NSCP DEFINITION OF TERMS 1 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS occupancy. SECTION 102 - DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this code, certain terms, phrases, words, and their derivatives shall be construed as specified in this chapter and elsewhere in this code where specific definitions are provided. Terms, phrases and words used in the singular include the plural and the plural, the singular. Terms, phrases and words used in the masculine gender include the feminine and the feminine, the masculine. The following terms are defined for use in this chapter: ADDITION is an extension or increase in floor area or height of a building or structure. ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress (also called working stress design). ALTER or ALTERATION is any change, addition or modification in construction or occupancy. APPROVED as to materials and types of construction, refers to approval by the building official as the result of investigation and tests conducted by the building official, or by reason of accepted principles or tests by recognized authorities, technical or scientific organizations. BUILDING is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or
BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected prior to the adoption of this code, or one for which a legal building permit has been issued. BUILDING OFFlCIAL is the officer or other designated authority charged with the administration and enforcement of this code, 0r the building official's duly authorized representative. LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a method of proportioning structural element using load and resistance factors such that no applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all appropriate load combinations. The term "LRFD" is used in the design of steel and wood structures. STRENGTH DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural elements such that the computed forces produced in the elements by the factored load combinations do not exceed the factored element strength. The term "strength design" is used in the design of concrete and masonry structures. STRUCTURE is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of any kind, or any piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts joined together in some definite manner. STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered Civil Engineer with special qualification in the practice of Structural Engineering as recognized by the Board of Civil Engineering of the Professional Regulation Commission.
SECTION 103 - CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS Buildings and other structures shall be
classified,
based
on
the
nature
of
occupancy, according to Table 103-1 for purposes of applying wind and earthquake provisions in Chapter 2, and other provisions. Each building or other structure shall be assigned to the highest applicable category. For buildings or other structures having
multiple independent structural systems, each independent structural system shall be assigned to the highest applicable category based on the occupancy or functions dependent on the particular independent structural system.
Table 103-1 – Occupancy Category (See Notes)
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY
I. Essential Facilities
II. Hazardous Facilities
III. Special Occupancy Structures
OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURES Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment areas, Fire and police stations, Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency aircraft, Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness centers, Aviation control towers, Structures and equipment in communication centers and other facilities required for emergency response, Standby power-generating equipment for Category I facilities, Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting water or other fire-suppression material or equipment required for the protection of Category I, II or III structures. Occupancies and structures therein housing or supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or substances, Non building structures housing, supporting or containing quantities of toxic or explosive substances. Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity of 1,000 or more, Educational buildings with a capacity of 300 or more students, Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity of 500 or more students, Institutional buildings with 50 or more incapacitated patients, but not included in Category I, Mental hospitals, sanitariums. jails, prison and other buildings where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained All structures with an occupancy 5,000 or more persons, Structures and equipment in power- generating stations, and other public utility facilities not included in Category I or
Category II above and required for continued operation. IV. Standard Occupancy Structures
All structures housing occupancies or having functioned not listed in Category I, II or III above and Category V below.
V. Miscellaneous Structures
Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings, and fences over 1.8 meters high.
Notes: 1. Equivalent building classification on the National Building Code of the Philippines and its Implementing Rules and Regulations. I. Essential Facilities ------------------------------------- None II. Hazardous Facilities --------------------------------- Group 6 III. Special Occupancy Structures ------------------ Group C, Group D, Group H, Group I IV Standard Occupancy Structures ---------------- Group A, Group B Group E, Group F V. Miscellaneous Structures ------------------------- Group J
2 - MINIMUM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
SECTION 201 -GENERAL
SECTION 202 - DEFINITIONS
201.1 SCOPE
ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM is an assembly consisting of panels mounted on pedestals to provide an under-floor space for the installations of mechanical, electrical, communications or similar systems or to serve as an air-supply or return-air plenum.
This chapter provides minimum design load requirements for the design of buildings and other vertical structures. Loads and appropriate load combinations, which have been developed, to be used together for strength design and allowable stress design are set forth. 201.2 RECOGNIZED STANDARDS The standards listed below are recognized standards for wind loads. 1. ASCE 7, Chapter 6, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures 2. ANSI EIA/TIA 222-E, Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures 3. ANSI/NAAMM FP1001, Guide Specifications for the Design Loads of Metal Flagpoles
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure designed to house farm implements, hay, grain, poultry, livestock or other horticultural products. The structure shall not be a place of human habitation or a place of employment where agricultural products are processed, treated, or packaged nor shall it be a place used by the public. ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress. ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or portion of a building for the gathering together of 50 or more persons for such purposes as deliberation, education, instruction, worship, entertainment, amusement, drinking or dining or awaiting transportation. AWNING is a shelter supported entirely from the exterior wall of a building. BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor system projecting from a structure and supported by that structure, with no additional independent supports. DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated into the building or other structure.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and
DECK is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing sides by an adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or other independent supports. other structures that are intended to remain operational in the event of extreme
environmental earthquakes.
loading
from
wind
or
FACTORED LOAD is the product of a load specified in Sections 204 through 208 and a load factor. See Section 203.3 for combinations of factored loads. Section 203.3 LRFD = structures and all portions thereof shall resist the most critical effects from the following combinations of factor load. GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle containing flammable or combustible liquids or gas in its tank is stored, repaired or kept. GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or a portion of a building, not more than 90 sq.m. in area, in which only motor vehicles used by the tenants of the building or buildings on the premises are kept or stored. LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a structure or component Is judged either to be no longer useful for its Intended function (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength limit state). LIVE LOADS are those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other structure and do not include dead load, construction load, or environmental loads such as wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load or floor load. LOADS are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movements, and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads are those loads in which variations over time are rare or small magnitude. All other loads are variable loads.
OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a building, or part thereof, is used or intended to be used. STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural elements such that the computed forces produced in the elements by the factored load combinations do not exceed the factored element strength. The term "strength design" is used in the design of concrete and masonry structures. WALLS: BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either of the following classifications: 1. Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 0.5 kN per linear meter of superimposed load. 2. Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than 1.0 kN per linear meter superimposed loads, or any such wall supporting its own weight for more than one story. EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of a wall, or any member or group of members, that defines the exterior boundaries or courts of a building and that has a slope of 60 degrees or greater with the horizontal plane. NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not a bearing wall. PARAPET WALL is that part of any wall entirely above the roof line. RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to resist the lateral displacement of soil or other materials. 3 – FOUNDATION & EXCAVATION
MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure attached to and supported by the building and projecting over public property.
SECTION 301 - GENERAL
301.1 SCOPE This chapter sets forth requirements for excavations, fills, footings and foundations for any building or structure. 301.2 QUALITY AND DESIGN The quality and design of materials used structurally in excavations, fills, footings and foundations shall conform to the requirements specified in Chapters 4, S, 6 and 7. 301.3 ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURES
which may be affected by any excavation, shall be underpinned adequately or otherwise protected against settlement and shall be protected against lateral movement. 302.2.4 Protection of adjoining property. The requirement for protection of adjacent property and the depth to which protection is required shall be defined by prevailing law. Where not defined by law, the following shall apply: 1. Any person making or causing an excavation shall protect the excavation so that the soil of adjoining property will not cave in or settle,
SECTION 302-FILLS AND EXCAVATION
2. Before commencing the excavation, the person making or causing the excavation to be made shall notify in writing the owners of adjoining building not less than 10 days before such excavation is to be made and that the adjoining building should be protected.
302.1 GENERAL
FILLS
Excavation or fills for buildings or structures shall be constructed or protected that they do not endanger life or property. Reference is made to Section 109 of this code for requirements governing excavation, grading and earthwork construction, including fills and embankments.
Fills to be used to support the foundation of any building or structure shall be placed in accordance in accepted engineering practice.
Allowable stresses and design formulas provided in this chapter shall be used with the allowable stress design load combinations specified in Section 203.4.
CUTS 302.2.2 Slope. The slope of cut surfaces shall be no steeper than is safe for the intended use and shall be no steeper than 1 unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50% slope), unless a geo-technical engineering or an engineering geology report, or both, stating that the site has been investigated and giving an opinion that a cut at a steeper slope will be stable and not create a hazard to public or private property, is submitted and approved. 302.2.3 Existing footings or foundations,
No fill or other surcharge loads shall be placed adjacent to any building or structure unless such building or structure is capable of withstanding the additional vertical and horizontal loads caused by filling or surcharge. Fill slopes shall not be constructed on natural slopes steeper than 1 unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50% slope). 302.3.2 Preparation of the Ground. The ground surface shall be prepared to receive fill by removing vegetation, non complying
fill, top soil and other unsuitable materials, and by scarifying to provide a bond with the new fill. Where the natural slopes are steeper than 1 unit vertical in 5 units horizontal (20% slopes) and the height is greater than 1.5 meters, the ground surface shall be prepared by benching into sound bedrock or other competent materials as determined by the geo-technical engineer. The bench under the toe of a fill on a slope steeper than 1units vertical of 5 units horizontal (20% slopes) shall be at least 3 meters wide. Study sections 302.3.3 –Fill Material Also the following: SETBACKS DRAINAGE AND TERRACING EROSION CONTROL
4 – CONCRETE
SECTlON 401 - GENERAL 401.1.1 This chapter provides minimum requirements for the design and construction of structural concrete elements of any building or other structure. 401.1.2 This chapter shall govern in all matters pertaining to the design, construction, and material properties of structural concrete elements wherever this chapter is in with requirements contained in other standards referenced in this chapter. 401.1.3 For special structures, such as arches, tanks, reservoirs, bins and silos, blast-resistant structures, and provisions of this chapter shall govern where applicable. 401.1.4 This chapter does not govern design and installation of portions of concrete piles' and drilled piers embedded in ground except for structures in regions of high risk or assigned to high seismic performance or categories. See Section 421.9.4 for requirements from concrete piles drilled piers and caissons in structures in region high seismic risk or assigned to high seismic performance or design categories. 401.1.5 This chapter does not govern design and construction of soil-supported slabs, unless the slab vertical loads from other portions of the structure to the soil. 401.1.6 Concrete On Steel Form Deck Design and construction of structural concrete slab cast on stay-in-place, noncomposite steel other governed by this chapter. 401.1.7 This chapter does not govern the design of concrete slabs cast on stay-inplace, composite deck. Concrete used in the construction of such governed by Sections 401 to 407 of this applicable. SECTION 402 - DEFINITIONS
The following terms are defined for general use in this chapter. Specialized definitions appear in individual sections. ADMIXTURE is material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties. AGGREGATE is granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron blastfurnace slag, and when used with a cementing medium forms a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar. AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT is aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 1120 kg/m3 or less. AIR-DRY WEIGHT is the unit weight of a lightweight concrete specimen cured for seven days with neither loss nor gain of moisture at 15°C to 27’C and dried for 21 days in 50 +,- 7 percent relative humidity at 23°C +,- 1. 1°C. ANCHORAGE DEVICE in post-tensioning is a device used to anchor tendons to concrete member; in pre-tensioning, a device used to anchor tendons during hardening of concrete. ANCHORAGE ZONE in post-tensioned members is the portion of the member through which the concentrated prestressing force is transferred to the concrete and distributed more uniformly across the section. Its extent is equal to the largest dimension of the cross section. For intermediate anchorage devices, the anchorage zone includes the disturbed regions ahead of and behind the anchorage devices. BASIC MONOSTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used with any single strand or a single 16 mm or smaller diameter bar that satisfies section 418.22.1 and the anchorage device requirements of the Post-Tensioning
Institute's "Specification Single Strand Tendons".
for
Unbonded
BASIC MULTISTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used with multiple strands, bars or wires, or single bars larger than 16 mm diameter, that satisfies Section 418.22.1 and the bearing stress and minimum plate stiffness requirements of AASHTO Bridge Specifications, Division I, Sections 9.21.7.2.2 through 9.21.7.2.4. BONDED TENDON is a pre-stressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting. CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS are materials as specified in Section 403 which have cementing value when used in concrete either by themselves, such as portland cement, blended hydraulic cements and expansive cement, or such materials in combination with fly ash, raw or other calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume, or ground granulated blast-furnace slag. COLUMN is a member with a ratio of height-to-least-lateral dimensions of 3 or greater used primarily to support axial compressive load. COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS are concrete flexural members of pre-cast and cast-in-place concrete elements, or both, constructed in separate place but so interconnected that all elements respond to load as a unit. COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension at nominal strength is less than or equal to the compression-controlled strain limit. COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT is the net tensile strain at balanced strain conditions. See 410.4.2. CONCRETE is a mixture of portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water with
or without admixtures. CONCRETE, SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF (f'c), is the compressive strength of concrete in design and evaluated in accordance with provision of Section 405, expressed in megapascals (MPa). Wherever the quantity f’c is under a radical sign, square root of numerical value only is intended, and result has units of megapascals. CONCRETE STRCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT, is to containing lightweight aggregate that conforms to 403.4 and has an air-dry unit weight as determined “Test Method for Unit Weight of Structural Lightweight Concrete” (ASTM C 567) not exceeding 1840 kg/m3. In this code, a lightweight concrete without natural sand is termed 'all-lightweightconcrete" and lightweight concrete in which all fine aggregate consists of normal-weight sand “sand-lightweight concrete." CONTRACTION JOINT is a formed, sawed, or tooled in a concrete structure to create a weakened plane regulate the location of cracking resulting from the dimensional change of different parts of the structure. CURVATURE FRICTION is friction resulting from bents & curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile. DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT is deformed reinforcing bars, bar and rod mats, deformed wire, welded smooth wire fabric and welded deformed wire fabric. DEVELOPMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section. See Section 409.4.3.
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) is the distance measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
reinforcement. EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS is the stress remaining in pre-stressing tendons after all losses have occurred, excluding effects of dead load and superimposed load. EMBEDMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section. EXTREME TENSION STEEL is the reinforcement (prestressed or nonprestressed) that is the farthest from the extreme compression fiber. ISOLATION JOINT is a separation between adjoining parts of a concrete structure, usually a vertical plane, at the designed location such as to interfere least with performance of the structure, yet such as to allow relative movement in three directions and avoid formation of cracks elsewhere in the concrete and through which all or part of the bonded reinforcement is interrupted.
proportional limit of material. See Section 408.6. NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain at nominal strength exclusive of strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage and temperature. PEDESTAL is an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral dimension not exceeding of 3. PLAIN CONCRETE is structural concrete' with no reinforcement or with less reinforcement than the minimum amount specified for reinforced concrete. PLAIN REINFORCEMENT is reinforcement that does not conform to definition of deformed reinforcement. POST-TENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned after concrete has hardened.
JACKING FORCE is the temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension into prestressing tendons in prestressed concrete.
PRECAST CONCRETE is a structural concrete element cast in other than its final position in the structure.
LOAD, DEAD is the dead weight supported by a member, as defined by Section 204 (without load factors).
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE is structural concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting from loads.
LOAD, FACTORED is the load, multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to proportion members by the strength design method of this chapter. See Sections 408.2.1 and 409.3.
PRETENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned before concrete is placed.
LOAD, LIVE is the live load specified by Section 205 (without load factors). LOAD, SERVICE is the load specified by Sections 204 to 207 (without load factors). MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below
REINFORCED CONCRETE is structural concrete reinforced with no less than the minimum amounts of prestressing tendons or nonprestressed reinforcement specified in this chapter.
REINFORCEMENT is material that conforms to Section 403.5.1, excluding prestressing tendons unless specifically
included. RESHORES are shores placed snugly under a concrete slab or other structural member after the original forms and shores have been removed from a larger area, thus requiring the new slab or structural member to deflect and support its weight and existing construction loads applied prior to installation of the reshores. SHEETING is a material encasing a prestressing tendon prevent bonding the tendon with the surrounding concrete, to provide corrosion protection, and to contain the corrosion inhibiting coating. SHORES are vertical or inclined support members’ design to carry the weight of the formwork, concrete and construction loads above. SPAN LENGTH. See Section 408.8 = Span length of members not built integrally with support shall be considered the clear span plus depth of member, but need not exceed distance between centers of supports. SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device that satisfies Section 418.20.1 and the standardized acceptance tests of AASHTO "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges", Division II, and Section 10.3.2.3. SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT is continuously wound reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix. SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH ( ) is the tensile strength of concrete determined in accordance with ASTM C 496 as described in "Specifications for Lightweight Aggregate for Structural Concrete" (ASTM C 330). See Section 405.2.4. STIRRUP is reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a structural member; typically bars, wires, or welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) bent into L, U or rectangular shapes and located
perpendicular to or at an angle to longitudinal reinforcement. (The term "stirrups" is usually applied to lateral reinforcement in flexural members and the term "ties" to those in compression members.) See also "tie." STRENGTH, DESIGN, is the nominal strength multiplied by a strength-reduction factor, ( ). See Section 409.4. STRENGTH, NOMINAL, is the strength of a member or cross section calculated in accordance with provisions and assumptions of the strength design method of this chapter before application of any strength-reduction factors. See Section 409.4.1. STRENGTH, REQUIRED, is the strength of a member or cross section required to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces in such combinations as are stipulated in this chapter. See Section 409 . 2.1. STRESS is the intensity of force per unit area. STRUCTURAL CONCRETE is all concrete used for structural purposes, including plain and reinforced concrete. TENDON is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of such elements, used to impart prestress forces to concrete. TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is greater than or equal to 0.005. TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement. A continuously wound bar or wire in the form of a circle, rectangle or other polygon shape without re-entrant comers is acceptable.
TRANSFER is the act of transferring stress in pre-stressing from jacks or pre-tensioning bed to concrete member. UNBONDED TENDON is a tendon that is permanently prevented from bonding to the concrete after stressing. WALL is a member, usually vertical, used to enclose or lie spaces. WOBBLE FRICTION in prestressed concrete, is friction caused by unintended deviation of prestressing sheath or from its specified profile. YIELD STRENGTH is the specified minimum yield strength or yield point of reinforcement in megapascals (MPa). Yield strength or yield point shall be determined in tension according to applicable ASTM standards as modified by Section 403.6 of this code.
frame instability is primarily provided by a diagonal, a K-brace or other auxiliary system of bracing. BRITTLE FRACTURE Abrupt cleavage with little or no prior ductile deformation. BUCKLING LOAD The load at which a perfectly straight member under compression assumes a deflected position. BUILD-UP MEMBER A member made of structural metal elements that are welded bolted or riveted together. 5 – STRUCTURAL STEEL DEFINITION OF TERMS ALLOWABLE STRESSES that stress that are prescribed in Section 501 through 514 of this Chapter. APPLICATION FACTOR A multiplier of the value of moment or deflection in the unbraced length of an axially loaded member to reflect the secondary values generated by the eccentricity of the applied axial load within the member. ASPECT RATIO In any rectangular configuration, the ratio of lengths of the sides.
CHEVRON BRACING A form of bracing where a pair of braces located either above or below a beam terminates at a single point within the clear beam span. CLADDING the exterior covering of the structural components of a building. COLD-FORMED MEMBER Structural members formed from without the application of heat. COLUMN A structural member whose primary function is to loads parallel to its longitudinal axis. COLUMN CURVE A curve expressing the relationship between the column strength and slenderness ratio.
BEAM A structural member whose primary function is to carry loads transverse to its longitudinal axis.
COMBINED MECHANISM A mechanism determined by plastic analysis procedures which combines elementary beam, panel and joint mechanisms.
BEAM-COLUMN A structural member whose primary function is to carry loads both transverse and parallel to its longitudinal axis.
COMPACT SECTION Compact sections are capable of developing fully plastic stress distribution and possess rotation capacity of approximately 3 before the onset of local buckling.
BENT A plane framework of beam or truss member, which support loads, and the column, which support these members. BIAXIAL BENDING Simultaneous bending of a member about two perpendicular axes.
COMPOSITE BEAM A steel beam structurally connected to a concrete slab so that the beam and slab respond to loads as a unit. See also Concreteencased beam.
BRACED FRAME A frame in which the resistance to lateral load or
COLUMN BEAM A steel column fabricated from rolled or build-up steel shapes and encased in structural concrete or fabricated from steel pipe or tubing and filled with structural concrete.
CONCRETE-ENCASE BEAM A beam totally encased in concrete cast integrally with the slab.
condition in which end moments on a member causes the member to assume an S-shape. DRIFT Lateral deflection of a building. DRIFT INDEX The ratio of lateral deflection to the height of the building.
CONNECTION Combination of joints used to transmit forces between two or more members. A group of elements that connect the members to the joint. Categorized by the type and amount of force transferred (moment, shear, end reaction). See also splices. CRITICAL LOAD The load at which bifurcation occurs as determined by a theoretical stability analysis. CURVATURE The rotation per unit length due to bending. DESIGN STRENGTH Resistance (force, moment, and stress, as appropriate) provided by element or connection; the product of the nominal strength and the resistance factor. DIAGONAL BRACING Inclined structural members carrying primarily axial load employed to enable a structural frame to act as a truss to resist horizontal loads. A form of bracing that diagonally connects joints at different levels. DIAPHRAGM Floor slab, metal wall or roof panel possessing a large inplane shear stiffness and strength adequate to transmit horizontal forces to resisting systems. DIAPHRAGM ACTION The in-plane action of a floor system (also roofs and walls) such that all columns framing into the floor from above and below are maintained in their same position relative to each other. DOUBLE CURVATURE A bending
DUCTILITY FACTORS the ratio of the total deformation at maximum load to the elastic-limit deformation. ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAME (EBF) A diagonal braced frame in which at least one end of each bracing member connects to a beam a short distance from a beam-to-column connection or from another beam-to-brace connection. EFFECTIVE LENGTH The equivalent length KL used in compression formulas and determined by a bifurcation analysis. EFFECTIVE LENGTH K The ratio between the effective length and the unbraced length of the member measured between the centers of gravity of the bracing members. EFFECTIVE MOMENT OF INERTIA The moment of inertia of the cross section of a member that remains elastic when partial plastification of the cross section takes place, usually under the combination of residual stress and applied stress. Also, the moment of inertia based on effective widths of elements that buckle locally. Also, the moment of inertia used in the design of partially composite members. EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS The stiffness of a member computed using the effective moment of inertia of its cross section. EFFECTIVE WIDTH The reduced width of a plate or slab which, with an assumed uniform stress distribution produces the same effect on the behavior of a structural member as the actual plate width with its non-uniform stress distribution. ELASTIC ANALYSIS Determination of load effects (force, stress as appropriate) on members and based on the assumption that material disappears on removal of the force that produced it.
ELASTIC-PERFECTLY PLASTIC A material which has an idealized stress strain curve that varies linearly from the point of and zerostrain and stress up to the yield point of the material, and then increases in strain at the value of the a yield stress without any further increases in stress. EMBEDMENT A sled component cast in a concrete structure to transmit externally applied loads to the friction or any combination thereof. The embedment may be fabricated of structural steel plates, shapes, bars, bolts, pipe, studs, and concrete reinforcing bars, shear or any combination thereof. ENCASED STEEL STRUCTURE, A steel-framed structure in which I individual frame members are completely encased in-placeconcrete. EULER FORMULA The mathematical relationship expressing of the Euler load in terms of the modulus of elasticity moment of inertia of the cross section and length of column. EULER LOAD The critical load of a perfectly straight centrally loaded pin-ended column. EYEBAR A particular type of pinconnected tension member of uniform thickness with forged or flame cut head of greater than the body proportioned to provide approximately equal strength in the head and body. FACTORED LOAD The product of the nominal load and a load. FASTENER Generic term for welds, bolts, rivets or other device.
FATIGUE A fracture phenomenon resulting from a fluctuating stress cycle. FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS Analysis based on firstorder deformation in which equilibrium conditions are formulated on the undeformed structure. FLAME-CUT PLATE A plate in which the longitudinal edges prepared by oxygen cutting from a large plate. FLAT WIDTH for a rectangular tube, the nominal width minus twice outside comer radius. In absence of knowledge of the comer radius, the flat width may be taken total section width minus three times the thickness. FLEXIBLE CONECTION A connection permitting a portion but not all, of the simple beam rotation of a member end. FLOOR SYSTEM The system of structural components separating the stories of a building. FORCE Resultant of distribution of stress over a prescribed reaction that develops in a member as a result of load (formerly called total stress or stress). Generic term signifying axial loads, bending moment, torque and shears. FRACTURED TOUGHNESS Measurement of the ability to absorb energy without fracture. Generally determined by impact loading of specimens containing a notch having a prescribed geometry. FRAME BUCKLING A condition under which bifurcation may occur in a frame. FRAME INSTABILITY A condition under which a frame deforms with increasing lateral deflection under a system of increasing applied monotonic loads until a maximum value of the load called the stability limit is reached, after which the frame will continue to deflect without further increase in load. FULLY COMPOSITE LOAD A composite beam with sufficient shear connectors to develop the full flexural strength of the composite section. GIRDER A horizontal member in a seismic frame. The word beam and girder maybe used
interchangeably. HIGH-CYCLE FATIQUE Failure resulting from more than 20,000 applications of cycle stress. HYBRID BEAM A fabricated steel beam composed of flanges with a greater yield strength that that of the web. Whenever the maximum flange stress is less than or equal to the web yield stress the girder is considered homogeneous. INCLUSION Nonmetallic material entrapped in otherwise sound metal. INCOMPLETE FUSION Lack of union by melting of filler and base metal over entire prescribed area. INELASTIC ACTION Material deformation that does not disappear on removal of the force that produced it. INSTABILITY A condition reached in the loading of an element or structure in which continued deformation results in decrease of load-resisting capacity. JOINT Area where two or more ends, surfaces, or edges are attached. The entire assemblage at the intersections of the members. Categorized by type of fastener or weld used and method of force transfer. K-BRACING system of struts used in a braced frame in which the pattern of the struts resembles the letter K, either normal or on its side. That form of bracing where a pair of braces located on one side of a column terminates at a single point within the clear column height. LAMELLAR TEARING Separation in highly restrained base metal
caused by through-thickness strains induced by shrinkage of adjacent weld metal. LATERAL BRACING MEMBER A member utilized individually or as a component of a lateral bracing system to prevent buckling of members or elements and/or to resist lateral loads. LATERAL (or lateral-torsional) BUCKING Buckling of a member involving lateral deflection and twist. LIMIT STATE A condition in which a structure or component becomes unfit for service and is judged either to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength limit state). LIMIT STATES Limits of structural usefulness, such as brittle fracture, plastic collapse, excessive deformation, durability, fatigue, instability and serviceability. LINK BEAM The part of a beam in an eccentrically braced frame, which is designed to yield shear and/or bending so that buckling of the bracing members, is prevented. LOAD FACTOR, A factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the actual load from the nominal value and uncertainties in the analysis that transform the load into a load effect. LOADS Forces or other actions that arise on structural system from the weight of all permanent construction, occupants and their possession, environmental effects, differential settlement and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads are those loads in which variations in time are rare or of small magnitude. All other loads are variable loads. See Nominal loads. LFRD (Loads and Resistance Factor Design) A method of proportioning structural components (a members, connectors, connecting elements and assemblages) such that no applicable limit state is exceeded when the structure is subjected to all appropriate load combinations. LOCAL BUCKLING the buckling of a compression element may precipitate the failure of
the whole member.
plastic stress distribution.
LOW-CYCLE FATIQUE Fracture resulting from a relatively high range resulting in a relatively small number has to failure.
P-DELTA EFFECT Secondary effect of column axial loads and deflection on the moments in members.
LOWER BOUND LOAD A load computed on the basis of an assumed equilibrium moment diagram in which the moments are not greater than Mp, that is, less than or at best equal to the true ultimate load. MECHANISM an articulated system able to deform without increase in load used in the special sense that the linkage may include real hinges or plastic hinges, or both. MECHANISM METHOD A method of plastic analysis in which equilibrium between external forces and internal plastic is calculated on the basis of an assumed mechanism. The failure load so determined is an upper bound. NOMINAL LOADS The magnitudes of the loads specified by the applicable code. NOMINAL STRENGTH The capacity of a structure or component to resist the effects of loads, as determined by computations using specified material strengths and dimensions and formulas derived from accepted principle of structural mechanics, or by field tests or laboratory tests of scaled models, allowing for modeling effects and differences between laboratory and field conditions. NONCOMPACT SECTION Noncompact sections can develop yield stress in compression elements before local buckling occurs, but will not resist inelastic local buckling at strain levels required for a fully
PANELS ZONE the zone in a beam-to-column connection that transmits moments by a shear panel. PARTIALLY COMPOSITE BEAM a composite beam for which the shear strength of shear connectors governs the flexural strength. PLANE FRAME A structural system assumed for the purpose of analysis and design to be twodimensional. PLASTIC ANALYSIS Determination of load effects (force, moment, and stress, as appropriate) on members and connections based on the assumption of rigid-plastic behavior, i.e., that equilibrium is satisfied throughout the structure yield is not exceeding anywhere. Second order effects may need to be considered. PLASTIC DESIGN SECTION The cross section of a member which can maintain a full plastic moment through large rotations so that a mechanism can develop; the section suitable for plastic design. PLASTIC HINGE, a yielded zone, which forms in a structural member when the plastic moment is attained. The beam is assumed to rotate as if hinged, except that it is strained by the plastic moment Mp. PLASTIC-LIMIT LOAD, The maximum load that is attained when a sufficient number of yield zones has formed to permit the structure to deform plasticity without further increase in load. It is the largest load a structure will support, when perfect plasticity is assumed and when such factors as instability, second-order effects, strain hardening and fracture are neglected. PLASTIC MODULUS, The section modulus of resistance, to bending of a completely yielded cross-section. It is the combined static moment about the neutral axis of the cross-sectional areas above and below that axis.
PLASTIC MOMENT The resisting moment of a fully yielded crosssection. PLASTIC STRAIN the difference between total strain and elastic strain. PLASTIC ZONE the yielded region of a member. PLASTIFICATION the process of successive yielding of fibers in the cross section of a member as bending moment is increased. PLATE GIRDER A built-up structural beam. POST BUCKLING STENGTH the load that can be carried by an element, member or frame after buckling. REDISTRIBUTION OF MOMENT A process which results in the successive formation of plastic hinges so that less highly stressed portions of a structure may carry increased moments. REQUIRED STRENGTH Load effect (force, moment, stress, as appropriate) acting on an element or connection determined by structural analysis from the factored loads (using most appropriate critical load combinations). RESIDUAL STRESS the stress that remains in an unloaded member after it has been formed into a finished product. (Examples of such stresses include, but are not limited to, those induced by cold bending, cooling after rolling, or welding.) RESISTANCE the capacity of a structure or component to resist the effects of loads. It is determined by
computations using specified material strengths, dimensions and formulas derived from accepted principles of structural mechanics, or by field tests or laboratory tests of scaled models, allowing for modeling effects and differences between laboratory and field conditions. Resistance is a generic term that includes both strength and serviceability limit states. RESISTANT FACTOR a factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the actual strength from the nominal value and the manner and consequences of failure. RIGID FRAME a structure in which connections maintain the angular relationship between beam and column members under load. ROOT OF THE FLANGE Location on the web of the corner radius termination point or the toe of the flange-to-web weld. Measured as the k-distance from the far side of the flange. ROTATION CAPACITY The incremental angular rotation that a given shape can accept prior to local failure defined as R=(9u/9p)-1. Where 9u is the overall rotation attained at the factored load state and 9p is the idealized rotation corresponding to elastic theory applied to the case of M = Mp. SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS based on secondorder deformations, in which equilibrium conditions are formulated on the deformed structure. SERVICE LOAD expected to be supported by the structure under normal usage; often taken as the nominal load. SERVICIABILITY LIMIT STATE Limiting condition affecting the ability of a structure to preserve its appearance, maintainability, durability or the comfort of its occupants or function of machinery under normal usage. SHAPE FACTOR the ratio of the plastic moment to the yield moment, or the ratio of the plastic modulus to the section modulus for a crosssection. SHEAR-FRICTION Friction between the embedment and the concrete that transmits shear loads. The relative misplacement in the plane of the shear load is considered to be resisted by shear-
friction anchors located perpendicular to the plane of the shear load. SHEAR LUGS Plates, welded studs, bolts and other steel shapes that are embedded in the concrete and located transverse to the direction of the shear force and that transmit shear loads introduced into the concrete by local bearing at the shear lug-concrete interface. SHEAR WALL A wall that in its own plane resists shear forces from applied wind, earthquake or other loads or provides frame stability. Also called structural wall. SIDEWAYS The lateral movement of a structure under the action of lateral loads, unsymmetrical vertical loads or unsymmetrical properties of the structure. SIDEWAYS BUCKLING the buckling mode of a multistory precipitated by the relative lateral displacements of joints, leading to failure by sideways of the frame. SINGLE CURVATURE A deformed shape of a member having one smooth continuous arc, as opposed to double curvature, which contains a reversal. SLENDER SECTION the cross sections of a member which will experience local buckling in the elastic range. SLENDERNESS RATIO the ratio of the effective length of a column to the radius of gyration of the column, both with respect to the same axis of bending. SLIP-CRITICAL LOAD A bolt joints in which the slip resistance of the
connection is required. SPACE FRAME A three-dimensional structural framework (as contrasted to a plane frame). SPLICE the connection between two structural elements joined at their ends to form a single, longer element. STABILITY-LIMIT LOAD Maximum (theoretical) loads a structure can support when second-order instability effects are included. STEPPED-COLUMN A column with changes from one cross section to another occurring at abrupt points within the length of the column. STIFFENER A member, usually an angle or plate, attached to a plate or web of a beam or girder to distribute load, to transfer shear or to prevent buckling of the member to which it is attached. STIFFNESS The resistance to deformation of a member or structure measured by the ratio of the applied force to the corresponding displacement. STORY DRIFT the difference in horizontal deflection at the top and bottom of a story. STRAIN HARDENING Phenomenon wherein ductile steel, after undergoing considerable deformation at or just above yield point, exhibits the capacity to resist substantially higher loading than that which caused initial yielding. STRAIN-HARDENING STRAIN for structural steels that have a flat (plastic) region in the stress-strain relationship, the value of the strain at the onset of strain hardening. STRENGTH DESIGN method of proportioning structural members using load factors and resistance factors such that no applicable limit state is exceeded (also called load and resistance factor design). STRENGTH LIMIT STRAIGHT limiting conditions affecting the safety of the structure, in which the ultimate load-carrying capacity is reached. STRESS Force per unit area. STRESS CONCENTRATION
Localized
stress
considerably higher than average (even in uniformly loaded cross sections of uniform thickness) due to abrupt changes in geometry or localized loading. STRONG AXIS The major principal axis of a cross-section.
construction loads) that will eventually be removed before or after completion of construction and does not become part of the permanent structural system. TENSILE STRENGTH the maximum tensile stress that a material is capable of sustaining.
STRCTURAL DESIGN DOCS. Documents prepared by the designer (plans, design details and job specifications).
TENSION FIELD ACTION the behavior of a plate girder panel under shear force in which diagonal tensile stresses develop in the web and compressive forces develop in the transverse stiffeners in a manner analogous to a Pratt truss.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM An assemblage of load-carrying components which are joined together to provide regular interaction or interdependence.
TOE OF THE FILLET Termination point of fillet weld or of rolled section fillet. TORQUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP Term applied to the wrench torque required producing specified pre-tension in high-strength bolts.
STUB COLUMN short compressiontest specimen, long enough for use in measuring the stress-strain relationship for the complete cr06ssection but short enough to avoid buckling as a column in the elastic and plastic ranges.
TURN-OF-NUT METHOD Procedure whereby the specified pre-tension in high-strength bolts is controlled by rotation of the wrench a predetermined 'amount after the nut has been tightened to a snug fit.
SUBASSEMBLAGE a truncated portion of a structural frame. SUPPORTED COLUMN a frame which depends upon adjacent braced or unbraced frames for resistance to lateral load or frame instability. (This transfer of load is frequently provided by the floor or roof system through diaphragm action or by horizontal cross bracing in the roof). TANGENT MODULUS at any given stress level, the slope of the stressstrain curve of a material in the inelastic range as determined by the compression test of a small specimen under controlled conditions. TEMPORARY STRUCTURE a general term for anything that is built or constructed (usually to carry
UNBRACED FRAME a frame in which the resistance to lateral load is provided by the bending resistance of frame members and their connections. UNBRACED LENGTH distance between braced points of a member, measured between the centers of gravity of the bracing members. UNDERCUT a notch resulting from the melting and removal of base metal at the edge of a weld. UNIVERSAL-MILL PLATE a plate in which the longitudinal edges has been formed by a rolling process during manufacture. Often abbreviated as UM plate. UPPER BOUND LOAD a load computed on the basis of an assumed mechanism which will always be at best equal to or greater than the true ultimate load. V-BRACING that form of chevron bracing that intersects a beam from above and inverted Vbracing is that form of chevron bracing that intersects a beam from below.
VERTICAL BRACING SYSTEM a system of shear walls, braced frames or both, extending throughout one or more floors of a building. WARPING TORSION that portions of the total resistance to torsion that is provided by resistance to warping of the cross section. WEAK AXIS the minor principal axis of a cross-section. WEATHERING STEEL A type of high-strength, low-alloy steel which can be used in normal environments (not marine) and outdoor exposures without protective paint covering. This steel develops tight adherent rust at a decreasing rate with respect to time.
YIELD POINT the first stress in a material at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress, the yield point less than the maximum attainable stress. YIELD STRENGTH the stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain. Deviation expressed in terms of strain. YIELD STRESS Yield point, yield strength or yieldstress level as defined. YIELD STRESS LEVEL he average stress during yielding in the plastic range, the stress determined in a tension test when the strain reaches 0.005 mm per mm.
WEB BUCKLING the buckling of a web plate. WEB CRIPPLING the local failure of a web plate in the immediate vicinity of a concentrated load or reaction. WORKING LOAD also called service load. The actual load assumed to be acting on the structure. X-BRACING that form of bracing where a pair of diagonal braces cross near mid-length of the bracing members. YIELD MOMENT in a member subjected to bending, the moment at which an outer fiber first attains the yield stress. YIELD PLATEAU the portion of the stress-strain curve for uniaxial tension or compression in which the stress remains essentially constant during a period of substantially increased strain.
6 - WOOD SECTION 602 - DEFINITION The following terms used in this chapter shall have the meanings indicated in this section: BLOCKED DIAPHRAGM is a diaphragm in which all sheathing edges not occurring on framing members are supported on and connected to blocking. CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION is a type of construction whose primary structural elements are formed by a system
of repetitive wood-framing members. DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. When the term "diaphragm” is used, it includes horizontal bracing systems. FIBERBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogeneous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or crane) having a density of less than 497 kg/m3 but more than 160 kg/m3.
GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBERS are structural elements, the sections of which are composed of built-up lumber, wood structural panels or wood structural panels in combination with lumber, all parts bonded together with adhesive. GRADE (Lumber), the classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility in accordance with the grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency.
in this chapter. This loading may be applied for approximately 10 years, either continuously or cumulatively, and 90 percent of this load may be applied for the remainder of the life of the member or fastening. PARTICLEBOARD is a manufactured panel product lifting of particles of wood or combinations of wood fibers and wood fibers bonded together with synthetic or other suitable bonding system by as bonding process, in accordance with approved nationally recognized standard. PLYWOOD is a panel of laminated veneers conforming to Philippine National standards (PNS) "Construction and Industrial Plywood" and UBC Standard 23-3, "Performance for Wood-based Structural-Use Panels". ROTATION is the torsional movement of a diaphragm about a vertical axis. SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm. TREATED WOOD is wood treated with an approved preservative under treating and quality control procedures.
HARDBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogeneous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density not less than 497 kg/m3.
WOOD OF NATURAL RESISTANCE TO DECAY OR TERMITES is the heartwood of the species set forth, corner sapwood is permitted on 5 percent of the pieces provided 90 percent or more of the width of each on which it occurs is heartwood. Recognized species are:
NOMINAL SIZE (Lumber), the commercial size designation of width' and depth, in standard sawn lumber grades; somewhat larger than the standard net size of dressed lumber. In accordance to Philippine National Standards (PNS).
Decay resistant: Narra, Kamagong, Dao, Tangile. Termite resistant: Narra, Kamagong.
NORMAL LOADING, a design load that stressed a member or fastening to the full allowable stress tabulated
WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL is a structural panel product composed primarily of wood and in meeting the requirements of Philippine National Standards (PNS). Wood structural panels include all-veneer plywood, composite panels containing a combination of veneer and wood-base material, and mat-formed panel such as oriented stranded board and wafer board.
7-MASONRY The materials, design, construction and quality assurance of masonry shall be in accordance with this chapter. DESIGN METHODS Masonry shall comply with the provisions of one of the following design methods in this chapter as well as the requirements of Sections 701 through 705.
Working Stress Design. Masonry designed by the working stress design method shall comply with the provisions of Sections 706 and 707.
Strength Design. Masonry designed by the strength design method shall comply with the provisions of Sections 706 and 708.
Empirical Design. Masonry designed by the empirical design method shall comply with the provisions Sections 706.1 and 709. Glass
Masonry.
Glass masonry shall comply with the Provisions of Section 710. DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this chapter, certain terms are defined as lows: AREAS: BEDDED AREA is the area of the surface of masonry, which is in contact with mortar in plane of the joint. EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT is the cross-sectional area of reinforcement multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the reinforcement and the direction for which effective area is to be determined. GROSS AREA is the total cross-sectional area of a lined section. NET AREA is the gross cross-sectional area minus the areaungrouted cores, notches, cells and unbedded areas. Net area is the actual surface area of cross section of masonry. TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent area of one material to a
second based on the ratio of moduli of elasticity of the first material to the second. BOND: ADHESION BOND is the adhesion between masonry units and mortar or grout. REINFORCIN G BOND is the adhesion between steel reinforcement and mortar or grout. BOND BEAM is a horizontal grouted element within masonry in which reinforcement is embedded. CELL is a void space having a gross crosssectional area greater than 967 mm2. CLEANOUT is an opening to the bottom of a grout space of sufficient size and spacing to allow the removal of
debris. COLLAR JOINT is the mortared or grouted space between wythes of masonry. COLUMN, REINFORCE D, is a vertical structural member in which both the reinforcement and masonry resist compression. COLUMN, UNREINFOR CED, is a vertical structural member whose horizontal dimension measured at right angles to the thickness does not exceed three times the thickness. DIMENSIONS : ACTUAL DIMENSIONS are the measured dimensions of a designated item. The actual dimension shall not vary
from the specified dimension by more than amount allowed in the appropriate standard of quality in Section 702. NOMINAL DIMENSIONS of masonry units are equal to its specified dimensions plus the thickness of the joint with which the unit is laid. SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS are the dimensions specified for the manufacture or construction of masonry, masonry units, joints or any other component of a structure. GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout height within the total grout pour. GROUT POUR is the total height of masonry wall to be grouted prior to the erection of additional masonry. A grout pour will consist of one or more grout lifts. GROUTED HOLLOW-UNIT MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry construction in which certain designated cells of hollow units are continuously filled with grout.
GROUTED MULTIWYTHE MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry construction in which the space between the wythes is solidly or periodically filled with grout. JOINTS: BED JOINT is the mortar joint that is horizontal at the time masonry units is placed. HEAD JOINT is the mortar joint having a vertical transverse plane. MASONRY UNIT is brick, tile, stone, glass block or concrete block conforming to the requirements specified in Section 702. HOLLOWMASONRY UNIT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional areas (solid area) in any plane parallel to the surface containing cores, cells or deep frogs is less than 75 percent of its gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane. SOLID-MASONRY UNIT is a masonry unit whose net cross-
sectional area in any plane parallel to the surface containing the cores or cells at least 75 percent of the gross crosssectional area measured in the same plane. PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units and mortar with or without grout used as a test specimen for determining property masonry. REINFORCE D MASONRY is that form of masonry construction in which reinforcement acting in conjunction with masonry is used to resist forces. SHELL is the outer portion of a hollow masonry unit as placed in masonry. WALLS: BONDED WALL is a masonry wall
in which two or more wythes are bonded to act as a structural unit. CAVITY WALL is a wall containing continuous air space with a minimum width of 51 mm and a maximum width of 114 mm between wythes which are tied with metal ties. WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener which connects wythes of masonry to each other or to other materials. I WEB is an interior solid portion of a hollowmasonry unit as placed in masonry. WYTHE is the portion of a wall, which is one masonry unit in thickness. A collar joint is not
considered a wythe.
