.7-5: 7- 5: 5: Storage Storag Storage Cha Ch Characteristics aracte racteristi ristics cs Fig.7KF-A650
100
1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1
C harge:0.1It×16H rs. D isch arge:1It,E .V .＝1.0V S torage :20 ,30 ,45 ℃
80
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0
20℃
60
0.9 0.9 2 It1 It 0.2 It 10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
40
1 00 11 0 12 0
30℃ 20
As the assembled batteries use a specific tab, your nearest Sanyo representative should be consulted when continuous discharge at a current higher than 4It 4I t or pulse discharge requir ed.
0 0
- 32 -
45℃
1
2
3
7- 7 Battery Battery Serv Ser Service vice Life Employing E mploying the same manufacturi ng methods, methods, the life li fe cycle cycles s of of CAD NI CA SL I M and cylindri cal CADN CA DN I CA batteri es are the same. same. However, However, ser ser vice life will depend on conditions of use. The factors affecting service life are the same as those those for cyli cyli ndrica ndri call CAD C ADN N I CA batteries. Where fast fast charging is conducted, care should be taken to prevent over charging battery, as factors such as overcharging may reduce service life. When designing the battery design, care should be taken of the follo foll owing points: ●When the －ΔV voltage sensor system is used for charging, the amount that the sensored voltage decreases due to cell temperature increase allows the charging operation to be controlled. The layout in which the batteries are assembled is important for avoiding excessive voltage decrease or abnormal temperatur rat ure e increase i ncrease.. higherr the －ΔV value, the greater the risk of ● The highe overcharging. To avoid this, the － Δ V value should be set 10~20mV per cell. absolute te volt voltage age contr control, ol, the t he predetermined termi ned ● F or absolu voltage must be adjusted according to charge current and ambient temperature. F ig.7-6 provides a sample sample of cycle cycle char char acteri acteristi stics cs under fast charge through the －ΔV voltage sensor system. I t is i s possible to charge/discharge charge/discharge eac each h cell more more than 300 times.
Fig. Fig.7-6: 7- 6: 6: Cycle Cycle Characteristics Cha Characteristics racter racteristics istics Fig.7KF-A650 100
80
60
C ycle co nd ition :
C apa city m ea surem e nt: C harge:1.5 It ( ΔV ＝10m V /cell) D isch arge :1It ( E .V .＝1. ＝1 .0V /cel ce ll) Te m perature:20℃
40 C harge:1.5 It
( ΔV＝1 0m V /cell) D isch arge :1It 20 ( E .V .＝1. ＝1 .0V /cel ce ll) Te m perature:20℃ 0 0
100 10 0
2 00
30 0
4 00
50 0
Number of Cycles
- 33 -
8- 1 Outline Outline of of of Charging Cha Charg rging ingMethods Method Methods s
8
Charging is the replacing of energy to cells whose stored energy has been discharged. The discharge rate and the frequency of use should be considered when selecting the proper charging current. Sanyo CADN CA DN I CA batteries, as desc descri ri bed bed in Chapte C hapterr 2, have a mechanism which recombines gas generated by electrolysis of electrolyte on the negative plate. Considering the balance between the speed of the gas recombination on the negative plate and the rate of gas generation, the input current is specified 0.1It. 0.1It . At thi s charge rate, the th e time neede needed to charge cells to full capacity from complete discharge is 14 to 16 hours.
Charging Methods and Charging Circuits
8- 2 Charging Charg Charging ing Methods Method Methods s T here are are various vari ous me methods thods charging charging CAD C ADN N I CA batteries. batteri es. In I n selecti selecti ng the mos mostt suitable sui table one, one, the frequency of use, the discharge rate, and the application of its use, should be considered. The methods are discussed in the following paragraphs.
8- 2- 1 ConstantConstan Con Constan stant- Current Curren Curr Curre ent Cha Ch Charg arge rge Charging efficiency is high when a cell is charged with continuous constant current. The necessary charge input is easily determined by the charge time, and the number of cells may be changed, with a constant current simultaneously within a range of the output voltage of of the power supply, H oweve owever, r, the t he constant current needed for DC power supply is costly, so quasi-constant current is generally used in charging.
8- 1 Outli Outlin ne of of Cha Charging ing Methods 8- 2 Cha Charging ing Metho thods 8- 3 Quick ick Cha Charge
Fig. Fig.8-1: 8- 1: 1: ConstantConsta Constan nt- Current Curre Curren nt Charg Charge Fig.8Circuit
8- 4 Desig sign ning ing Cha Chargin rging g Circuits
AC Input
8- 5 Paralle rallell Cha Charge rge and Parallel Discharge
Battery
Note: Generally, Generally, Impossible Impossible to charge charge batteries batteries on the above above bove circuit circ circuit uit when battery voltage is under 0.6V
- 34 -
8- 2- 2 QuasiQua Quasisi- Constant Constant Curre Current nt Charg Charge e Qu asi-
8- 2- 4 Tri Tr Tric Trick ickl ck kle Cha Charg Tric rge
I n thi s method, method, the constant constant current cur rent is i s produced produced by inserting resistance between the DC power supply and the cell in series, so as to increase the impedance of the charging circuit. The value of the resistance is adjusted accordin according g to the charge cur current rent at the t he end end of charging, which should not exceed the specified current value. Quasi-constant current is widely used in charging charging CA DN I CA batteries batteri es bec because ause the cir circuit cuit configuration is simple, and less expensive. An example of this circuit plan is illustrated in Fig.8-2. As to the equipme equipment nt having both both AC and DC circuits, cir cuits, additional charger is not necessary. T he batter battery y can can be charged charged by by the DC circuit cir cuit i n the equipment.
I n tri t ri ckle charge, the battery battery is conti continuous nuously ly charged charged at a ver ver y low rate, from fr om I t/50 to It/20 It /20,, and is is kept fully charged and ready for use. Trickle charge is appli appli ed to CADN I CA batteri batteri es used used in fir e alarms and emerge emergency ncy lighti li ghting. ng. F ig.8-4 is an example example of trickle charge circuit.
Fig. Fig.8-2: 8- 2: 2: QuasiQua Quasisi-Con si- Constant Consta stan nt Cha Charge rge rge Fig.8Current Current Circuit
8- 2- 5 Floating Flo Floatin ting Charge Cha Charge
AC Input
Fig. Fig.8-4: 8- 4: 4: Tric Tr Trickle Trick ick kle Cha Charg rgin ing ing Circu Cirrcuit cuit it Fig.8 Trick Tri ckle Ci AC Input
Battery
Load Relay
DC power suppiy
T he CADN CA DN I CA battery is connec connected ted by the circuit to to a charging power supply with a load in parallel. N ormally ormall y, power power fl f l ows from the DC source to the load, and when the load increases to a maximum, or when power stops being supplied by the source, power will be discharged from the cell cell.. I n thi th i s system, system, charge current is determined by the pattern of use, namely, the frequency of discharge and the discharge rate. This metho method d is mainly mainly use used in emergenc rgency y powe powerr supply, memory backup, or for electric clocks, where no powe power cut is i s allowe all owed. d. Fig.8-5 F ig.8-5 illu il lustr strates ates the block block diagram for floating charge where the resistance should be adjusted so the current will be equal to the specified rate.
Battery
8- 2- 3 Constant Consta Constan nt Voltage Volta Voltag ge Charge Cha Charge rge When charging charging a CA DN I CA battery battery,, the charge charge current is regulated by using the potential difference betwee between n the th e powe powerr supply and the cell cell voltage. voltage. I n this method the charge current becomes high during the initial charging period, and becomes low at the end of chargi charging. ng. It I t vari es in r espons esponse e to fluctuati flu ctuations ons in the power supply voltage, so that the charge current should be set to reach the maximum permissible input rate when the power supply voltage is at its highest. Also, with this method, since cell voltage decreases after reaching its peak at the end of charging, the charge current increases. This in turn leads to a rise in the cell temperature. F urthermore, ur thermore, as the cell cell tem t empe perat rature ure increas in creases es,, the voltage decreases further. This may lead to a phenome phenomenon non so call call ed thermal runaway ru naway at the end of charging and damage damage the batter battery y’s performance. performance. F or this reason, constant-voltage charging is not reco recommend mmended ed for for CADN CA DN I CA batteri batterie es.
Fig.8Fig.8-5: 5: Floating FloatingCharge Charg Charge e Block Block Diagram Diag Diagram
AC Input
Fig.8 Fig - 3: ConstantConsta Constantnt- Voltag Volt Volta ag ge Charg Charging rging Fig.8Fig..88-3: Circuit AC Input
Charge circuit
Battery
- 35 -
DC power supply
Load Battery
Fig. Fig.8-8: 8- 8: 8: Solar Solar Cell Cell Output Ou Outpu tput Current Curre Current Fig.8-
8- 2- 6 Step Ste Step Charge Cha Charge I n step charge charge,, the init i nitial ial charge charge curr curr ent ent i s kept relatively high. As the state of full charge is determined by me measuring the CADN CAD N I CA battery’s charge voltage, the circuit is switched to trickle charge, such as, from 0.2It to t o 0.02I 0.02I t. This is the most ideal method of charging, the disadvantages being the complicated circuitry and resulting in high cost. There are also some existing problems in detecting the end of charge at the high rate. rat e. F ig.8-6 illu il lustr strates ates the patter patter n of of step charge. charge.
H igh t n e r r u c t u p t u o l l e c r a l o S
R2
Battery
R ainy
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Time
8- 3 Quick Quick Charge Charg Charge e F or charging in a short time t ime wit with h a high curr current, ent, an an external control circuit is necessary. This method detects detects cell cell voltages voltages and cell temperatur temperatures es at the th e end of the charging cyc cycle le and stops chargi charging. ng. Fi F i g.8-9 g.8-9 shows the block diagram for this method.
Load
8- 2- 7 Charging Cha Chargin rging g vvia ia Sola Sol Solar ar Cells Ce lls Cells This is the most simple charge circuit. Use the reverse-flow prevention diode with a small voltage drop in order to achieve high charging efficiency. Outdoors, temperature variations are apt to be wider, so it is recommended that charge circuits utilizing solar cells are designed so that temperature variations do not exceed the predetermined temperature range.
Fig. Fig.8-9: 8- 9: 9: QuickQu Quick ick-- Charg Cha Charge rge Circuit Circuit Block B Block Blo lock ck Fig.8Diagram （Low curent ）
Controller
Power supply t n e r u c e g r a h C
Fig.8 Fig - 7: Charge Charg Charge e Circuit Circui Using UsingSolar Solar Fig.8Fig..88-7: Circuitt Using Cells Reverse-flow prevention diode
（High curent ）
CADNICA battery
Detection of full charge
Charge time
The output current of solar cells is affected by weather weather condi conditi tions. ons. Fig.8-8 F ig.8-8 shows how how the output current of a solar cell relates to the time of the day. When cloudy, charge input is insufficient. However, solar cel cel l s must be designed designed so that maximum output current in sunny weather will not exceed the specified current.
- 36 -
Battery
Detector circuit
Maximum pemissble charge rate
Light
Solar cell
C lou dy
4
R1
DC power supply
Sunny
Low
Fig.8 Fig - 6: Step Step Charge Cha Charge rge Block Block Block Diagram Diag Diagram ram Fig.8Fig..88-6:
AC Input
S pe cified cha rge current
8- 3- 1 Cell Cell Voltage Volta Voltag ge Detection De Detecti tectio on
8- 3- 3 Cell Cell Cell Temperature Temperatu rature re De D etectio tection n Detection
Cell voltage is detected near the end of high-rate charge to activate the controller and divert charging current to low-rate current through the bypass circuit. Fig.8-10 illustrates outline. I n thi s system, system, a com compe pensation nsation cir circuit cuit i s requir requir ed to cope with the charge voltage fluctuation due to charge current, ambient temperature, etc., as discussed in Chapter 2. Since Si nce the cut-off cut-off voltag volt age(Vc) e(Vc) must must be predetermi predetermined ned lower than the peak value of the charge voltage, auxiliary charge at a low current level is often combined in order to secure charge capacity.
At the end of of charge, cell cell temperatur temperature e shows shows a ri se due to heat generated by the recombination of oxygen gas on on the th e negati negative ve el el ectr ectrode ode.. It I t is i s feasible feasibl e to detect detect thi s temperat temperature ure charge by setti setti ng a sensor sensor such as a thermister or a thermostat on the exterior of the cell casing for the purpose of charge current control. Under this method, current is controlled in the overcharge range, which means that exclusive batteries with superior overcharge characteristics must be employe employed. d. F i g.8-12 g.8-12 shows shows outli ne. Here Her e the cell itself should be suitable for temperature detection. Sanyo has developed batteries suitable for this system as shown in Section 6-2. the control system is simple si mple and less l ess expe expensi nsive ve..
Fig.8Fig. Fig.8 8-10 Voltag Voltage Detection Detection Fig Fi g.8.8 - 10: 10: Cell Voltage Vc
Fig.8Fig. Fig.8 8-12 Tem T emperature erature Detection D etection Fig Fi g.8.8 - 12: 12: Cell Temperature Detection System
Cell voltage t n e r u c e g r a h C
e g a t l o v l l e C
Charge curent
Cell Battery case
Switching circuit
T
DC power source （rectification
Charge time
Temperature sensing element
circuit cu it）
8- 3 3-- 2 - ΔV Detection Detection Control System System U nder this thi s system, system, the charge charge current curr ent is contr controll olled ed by detecting the decrease( ΔV) in the cell voltage at the end of charging. F ig.8-11 shows an an outli outl i ne of of the th e － Δ V detection contr control ol system. system. The method employs a voltage detection system. H owever, owever, an ambient ambient tempe t emperr atur e compensati compensation on circuit is not required as the cell voltage peak value is stored, and based on this value, the charge current is cut off when a certain voltage reduction level is reached.
t e r n u e e g r t a r a r t u e l c p o e m v g e l l r t a e l C h l e C C
Switching circuit
Comparison circuit
Peak value memory circuit
Battery
ーΔV detection circuit
ーΔＶ
Cell voltage t n e r r u c e g a h C
e g a t l o v l l e C
Cut-off temperature Cell temperature Charge current
Charge time
Fig Fig.8Fig.8 ..8 8- 11: 1 1: - ΔV Detection Control Fi g.811 System Constant current power source
Cell voltage
Chage current
Charge time
- 37 -
8- 3- 4 Tim Ti Tim Timer Con Contro trol Co
8- 4 Designing Desig Design ning Charg Cha Charging rging ing Circuit Ci Circuits rcuits s
Char ging is performed over a certain rt ain l ength ength of time specified in advance by a timer, so that charge input is nearly constant. This method is adequate in charging a cell with no residual capacity, but may cause overcharging rchar ging a cell with wit h some residual residu al capac capacii ty. Theref Therefo ore, re, the the charging harging condition ndition sho should be be carefully arefully selected.
The power supply and the detector are the most crucial parts in the design of a charging circuit for ordinary and quick charge units. unit s. Charging current usually usuall y fluctuates fluctuates with changes changes in input voltage and frequency. Accordingly, charging circuits must be designed on a basis of the maximum AC input voltage, 110% of the rated value.
8- 3- 5 Miscellaneous Misce iscell lla aneous 8- 4- 1 Rectification Recti Rectific fica atio tion Methods Me Metho thods
There are other quick-charge methods available, such as the multiple detection method, where 2 or more methods described above are combined, the peak voltage detection method, or the Δ T/ Δ t detection method. I n the th e peak peak voltage volt age detection detection method, method, charging is is stopped when the charge voltage reaches its highest point. I n the Δ T/Δt detection system, the control circuit calculates the degree of temperature rise and terminates charging according to the predetermined value.
The number of Nickel-Cadmium sealed cells built into battery-powered devices, and space for a transformer, should be taken into account when selecting an appropriate current rectifying method-a single-phase half-wave, or single-phase full-wave circuit. Table 8-13 compares respective rectification methods.
Tab Table 8- 13: Rectific Recti Rect Rectif ific fication ica ation atio tion Methods Metho Metho thods ds Single-pha Si ngle-phase se half-wave (half wave)
Battery
Single-phase full-wave (center wave)
Battery
Single-phase full-wave (bridge)
Battery
- 38 -
8- 4- 2 Selection Sele Selectio ction n of of Transformers Tran Transform sformers
8- 5 Parallel Parallel rallel Charge Cha Charge rge and an and Parallel Discharge
Charging circuits are normally provided with a small built-in transformer which steps down and rectifies voltage. Charging is performed by virtue of a difference in the potential between the secondary voltage of the transformer and the cell voltage. The charging current is monitored by placing a fully charged cell into the circuit as a load.
When charged in parallel, the difference in charge voltage among among CADN CA DN I CA batteries batt eries causes causes lager lager current flow into the cell with less charge voltage. The cha charge rge voltag voltage e of the CADN I CA batte battery ry reac reaches hes its peak near the end of charging, then decreases after being fully charged, so the charge current increases to infinity and ultimately destroys the battery. Thus, parallel charging should be avoided. When parallel charging is unavoidable, due to the structural arrangement of the device, parallel charging with diodes in the circuit may be used as shown shown in i n F ig.8-14. ig.8-14.
8- 4- 3 Compact Compact and and Lightweight Lightwe tweigh ight Tra Transfo sformer Grea Gr eater ter charge charge current curr ent requir es a transforme tr ansformerr with wi th larger capacity, which is naturally larger in size as well. A transducer is often required, due to the restrictions of space and weight, where the transformer is part of the circuit. The switching regulator type is widely used for this purpose. Since in a switching regulator transformer, the frequencies are converted converted into int o seve several ral tens or or hundr h undreds eds of K H z, great care should be taken with regard to internally generated noise.
Fig.8Fig. Fig.8 8-14 Parallel arallel Charging Charg Charging ing Circuit Fig Fi g.8.8 - 14: 14: Parallel
AC Input
y r e t t a B
y r e t t a B
y r e t t a B
8- 4- 4 Designing Desig sign ning ing the th the e De D Detection etection tection Circuit Circu Circuit it There are various detection circuits in use, as described in chapter 8-3. Their design must be based on a thorough knowledge of the cell characteristics. The following cell characteristics may affect the setting settin g of the detection detection leve l evel: l: F or voltage volt age detec detecti tion on ･････ (1) charge current (2) ambient ambient temperatur temperature e (3) battery history F or temperat temperature ure detection ti on (1) charge current ････ (2) ambient ambient temperatur temperature e (3) assembled assembled battery confi confi gurati on (4) venti ventilati lati on Should Shoul d any questi question on ari se conce concern rnii ng battery characteristics when designing a detection circuit, please contact Sanyo.
The sli sli ght diff diffe erence rence in cell cell volt voltag age e in CAD C ADN N I CA batteries may cause no particular problem by parallel discharging. When a battery which has abnormally low voltage is used, caused by a short or some other deviation, the high current which flows into the battery may generate heat, burn the lead wire and eventually damage the device in which it is being used. To avoid this situation the circuit is adopted as shown shown in F ig.8-15 ig.8-15
Fig.8Fig. Fig.8 8-15 Parallel arallel Charging Charg Charging ing Fig Fi g.8.8 - 15: 15: Parallel Discharging Circuit AC Input y r e t t a B
- 39 -
y r e t t a B
y r e t t a B
d a o L
9- 1 Outline Outlin Outline e of Assembled Assem Assembled led Battery
9
I n designi designing ng asse assembled mbled batteries, batteri es, the specifi specifi cati cations ons of the equipment, available space, and the ambient conditions should be taken into consideration as follows:
9- 2 How to Assemble Assem Assemble Batteries Batteries
Assembled Battery
9- 2- 1 Typ Ty Types At the desi desi gn stage, stage, a variety of items i tems must must be taken into consideration, as follows: Speci Speci fications fi cations of the equi equipme pment, nt, condit conditii ons of of use and temperature ranges for the selection of battery models. Available space and fixing method for configuration. The thickne thickness ss of mate materials, rials, heat heat conduc nductivity tivity and and thermal resistance of the battery case when －ΔV sensor or temperature sensor is used. F or reference, reference, Sanyo’s standard assembled battery types are shown shown below. below. If standard configurati configur ations ons prove to be inconvenient, or if a customized battery design is i s req r equi uired, red, pleas pl ease e contac contactt Sanyo. S anyo.
9- 1 Outli Outlin ne of Assem Assembled led Battery 9- 2 How to Assem Assemble Batteri Batteries es 9- 3 Intercha Interchangeab eability with Dry Cells
9- 2- 2 Connection Con Connectio tion CAD C ADN N I CA batteri es are conne connecte cted d by spot spot welding, weldi ng, using tabs which are made of alkaline-resistant materi material al wi th low electrical electrical r esistance. N ickel ick el and nickel-pl ated steel steel are ar e often used for for tabs or connectors at the points of contact due to their conductivity and good soldering capabilities. Stainless Stai nless stee steel, l, by itse it self, lf, is unsuitable unsui table for for soldering to lead wire, therefore, the nickel plating is necessary. T he conne connecting cting plate pl ate shoul should d be 0.1 0.1 to 0.2mm 0.2mm thi ck. I f it i t excee exceeds ds this thi s thickness, thi ckness, i t should be shape shaped d specially so as to afford welding strength. A specific terminal plate is required to connect CADNI CAD NI CA SL I M . Fo F or details, details, co contact ntact Sanyo Sanyo.
9- 2- 3 Design Desig sign Layout Lay Layout T he battery may leak alkali alk ali ne electr electrolyte olyte when when the safety vent is in operation, due to increased internal pressure of abnormal amounts. Thus, the enclosed battery should be placed so that no problems may occur by possible leakage of electrolyte. Direct Di rect mounti mounting ng of a battery to pri nted cir cir cuit board board may cause cause corrosion corrosion of the cir circuit cuit board board foil, foi l, and thus, should be avoided.
- 40 -
● Connecting
● Fixing
type
method
W Type
S Type
Using tape
L Type
In-tube assembly
Plastic case
● Terminal
With lead wire (When packaged in a tube)
With tab
Battery size Connecting tab (width×length×thickness) Lead wire (Length:approx.200mm) (a) type ● Terminal
TA,AAA
AA,A
SC,C
D
F
10000M
20000M
3×11×0.15
3×15×0.15
5×22×0.15
7×32×0.15
7×32×0.15
11×40×0.15
11×40×0.15
UL1007 AWG22
UL1007 AWG20
UL1007 AWG16
UL1007 AWG16
UL1007 AWG16
φ0.26/37
UL1007 AWG22
(a) type
(b) type
(b) type
direction lead wire
tab
● Connection
types of CADNICA SLIM
F Type
W Type
L Type
9- 3 Interchangeability Interchan Interchangeab eability ility with with Dry Cells 9- 3- 1 Configuration Con Config figuratio tion To be be interchange interchangeab able le with wit h dry cells, CAD C ADN N I CA batteries of identical size are most simply applied. Specially designed batteries are often used in order to reduce poor contact between individual cells, as well as for easy access. I n such a case, case, the design design is i s restri cted cted in configuration. Two examples of of design are ar e shown shown below. below. CAD N I CA batteri batterie es are same same-sized -sized as as the ●When CADN conventional dry cell:
N- 250AAA 0AAA or N- 190N for AA size. ●Use N-25 N- 1300SC/ KR- 1300SC or smaller smaller for C size. ●Use NN- 2000C/ KR- 2000C or smaller for D size. ●Use N-20
9- 3- 2 Charging Cha Charging ing Method Me Metho thod Charging batteries with an external device is the ideal method. When charged with a built-in charger, the charger should be designe designed d not to charge dry cells. cell s. An example example is i s shown bell bell ow. A C B
A: Positive terminal terminal B: Negative Negative terminal terminal C: P ositi ve termi terminal nal used exc exclusi lusive vely ly for charging, which is connected to A Charging is done with terminals B and C. Disc Di scharging harging is done done with terminals termi nals A and B
Cells should connected by spot- welding. ●Cells The battery ttery case case sho should no wall in its dire irectio ction. ● The
batteri es are are smaller smaller than the ● When CADN I CA batteri conventional dry sell:
- 41 -
2) Charging Temperature Temperature perature 2) Charging ●Always charge within specified temperature range.
10
Ambient temperatures affect charge efficiency. The optimum temperature range for efficient charging is from 5 to 30℃. ●Charging at temperature below 0 ℃ increases the gas pressure within the cell and sometimes causes the gas release vent to operate. ●Charge efficiency decreases at temperature above 45℃ and cell cell materials materi als may deter deter iorate iorat e i f chargi charging ng is performed at high temperature.
General Remarks and Precautions
3) Parallel Paralle rallell Charging Charg Chargin ing g ●When CADN CA DN I CA batteri batterie es are to be be charge charged d using
a parallel connection, take the utmost care over the design of the charger and the cell connection method method.. I f parallel paral lel charging charging is i s required, please please contact Sanyo.
4) Overcharging Ove Overcharg rchargin ing g ● Be sure to charge within specified current level
range and charging times. Repeated overcharging may cause battery performance to deteriorate. Overcharging Overchargin g at hi gh currents curr ents may damage damage the gas releas rel ease e vent vent function, functi on, as battery generates generates heat.
When using CADN CA DN I CA batteries or or when incorpoincorporating them into equipment, careful attention should be paid to the following points, making best use of product characteristics and preventing problems caused by misuse.
5) Reverse Reverse Charging Charg Charging ing CAD N I CA batteries are charge charged d with poles poles ●When CADN inverted, the batteries generate heat which may damage the gas release vent function.
1 Charging 2 Discharging
1) Charge Charg Charge e Current Curren Currentt ●Be sure to fully charge charge CADN CA DN I CA batteri batteri es with
1) Discharge Discha ischarge Current Discharg
current levels and charging times specified. I f charged charged at a higher than specif specified ied current l evel, evel, the gas recombination rate will not match the gas generation rate at the end of overcharging. This increases battery internal pressure leading to activation of the gas release vent, and finally to deterioration in performance and possible electr electrolyte olyte l eakage. eakage. (Overcharging: continued charging after battery has completed charging cycle.) ●Fast charging with a current higher than specified requires circuitry than controls the charging current to avoid overcharging. Please contact Sanyo regarding needed circuitry. ickl e charging charging withi n 0.02 to 0.05It 0.05ItmA mA ●Perform tr ickle range. Charging at low levels with current less than 0.02ItmA 0.02I tmA decr decr ease eases s charging chargin g effi effi ciency and and results in insufficient charging. Charging with wit h curren curr entt greater greater than 0.05It 0.05ItmA mA results in overcharging that causes battery performance to deteriorate, and leakage to occur.
● Discharging at high current levels will decrease
discharge efficiency and cause the battery to heat. Sanyo should be consulted when continuous discharging dischargi ng current l evels evels exceed exceed 4It 4I t or when pulse pul se discharging discharging i s required. Special Special attention is i s need needed ed when when using using CA DN I CA SL I M cells for assem assembling bling a battery as spec special ial tabs are used.
2) Discharge Temperature ● Discharging
should be within the specified temperatur rat ure e range r ange.. ● When discharging at low temperatures, below – 20℃, internal impedance will rise and discharge reaction speed will decrease. This also causes rated battery voltage and capacity to decrease. ●Discharging at temperatures exceeding 60℃ causes battery materials to deteriorate.
- 42 -
3) Overdischarging Overdisch Overdischarg arging
4 Bu Builtilt- in Use
●When cells of different capacities are connected in
series and discharged at high current levels, the smaller capacity cells polarity may be inverted. Polarity reversal should be avoided as it can adversely adversely affect affect battery performance. performance. I n vi ew of of these considerations, the number of cells in an assembled battery should be limited to 20, except in special special cases. cases. In I n addition, addit ion, the t he end end voltage for for discharge should be predetermined for assembled batteries using following formulas, When 1 - 6 cell cell s are connec connected ted in ser ser ies: (number of cells x 1.0)v When 7 - 20 cell cells s are connec connected ted in seri seri es: ｛(number (number of cel cel ls － 1) × 1.2 1.2｝v ● Prolonged overdischarging may cause temporary decrease in charge efficiency due to cell inactivation and can cause leakage. CA DN I CA SL I M batte batteri rie es are used, used, the numbe numberr ●I f CADN of cells that make up an assembled battery should be l imited imi ted to ten. If I f more more than ten cell cells s are required to assemble a battery, please contact your nearest Sanyo rep r eprr esentati esentative. ve.
1) Connect Connection ion between betwe between en Battery Batt Battery ery and and 1) Connection Equipment ●Avoid soldering the battery.
Direct soldering onto a battery damages materials such as the gas release vent, gasket and separator. Such damage causes causes leakag l eakage e or short circuits. cir cuits. ●Spot weld the tabs onto both ends of the battery, then solder lead wires to these tabs. ● Avoid using spring contact-type connector as an oxide layer forms on the contact surface after long peri peri ods ods of of use, resulting resulti ng in contac contactt fail f ailure. ure. I f contact-type connectors are necessary, the battery should be removed periodically and contact surfac surf aces es cleaned cleaned with a cloth to t o maximi maximize ze electri electri cal conductivity.
2) Equipm Equipment ent T Terminal erminal inal Materials Materials 2) Equipment ● There There may may be be so some leakag leakage e of of alkaline ele elec ctrolyte trolyte
from the seal if the gas release vent is activated due to abnormal use or if the battery is used for a long period. Be sure to use an anti-corrosive alkaliresistant metal for the equipment terminals. Metals with superior alkali-resistance include nickel and nickel-plated steel. Metals with inferior alkali-resistance properties include copper, tin, aluminum and brass.
3 Storage 1) Storag torage e Temperature Temperature perature and and and Humidity Hum Humidity idity 1) Storage ● Batteries should be stored within the specified
temperature range in low humidity conditions free from corrosive gas. Stor age outside the th e specifi specified ed temperatur temperature e range or ●Storage in extreme high humidity may accelerate deterioration of battery materials, cause leakage or corr corr osion of metal sections. sections.
3) Precautions Precaution recautions s when when hen Designing Designing Equipment ●Since charging efficiency drops and cell materials
deteriorate at high temperatures, care should be taken to avoid contact between the battery and any heat-generating part of the equipment, such as transfo tr ansformers. rmers. I n additi on, adequa adequate te venti ventilati lati on for the equipment or battery should always be provided. When the temperature rises to 45 ℃ and and above, alkaline electrolyte can leak from the battery and damage equipment. That also causes separato separatorr deteriorati deterioration on which short-circuit battery battery life. ● As CADN CA DN I CA batteri batteri es contain contain useful useful natural natur al resources, it is recommended that they be used in products that allow easy battery removal to facil facil itate it ate mate materi ri al r ecyc ecycli li ng.
2) L Long ong ong- T Term erm Storag Storage more than 3 months) ((more ● CADN CA DN I CA
batteries should should be store stored d in a chemically-safe discharged state as they self discharge durin dur ing g storage and may beco become me in-active in-acti ve thr ough ough l ong peri ods of of storage st orage.. ● When CADN CAD N I CA batteries are are stored stored for for l ong periods while connected to a load, the electrolyte may leak due to the battery ’s creeping characteristi cs. cs. Be sure not not to store store CA DN I CA batteries for for prolonged periods connected to a load. ● Thoug Though h cap capac acity ity is less less at at first cha charge rge afte afterr a long storage period, full capacity will be restored after two or three charge/discharge cycles.
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9) Battery Battery Battery Charger Cha Charger rger
5 Safety Instructions
not charge CADN CA DN I CA batteries with tthe he batte battery ry ●Do not charger charger not speci speci fied fi ed or or change change the specif specificati ications ons of the specified charger.
Please keep in mind the following fol lowing points when designing esigning and manufacturing equipment. insert manufacturing fact uring equ ipment. Please PPlease lease insert inser t these tthese hese points in in your instruction manual.
10) Sealed Seale Sealed d Structure Structure 1) Short Shor Shortt Circuit Circuit
Avoid using usi ng sea sealed led structures when when CA DN I CA ● Avoid batteries are to be incorporated in the equipment. I f used inco in corr rr ectl ectly y, the batteri batteri es may r upture. uptur e. Gas generated generated by chemical chemical reactions in i n the t he battery may cause damage if ignited by sparks from motors or switches.
●Avoid Avoid short short-c -cir ir cuiting cuiti ng CADN CA DN I CA batteri batterie es. Short Short
circuiting generates heat which may damage equi equipme pment nt and cause cause burns. I n worst cases, cases, the battery may rupture.
2) Disassembly and and Deform Deformation ation 2) Disassembly
11) Other Other Applications Applica Applications tions
●Do not not disas di sasse semb mble le or deform deform CAD C ADN N I CA batteries batteries
●I nappropriate nappropri ate use may cause cause the batt battery ery to r upture uptur e
by pressure. Strong alkaline electrolyte may damage skin or eyes upon contact.
and/or damage equipment.
3) Incineration Incineration Incineration and and and Heating Hea Heating ting
12) Mixed Mixed ixed Use
●Do not not incinerate i ncinerate or heat CAD N I CA batteries as
● Do not not use CADN I CA batteries mixi mixing ng older older or
newer ones, different kind of batteries, or batteries by other manufactures. The difference in characteristi eri stics cs may may damage damage batter batteries ies or equipment.
expansion or rupture may result.
4) Immersion in Water Water 4) Immersion ●Do not not imm i mme erse CADN CAD N I CA batteries in water water as
13) Ingestion Ingestion estion
battery function may be damaged.
●Avoid Avoid swallow swall owing ing CADN CA DN I CA batteries. Ke K eep out out of
the reach of small children. When designing equipment, please ensure that small children cannot cannot easil y rem r emove ove the batteri es. es.
5) Soldering Sold Soldering ring ● N eve ever solder solder lea l ead d wire directl directly y to CADN CA DN I CA
battery terminals. Soldering heat may damage the gas release vent in the positive cap after a terminal plate is spot-welded on the battery terminal, solder a lead wir wir e on on it. i t.
6) Reversed Reve Reverse rsed d Polarity Polarity Use Use ● Do not use CADN CA DN I CA batteri batteri es wit with h polar polarit ities ies
reversed as expansion and rupture can result.
7) High Current Overcharging Overcha Overcharg rging ing 7) High ●Be sure to charge within the current levels and
charging times specified, or battery performance may be si si gnifi cantly degr degr aded. aded. H eat eat generated generated by the battery may damage the gas release vent and cause rupture. When the battery is fully charged, decrease the charge charge current to 0.02I 0.02I t-0.05ItmA t-0.05I tmA or stop chargi charging ng by charge charge control. control. F ollow oll ow the val val ue specified according to cell size, configuration of battery pack, and number of cells.
8) Reverse Cha C Charg harge rge e and and Overdischa discharge rge e 8) Reverse Over- discharg over-discharge discharge or or charge with poles inverted. ●Do not overA rapid increase of internal pressure makes the gas release vent operate, greatly impairing battery performance. perf ormance. I n worst cases, heat heat generat generated ed by by the battery may damage the gas release vent, causing rupture.
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6 Others 1) C Charg Cha harging harging ing after Lon L Long ong g- term storag st storage orage e Charging Chargin g after ong●I f a battery is i s not used used for a long peri peri od of time, the
capacity decreases through self discharge. Be sure to charge correctly before using.
2) 2) Precaution Precaution recautionwhen whenHandling Handling Handling Lead Lead ead Wires Wires or Connectors ● Never forcibly pull lead wires or connector as
soldered or spot-welded connections may break.
3) Used Used Batteries ●As sealed-type Nickel-Cadmium storage batteries
mainly contain chemical materials, disposal should not be with regular refuse. Please contact Sanyo when large quantities of Nickel-Cadmium storage batteries are to be disposed of.
4) Export Exp Export o off Batteries and Battery BuiltBuilt- in Produ roducts ●When batteries or products with batteries built-in
are exported, Sanyo should be contacted regarding battery import/export regulations of the countries of destination. ●Please understand that for improvements, external appearance appearances, s, type t ypes s and specifi specifi cations are ar e subject subject to change change without wit hout notice noti ce.. Note: r easons, sons, please contact contact Sanyo reg r egardi arding ng ●F or safety rea use conditions and equipment structure before mark marketing eting products products with built bui lt-in -in battery(ies) battery(ies)..
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(CADNICA Batteries Handling Precautions) R
Carefully read this entire instruction manual before using CADNICA batteries for the first time. Important: For your safety and that of your customers observe all cautionary information provided in this manual. Save this manual for future reference. The following information is intended to highlight potential safety hazards that can be associated with the misuse, misapplication or damage to CADNICA batteries, Please carefully evaluate the information in this section when using CADNICA batteries (single cell or packed cells) or when designing or manufacturing equipment incorporating CADNICA batteries. This This manual is no no sub substit stitu ute for for you your ind independent evaluatio tion of of equ equipment incorp corporatin ting CAD CADNICA ICA batte tterie ries. Customers incorporating CADNICA batteries into their equipment must assure that their completed product has been properly designed, manufactured and tested. End users of equipment incorporating CADNICA batteries should also be provided with sufficient warnings and instructions on their safe operation. As appropriate, some or all of the following warnings and information should be incorporated by you into the instruction manual acc accompanying your equipment.
Danger! ●Failure to carefully observe the following procedures and precautions can result in battery leakage, heat
generation, bursting and serious personal injury! Never dispose of CADNICA batteries in a fire or expose to high temperatures. ・ Do not connect the positive (＋) and negative (－) terminals of CADNICA batteries together with electrically conductive material, including lead wires. Do not transport or store CADNICA batteries with their uncovered terminals or connected with a metal necklace or other conductive material. Only charge CADNICA batteries using those special chargers that satisfy Sanyo's specifications. Only charge batteries under the conditions specified by Sanyo. Failure to follow proper charging procedures can result in damage to the CADNICA batteries. ・ Never disassemble, modify or reconstruct CADNICA batteries. ・ Never solder lead wires directly on to CADNICA batteries. ・ Special order CADNICA batteries, manufactured in accordance with the customer's equipment specifications, are packed by selected type and the number of assortments. Only use special order batteries in equipment for which they were specified. ・ The The po positi sitiv ve (＋) and negative (－) polarities of CADNICA batteries are predetermined. Do not force the terminal connection to a charger or equipment. If the terminals cannot be easily connected to the charger or equipment, check if the (＋) and (－) terminals are correctly positioned. ・ Do not directly connect CADNICA batteries to a direct power source or the cigarette lighter outlet in a car. ・ The The gas re relea lease vent is is loca locate ted d at th the positi sitiv ve (＋) section of CADNICA batteries. Never deform this section or cover or obstruct the gas release vent is located at this section. ●CADNICA batteries contain the strong colorless alkali liquid. The alkali is extremely corrosive and will cause skin damage. If any liquid from a CADNICA battery comes in contact with a user's eyes, they should immediately flush their eyes with clean water enough and consult a doctor. The strong alkali can damage eyes and lead to permanent loss of eyesight. ●When CADNICA batteries are to be incorporated in equipment or housed within a case, avoid sealed structures as this this may lead to to the the equipment or case case being damaged or may be harmful to users. users.
Warning! ●Do not apply water, seaw seawater or other oxidizing agents to CADNICA batteries, as this can cause rust and heat
generation. If a battery becomes rusted, the gas release vent may no longer operate, and can result in bursting. ●Never use CADNICA batteries if they are leaking, deformed, discolored, damaged or otherwise differ from their
normal condition. External damage to the batteries can be a sign of a malfunction. ●Do not damage or remove the external external tube of CADNIC C ADNICA A batteries, batteries, as this may cause leakage, heat generati generation on or bursting. ●Do not over- charge CADNICA CADNICA batteries batteries by exceeding the predetermined charging period specified specified by by the battery charger's instructions or indicator. If CADNICA batteries are not fully charged after the battery charger's predeterm predetermined charging period has elapsed, stop st op the charging process rocess.. Prol Prolong onged charging may cause leakag leakage and heat generation and bursting. Be sure to handle recharged batteries carefully as they may be hot. ●Strong alkali in the electrolyte may cause burns and be harmful if it comes in contact with skin. If so, wash the affected area with clean water immediately. ●Do not connect more than 20 CADNICA batteries in series, as this may cause electric shock, leakage or heat generation. Consult Sanyo if designing a battery pack containing more than 20 cells. ●When the usage usage time for a CADNICA CADNICA battery becomes extrem extremely short after charging, charging, its operating operating life life has ended and it should be replaced. replaced.
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●Keep the equipment or batteries out of the reach of small children, in order to avoid them to swallow batteries. In
the event the batteries are swallowed, consult a doctor immediately
Caution! ●If CADNICA batteries do not perform or function well with certain equipment, refer to the instruction manual or
warnings of the subject equipment. ●Do not strike or drop CADNICA batteries. Sharp impacts or concussions to CADNICA batteries may result in
leakage, heat generation and bursting. ●Do not mix charged and discharged CADNICA batteries together as this may cause leakage or heat generation. ●Do not use old batteries with new ones as this may cause leakage or heat generation. ●Do not use CADNICA batteries with any other battery type, including dry cell, or with those of different capacity
or brand. Mixed- matching atching of batteries batteries may result result in leakage, heat generati generation on and bursting. ursting. ●When more than two batteries are to be used together, charge them simultaneously prior to use. ●Do not connect CADNICA batteries in parallel as this may cause leakage, heat generation and bursting. ●Children should not use CADNICA batteries unless they have been carefully instructed on the contents of this
instruct instruction ion manual and their parents or guardians guardians have confirm confirmed that the children children understand erstand and appreciate appreciate the proper usage and safety hazards presented by the batteries. ●Store CADNICA batteries out of the reach of small children. Ensure that small children cannot remove the batteries from the charger or equipment. There is no substitute for proper adult supervision. ●Always follow the specified charging temperature ranges (refer to the rating table in the catalog). Failure to observe observe the tem temperatures peratures indicated, indicated, may cause leakage, heat generation generation and a decrease in in performa erformance or operating life of CADNICA batteries. ●For the recommended charging method for CADNICA batteries, read the battery charger's instruction manual carefully. ●Do not charge CADNICA batteries beyond the recommended time described in the instruction manual for charger or equipment. Over Over charging charging cause leakag leakage and heat generation. generation. ●Do not carry the batteries by the connector or their lead wires as this may damage the batteries. ●Be sure to turn off the equipment after use of CADNICA batteries, as this may result in leakage. ●After After they have have been been removed from equipment, store store CADNICA CADNICA batt batteries eries in a dry dry place and and within ithin the recom recommended storage storage temperature perature range. This This will help preserve preserve the batteri atteries' es' performan performance and durability durabilit y and to minimize the possibility of leakage or corrosion. (For the indicated storage temperature range, refer to the rating table of this catalog. Sanyo recommends a temperature range from 10℃. (50 ﾟ F) to 30℃. (86 ﾟ F) for longer product life). ●If the CADNICA battery terminals become dirty, clean them with a soft dry cloth prior to use. Dirt on the terminals can result in poor contact with the equipment, loss of power, or inability to charge. ● If corrosion, heat generation or other abnormalities are detected when using (new) CADNICA batteries, immediately stop using them and return them to the store that they were purchased from. ●If you have specific questions about CADNICA batteries, do not hesitate to contact Sanyo at the addresses provided below
Regarding to recycle In som some countries countries or regions, regions, you may be obliged by law, to make make marking for indicating that disposal of Ni- Cd batt batteries eries is prohibited prohibited or/ and and that they should should be recycled, recycled, or to collect collect used batteri batteries es from the market. In such a case, please follow the law. Please contact Sanyo's office in your region for details.
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Attac Attached hed Table: able: Stan Standa dard rd Rating Rating and Dimensions of Sealed NickelNickel- Cadm admium Batter Batteries ies
Model
J IS C87 C8705- 1998
IEC PUB.285
(J apanese Industrial Standard)
(International Electrotechnical Commision)
Dimensions (mm) Dia. Height
Model
Dry Dry Cell Cell J IS (Reference)
Dimensions (mm) Dia. Height
KR15/ KR15/18 18
14.5
0 -0.7
17.5
0 -1.5
KR15 KR15/ KR15/18 / 18
14.5
0 -0.7
17.5
0 -1.5
KR12/ KR12/30 30
12.0
30.0
12.0
KR11 KR11/ KR11/45 / 45
10.5
KR17 KR17/ KR17/18 / 18
17.0
KR15 KR15/ KR15/30 / 30
14.5
KR17 KR17/ KR17/29 / 29
17.0
KR17 KR17/ KR17/43 / 43
17.0
KR17 KR17/ KR17/50 / 50
17.0
KR15 KR15/ KR15/51 / 51
14.5
KR23 KR23/ KR23/27 / 27
23.0
KR23 KR23/ KR23/24 / 24
23.0
KR23 KR23/ KR23/43 / 43
23.0
KR26 KR26/ KR26/31 / 31
25.8
KR26 KR26/ KR26/50 / 50
25.8
KR33 KR33/ KR33/44 / 44
33.0
KR33 KR33/ KR33/62 / 62
33.0
KR33 KR33/ KR33/91 / 91
33.0
KR44 KR44/ KR44/91 / 91
43.5
0 -0.7 0 -0.7 0 -0.7 0 -0.7 0 -0.7 0 -0.7 0 -0.7 0 -0.7 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -2.5
30.0
10.5
0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -2 0 -2 0 -2 0 -2.5 0 -2.5
KR12 KR12/ KR12/30 / 30
KR11/ KR11/45 45
0 -0.7 0 -0.7 0 -0.7 0 -0.7 0 -0.7 0 -0.7 0 -0.7 0 -0.7 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -2.5
0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -1.5 0 -2 0 -2 0 -2 0 -2.5 0 -2.5
KR17/ KR17/18 18
17.0
KR15/ KR15/30 30
14.5
KR17/ KR17/29 29
17.0
KR17/ KR17/43 43
17.0
KR17/ KR17/50 50
17.0
KR15/ KR15/51 51
14.5
KR23/ KR23/27 27
23.0
KR23/ KR23/24 24
23.0
KR23/ KR23/43 43
23.0
KR26/ KR26/31 31
25.8
KR26/ KR26/50 50
25.8
KR33/ KR33/44 44
33.0
KR33/ KR33/62 62
33.0
KR33/ KR33/91 91
33.0
KR44/ KR44/91 91
43.5
44.5 17.5 30.0 28.5 43.0 50.0 50.5 26.5 34.0 43.0 31.0 50.0 44.0 61.5 91.0 91.0
44.5 17.5 30.0 28.5 43.0 50.0 50.5 26.5 34.0 43.0 31.0 50.0 44.0 61.5 91.0 91.0
Model
30.2
10.5
0 -1.3 0 -1
44.5
0 -2.2 0 -2
LR6 LR LR6 6
14.5
0 -1
50.5
0 -1.5
LR14
26.2
0 -1.5
50.0
0 -1.5
LR20
34.2
0 -2
61.5
0 -2
26.5
0 -2
LR1 LR LR1 1
12.0
LR03
6F22
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Dimensions (mm) Dia. Height
17.5
×
48.5
×
0 -2
0 -2
Glossary ACID BATTERY ACTIVE MATERIAL
ALKALINE STORAGE BATTERY
The batte battery ry in which which acid acid is use used as ele elec ctrolyte trolyte,, e.g., .g., lead lead-a -ac cid batte battery ry in which sulfur ic acid is the t he elec electrolyte. trolyte. Chemically reactive material which is used to generate electric current in the battery battery.. I n tthe he Ni ckel-C ckel-Cadm admium ium cell, nickel hydroxide hydroxide and cadmium cadmium hydroxide are used as active materials at the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. A battery which employs alkaline aqueous solution for its electrolyte. The Nickel-Cadmium battery as designed.
ASSEMBLED BATTERY
Any battery composed of multiple cells
C
C designates the nominal capacity of the battery. The charge-discharge current curr ent is specifi specifi ed in terms t erms of of a multi ple of of C. F or example, example, the 0.1 0.1 It I t current curr ent × ＝ for N-60 N -600AAC 0AACL L is equal equal to 600 600 0.1 60mA. Chemical symbol: Cd. This metallic element is the chemically-active material of the Nickel-Cadmium battery ’s negative electrode. When the battery is charged, the negative electrode surface consists of cadmium. As the battery discharges, the cadmium progressively changes into cadmium hydroxide 〔Cd (OH)2〕. Acti ve materi material al used at the negative negative el el ectr ectrod ode e of the Nickel N ickel-Cadmi -Cadmium um cell cell..
CADMIUM
CADMIUM HYDROXIDE CADMIUM SALT CAPACITY
CELL CHARGE CHARGE EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY CHARGE RETENTION CHEMICAL CELL CYCLE USE DEPTH OF DISCHARGE CAPACITY DISCHARGE CAPACITY DISCHARGE RATE
ELECTROLYTE
ELECTROLYTE RETENTION CAPABILITY ENDEND-VOLTAG VOLTAGE E
A chemical compound in which the hydrogen atom has been replaced by the cadmium atom. (e.g.)2HNO 3 + Cd(OH)2→Cd(NO3)2 +2H +2H 2O cadmium cadmium ni trate tr ate.. The qua quantity ntity of of elec electricity that that can can be obtained tained from from a batte battery ry i n one one cyc cycle le from full charge to full discharge when the battery is discharged under conditions of rated current level and ambient temperature within the predetermi predetermined ned range. General General ly, capacity is expressed in units of mAh (mili ampere-hour). The basic asic co composing posing unit of of a batte battery. ry. It is an elec lectroc trochemic hemical al de device vice capab apable le of storing stori ng electr electrii c energy energy.. The value which which can be obtaine obtained d when when the discha discharge rgeab able le capac apacity ity of the battery i s divided di vided by the charged charged capacity. capacity. I t i ndica ndi cates tes the degree degree of of ease with which the battery can be charged. Residual capacity after a period of storage of a fully charged battery. The type type of of cells cells which which conv conve ert energy nergy ob obtained tained by che chemic mical al r eactions tions into electric current. Most of the popularly used cells belong to this group. A method of battery use involving repeated charging and discharging. Capacity r emove emoved from fr om a battery battery as compared compared to its it s actual capaci capaci ty. It I t is is expressed in percentage. Capacity that can be discharged from a battery. The unit as mAh, (mili ampere-hour). The discha discharge rge rate is the rate rate at at which which curren currentt i s remo removed ved from a batte battery. ry. When a battery is discharged at a current level “i”, for a peri peri od until the end end discharge voltage is reached “h”, the discharge is referred to as the h-hour rate discharge, while “i ” is known k nown as as the h-hour h-hour rate r ate discharge discharge cur current. rent. F or practical use, nominal capacity is used as the standard. The chem hemical ical compound pound or solution solution that that allows allows ions ions (ele (elec ctrically-c trically-cha harge rged d parti par ticles) cles) to be conducted conducted between between the el el ectr ectrode odes s of of a battery. In I n the Ni N i ckelCadmium Cadmiu m battery, battery, a sol sol uti on of potassium tassiu m hydroxide (KOH (K OH ) or or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is utilized. The deg degree ree to which which a sepa separato ratorr retains retains elec lectrolyte trolyte..
The vo voltage ltage tha thatt indicate indicates s the end limit of of discha discharge rge.. This voltag voltage e is almo almost st equivalent equivalent to t o limitati li mitation on of of prac pr actical tical use. use.
- 49 -
ENERGY DENSITY
GAS PERMEABILITY GAS RECOMBINATION ON NEGATIVE ELECTRODE GAS RELEASE VENT
HIGH RATE DISCHARGE HOUR RATE
IEC PUBLICATION ION ION IR- DROP It LEAKAGE MOBILITY OF IONS NEGATIVE ELECTRODE
NOMINAL CAPACITY NOMINAL VOLTAGE
NICKEL HYDROXIDE OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE OPERATING VOLTAGE OVERCHARGE OVER DISCHARGE OVERVOLTAGE POLARITY REVERSAL REVERSAL POROSITY
POSITIVE ELECTRODE
The amo amount of of ene energy rgy stored in a batte battery. ry. It i s exp expres resse sed d as as a function function of the unit weight or volume. (Watt-hours per kilogram, or watt-hours per cubic centimeter) The deg degree ree of mob mobili ty of gas through through poro porous us film, fabric fabric or other ther plate plate-separating separating material material.. The me method thod to supp suppre ress ss hyd hydrog roge en ge generatio neration n by recombining mbining oxy oxyg gen gas gas on on the negative electrode, and making the negative electrode chemically discharged when oxygen gas is generated at the positive electrode at the end of charging. A safety mechanism that is activated when the internal gas pressure rises above a normal level. There are two types: Automatically resealable, and unresealable. Discharge at a comparatively high current rate in comparison with cell capacity. The hour hour rate is ass asso ociated iated with both discha discharging rging and and cha charging rging the batte battery ry,, and is expressed in terms of discharge time at its nominal capacity rating. “H-hour ”represents the length of time it takes to discharge a battery, and “i” represents represents the t he rate of disc di scharge. harge. The standa standard rd spe spec cified at the I nternatio nternationa nall El ectrote trotec chnical hnical Com Commissio mission. n. An atom or a group of atoms charged either positively or negatively. A drop in cell voltage or voltage of inter-cell conductor due to cell internal resistance. I t i s defi define ned d by the foll foll owing owing formula. I t(A)=C t(A)=C 5(Ah) / 1(h) C5 is the rated capacity(mAh). The escap scape e of elec electrolyte trolyte to the outer uter surfac surface e of the the battery. ry. Vel Vel ocit ocity y of i ons movin moving g in i n elec el ectr trolyte olyte betwee between n elec el ectr trode odes of opposit opposite e pol pol ari ty. The plate plate which which has has an an elec electrical trical pote potential ntial lowe lowerr than that that of of the other ther plate during normal cell operation. Electric current from the external circuit flows into the cell at the electrode during discharge. Also called the minus electrode. The stand standard ard capa capac city desig designa nate ted d by a battery attery manufa manufac cturer turer to identify identify a particular parti cular cell mode model. l. The standa standard rd voltag voltage e used used to expres xpress s the cap capac acity ity of a particular particular batte battery ry mode modell . It I t is i s generall generall y equal equal to t o its electr electrom omotive otive force or its it s approximate voltage during normal operation. The nominal voltage of an Nickel-Cadmium battery is 1.2V per cell. Active material used at the positive electrode of the Nickel-Cadmium cell. The voltag voltage e betwee tween termina terminals ls of of the the batte attery witho without ut any any load. load. Voltage between the two terminals when a battery is subjected to a load. U suall y, it i t i s expr expr esse essed d by the voltage of of the t he battery at the t he 50% 50% discharge point. Continuous charge after the battery has been charged to full capacity. When the cell is driven into overcharge, its temperature rises. To disc discharge harge a batte battery ry to a leve levell belo below w the prede predete termine rmined d end voltag voltage e. The diffe differen renc ce be betwee tween the actua actuall pote potential ntial of of ele elec ctro-c tro-che hemic mical al reac reaction tion and and the theoretical value at which the reaction becomes balanced. Reversing of polarity of the terminals of a small-capacity cell in a multi-cell battery due to overdischarge. The term term exp expres ressing sing the porou porous s de degree ree of a sintere sintered d plate plate.. The eq equation uation for its calculation is: Porosity ＝ (V1/V2) × 100. V 1 is i s the th e volu volume me of of pores and V 2 is the total volume of the plate including pores. The elec lectrode trode which has has a positive positive pote potential. ntial. El ectric current urrent from from this electrode flows in the external circuit during discharge.
- 50 -
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE POTENTIAL OF OXYGEN EVOLUTION PRIMARY BATTERY QUANTITY OF CHARGE QUICK CHARGE RESIDUAL CAPACITY RATED CAPACITY CAPACITY
REVERSAL CHARGE
SECONDARY SECONDARY BATTERY SELF DISCHARGE DISCHARGE SEPARATOR SINTERED PLAQUE SINTERED PLATE STEP CHARGE METHOD 3 PHASE ZONE TRIC TRICKL KLE E
A chemical chemical compo compound und which whi ch is used as el el ectrolyte ctrolyt e i n alkali alk ali ne batteri batteri es. es. Its I ts chemica chemicall sign is K OH. OH . Oxygen gas evolves due to the electrolysis of water in the battery being charged, when it reaches a certain potential. This is called the potential of oxygen evolution. A battery operational for one discharge only, and incapable of being recharged. The amo amount of elec electric tric ene energy supp supplied lied to a batte battery ry.. I ts unit is mAh, (mili (mili ampere-hour.) A method of charging an Nickel-Cadmium battery for a short time at a high current l evel. evel. Capacity remaining in a battery at any point of storage or after partial discharge The quantity uantity of of elec electricity tricity C5 Ah(amp Ah (ampere ere hour) declared by the th e manufacturer which whi ch a single cell cell can deli deliver ver at the referenc reference e test test current curr ent of of 0.2It 0.2I t A to a final voltage of 1.0V at 20℃ after charging charging (1.0I (1.0I t ×16hrs.), storing (1～4hrs.) at 20℃. The Nickel-Cad Nickel-Cadmium mium cell is reve reverse-c rse-cha harge rged d whe when co connec nnected ted to a cha charge rgerr i n the wrong way, and current is forced to flow from the negative to positive electrodes, contrary to the direction of flow during normal charge. Here polarity is reversed, but all electric energy is consumed to generate gas. A battery which can be recharged and used repeatedly. The dec decrease rease of ce cell capa capac city witho without ut any any current urrent flow flow to the external xternal circuit. circuit. A film to separate 2 electrodes to prevent short-circuiting and retain electrolyte. A thin nickel-plated grid on which nickel powder has been coated. The plaque plaque on on which which active active mate materials have have be been imbe imbedde dded for charge charge and and discharge reac r eacti tions. ons. One of the charging methods where the charge current is varied stepwise during charge. The area area whe where 3 phas phase es, gas l iquid, iquid, and and solid, solid, contac ntact with each ach other, ther, Reactions of substances composing these 3 phases take easily. I n order to kee k eep battery full fu ll y charged, charged, always conduct conduct a slow sl ow and contin continuous uous charge while the batteries are separated from the load.
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