Night School 12 Session 3

AISC Night School October 18, 2016

Fundamentals of Bolting and Welding Bolting Pt 3: Torque, Turn, Twist and Test

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Course Description Fundamentals Fundam entals of Bolting Bolting and Welding Welding

Session 3: - Bolting Pt. 3: Torque, Torque, Turn, Twist Twist and Test Test October 18th, 2016 This session will focus on structural fastener installation methods. Recommendations on the best practices to achieve proper fastener tension will be given. The differences between just tight and tightened right, including inspection requirements for common installation methods will be explained.


Learning Objectives • Learn about required ordering information.

handling. • Learn about proper fastener storage and handling. • Gain an understanding of pre-installation

verification testing. • Learn about common installation methods. • Learn about inspection requirements for different

installation and joint types.





FUNDAMENTALS OF BOLTING FUNDAMENTALS BOLTING AND WELDING BOLTING BOL TING SESSION 3: TORQUE, TURN, TWIST AND TEST

Chad Larson President LeJeune Bolt Company

FIRST THINGS FIRST

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RCSC Connected Plies

All plies that are within the grip of the bolt and any materials that are used under the head or nut shall be steel with faying surfaces that are uncoated, coated or galvanized. Compressible materials shall not be placed within the grip of the bolt. The slope of the surfaces of parts in contact with the bolt head and nut shall be equal to or less than 1:20 with respect to a plane that is normal to the bolt axis.

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SNUG TIGHT

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RCSC – Snug Tightened Joints • 4.1. Snug-Tightened Joints • Except as required in Sections 4.2 and 4.3, snug-tightened joints are

permitted. Bolts in snug-tightened joints shall be designed in accordance with the applicable provisions of Sections 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3, installed in accordance with Section 8.1 and inspected in accordance with Section 9.1. As indicated in Section 4 and Table 4.1, requirements for f a y i n g s u r f a c e condition shall not apply to snug-tightened joints.

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Snug Tight – What is it? • All tensioning methods depend on achieving snug tight condition first. • 2000 – 2004 Rev. RCSC Specification • “The snug-tightened condition is the tightness that is attained with a few impacts of an

impact wrench or the full effort of an ironworker using an ordinary spud wrench to bring the plies into firm contact.”

• 2009 Rev. RCSC Specification • “Snug tight is the condition that exists when all of the plies in a connection have been pulled

into firm contact by the bolts in the joint and all of the bolts in the joint have been tightened sufficiently to prevent the removal of the nuts without the use of a wrench.”

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Snug Tight – What is it?

• 2014 Rev. RCSC Specification • Snug-Tightened Joint . A joint in which the bolts have been installed in accordance with

Section 8.1. The snug tightened condition is the tightness that is attained with a few impacts of an impact wrench or the full effort of an ironworker using an ordinary spud wrench to bring the plies into firm contact.

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Snug Tight Process

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Snug Complete

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RCSC - Faying Surfaces

• Snug-Tightened Joints and Pretensioned Joints: The faying surfaces of snug

tightened joints and pretensioned joints as defined in Sections 4.1 and 4.2 are permitted to be uncoated, coated with coatings of any formulation or galvanized.

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Joint Types Shear/Bearing Joint . A snug-tightened joint or pretensioned joint with bolts that transmit shear loads and for which the design criteria are based upon the shear strength of the bolts and the bearing strength of the connected materials. Pretensioned Joint . A joint that transmits shear and/or tensile loads in which the bolts have been installed in accordance with Section 8.2 to provide a pretension in the installed bolt.

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Joint Types Slip-Critical Joint . A joint that transmits shear loads or shear loads in combination with tensile loads in which the bolts have been installed in accordance with Section 8.2 to provide a pretension in the installed bolt (clamping force on the faying surfaces), and with faying surfaces that have been prepared to provide a calculable resistance against slip.

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Joint Commentary: • The ultimate strength of a connection is independent of the bolt pretension

and slip movement. • There are numerous practical cases in the design of structures where, if slip

occurs, it will not be detrimental to the serviceability of the structure. • Additionally, there are cases where slip of the joint is desirable to permit

rotation in a joint or to minimize the transfer of moment. To provide for these cases while at the same time making use of the shear strength of high strength bolts, s n u g - ti g h t e n e d j o i n t s are permitted. 21

Joint Types • RCSC Table 4.1 Summary of Applications and Requirements for Bolted Joints

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ORDERING INFORMATION See ASTM specification for details

For Example - ASTM F3125 • 3. Ordering Information • 3.1 Orders for bolts under this specification shall include: • 3.1.1 ASTM designation. • 3.1.2 Quantity: Number of bolts or assemblies, including washers, if required. • 3.1.3 Size: Including nominal bolt diameter and bolt length, and thread pitch if • • • •

other than standard. 3.1.4 Grade: A325, A325M, A490, A490M, F1852 or F2280. 3.1.5 Type: Type 1 or Type 3. When Type is not specified either Type 1 or Type 3 may be furnished at the supplier’s option. 3.1.6 Style: Heavy Hex or Twist-Off Style. 3.1.7 Coatings or finishes: If other than plain finish, specify the coating process or finish required, see Annex A1. 24




Ordering Continued… • 3.2 Test reports, see Section 14. • 3.3 Additional details of other assembly components such as nuts and

washers, if required. • 3.4 Rotational capacity testing of matched sets or assemblies in accordance

with Annex A2 if required by the purchaser. • 3.5 Heavy Hex bolts may be ordered individually, packaged with nuts,

packaged with nuts and washers, or as assemblies. • 3.6 Any special observation or inspection requirements shall be specified at

the time of inquiry and at the time of order. See Section 13.2. • 3.7 Any supplementary requirements. (For example A325T or A325S) • 3.8 Country of origin requirements, if any. 25

Compatible Nuts and Washers – RCSC

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Notes • NOTE 1—A typical description follows: 1000 pieces 3 ⁄ 4 ” × 3” ASTM • F3125–15, Grade A325 heavy hex bolt, Type 1, each with one hardened

ASTM F436 Type 1 washer, and one A563 Grade DH heavy hex nut.

• NOTE 2—Bolts are sometimes detailed with names such as A325 HS, A325

SC, A325 X or A490 N. These names relate to connection design and bolt installation, but do not change the manufacturing requirements and are preferably not shown on bolt orders.

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JOBSITE REQUIREMENTS See RCSC specification for details

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31

32




33

Tool Clearance - AISC

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Traceability • Production lot traceability is required by many standards • Even if not required, it is good practice to record the lot numbers and keep all

fasteners separated by lot • It is necessary to keep lots separate for proper pre-installation verification

testing which is required for pretensioned and slip-critical joints

35

STORAGE AND HANDLING

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RCSC - Storage and Handling • 2.2. Storage of Fastener Components • Fastener components shall be protected from dirt and moisture in closed

containers at the site of installation. Only as many fastener components as are anticipated to be installed during the work shift shall be taken from protected storage. Fastener components that are not incorporated into the work shall be returned to protected storage at the end of the work shift. Fastener components shall not be cleaned or modified from the as-delivered condition. Fastener components that accumulate rust or dirt shall not be incorporated into the work unless they are requalified as specified in Section 7. ASTM F1852 and F2280 twist-off-type tension-control bolt assemblies and alternative-design fasteners that meet the requirements in Section 2.8 shall not be relubricated, except by the manufacturer . 37

Storage and Handling Properly Stored

Properly Stored

38




Storage and Handling Not Properly Stored

Not Properly Handled

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PREINSTALLATION VERIFICATION

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41

RCSC - Preinstallation Testing • SECTION 7. PRE-INSTALLATION VERIFICATION • The requirements in this Section shall apply only as indicated in Section 8.2

to verify that the f a s t e n er a s s e m b l i e s and pretensioned installation procedures perform as required prior to installation. • 7.1. Tension Calibrator • A tension calibrator shall be used where bolts are to be installed in

pretensioned joints and slip-critical joints to: • (1) Confirm the suitability of the complete fastener assembly , including lubrication, for

pretensioned installation; and, • (2) Confirm the procedure and proper use by the bolting crew of the pretensioning

method to be used. 42




43

Tension Calibrator Commentary A bolt tension calibrator is essential for: (1) Pre-installation verification of the suitability of the f a s t e n e r a s s e m b l y , including the lubrication, to develop the specified minimum pretension; (2) Verifying the adequacy and proper use of the specified pretensioning method to be used; (3) Determining the installation torque for the calibrated wrench pretensioning method; and, (4) Determining an arbitration torque as specified in Section 10, if required to resolve dispute. 44




Should Be Present When Bolt Tension is Required

45

RCSC - Required Testing • A representative sample of not fewer than three fastener assemblies of each

combination of diameter, length, grade and lot to be used in the work shall be checked at the site of installation in a t e n s i o n c a l ib r a t o r to verify that the pretensioning method develops a pretension that is equal to or greater than that specified in Table 7.1. • Washers shall be used in the pre-installation verification assemblies as

required in the work in accordance with the requirements in Section 6.2.

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Pre-installation Testing

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Tension Measuring Device

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INSTALLATION METHODS See RCSC specification for more details…

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Methods Worldwide Japan

Europe

• Torque + Torque

• Torque + Angle

• Twist Off Type

• Twist Off Type

• Torque Only

• DTI’s

• Limited use of Angle

• Angle Only

• Limited use of DTI’s

• Torque Only

50




Installation Types – PT or SC

Turn of Nut

Twist Off

RCSC Calibrated Wrench

Direct Tension Indicator 51

SECTION 8. INSTALLATION

• Prior to installation, the fastener components shall be stored in accordance

with Section 2.2. For joints that are designated in the contract documents as snug-tightened joints , the bolts shall be installed in accordance with Section 8.1. For joints that are designated in the contract documents as pretensioned or slip-critical, the bolts shall be installed in accordance with Section 8.2.

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8.1. Snug-Tightened Joints • All bolt holes shall be aligned to permit insertion of the bolts without damage to

the threads. Bolts shall be placed in all holes with washers positioned as required in Section 6.1. Compacting the joint to the snug-tight condition shall progress systematically from the most rigid part of the joint . • Snug tight is the condition that exists when all of the plies in a connection have

been pulled into firm contact by the bolts in the joint and all of the bolts in the joint have been tightened sufficiently to prevent the removal of the nuts without the use of a wrench.

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16 11 14 13 15

9 10 12

7

3

5

1

6 8

2 4 55

• Commentary: • The snug tightened condition is typically achieved with a few impacts of an

impact wrench, application of an electric torque wrench until the wrench begins to slow or the full effort of a worker on an ordinary spud wrench. • More than one cycle through the bolt pattern may be required to achieve the

snug tightened joint . The splines on twist-off type tension-control bolts may be twisted off or left in place in snug tightened joints.

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• The pretensions in individual fasteners in snug tightened joints will vary from

joint to joint depending upon the thickness, flatness, and degree of parallelism of the connected plies, as well as the effort applied. • Joints involving material of ordinary thickness and flatness can be drawn into

complete contact at relatively low levels of pretension. However, in some joints of thick material or in material with large burrs, it may not be possible to reach continuous contact throughout the faying surface. This is generally not detrimental to the performance of the joint .

57

8.2. Pretensioned Joints and Slip-Critical Joints

• One of the pretensioning methods in Sections 8.2.1 through 8.2.4 shall be

used, except when alternative-design fasteners are used, in which case, installation instructions provided by the manufacturer and approved by the Engineer of Record shall be followed.

58




8.2. Pretensioned Joints and Slip-Critical Joints • A pretension that is equal to or greater than the value in Table 8.1. • The pre-installation verification shall be performed using fastener assemblies

that are representative of the condition of those in the work. • Pre-installation testing shall be performed for each fastener assembly lot prior

to the use of that lot. The testing shall be done at the start of the work. For calibrated wrench pretensioning, this testing shall be performed daily for the calibration of the installation wrench.

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RCSC

60




8.2. Pretensioned Joints and Slip-Critical Joints • Commentary: • Four methods are provided without preference. Each method may provide

satisfactory results when conscientiously implemented with the specified fastener assembly components in good condition. However, it must be recognized that misuse or abuse is possible with any method. • With all methods, it is important to first install bolts in all holes of the joint and

to compact the joint until the connected plies are in firm contact . Only after completion of this operation can the joint be reliably pretensioned. Both the initial phase of compacting the joint and the subsequent phase of pretensioning should begin at the most rigidly fixed or stiffest point.

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8.2. Pretensioned Joints and Slip-Critical Joints • Thick joints might not reach continuous contact. This is not detrimental to the

performance of the joint . If the specified pretension is present in all bolts of the completed joint , the clamping force in all bolts will be transferred at the locations that are in contact and the joint will be fully effective in resisting slip through friction. • If individual bolts are pretensioned in a single continuous operation in a joint

that has not first been properly compacted or fitted up, the pretension in the bolts that are pretensioned first may be relaxed or removed by the pretensioning of adjacent bolts. The resulting reduction in total clamping force will reduce the slip resistance.

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Heavy Hex Assembly

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Heavy Hex Assembly • Snug only • Shear/bearing connection

• Tensioned • Turn of Nut – tension by elongation • Calibrated Wrench – tension by calibrated torque • DTI (direct tension indicator) washer – tension by compression

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Non-impacting, Non-reacting Tools Reaction arm to neighboring bolt

Reaction arm to steel or other

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Numerous Options Pneumatic

Hydraulic

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Video – Turn of Nut Installation

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Turn of Nut Installation • 8.2.1. Turn-of-Nut Pretensioning: All bolts shall be installed in accordance with

the requirements in Section 8.1 (snug), with washers positioned as required. • The nut or head rotation specified in Table 8.2 shall be applied to all fastener

assemblies in the joint , progressing from the most rigid part of the joint in a manner that will minimize relaxation of previously pretensioned bolts. • The part not turned by the wrench shall be prevented from rotating during this

operation.

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RCSC

69

70




71

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Video – Calibrated Wrench

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Calibrated Wrench • 8.2.2. Calibrated Wrench Pretensioning: The pre-installation verification

procedures specified in Section 7 shall be performed daily for the calibration of the installation wrench. Torque values determined from tables or from equations to relate torque to pretension without verification shall not be used.

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Calibrated Wrench • All bolts shall be installed in accordance with the requirements in Section 8.1,

with washers positioned as required. • The installation torque determined in the pre-installation verification of the

fastener assembly shall be applied to all bolts in the joint , progressing systematically from the most rigid part of the joint in a manner that will minimize relaxation of previously pretensioned bolts. • The part not turned by the wrench shall be prevented from rotating during this

operation. 75

Calibrated Wrench Calibrated wrench pretensioning was once removed from RCSC, but then later reinstated with more emphasis on detailed requirements that must be carefully followed. For calibrated wrench pretensioning, wrenches must be calibrated: • (1) Daily; • (2) When the lot of any component of the fastener assembly is changed; • (3) When the lot of any component of the fastener assembly is relubricated; • (4) When significant differences are noted in the surface condition of the bolt

threads, nuts or washers; or, • (5) When any major component of the wrench including lubrication, hose and

air supply are altered.

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Calibrated Wrench • It is also important that: • (1) Fastener components be protected from dirt and moisture at the shop or

job site as required in Section 2; • (2) Washers be used as specified in Section 6; and, • (3) The time between removal from protected storage and wrench calibration

and final pretensioning be minimal.

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Video – Twist-Off Type

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Twist Off Bolts

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Single Side, Non-impacting, Non-reacting Electric

Electric

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Twist-Off Type • Single side installation • Visual indicator • Calibrated torque

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Twist-Off Type • Snug only • Shear/bearing connection

• Tensioned • By Shear Wrench (TC Wrench) • Turn of Nut – tension by elongation • Calibrated Wrench – tension by calibrated torque • DTI (direct tension indicator) washer – tension by compression

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Twist-Off Type • 8.2.3. Twist-Off-Type Tension-Control Bolt Pretensioning: Twist-off-type

tension control bolt assemblies that meet the requirements of ASTM F1852 or F2280 shall be used. • Assemblies installed in accordance with the requirements in Section 8.1

without severing the spline and with washers positioned as required. If a spline is severed during this operation, the assembly shall be replaced. • All bolts in the joint shall be pretensioned with the twist-off-type installation

wrench, progressing systematically from the most rigid part of the joint in a manner that will minimize relaxation of previously pretensioned bolts. 84




Video – Direct Tension Indicators

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DTI Washer

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DTI • Tensioned • By Shear Wrench (not recommended) • Turn of Nut – tension by elongation • Calibrated Wrench – tension by calibrated torque • Impacting or non-impacting wrench • Some visual methods, but still need to measure

87

a)The bolt head is stationary while the nut is turned – DTI under bolt head b)The bolt head is stationary while the nut is turned – DTI under nut (washer required) c)The nut is stationary while the bolt head is turned – DTI under bolt head (washer required) d)The nut is stationary while the bolt head is turned – DTI under nut

88




DTI’s • 8.2.4. Direct-Tension-Indicator Pretensioning: Direct tension indicators that

meet the requirements of ASTM F959 shall be used. The pre-installation verification procedures shall demonstrate that, when the pretension in the bolt reaches that required in Table 7.1, the gap is not less than the job inspection gap in accordance with ASTM F959.

89

DTI’s Continued • All bolts shall be installed with the requirements in Section 8.1, with washers

positioned as required. • The installer shall verify that the protrusions have not been compressed to a

gap that is less than the job inspection gap during this operation, and if this has occurred, the direct tension indicator shall be removed and replaced. • Subsequently, all bolts in the joint shall be pretensioned, progressing

systematically from the most rigid part of the joint in a manner that will minimize relaxation. The installer shall verify that the DTI protrusions have been compressed to a gap that is less than the job inspection gap. 90




Video – Combined Method

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INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS

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Other Requirements • In addition to the erector’s quality control program, tests and inspection are

specified by the Engineer of Record and/or the local building authority • A local building inspector may request that tests in addition to those specified

by the Engineer of Record • Snug-tightened joints require visual inspection for firm contact and proper use

of washers • Pretensioned joints require pre-installation verification and routine observation

of proper application • Slip-critical joints require inspection of the faying surfaces in addition to the

above inspections 93

RCSC SECTION 9. INSPECTION • When inspection is required in the contract documents, the inspector shall

ensure while the work is in progress that the requirements in this Specification are met. When inspection is not required in the contract documents, the contractor shall ensure while the work is in progress that the requirements in this Specification are met. • For joints that are designated in the contract documents as snug-tightened

joints, the inspection shall be in accordance with Section 9.1. For joints that are designated in the contract documents as pretensioned, the inspection shall be in accordance with Section 9.2. For joints that are designated in the contract documents as slip-critical, the inspection shall be in accordance with Section 9.3. 94




9.1. Snug-Tightened Joints • Prior to the start of work , ensure that all fastener components meet the

requirements in Section 2. Subsequently, it shall be ensured that all connected plies meet the requirements in Section 3.1 and all bolt holes meet the requirements in Sections 3.3 and 3.4. • After the connections have been assembled, it shall be visually ensured that

the plies have been brought into firm contact and that washers have been used as required in Section 6. • It shall be determined that all of the bolts in the joint have been tightened

sufficiently. No further evidence of conformity is required for snug tightened joints. 95

9.2. Pretensioned Joints • For pretensioned joints , the following inspection shall be performed in addition to • • • • •

that required in Section 9.1: (1) When the turn-of-nut pretensioning method is used for installation, the inspection shall be in accordance with Section 9.2.1; (2) When the calibrated wrench pretensioning method is used for installation, the inspection shall be in accordance with Section 9.2.2; (3) When the twist-off-type tension-control bolt pretensioning method is used for installation, the inspection shall be in accordance with Section 9.2.3; (4) When the direct-tension-indicator pretensioning method is used for installation, the inspection shall be in accordance with Section 9.2.4; and, (5) When alternative-design fasteners that meet the requirements of Section 2.8 or alternative washer-type indicating devices that meet the requirements of Section 2.6.2 are used, the inspection shall be in accordance with inspection instructions provided by the manufacturer and approved by the Engineer of Record . 96




9.2.1. Turn-of-Nut Pretensioning: • The inspector shall observe the pre-installation verification testing required in

Section 8.2. • Subsequently, it shall be ensured by routine observation that the bolting crew

properly rotates the turned element relative to the unturned element by the amount specified in Table 8.2. • Alternatively, when fastener assemblies are match-marked after the initial fit-

up of the joint but prior to pretensioning, visual inspection after pretensioning is permitted in lieu of routine observation. No further evidence of conformity is required. 97

9.2.2. Calibrated Wrench Pretensioning: • The inspector shall observe the preinstallation verification testing required in

Sections 8.2 and 8.2.2. • Subsequently, it shall be ensured by routine observation that the bolting crew

properly applies the calibrated wrench to the turned element. No further evidence of conformity is required.

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9.2.3. Twist-Off-Type Tension-Control Pretensioning: • The inspector shall observe the pre-installation verification testing required in

Section 8.2. • Subsequently, it shall be ensured by routine observation that the splined ends

are properly severed during installation by the bolting crew. No further evidence of conformity is required.

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9.2.4. Direct-Tension-Indicator Pretensioning: • The inspector shall observe the preinstallation verification testing required in

Sections 8.2 and 8.2.4. • Subsequently, but prior to pretensioning, it shall be ensured by routine

observation that the appropriate feeler gage is accepted in at least half of the spaces between the protrusions of the direct tension indicator and that the protrusions are properly oriented away from the work.

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9.2.4. Direct-Tension-Indicator Pretensioning: • If the appropriate feeler gage is accepted in fewer than half of the spaces, the

direct tension indicator shall be removed and replaced. • After pretensioning, it shall be ensured by routine observation that the

appropriate feeler gage is refused entry into at least half of the spaces between the protrusions. No further evidence of conformity is required.

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AISC – Inspection • Chapter N of the AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings contains

Quality Control and Quality Assurance requirements for quality control. These include documentation of materials, personnel, specific production and QC procedures, and bolting inspection tasks. • Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l I n s p e c t o r (Q C I) . Individual designated to perform quality

control inspection tasks for the work being performed . (contractor) • Q u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e I n s p e c t o r (Q A I ) . Authority having jurisdiction, building

code, owner, engineer of record. (oversight)

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AISC - 6. Inspection of High-Strength Bolting • Observation of bolting operations shall be the primary method used to confirm that the materials, procedures

and workmanship incorporated in construction are in conformance with the construction documents and the provisions of the RCSC Specification. • (a) For snug-tight joints, pre-installation verification testing as specified in Table N5.6-1 and monitoring of the

installation procedures as specified in Table N5.6-2 are not applicable. The QCI and QAI need not be present during the installation of fasteners in snug-tight joints.

• (b) For pretensioned joints and slip-critical joints, when the installer is using the turn-of-nut method with

matchmarking techniques, the direct-tension-indicator method, or the twist-off-type tension control bolt method, monitoring of bolt pretensioning procedures shall be as specified in Table N5.6-2. The QCI and QAI need not be present during the installation of fasteners when these methods are used by the installer.

• (c) For pretensioned joints and slip-critical joints, when the installer is using the calibrated wrench method or

the turn-of-nut method without matchmarking, monitoring of bolt pretensioning procedures shall be as specified in Table N5.6-2. The QCI and QAI shall be engaged in their assigned inspection duties during installation of fasteners when these methods are used by the installer.

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• As a minimum, bolting inspection tasks shall be in accordance with Tables

N5.6-1, N5.6-2 and N5.6-3. In these tables, the inspection tasks are as follows: • Observe (O): The inspector shall observe these items on a random basis.

Operations need not be delayed pending these inspections. • Perform (P): These tasks shall be performed for each bolted connection.

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TABLE N5.6-1 Inspection Tasks Prior t o Bolting

QC

QA

O

P

O

O

O

O

O

O

Connecting elements, including the appropriate faying surface condition and hole preparation, if specified, meet applicable requirements

O

O

Pre-installation verification testing by installation personnel observed and documented for fastener assemblies and methods used

P

O

O

O

Manufacturer’s certifications available for fastener materials Fasteners marked in accordance with ASTM requirements Correct fasteners selected for the joint detail (grade, type, bolt length if t hreads are to be excluded from shear plane) Correct bolting procedure selected for joint detail

Protected storage provided for bolts, nuts, washers and other fastener components

105

TABLE N5.6-2 Inspection Tasks During Bolting

QC

QA

Fastener assembl ies placed in all holes and washers and nuts are posi tioned as required

O

O

Joint brought to the snug-tight condition prior to the pretensioning operation

O

O

Fastener component not turned by the wrench prevented from rotating

O

O

O

O

Fasteners are pretensioned in accordance with the RCSC Specification, progressing systematically from the most rigid point toward the free edges

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TABLE N5.6-3 Inspection Tasks After Bolting

Document acceptance or rejection of bolted connections

QC

QA

P

P

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9.2 Alternative Methods • When approved by the EOR • Pin and Collar Fasteners (direct tensile) • Smart Bolts • Blind Bolts • Combined or Part-Turn Installation Methods

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9.3. Slip-Critical Joints • Prior to assembly, it shall be visually verified that the faying surfaces of slip

critical joints meet the requirements in Section 3.2.2. Subsequently, the inspection required in Section 9.2 shall be performed.

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Thank You

Questions?




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