ORIENTACION VOCACIONAL EN EL ORIENTACION NIVEL PREPARATORIA CBTA 250.
ÍNDICE
Págs.
I N T R O D U C C I Ó N --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
C A P I T U L O I ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 EPÍGRAFE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 CONCEPTO DE ORIENTACIÓN VOCACIONAL ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 1.1
ANTECEDENTES DE LA ORIENTA ORIENTACIÓN CIÓN VOCACIONAL EN MÉXICO---------MÉXICO---------- 15 15
1.2
ANTECEDENTES DE LA ORIENTA ORIENTACIÓN CIÓN VOCACIONAL EN LA DGETA ------------- 18 18
1.3
FNCIÓN ! SERVICIOS DE LA ORIENTACIÓN ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1"
1.4
FNCIÓN ! SERVICIOS DE LA ORIENTACIÓN EN LA DGETA --------------------------------- 20 20
1.5
CONCEPTALI#ACIÓN DE LA ORIENTA ORIENTACIÓN CIÓN VOCACIONAL ------------------------------------ 21 1.5.1
LA INDECISIÓN VOCACIONA VOCACIONAL L ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2$
1.5.2
LA FALTA DE REAL REALIS ISMO MO --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2"
CONCLSIÓN DEL CAPITLO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
C A P I T U L O I I -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3% EPÍGRAFE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3$ 2.
TEORÍAS DE LA ELECCIÓN VOCACIONAL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
2.1
CLASIFICACIÓN CLASIFICAC IÓN ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
2.2
TEORÍAS NO PSICOLÓGICAS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3" 2.2.1
LA TEORÍA TEORÍA ACCIDENTAL ACCIDENTAL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3"
2.2.2 2.2 .2 TEORÍA ECONÓMICA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 2.2.3 TEORÍA CL CLTRAL TRAL ! SOCIOLÓGICA--------------------------------------- 41 2.3
TEORÍAS PSICOLÓGICAS--------------------PSICOLÓGICAS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
2.3.1 TEORÍAS BASADAS EN LAS DECISIONES ------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 2.3.2 TEORÍA TIPOLÓGICA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 2.3.3 ESTRATEGIAS CL&SICAS DE LA ORIENTACIÓN ORIENTACIÓN VOCACIONAL ------- 45 2.3.4
TEORÍA PSICODIN&MICA---------------------------------------------------- 4%
2.3.5 TEORÍAS BASADAS EN LA SATISFACCIÓN DE NECESIDADES ------- 4% 2.3.% TEORÍAS BASADAS EN EL CONCEPTO DE SÍ MISMO MISMO ------------------ ------------------- 4$ 2.3.$ TEORÍAS EVOLTIVAS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 2.4
TEORÍAS GENERALES -------------------------------------------------------------4"
2.4.1
CONCEPCIÓN INTERDISCIPLINARIA -------------------------------------------------------------------4" -------------4"
2.4.2 2.4. 2
INTERPRETACIÓN EVOLTIVA GENER GENERAL AL ------------------------------------------------------------50 ------50
CONCLSIÓN DEL CAPÍTLO ------------------------------------ ' ----------- ' ------51
CAPÍ CA PÍTU TULO LO II III.-----------------------------------------------I.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 EPÍÍGRAFE ------------EP --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 3.
LA ADOLESCENCIA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
3.1
CONCEPTO DE LA LA ADOLE ADOLESCE SCENCIA NCIA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
3.2
DESARROLLO E IDENTIDAD --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5%
3.3
IDENTIDAD VOCACIONAL ! TOMA DE DECISIONES------------------------------- 5"
3.4
DIVERSIDAD DE LAS CONDICIONES PERSONALES DE LOS ALMNOS( LOS ALMNOS( NECESIDADES E INTERESES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %1
3.5
CONCIENCIA DE LOS LÍMITES--------------------------- ' TES--------------------------- ' ------------------------------ %3
3.%
PERSONALIDAD ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %3
3.$
PRO!ECTO DE VIDA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ %5
3.8
ORIENTACI ORIENT ACIÓN ÓN VOCACIO VOCACIONAL NAL E INSTITCIÓN------------------------------------ %% 3.8.1
OB)ETIVOS ESTRATÉGICOS DEL PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE EDCACIÓN---------------ED CACIÓN--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %%
3.8.1.1 SBPROGRAMA DE EDCACIÓN MEDIA SPERIOR( PROBLEMAS( ! RETOS DEL BAC*ILLER BAC*ILLERATO-------------------------ATO-------------------------------------------------------------------- %$ 3.8.2
OB)ETIVOS GENERALES DEL PLAN DE DESARROLLO EDCATIVO----------
%"
"
3.8.2.1 OB)ETIVO DE LA DGETA ------------------------------------------------------- $1 3."
NA ORIENTACIÓN CENTRADA EN EL DESARROLLO *MANO. ----------- $2 CONCLSIÓN DEL CAPÍTLO ----------------------------------------------------------- $4
PROLOGO
L+ ,/ /+6 7 / 9+ : +;,< = :+ O+6 E=++( <+;( :+ O+6 V<+<+:( :+ >+:=+= = ++:?+ : ,<+;+ = :+ +/++ = O+6 V<+<+: 7 / ;,+ :+ P,++<+ C9+ 250 9+=+ E/<9=<( N< L6. M=+ :+ >:@6 = / ;/;<( : /< =>+ // =//<-<+=< ,++ +,= + ,/+( :< 7 ;,:+ :+ ==+:?+6 =: ,</< = /+?+ +,=?+ +,= + ==/( 7 / > +: =/+<::< = :+ ++ =: /=+ + :< :+< = / :< +: ,++ +=+,+/ + :+ =+ +=:+( + /<=+= </+ +;9< <:6< :+9<+: +,= + / ,/<+( 7 :<9+ : =/+<::< ,/<+: +>< = +=+ /=+ +,= + <( 7 7 < :+/ +9:=+=/ /<+:/( :< 7 : : +,= + <:+9<+( 7 >+?+ :+ <<=+6 ;=+6 /<+: =: ,</< =+<( :+ +6 = :+/ >+;:+/ =;/ /</ :+<+=+/ < : /< =+<.
A+:; + ;+=< :+9<+: ;/ @ ++=<. E@ +< + :+ ><;+6 ++=H;+ :+ >+6 =++ ><;+:( + ;/( +< + :+
10
/=+= = +,++6 ,;+. V++=< : /=< = 7 :/<+:. P< ::<( : <@< =/<( :<;+6 : =/< = ,:+/( ,<+;+/ +</ +7::<;+6 +:++ = :<7/ 6+< = =/+<::<.
P< +<( / = +: ;,<++ ,++ :+/ ,,++<+/ <> +: +:;+=< ><;+6( ++: = +:=+= ,< + :+ ?( / ;,/=9: <> + :/ + :+ :6 = + 6 ;++/ =: 9+::+< ,++ :6 = ++( 7 : ,;+ +<=+ / +<<<;<( //( +,=/( +=/( ;<+6( +<+ /<:+( +:</( ;+/( =,=+ ,/<+:. É/ <<;< = / ;/;< :< +,<+ :?+ ,++ ++:?+ ::/ ,++ +/,+/ = :+/ =>/ ++/( :<;+6 ++=H;+( ,:+ = /=<( +/: =:
11
/+=< ,<</.
12
CAPITULO I CONCEPTO DE ORIENTACIÓN VOCACIONAL 1.1
ANTECEDENTES DE LA ORIENTACIÓN VOCACIONAL EN MÉXICO
1.2
ANTECEDENTES DE LA ORIENTACIÓN VOCACIONAL EN LA DGETA
1.3
FUNCIÓN SERVICIOS DE LA ORIENTACIÓN
1.!
FUNCIÓN SERVICIOS DE LA ORIENTACIÓN EN LA DGETA
1."
CONCEPTUALI#ACION DE LA ORIENTACIÓN VOCACIONAL 1.".1
LA INDECISIÓN VOCACIONAL
1.".2
LA FALTA DE REALISMO
1.% *IPOTESIS LO JE JIERO COMPROBAR DIRECCIONAL ATOR
13
CAPITULO I CONCEPTO DE ORIENTACIÓN VOCACIONAL
L+ /<+ ,; << :+:+ :+ <;,/6 = <@< ,++ /,<= + <+/ 7 ;,:+; / /+9: +=< / @,:<+ + ;+. KC=< 6;< / + :+ O+6 /< ,+/ KC=< 6;< / :+ O+6 < + <+<+: S< :+/ /</ 7 / /,<= : ,/ +,:< < :+/ +:/ / +9<=+ : =/+<::< = :+ O+6 V<+<+: : ;9< +<+:.
S ;9+<( / >=+;+: ,<7 +=+ <+9:; + =:;+ +</ /+ :=+ : :< =: B+::+< <;< +/++( ,< :< 7 < 7 ;,:+/ ,<+;+ : 7 / :< ;+/ /9;+/ 7 </,<=+ + ;,: :+</ 7 / ,/+ : +=<:/ = +:7 H,<+ :+ >+:+ = +:/;< :+ =/6 <+<+:. S/ +=/ =+ />?<
14
=:;+=< ,< :+ + ,<,+ =: =/+<::< +=< :< = :+ <+6 : 9+::+<. D/ :+6 :+/ =;/</ = /,+< ;,<( + ;,<+ <;< :+ <,+:?+6 = :+ <+6 7 +=7 /=< : +,:<( < << ,<,6/< 7 = /,<= + :+/ <+/ =+ :+< : ><7 <+<+: = :+ <+6. 1.1 ANTECEDENTES DE LA ORIENTACIÓN VOCACIONAL EN MÉXICO
E 1"24 :+ /=+= N+<+: A6<;+ = MH@<( > +<?+=< : /+9:;< = :+9<+<< = ,/<:<+ /<:+ < <9< + ;,:++ <;+/ >+/ = : : ;<;< :+ : 7 / +< :+/ ++/ = <+6 MH@<. 1 E : +< = 1"2% :+ ><;+6 =++ =: +=<:/ / </=6 <;< + ;+ /6 ,,++<+ ,++ <+ /= =+< / ;/;<. T=< + /+/ =+/ / <+?+< :+ S++ = E=+6 P9:+( : D,++;< = P/<,=+<+ ;+:( :+ /6 = O+6 E=++ V<+<+: +/ <;< : I/< N+<+: = P=+<+. P++ 1"32 :+ E/:+ P,++<+ TH+ = :+ SEP / /< = O+6 < + ,,+:; <+<+:. C+9 ;<+ 7 :<+: < :+/ 7 / +:?+< ++ = :+/ ++/+/ ,/
1
L<=<( D. ! C<=( C( 1"88 A=/ G+:/ = :+ O+6( P<+;+ = P9:+</ = M++: D=<. F+:+= = P/<:<+ NAM.
15
;@+<( +/ <;< : ;,:< = /;+/ = <=< <;< ,;;/ =/ + /+9: :+ O+6 V<+<+:. C< :+ +6 = :+ /,+:=+= = H<;+6 = :+/ ,;+/ +</ = /,+:/+/ 7 ;/ += ,+/+ + <,<+/ +: /< +;,< = :+ O+6 E=++ V<+<+:.
E 1"50( <+?+< +=+=/ //;+/ = O+6 :+/ E/:+/ S=++/( <;=<;+:; :/6 <,+6 + 7 =9+ ==+/. E 1"54( ;,:++< ><;+:; :+/ E/:+/ S=++/ < <+=</ +=7< + +: < :+ 6 = +9++ <=<=; + :+ +6 = ,<9:;+/ = +,=?+ / =/=+ : +/,< <+<+: :
1%
.N.A.M. : /< = O+6 E/<:+ P<>/<+: = :+ D6 G+: = S=++/
T<:6+/
I=/+:/
C<;+:/(
:
D,++;
,/<,=+6 +=< : S< N+<+: = O+6 V<+<+: < ;=/6 ;+/+ + : +<+: ,++ <;+ ;/+/ = ,< <+<+:( <,<=+=/ =++/ +/ <,+<+:/. A ,+ =: :< /<:+ 1"$5-1"$% < ;<< = :+ ><;+ =++ 6 + < ,:+ = /=+ :+ <+6 <;< ;++ <9:+<+ :+. E 1"$% :+ D6 G+: = E=+6 A<,++ D.G.E.T.A. / /,</+9:?+ +; = :+ O+6 E=++ +: +/ : D,++;< = S >=+=+ :+ A/<+6 M@++ = P<>/<+:/ = :+ O+6 A.C. AMPO E 1"80 > +=+ :+ D6 = O+6 E=++ : I/< P<:H< N+<+: < : ,<,6/< = <+ :+ /:6 = ++ < /,</+9:=+= /<+:.
E: 3 = <9 = 1"84 ,9:+< : +=< ,/=+: ,< : +: / /+9: : S/;+ N+<+: = O+6 E=++ : +: / </=+ 7 /+ +=+= =9 <,<+/ =/= :+ =+6 9/+ +/+ :+/ +,+/ ;/ ++?+=+/ =: :
1$
/,< 7 :+. E: P<+;+ N+<+: = O+6 E=++ 1"8"-1""0 <;,:+ : +,<< ,++ ::+ :
1.2 ANTECEDENTES DE LA ORIENTACIÓN VOCACIONAL EN LA D.G.E.T.A
C< :+ >+:=+= = =+ ><;+6 +,:+ @;/ = <+6 <+<+: 1"$1( / + : D,++;< = O+6 V<+<+: P<>/<+:. E 1"$5 / <,<+=< : +,<< ,/<:6< =<;+6 +//<+ /++/ +: +:;< /+< : ++;< /<:6 = ,<9:;+/ <=+:/ /<:+/ ==+:/. E 1"$" / /+ : D,++;< = O+6 E=++ < < : 7 <;< ,<,6/< += :+/ /=+=/ /=+:/ < ++=H;+/( < :+6 + <+ ><;+ +: =+=< ,++ 7 +=7+ ;</ 9 +=+ 1"85 ><6 / :+9< + +//<+ + +:;
2
L<=<( D. ! C<=. C( 1"88 A=/ G+:/ = :+ O+6( P<+;+ = P9:+</ = M++: D=<. F+:+= = P/<:<+ NAM.
18
E 1"8% > </=< : C< = O+6 E=++ + > = <+=+ + :+ ><;+6 +: =: /=+ + +H/ = :
1.3 FUNCIÓN SERVICIOS DE LA ORIENTACIÓN
A7 @/ =/+/ =+/ <,</ </=+;6 ++: = :+ O+6 <// 3
A=+ +: /=+ ,++ 7 </6 7 ;/ : <+
D/+<::+ +,+ +< + ;+ ;/ +=+=+ = / ;/;< <;< / ,+,: : ;=< :+9<+: ,++ ,<= :<+ + ;+< /+/>+6 ,/<+: 7 == 9>< /<+: < <;+<.
P/+=< ,<< ;/ +< + :+=< / :+/ /=+=/ ,
4
S< = + : ;<;< = /< :+ /6 /<:+
S< = +:+6 <:+ = =>+/ ==+:/ =: +:;< + :< :+< = / /<:+=+=
3 4
S< = </< + +H/ = + :+6 ,/<+:?+=+
S< = ><;+6 ,++ : +:;<
S< = /+6 /;< ,++ +=+ + +7: 7
R<=?. M. L.( 1""1 O+6 E=++( B+:<+. E/,++ E=</ CEAC ,. 18-1" =; 3 P.$"
1"
+9+=<+ :+ /<:+=+= +: +/+/ +: ;=< :+9<+:. A /<?+;:+( +=;/( = + / = ,<>/<+:/ 7 ><;+ ,+ =: 7,< <+=<.
1.! FUNCIÓN SERVICIOS DE LA ORIENTACIÓN EN LA DGETA.
C< : ,<,6/< = <9 +: ,</< <+<+: = :6 +/,6 ><;+=<+ ><;+ +: +:;< + +H/ =: +<<<;< ,++ =/9 / <+6 ><;+:< ,++ /+9: + +,+ < +: ,</< 7 @,;+ : <. E: =/+<::< ,< ,+ = :+ DGETA // =,=+/ </,<=/ / + ><+=< +
+ + //;+?+=+ +: /< =: +:;<
E+:+6 <:+
S;< < +=+ ,++ +7::
S<;+6 +: +:;< + +H/ = + :+6 ,/<+:?+=+. E/ :;<( / : /< 7 ;/ / + +,:+=< +/+ /
L+ <+6 <+<+: 7 / ;,+ <;< +/++ : 9+::+< > :=+ <;< ;++ : :; + ,+ = :+/ <;=+</ >+=+/
20
:+ R/6 = P:+/ = E/=< :9+=+ :< = 1""$. A+:; / /+ : /;/ =: + ;+/< /<+:. 1." CONCEPTUALI#ACIÓN DE LA ORIENTACIÓN VOCACIONAL
A : /< +,:+6 7 ><;+ =/+ / + +: ;,:+ :/<+:( O+6 O,+<+:( O+6 E/<:+ O+6 V<+<+: / ;,<+ /+:+ 7 )<+ + +;+ = =></ /<9 H/ <;< Q:+ +<+ ;/ +;,:+ 7 : + :+/ =;/ :+ =>+ <;< : << = +</ +;+=+/ + >+:+ : =/+<::< +: =: /=+Q. % S ;9+<( ,++ >/ = :+ ,/ /+6 / :?+ : <,< = O+6 V<+<+: = = 7 +/ / ::+;+ :+ +/++ /6. $ T / :<( ,/ : ><7 / ,/< +: =/ + + ?<+ /,>+ = :+ ,/<+:=+= :+ <+6. E / /=<( /+ +:?+ +:// 9+/=< <;< :+ +=+ ,++ : ++( / +<+ + 7 : +:;< <;,=+ ;< / ,<,+ +,+=+= <+<+: = +=< < // // +9:=+=/( +/,+ + 7 =/9+ ,< / ;/;< // /=+=/ <+<+:/( =+/ :+</( ++: :+/ <,<=+=/ 7 : <> :+/ /</ =++/ :+/ ,
%
N++. O. ).. 1"84 M+< T6< = :+ O+6 MH@<. C+=< ,< G<. R). </<+:?+6 =: <+=< : : :
21
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
:+ <+6
/ + ><;+
= @,/+
/+ ,/<+:=+= > +: ;=< =: +9+< : /=< < +,+6 /9+( /< 7 / + <><;+=< :+; + ;==+ 7 +=7;
8
M::. M++. 1"8% O+6 V<+<+: A,</ :/< :+ O+6 V<+<+:( MH@< T::+/( ,. 23 "
22
@,+( ;+< ;+=? 7 ,<>=?+;+ = :+ +:=+=.12 A+:; / <9 + :+ O+6 <;< ,</< =+< 7 ,<,+ : ==< :+ +=7/6 = <<;/ <,</ <,+:/ ++ = <+6 <+6( ;
S :
L+ :6 <+<+: / =:++=< ,</< = ,:++6 ;,:+=< :+ =+ <;< ,</< <:< ,< :< 7( :+/ :</ =/</ + = / /;, <;< ,+/
L+ :6 <+<+: < =,= +; = 7 : +:;< : >+; / :< <=+ ? 7 :+ @,+ ;++ /: ::+ </< //++: <;,< ;<<.
L+/ ></ =: <+=<( +:7+ 7 /+ : H/ =: +:;<( < /< :+/ = +: 7 + +=+/( /+:+ =<< = +=( : ;+< = ;=< 7 +;9+
L+ <+6 <+<+: + ,+,+ + :<+ : +;9< +
12
,= // ,
O,. C. P. 23.
13
23 P<+;+ N+<+: = O+6 E=++ 1"8"-1""4 S. E. P. 24.
24
D/= :+ ,/,+ =: ,<>/<( :+ <+6 <+<+: / ,</< =+< : 7 / + <<;/< + ,+,: = <+=< 7 + +: +:;< / ,/<+: <;+ = =/6. L+ :6 <+<+: / < = :=+;+:/ 7 =+ <=< + :+ <+6 <+<+: ,< :< 7 / ;,<+ /9++ 7 :+ <+6 < / =+=+ +: +( /< 7 H/+ / : =/+<::< = ,</< + ;+=?( :< +: / ,/+ :+ =+ ;++ <;< < // /++/. E@/ ,<< +=< /<9 / :+ :6 / :< ;/;< 7 ,>+ < +/,+6 <+<+:( :< +: ,<<+ +;9=+= + 7 + =/6 <+<+: ;,:+ , </< 7 =/+ + + / = =/</ =+ ,<=<. G?9 / 7 Q:+ :6 / ;/ +;,:+ 7 :+ ,>+( +7 <=+/ :+/ :</ /,< ,>+/( ,< <=+/ /+/ < ;,:+ /++; :6Q14. A: >+/ + :6 <+<+: /<9 :+ 9+/ = + / = >+</ 7 :
L+ +:+6 = +,+=+=/ A,+6 = :
<<;< = :+/ <,<=+=/ <,+<+:/ C</=+6 = :+/ ,>+/
E: ==<( ,= : + <,+6 ,< <+6 ,<7 /<:< 7 <+ <,+6 ,<7 <> ;+< ,/< ,+ / 9+/+ ;/ >+</ = + </,<=/ ;/ < :+ =/96 <,+<+: 7 :+ ,>+
14
C+=< ,< *<::+=. )< L( 1""0 L+ E:6 V<+<+: T<+ = :+/ C++/( MH@< T::+/ , 50.
25
/ 7 :+ :6 />7 / =>/ :/ = =+= <;< :< /+9:6 S, 1"5315 + :< 7 <;=< : : = =+=( :+ :6 ,= =>/ <;< :< 7 : ==< ,= 7 + : >< :+ ,>+ ,= =>/ <;< :< 7 : /++ +. P< +/,+6 <,+<+: ,<=;++/+ = + ,/<+ /<9 / :6. T +: : : 7 ==< =/+ +9++ +/ + / > +: +;,< +: 7 =/+ < /+. D: ;/;< ;<=< <;< :+ :6 / =/+ + :+ ,>+( +;9H / =/+ = :+ +/,+6 <=+ ? 7 :+ :6 </=+ << =/< = >+</ 7 ,= ;,++ :+ >+ /+/>+6 : ;,:< : H@<( :+ +/,+6 / ><;:+=+ :+( = :< 7 =;6 7 : +=< :+/ =+=
15
O,. C. P55. O,. C. P. %0. 1$ N++( O. }., 1"84 M+< T6< = :+ O+6 MH@<. C+=< ,< G<( R). </<+?+6 =: <+=< :
2%
S< =/ :+ ;==+ 7 ,/+ /:</ = <,+</ <+=+/ ++ :+ +:=+=. S< +:/ ,<7 <=+/ ::+/ ;,:+ :+ /:6 = + <,+6 =,=; = :+ 9+/ ,++ :+ /:6. A: @,/+ + ,>+( : ==< =+ :+ <,+6 7 ;/ : ++=+ :+ +: /++ / +/ <+/ ,=+ /<:<+/. A: @,/+ + +/,+6( : ==< / 9+/+ / >++/+ <9 :< ;+; ,6 <,+<+: = :6 <+<+: <;< :< /+9: )< O. C/( 1"$4 /,>+ <,< < :+6 + ,<,=+=/ >/+/ <9/+9:/ ;/+9:/ ,< :< 7 // /=/+ < / +/><;+ <+/ ,<,=+=/ <;< : +9:+ < : /9 +=< @,/+ / ,<9+9: <,+6 >+ < + / = +>;+</ =+ ,<=<( +=+ < = :>( 1"53.20 A/( ;+ :+ +/,+6.
1" 20
C/( )< O. 1"$4 P/<:<+ V<+<+:( B8
2$
C+=< ==< >+ + :6 <+<+:( </=+ +: / / ,<9+9: <,+6 < :/ ,<=+ / // ,+/ < +/,+</ >+ + :+ <,+6. C< / + :+ :6 <+<+: <,+<+:; <;< Q ==<( X( >+ + :6 <+<+: / @,/+ + 6 = /+ + <,+6 ,+:+Q21
1.".1 LA INDECISIÓN VOCACIONAL
*+ +/,/+ + +,+=+= ,++ /:<+ /< ,+:+ = +6 7 /:++ = / ,,++6 ,++ /+ + <,+6 /,>+( ,<= />+ + =/6 <+<+:. C 1"4422 /+9: 7 :+ >+:+ = +,+=+= ,++ + + :6 < / +/< = / + 7( : =/+<::< ++ :+ :6 <+<+: / + +,+; < <6;< =,=. T+;9H D/ 1"50 > 7 @/ ,<=+( 7 ++/+ <=< : ,</< = =/+<::<. A7 T: 1"%1 =;+ 7 :+/ :</ /+/( + ,/<+ =/9 7 / ;,
21
=;. 1%. C 1"44( D/ 1"50( T: 1"%1( *+8/ 1"53( G//:: 1"5%( M++ 1"2$( E/8=
28
;/;< +=< =;+ 7 @/ ,<=< :+ 6 ;+=? <+<+: K*+/+ 7H ,< / =+ 6 / ,= <9 + 7 / ;+>/ /+ /=+= :+ <+<+: / +/<+ < :+ =+=( ,< ,< /,/< < /6:< <;< ,<=< = :+ ;+=+6 < +; <;< /:+=< = />?+</ 7 ,= ,<= /+=< = =/6 <+<+: 7 :+<< ,+ < :+</ 7 >: + / ? ,++ + :6 <+<+: 6 +=< ; + :+/ >:+/ ,</ = :+ >+;:+ = :+</ < < = ::+</( =/+:+ = +:/;<( +/,< 7 ,/</ =;+/ :+ :6.
23
E7,<+:=+= + ,/<+ ,= /+ =<+=+ ,++ =/;,+ =/+/ <,+</ <+ =>: / :6 + 7 = 7 + + ,+/ =: / ;/;< ,++ :;+ : =/+<::< = // ,<+: =+=/ + + ?<+. E :<,=+ G+: = :+ E=+6( T<;< II. O+6 V<+<+:. E/,++ OH+<
2"
1.".2 LA FALTA DE REALISMO
E :+ :6 <+<+: :+ >+:+ = +:/;< />+ 7 :+ <,+6 7 : ==< + /:<+=< ,++ /+ ::+ < / <( = +:+ ;++ < // +,=/ < // //. E / / =/ / ,<9:;+/ 1. E: ==< < +:/+ 7 : + <,+6 7 7 ,++ / +:?+6 @< + +7: : 7 ,<=+ =/;,+/ @+; <:+<+=++/+( : +< : +:/+ 7 +9<=+ G?9 / /+6 + ,</6 =>=+ : +:/;< = :+/ :</ = :+ ,/<+ =/= :+/ +/,+</ ++=+/ = >++/+ = :<;+ +,+/ /,>+: < :+ >+:=+= = @,:<+ ,
30
:6 <+<+: <;< ,</<( :;+</ 7 ,= @,:+ :+ >+:+ +:/;< :+ :6 <+<+: /< >=/ </ = :+/ :</ < +:/+/ 7 ,= :+/>+/ / +<+/ 1. I>:+ = ,<>/</ <:+ = :+ >+;:+. 3. I>:+ = :+</ ,/<:6+< = :+ >+:+ = +:/;< :+ :6 7 ::+;6 /+=< = +/=+=. E : 7 :+ +,/6 =;9 7 @,;+ : ==< < /,< + / /+/ /<<<6;< / 7 + 7 /:<+ <9
<,+<+:/
<;,+9:/
<
:
//
9/
+,=/
>=+;+:/ +/+ < :+ /+ /+: = :+ ,/<+:=+=. P< / ,+ C+:+ 1"5" ++ : +< : ,/< = :+/ <,+</ <;< >+</ = :+ >+:+ = +:/;< :+ :6 :=< : Q+:< /;96:< = :+/ <,+</Q 7 />+ : ++< /9< ,++ :+ ,/<+ <;< ;=< ,++ ;,: // /=+=/. P< :;<( +:+< /=+< 7 / :+ < : <;,<;/< =: < =: ==< : <9< ,<>/<+: 7 + ++=< ,++ / ;/;<. P< ;,:<( / = :< =>: 7 / ,++ + ,/<+ + + /< = +6 < +:/+( ,<7 /:6
24 25
C+=
31
,::+/ >+;:+/ : <6;< < // ,6 = :
P<,<<+ ><;+6 /<9 :+ +:=+= :+9<+: :
P++ ><;+ +,=?+ ><;+< 7 ,<; ,</< <<;< /+
P++ ,<;< +,=?+ = :+ +<<;+ /,</+9: :+ <<,+6 /<:=++
P++ =+ <+6 ,/<,=+6+ /<9 <=< +: + /+: = +=+ :<.
L+/ +,<+</ = M:: 1"8%2% ; ,; +/+ 7 :+ <+6 <+<+: +<;,++ / ,+ =: ,</< =+<( <<,+ < H: ><;+ ,+ = / /+ // :/( +,+/( ,<9:;+/ +:+/ < /6:< /,:=< // ++/. D/= :+/ +,<+</ = < 1"4% ,< +::@<+ /<9 /+</( +</ ;=:+ : +/,<
2%
M::( M. 1"8% O +6 V<+ <+: +,</ :
32
;<+<+:. D< :;:+ ;<+<+: /< :/</ :+ /:+( :+/ H+/ ;==+/ ;,:+=+/ ,< H/
33
CONCLUSIÓN DEL CAPITULO
L+ O+6 V<+<+: / => <;< W:+ +=+ ,++ : ++( / +<+ + 7 : +:;< <;,=+ ;< / ,<,+ +,+=+= <+<+: = +=< < // // +9:=+=/( +/,+ + 7 =/9+ ,< / ;/;< // /=+=/ <+<+:/( =+/ :+</( ++: :+/ <,<=+=/ 7 : <> :+/ /</ =++/ :+/ ,6 ++: = :+ O+6 <// A=+ +: /=+ ,++ 7 </6 7 ;/ : <+ D/+<::+ +,+ +< + ;+ ;/ +=+=+ = / ;/;< <;< / ,+,: : ;=< :+9<+: ,++ ,<= :<+ + ;+< /+/>+6 ,/<+: 7 == 9>< /<+: < <;+<. E@/
34
L+ :6 <+<+: / =:++=< ,</< = ,:++< ;,:+=< :+ =+ <;< ,</< <:< ,< :< 7( :+/ :</ =/</ + = / /;, <;< ,+/+; / :< <=+ ? 7 :+ @,+ ;++ /: ::+ </< //++: <;,< ;<<. L+/ ></ =: <+=<( +:7+ 7 /+ : H/ =: +:;<( < /< :+/ = +: 7 + +=+/( /+:+ =<< = +=( : ;+< = ;=< 7 +;9+ <+ : +;9< + ,= // ,/<( :+ <+6 <+<+: / ,</< =+< : 7 / + <<;/< + ,+,: = <+=< 7 + +: +:;< / ,/<+: <;+ = =/6. A:+</ 7 ,= @,:+ :+ >+:+ = +:/;< :+ :6 <+<+: /< 1. I>:+ = ,<>/</ <:+ = :+ >+;:+. 3. I>:+ = :+</ ,/<:6<;+6 /<9 :+ +:=+= :+9<+: :
><;+ +,=?+ ><;+< 7 ,<; ,</<
<<;< /+
35
P++ ,<;< +,=?+ = :+ +<<;+ /,</+9: :+ <<,+6 /<:=++ P++ =+ <+6 ,/<,=+6+ /<9 <=< +: + /+: = +=+ :<. L+ <+6 <+<+: +<;,++ / ,+ =: ,</< =+<( <<,+ < H: ><;+ ,+ = / /+ // :/( +,+/( ,<9:;+/ +:+/ < /6:< /,:=< // ++/.
3%
CAPITULO II TEORÍAS DE LA ELECCIÓN VOCACIONAL 2.1
CLASIFICACIÓN
2.2
TEORÍAS NO PSICOLÓGICAS 2.2.1 TEORÍA ACCIDENTAL 2.2.2 TEORÍA ECONÓMICA 2.2.3 TEORÍA CULTURAL SOCIOLÓGICA
2.3
TEORÍAS PSICOLÓGICAS 2.3.1 TEORÍAS $ASADAS EN LAS DECISIONES 2.3.2 TEORÍA TIPOLÓGICA 2.3.3 ESTRATEGIAS CL%SICAS DE LA ORIENTACIÓN VOCACIONAL
2.!
TEORÍAS GENERALES 2.!.1 CONCEPCIÓN INTERDISCIPLINARIA 2.!.2 INTERPRETACIÓN EVOLUTIVA GENERAL CONCLUSIÓN DEL CAPITULO
3$
TEORÍAS DE LA ELECCIÓN VOCACIONAL 2.1 CLASIFICACIÓN .
E@/ =>/ <+/ = :+ :6 <+<+: 7 + /=< ><;:+=+/ < : ,<,6/< = @,:+ 6;< :+ = ;++ +;,:+ + :+/ <+/ )< O.C/ 1"$4 2$ C+=< 1.1 T<+/ = :+ E:6 V<+<+:
F *<::+=( )< I.( 1""0 L+ E:6 V<+<+: T<+ = :+/ C++/( MH@< T::+/.
L+/ <+/ <=+/ : /7;+ +<( ,<,<<+ : +=+;+ ,<,< ,++
2$
<;,=
7
:+
:6
<+<+:
C/( )< O.( 1"$4 P/<:<+ V<+ <+L B
/
<
=
:
:;
38
>=+;+:/ = :+ <+6 <+<+:. A=;/( ,++ </+ <+/ ++ = 6;< / 7H :/<+:/ 6;< /:<+ /+ =>/ <,+</( <> /,+:=< @,:+ + :+ <+6 <+<+: <;< +;,< =/,:+< = :+ P/<:<+ :+ P=+<+.
2.2 TEORÍAS NO PSICOLÓGICAS
L+/ <+/ < ,/<:6+/ T<+ +=+:( <6;+ /<<:6+( ><;+ : ,< 6< 7 +9 :6;+</28 L+</ +/+:/ < ><+ :+ =;+=+ L+/
2.2.1 LA TEORÍA ACCIDENTAL
L+ T<+ A=+: ;,?+ < : ==< @+;+ :+</ +/+:/ 7 >: :+ /:6 = + <,+6 :+ @,:+6 , + 6;< / 7 : ==< /6 / <,+6. KC6;< +<+ / :< 7H /( :+6 + :+ /,/+( Q> ;+; ,< +=( > + +/+:=+=Q. L< ><<( :+ +/+:=+= >: :+ :6 <+<+: > /+9:=+ :
28
E/U:( M:. 1""4 S/ A/,+< / P<>/<+:/. B.A. A+ G++-V++( P. 43 M+=/( . F.. 1"$2 T<+/ = :+ ;<+6( /=< <; ,++< = :+/ <+/ ;<=+/ = :+ ;<+6. + 2 . E=6. B
3"
2.2.2 LA TEORÍA ECONÓMICA
E@,:+ :+/ =/,++/ <,+</( < + </=+6 = :+ =/96 = :=+;+ :+ =;+=+ : ;+=< = +9+<. L+< =;+ = :6 <+<+: : ==<. S ;9+< *. F. C:+ 1"31 =>6 =+</ +=;/ = :+/ ++9:/ = <>+ =;+=+
30
< > + :+ ><;+6 =: ==< ++ = :+/ <,+</ D+ :+ =;+=+ :+/ =>+/ /+:++:/ '=/= H/+ 6,+' =;+=+ :+ :6 <,+<+:( ,< :< 7 L. G. T<;+/ 1"5% 32 /,< :+/ =;+/ = :+ :6 <+<+: /
30
O,. C. 8". E/==
40
++9:/ /
2.2.3 TEORÍA CULTURAL SOCIOLÓGICA
L+ :+ :+ /<=+= :+ 7 : ==< =;+ / :6 <+<+:( / : /,/< 9/< = H/+ <+ =/= :+ ;+ = /<6:<:=< ;/ < ;:+/ :+ :+ :6 <+<+: =: ==< +=/.
2.3 TEORÍAS PSICOLÓGICAS
E :+ +=<:/+( : ==< :+9<+ :+>+ : <,< = / ;/;< 7 / ><;6 =+ :+ >++ <;?+ + += / <,< = / ;/;< H;+/ +:</ = +9+<.
33
M+=/. . F.( 1"$2 T <+/ = :+ ;<+6( /=< <;,+ +< = :+/ <+/ ;<=+/ = :+ ;<+6. + 2 . E=6. B
41
P< / ,+ T=;+ 1"%1 0 *++ 1"%3( ==< : /< = :+/ /+</ = G?9 S,( 6 // /= ,<=+6 S< :+/ =/;+</ :+6 :+ +6 /< +;9H :6 =: =/+<::< = :+ ++ 7 </ / : =: / ;/;< /< :+6 < :+ :6( : /< : ++ <9+6 +6 = :+ <=+( / +,:+ +: +:// = :
34
E/==
A,:+</. MH@< P
42
2.3.1 TEORÍAS $ASADAS EN LAS DECISIONES
:?+ ;<=:++; : / 6<;+6 7 ++ = ::+: 6 /+<+ 7 7 ><;+6 +=<+: E: <;,< ;/ ;,<+ =: ,</< / :+ /++ :?+=+ ,++ </=+ : ,/ H,<+/ = :+ =+ :+9<+: =: ==<. A :< 7 :+ +;+ = ,
3$
H:
/
+
;/
:;+=+(
+:;(
+
+H/
M+=/( . ¥., 1"$2 T <+/ = :+ M<+6( /=< <;,++< = :+/ <+/ ;<=+/ = : + ;<+6. + 2 - E=6 . B
=:
43
,</< = :;+/ //+;
:+/ +:++/ ><+: :+/ /+/(
:
==< ::+ + :+ :6 = / ++.
2.3.2 TEORÍA TIPOLÓGICA
*<::+= 1"%% <= : <,< = =/+<::< / <+ ;=+ :+ 9<+>+ =: ==<( :+ +: => <;< + ,++ ,+:+ = =+. E/+9: 7 :+ ;=+ 7 :+ ,/<+:=+= =: ==< / +/ +: +;9( / =/+<::< / </=+ ;/ 6 ;<;+ ><+: :+ ,<,+ +,+=+= ,++ >+/ < : ;=< = + ;++ +=+. 3" L+ <+ = L. *<::+= 1"5" / ><+ <;< + /+ = ,/<+: L</<+:/ ;/ :+=+6 L+ /+9:=+=( ,< : <+<( ,<= = +;9/ <;,+9:/ 7 >=+ <,:+/ = >+;<.
3"
*<::+=( )< L( 1""0 L+ E:6 V<+< +: T<+ = :+/ C+ +/. MH@< T::+/.
44
2.3.3 ESTRATEGIAS CL%SICAS DE LA ORIENTACIÓN VOCACIONAL
E :+/ /++/ :/+/ = :+ <+6 <+<+: >+ E: </< V<+<+: L+ O+6 V<+<+: : ,<+;+ <+=< / << / = + =+ +=+ =/= + ,/,+ +:?+=<+ ,<+=< 7 : <+=< ,:+>7 +;,:< << = +=+=/ 7 <;,:;=<+ : //;+ <;< +:. A: /,< /;;/6 <+ +: =/+<::+=< :<;+6 >+: : = / =+ + / = ,+</ = +=+=/ /,>+/. L+ <+ = A R< 1"5$ </=+ +:+; >: /<9 := 7 +: @,/+ + ,/<+ / ,>+ <+<+:( += H;/<+:/( / =+ = :+ ,/<+ 7 /. A: /+ + ,<>/6 ++ = ,< ,+ : <,< 7 = / ;/;+( /+9:H=/6 ,
40
C/. )< O.( 1"$4 P/<:<+ V<+<+:( B
45
L+ <+ = D( V. T=;+ R. D. 0 *++ <,+:?+ : =/+<::< <+<+: <;< ,</< = ;<=:+6 = :+ ==+= <+<+: + +H/ = :+ =>+6 :+ +6 = :+ ,/<+:=+= >6 = 6;< ==< / >+ +: ,<9:;+ :+9<+: :+ =+. D + 7 /+ :+ ,/<+:=+= <+: :+ 7 / =/+<::+ :+/ +=:+ / +<;<=+ + :+ ,<>/6.
2.3.! TEORÍA PSICODIN%MICA
D+/ <+/ ,<,< 7 : >+< ;/ />+< :+ :6 <+<+: 5 + ++9: ;<+<+: < = ,</<. A:+=+( = ;++ 7 ,=+ =/ : +<+ : >< +: /9+6 ;=++ = // /=+=/ + > = :<+ // <9
2.3." TEORÍAS $ASADAS EN LA SATISFACCIÓN DE NECESIDADES
E/+/ <+/ <<+ +6 ,;++ + : + <,+6 + <+.43
41
E/==/<+:/( B.A. A+ G+-V++( P. 43. 42 E/U::. M:( 1""4 S/ A /, +</ P<> /< +:/ . B.A. A+ G++-V++. P . 10% 121. 43 L=
4%
R< 1"5$ ,+;:+( +/+ // ><;+6 = /=+=/. L+ ;++ <;< : ==< +,= + /+/>+ // /=+=/( =;+ :/ = // +,+=+=/ /,>+/( // +=/ / =/+<::+. M+/:< <;=+( /=+= + /=< /+/>+/. L+/ /=+=/ = <= /,< /< :+/ 7 =/;,+ ,+,: />+< :+ ;<+6 = :+ <=+ <+<+:. E ,+:+ :+ /=+= = +<-+:?+/ :+ 7 ,+ / = ;,<++ +,+:.
2.3.& TEORÍAS $ASADAS EN EL CONCEPTO DE SÍ MISMO
E: / ;/;< : +7::;<;+=< ,< / +/,< =/< = :+ /+ = :+ ,/<+:=+= / ><+;<. A:: :+ :6 <+<+: ,<7( <;< S,< 1"51 @,/< QL+ :6 = + <,+6 / < = :=
44
S+9 1"54( G.*.M+= 1"34( S;<=/ 1"51( S, 1"51 E/=
4$
/+ <;,+9: < : <,< 7 = / 7 : ,;+ <+:< +: =+: =/;,+ : <: 7 =/. P< << :+=<( T=;+ = 7 : =/+<::< = / ;/;< : =/+<::< <+<+: ++ / +>+ ;+; + ;==+ 7 : ==< + > + :
2.3.' TEORÍAS EVOLUTIVAS
L+/ <+/ <:+/ = :+ :6 ,<,< 7 :+/ =/</ ;,:+=+/ :+ /:6 = + <,+6( / <;+ =>/ ;<;++ ;+ :<;:+ 7 : ==< / ,</< = ,9+ < = =/+<::< = + ,++ = H/ :+ +: < ,</+ = :+/ /<:</ >++/++( ;<;:< 10 ,<,:+ / <+ :+ <6 =: ><7 = +/+</( +,:+6 = :+ <+ = :+ :6 9+< : <,< = / ;/;<( ,+6 = :+ :6 <;< >6;< <:< / +/<+6 < : ;<;< = <+6 <+<+:. A=;/( ,< H>+// :+ :6 <+<+: <;< ,</< / 7 : H;< =/+<::< /+ :?+=< ;/ <;< :6 ,<7 =>+ :+ :6. Y
*<::+=( )< I.. 1""0 L+ E:6 V<+<+: T<+ = :+/ C++/. MH@< T::+/( P. 5$-%1 Y =;( P. %"
48
P< :;<( T=;+ / << 6< = / ><7. E: ,+6( 2. +6. L+ =>+6 / > + :+/ =/;+</ :
2.! TEORÍAS GENERALES
M+</ ,= +>+ + :+ :6 <+<+: ,< :< 7( / + ><;:+=< =>/ <+/ +:/ 7 / ><+ + =;+ = 7 ;<=< H/+</ ++ ,++ >: :+/ ,>+/ ==+:/ ,< :+/ <,+</ = 7H ;++ <+ < :+ /:6 = <,+</ = :
2.!.1 CONCEPCIÓN INTERDISCIPLINARIA
B:+ <
45
</< ;+< = >+ <,+: 7 < +
<+ 7 / 9+/+ ,, ;<=>+</ <+?+</. E/ ,</< ,+ = :+ +6 = <
Y =;. P. $$ 45 R<=?. M. L.. 1""1 O+6 E=++ ( B+:<+. E/,++ E=</ CEAC
4"
A;9+/ ,<9+9:=+=/( :+/ 7 : ==< =< = :+;:+ : //;+ =+<+:( +=< =/+/ ,++/ ,+/ = +6 7 + << </ / ,/<+:=+=.
2.!.2 INTERPRETACIÓN EVOLUTIVA GENERAL
E/ ,< 6< =/++ :+ ++:?+ <:+ = :+ <;+ = =/6 :+<+=+ < : +9+< ;,:+ : ;+< = >+ <:< = :+/ +,+/ = :+ =+ ,++ =/9 :+/ =/+/ >+// :+ /:6 = + <,+6 ,++ /,>+ :+</ :+:/( /<+:/ +/: : ,</< = /:6. D/= :+ ? +/+ :/<+: <;+: / =>=< <;< + / = ++/ 7 : ==< ;,: < H@< : ;<;< +=+=< = / =/+<::<. E : /=< 7 : /,/< 9/< = H/+ <+ /+9: 7 : =/+<::< ,<>/<+: / +/,< /,+: = =/+<::< +: 7 :+</ 7 +>+ +: ,;< +;9+ ++ ;+; : ;/;< +=< 7 :+ <=+ <+<+: +;9+ ++ < ::/<+: / ,</< =;< 7 <+( >: / ;<=>+=< ,< : =/+<::< ;<<+:( : :+: : /<+:.
4%
M::. M++. 1"8% O+ 6 V<+<+: A,</ :
50
CONCLUSIÓN DEL CAPITULO
L+/ <+/ < ,/<:6+/ T<+ +=+:( <6;+ /<<:6+( ><;+ : ,< 6< 7 +9 :6;+</ L+</ +/+:/ < ><+ :+ =;+=+ L+/ /< 7 :+ :6 <+<+: < / ,<9:;+ < /<:6 + /<:+ ,/,+( /< ,</< : 7 / /+ :+ /9=+= =: <+=< H/ /+ =+:H+; : +;9 7 : <=+. P< :< 7( :+/ =>/ <+/ ,= /,<= 7 :+ :6 <+<+: + >+ + /< 7 / ,+ /<9 / ;/;< / :+ :+ /<=+=( +/,< : 7 / ?+ =>/ ;9+ :+ =;+=+ :+/ =>+/ /+:++:/ '=/= H/+ 6,+' =;+=+ :+ :6 <,+<+:( ,< :< 7 L. G. T<;+/ 1"5% /,< :+/ =;+/ = :+ :6 <+<+: / ++9:/ /
51
CAPITULO III LA ADOLESCENCIA 3.1
CONCEPTO DE LA ADOLESCENCIA
3.2
DESARROLLO E IDENTIDAD
3.3
IDENTIDAD VOCACIONAL TOMA DE DECISIONES
3.!
DIVERSIDAD DE LAS CONDICIONES PERSONALES DE LOS ALUMNOS( NECESIDADES E INTERESES
3."
CONCIENCIA DE LOS LÍMITES
3.&
PERSONALIDAD
3.'
PROECTO DE VIDA
3.)
ORIENTACIÓN VOCACIONAL E INSTITUCIÓN
3.).1 O$*ETIVOS ESTRATÉGICOS DEL PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN 3.).1.1 SU$PROGRAMA DE EDUCACIÓN MEDIA SUPERIOR+ PRO$LEMAS RETOS DEL $AC,ILLERATO 3.).2 O$*ETIVOS GENERALES DEL PLAN DE DESARROLLO EDUCATIVO EN EL ESTADO DE NUEVO LEON 3.).2.1 O$*ETIVO DE LA EDUCACIÓN MEDIA SUPERIOR 3.9
UNA ORIENTACIÓN ENFOCADA EN EL DESARROLLO ,UMANO CONCLUSIÓN DEL CAPÍTULO
52
CAPITULO III LA ADOLESCENCIA
S /+9: 7 :+ <+6 <+<+: ;,:+ ,</< <;< +: </ + / = +,+/. C+=< :+ ,/<+ /+ : : 9+::+< @,;+ + = /+/ +,+/ <+9:; :+=+ + ;<;< = / ,<,+ =+ :+ +=<:/+ 4$. E: ,<=< = +=<:/+ / >:=< ,< =/+/ /++/ 7 7 < :+ </6 = / ==+=. A: <;,= :+ </6 = :+ ==+= ,/<+: <;< ,</< ,;+ <:< + :< :+< = :+ =+ +;9H : << = ,</:=+ ,< >+</ 7 ;,++ : /( ,< :< 7( /+9: <9++ /=+=/ = <<;< :+ // //. L<7 ;+/+ /< + 9+/ +=+=+ ,++ //+ :+ <+6 7 =9 <;,<;/< +=;/ = :+ ><;+6 :+ ><;+6.
4$
48
A=<:/+ ,<=< = :+ =+ ;++ : <;?< = :+ ,9+= :+ =+= +=:+ + + :: >+ :+:( ,/ + :+</ =6
53
3.1 CONCEPTO DE ADOLESCENCIA
L+ +=<:/+ = ;++ +: / ,= = <;< : ,<=< = +/6 :+ >++ :+ =( / ;9+<( : +=<:/ / >:=< ,< /++/ 9<:6+/( ,/<:6+/ /<+:/ 7 = +=< + :<;+</ /<+:/ :+:/ + ==< ,<>=+; :+ =;+ >+;:+ /< , :+ =+ = +=+ +=<:/ / ,<,+ 9/7=+ = ==+= 7 = 7 < :+ =+ + <;+ ;<=:< =: @<( =+: 7 >: / +=<;+ + ;++ = / Q+Q Q=>Q = <=< :< <<=<. E/+ +,+ < << = ,</<;+</ : +=<:/( / /;+; <;,:< +/ :+6 < <
4"
*+ M</( L( 1"5$ L+ O +6 E =+ + V<+<+: :+ S =+ E/+ ?+. MH@< S.E.P. P. $5.
54
3.2 DESARROLLO E IDENTIDAD
D +=< + :+/ =></ = =>/ /=/<( ,/<+:( /<+:( << ;<<+:( @,;+ :+ ,/<+. 50 L +: +<<,<( :+ +</;+( : <<: ;<<+: <<+;<( /< / : =/+<::< >/<. E :+/ =>/ +,+/ = :+ @/+ = :+ ,/<+ <::+ +;9<;+ 7 :+/ ,/<+/ / :+<+ < :6 <;< <9< +>+ :+/ <</ = F= ++ =: =/+<::< = :+ ,/<+:=+=. P++ E/< : =/+<::< ;+< <// ,+/+ = :+ < ==+= =: < + :+ ==+= =: ;/;<( +: </=+ + :+ ;+ = :+/ ++/+/ =: ,</< <;< + =/,6 = <>:
50
B+6( R. B( D. ! +<7 <,+:( E/,++ N+ E=<+: I+;++( S.A. + C=+( E7( 1"81 P/<:<+ A,:+=+( " . E=6. B+:<+ E/,++ *=. 52 E/<( E( 2000 E: :< +: <;,:+=<( E/,++( P+=
55
H+;( < <9/+ :+ :+. E: ;=< /<+: >< />+< :+ +,+6 :+ ++:?+ = :+ // = +=+ +,+ >: : H@< < : +: : < : +=<:/ ,= =<;+:+/. D H/+ ;++ E/< =/++ 7 : <,< = =/+<::< ,= / ;< ==< / / + ><;+ = +=<( : +: :+>+ :+ +6 :+ <:+6 ::+/ = :+ ,/<+:=+=. E: ,+/ K7H /< C</ < = :<<;+6 = :+ ,/<+:=+= +=7=< :+ @,+ = //. L+;:+( : + +;9:< : ==<. A: >+:<+:+ =:+?+ 9/+ + [+ =/<>+?+ 9/+ +=+ />++; /<9 :+ ;+=. 2. E+,+ M/:+ A+: E : ,; +< : + ?+ ==+( =++ 7 +9++ = : + :+ :,+( =+;:+ :+.
53
E/<( E( 2000 E: :< +: <;,:+=< ( M+==( P+=
5%
C+=< 3.1 E+,+/ = =/+<::< =: *<;9( E/< S/<+:
I C<>+?+ V/.
O+:
D/<>+?+
M/:+
II
A+:
A<<;+ V/. V?+ ==+
L<<;<<
III
+:
I++ V/. C:,+
P9+=
IV
I=/+
1
V/. I><=+= A=<:/+
I==+= V/. C<>/6 =: <:
A=:?
VT
)< A=:?.
VII
I;=+= V/. A/:+;< G+=+= Vs. E/++;<
M+=?
VIII
I=+= V/ D//<. D//,+6
F E/<( E( 2000 E: :< +: <;,:+=<( M+==( P+=
4. E+,+ P9+= D : + ><=+=( =/+ : =/+<::< = :+ ==+= > + <>/6 = <: :+6 < :/+ + :+ ;=+= +/:+;<. $. E+,+ = A=:< D : + /++;< / =( + + + +6 7 :+ /<=+=.
5$
8. E+,+ = M+=? A ,+ = :/+ :+ =+= =: < > + =//,+6. D :< +<( / =/,= :< />+< 7 ,= / ,++ +:;< +=<:/ : < 7 +< :+ :+6 =<- +:;<( <;< : ,<,< +;9 /<:+( / : </= <;< + ,/<+ 7 @,;+ // = ==+= 7 7 +,<< =+ /+ +/6 = +,+/. A,<<( :+ </6 = / ,<,< +<<<;<( +/ <;< +;9H :+ ,+ = :< +>< ,/<+:. !+ 7 /+ =+= / ++/+ <;+</ <,<+:/( :+ ,H==+ =: <: :+ ==+= = < +/ <;<( :+ ,H==+ = :+ :+6 >+: < :
3.3 IDENTIDAD VOCACIONAL TOMA DE DECISIONES
L+ <+6 <+<+: / +:?+ < ;+< >+ + /:=+= < >:=+= >+/. L+ ==+= <+<+: / ,+ </+ >=+;+: = :+ ==+= +:. É/+ / :+ +?6 ,< :+ 7( :+ :6 /:+ =>:. E ><( : 7 =9 == /<9 :+ ++ /( +=<:/ 7 ++/+ ,< ;<;< = +:+ //9:=+= 7 / ++=< = => +=+ ;
58
/>+ ;++/ +,+=+; ;,:=< < ,+,: /<+: <,+<+:. A: ;/;< ;,<( :+ :6 / + = +=< < : <<;< = :+/ <=</ <,<=+=/ =++/ :+9<+:/ 7 </ :+/ +:++/ :+/ +:/ / ,<= :+ =/6.54 L+ <+6 <+<+: / + = :+/ ,:+/ ,<>=+; +++=+/ :/ >+</ ;,++/ : /( ,/+ ;++ =: ==<. C< 9+/ <=< :< +<; @,/< +6 ;H+ :+ +/++ = O+6 V<+<+: KA+/< / +,<+ :+/ 9<=+=/ = :+ +:+6 ,++ +=+ +: +:;< =< =: =/+<::< = / ,</< <+<+:.
54
B( )<; S;<( 1"$8 E: P</< M +: : A,= ?+..
5"
3.! DIVERSIDAD DE LAS CONDICIONES PERSONALES DE LOS ALUMNOS( NECESIDADES E INTERESES
L+/ ;++=+/ :< 9<:6<( :< ,/<:6< :< /<+:( 7 + << <;< :+/ =/+/ ;++/ ++=H;+/ / :+<+ < :+/ <,+</. S+9 = :++ = :+ =+ <+:( +,= + = :+ // /=+=/ ++ // // + +H/ = ;H<=+/. A: += :+/ /=+=/ // ;/ :+/ = :+; =<( :< 7 :/ ,= =9 +,<+ :+/ ==+:/ = :/ /:+=
55
B( )<; S;<( 1"$8 E: P</< M +: : A,= ? +
%0
C+=< 3.2 E/: + + ,+6 ++:+ :<9+: = +;,< ,/,< =<= + /
R>:@=+= ;,:/=+= 7 +9++ + ::@
/++/ ++:+/ / + :+ /+9:=+= 7 / :+ =/,<9:=+= =: /< ,++ +=; @,+/ 7 => = :+/ 7 + + < <<+. 4. C<<: /< <<: >:@9: 7 7 + :+ //9:=+= 7 ;+< < ;< +=< @,;+ : /< > + :+ >+ =<;+ 7 /< :+/>+ << = <9 + :+ ;+< < ;< +,+=+= =: /< ,++ <;,<9+ // <7 <,+:( E/,++ N+ E=<+: I+;++( S.A. L+ <;9+6 = :+/ ==+:/ 7 =;+ :+ :6 =: +:;<( +/ <;< =;+ : <>< + :+ // = :6.
5%
R. B( D. ! +<7 < ,+ : . E/,++ N+ E=<+ : +;++( S.A. P. 4%.
%1
3." CONCIENCIA DE LOS LÍMITES
< = :/+</ />++/. T+;9H( / >=+;+: <;+ + 7 :+ :6 <+<+: / + ,+ =;+=+ ,< : +?+;< = + /<+ ,/<+:. E :+ 7( : +=<:/ + =< + +=+= +:7+ = /+</ ++:/. P< ::<( +=;/ = 7 :+ /+ <9+ =: ,< / ,;/+ :+ =+ = +?+ ,<< = =+ +;9H( :;+. P= +9 :;+/ ;+++/ 7 ,= </ <9/:
3.& PERSONALIDAD
E: < +=<:/( <;< +:7 <+ ,/<+( / + +:=+= ==+: :+ 7 < :+</ >/<( /<+: :+: /+=< +/ // +:=+=/ =>+:/ 7 : ,; +<+ < : +;9 = + ;++ ;/ 6 ;+/ ==+:/ / > + :;+?+ :+ +</;+ +=;/ = +,=/ +9:=+=/ 7 :<;+ <;, +:+ +6.
%2
L+ :6 <+<+: / >:< = :+ ,/<+:=+= =: /< ::< ,= ,< +: =/9< :/< <>:< = ,/<+:=+= < :< 7 :+ O+6 V<+<+: =9 +;,:+ / /=< < :;+/ + :+ +:+6 =: : :+:. C+=< 3.3 T<+/ = :+ P/<+:=+= O+6 V<+<+: 5$ A<
C<,< 6< +:
C<:+9<+=</
D;+ 7 : =/+<::< <+<+: / ,</< <<
1"5$(1"%3
+:; /9: ,++ :< 7 </=+ 7 : ==< : <,+</ :+/ 7 =/;,+ ,+,: < < / <,< = / ;/;<.
T=;+ O*++
E/+ <+ /,+:=+ // +,<+</ <,
1"%1( 1"%2(1"%3
E/<( S, R<. E/+9: : =/+<::< ,<>/<+: <;< + //6 = +,+/ <:+/ :+ ==+= = + ,/<+.
A+ R< C<:+9<+=</
E/+9: 7 : ==< / <=< +=< <+?+=< cuya
1"5%(1"%4(1"%%
clasificación debe fundarse en sus ;+/ < necesidades. L+
<96 ;/ :+ / :+ :+/>+6 ,
E@,:+ <=+/ :+/ +>+</ 7 ,= <> +9+<
1"%0( Szabo y otros
relación a una serie = dimensiones que comienzan en las
I/+=</ = M+
></ ,/<:6+/ >+:/.
Holland y colaboradores
E/+ <+ /+9: 7 la ,/<+( el ;<;< = elegir /
1"5"(1"%%
,<>/6( / : ,<=< = / + = su +;9. D/9 :<;:+ // :+// ,,+:/ = +;9 = <+</ ,/<+:/ +:/+( : :+:( : /<+:( : <<+:( : ;,==< : +/<.
A/( :+ ,/<+:=+= / /=< ,<>=< : ,</< = O+6 V<+<+: +,<+=< ;+</ ;</ <9</ ,++ : <+=< 7 ,<= 5$
+
C=+( E7( 1"81 P/<:<+ A,:+= +( " . E=6. B+:<+ E/,++ *=.
%3
:+>+ <9/:
3.' PROECTO DE VIDA
P:++ +</ < ;+/ + << :+< ,:+?< + ,+ =: 9+::+< +/+ :+ <:/6 = + ++ ,<>/<+: 7 /,</+9:=+= =: +=<:/ < < += +=< < 7 7 + 9 9=< =< + + >< ><; ;+ +6 6 9+ 9+/+ /+=+ =+ :+ + + 6 6 = >+ >+ < </ / ,/<+:/ +;9+:/. L+ >+< </ / , ,/< /<+: +:// =9 +,< +,<+ +/ / < / /, ,< < + >< ><;+ ;+6 6 +9:=+=/ +9: =+=/ = =+( +9:=+=/ +9:=+=/ /<+:/( <; <;+6 +6 +> +>+( +( =+ =+6 6 ;<+:( :+>+6 = +:</( =+6 ,++ :+ ,+?( =+6 ,++ : </;<( =/+<::< =: +< <,<( :+ +</ +</;+ ;+ :+ +<<>+?+( =/+<::< = <;,+/( +< //< =/+<::< =: /=< =: ;<. L+</ +;9+:/ ;,:+ :+ ><;+6 = <= /<+:( =+<( <6;<( +<,<:6<( 9<:6< + :+:( /6<( <>< ,<:<. 58 D/= + +,+6 ,/<+:( </= </=< < 7 / =9 :<+ + O+6 V<+<+: ><;++ ><;++ < <+6 ,++ : =/+<::<. D9 / =;+ ++:?+=+ < <6 = /,< + :+ :9+= ;++( ,/ ,<< = =+ <::+ : <;,<;/<.
58
C+?( M<7( 1""" M<+< M<+ < E/<: E/ <: + + ,++ :+ O O + + 6 6 V< + + < <+: +:(( MH@ MH@ < < T T ::::+/ +/..
%4
A=;/( ,++ : =<-<+=<( /+ : ,/< / <96 < ,= 6 :+ /+/ /+ />+ >+ 6 6 = + +9 9 < <:+ :+9<+ 9<+=< =< < < / /,< ,</ /+9 +9::= =+= += < <;, ;,+ +=+ =+ + >+ >+< < = :+ <,<=+= = =+ + :+ 7 =< : <+=<.
3.) ORIENTA ORIENTACIÓN CIÓN VOCACIONA VOCACIONAL L E INSTITUCIÓN
L+ /6 <> + / = :/ 7 <;+ />+=< :+/ ,/<+/ 7 :+ +( :+/ :+</( :+ =;+ /+ ,+: =/= =<= ,; /<: ,<9:;+/. L+ /6 >:+ :+/ =+/( +/+ ;++: < :+ <+6 <+<+: /<+:.
3.).1 O$*ETIVOS ESTRA ESTRATÉGICOS TÉGICOS DEL PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN
L<; + :+/ /++/ =: P:+ N+<+: = D/+<::< /< :+/ :+/ 7 = :+ <+6 <+<+: :+/ /</ ,9:+/ = /+?+ ;=+ /,<. D+/ :+/ , , = = >+ >+ :+/ + +< </ / + ++ + + /6 /6 = :+ :+< < ,:+ ,:+?< ?< = :+ = =+ +6 6 / ;,+< : + ,<=+.
5"
+
G;:: G; ::(( A/<+ <> /<+:(:( 3 . E=6( M+== R+?6 FH.
%5
C+=< 3.4 E/++/ =: P:+ N+<+: = D/+<::< 2000 2000 \ \ 200% 1. A+?+ ++ :+ 7=+= =+6 2. P<,<<+ + =+6 = +:=+= +:=+= +=+=+ + :+/ /=+=/ = <==+:/;< =+<( :+ /6 /<+: :+ ,+,+6
social la =+6
F P<+;+ N+<+: = E=+6 2000 - 200% S. E. P.
3.).1.1 SU$PROGRAMA DE EDUCACIÓN MEDIA SUPERIOR( PRO$LEMAS RETOS DEL $AC,ILLERATO
E: /9,<+;+ = =+6 ;=+ /,< /+9: 7 :<;+6 ,/+ <>+9: 2. D9 ,<,+ :+ >:@6 ,/<+: ( +=< / 7+( :+ =//6( +;9 /,<; <7 ,]]UUU./,.<9.;@]U92 E><7 ,]]UUU./,.<9 .;@]U92]/,]/ ]/,]/ ,^508 ^ ,^508 ^< + +< <^ ^ = + +
%%
+ = :+/ ,<9:;+/ 7 / ,/+ :+ <9+ < 7=+= / :+ 9++ >+ ;+: :< +:( +:+/ = // +/+/( /<9/+: :+ => <+6 <+<+: = ::+= ,++ ++:?+/ <,<+; +/ <;< :+ ,6 = :<+: ::@9:?+ :<;+6 :+/ +9:=+=/ =/?+/ 7=+/ ,++ <,<+/ +: ;=< :+9<+: < ,++ <+ // /=+</ 7 ;/ +>+ :+ +:=+= / :+ ,<9:;+ =: :< ,/ / / + =/>+/+=< :+6 < :+/ =;+=+/ /=+=/ = :<;+6. E: < / ><;+ : :< = :+ =+6 ;=+ /,< :<+ 7 :+ ;</ <=</ :+< 7 +>+ + :+ +:=+= <=+/ :+/ /</ ,9:+/ = : 9+::+<( / 7 < / + <+=< < ,<+;+ = ><;+6 =< 7 =+ : ;<+;< =: << =: //;+ ,9:< = =+6 ;=+ /,<.
%$
E: < / =/+ <,+ ,<+;+ = ><;+6 = ,<>/</ 7 ,;+ ++:?+ // <<; < ::+ : /< = :+:+ = <<=+6 +>+( <+/ :+ :+ =>+6 = :+/ <,<=+=/ =++/ +<=/ < // //. E: < / /+9: ;+/;<+;< =: S/;+ E=+< N+<+: / <<.
3.).2 O$*ETIVOS GENERALES DEL PLAN DE DESARROLLO EDUCATIVO EN EL ESTADO DE NUEVO LEON
D ;++ :<9+:( : +9+< 7 / +:?+ ;++ =++ : /+=< = N< L<< / =/+<::+ < 9+/ :
%8
C+=< 3.% O9=+:?+< =++. 2. F<+: :+ ,:++6 =++ <;< + +:<;+6 /,+6 =: ,/<+: =< 7 / =/;,+ :/ :/ /+ :+ <>+ =++ <=+/+ =/+=+ + :+ ,/+6 = :/ /+ = :+ =+6 ;=+ /,< /,< + :+/ /=+=/ ,<+:=+=/ =: =/+<::< = +=+ + = :+/ </ = :+ =+=. 8. A:+ :+/ +</ 7 / ::+ + +9< :+ =+6 ,++ :<;+6 <,+6 :+9<+:. ". I;,:/+ : =/+<::< = :+ + :+ <:<+ : /+=<. 10. F<;+ :+ +=+= :+ +,+=+= = :+ /+6 >+( <:6+( /<+: ;+/+. F ,]]UUU.<:<.<9.;@]<9 < ]=+ =/]=+=.+/,==+= I=_1%` A: <;,++ : + ><;+6 =<.
S ;9+<( ;+/ 7 : P:+ N+<+: = D/+<::< 2001-200% PND ,/+ =+6/< = :
%"
E/++: / ><+ =;+/+=< + :+ +/+6 = /=+;+: ,< < < ,<7 / :+< - :< /+9: : PND - 7 :+ <+6 <+<+: < <,+ :+ ,:+=< +: : = ++ +<+: +;9< / ,+ = :+/ ++/ 7 ;,++ : S/;+ E=+< = MH@<.
3.).2.1 O$*ETIVO DE LA DGETA DE EDUCACIÓN MEDIA SUPERIOR SUPERIOR
E: C9+ 250 = E=+6 M=+ S,< <;< <9< <9 +: =/+<::< /<+:( >< + +H/ = :+ ,:++6( <<=+6 +:+6 = :+/ /</ = E=+6 M=+ S,< < +6<;+ =: E/+=< ><;+6 ,++ : +9+<( +/ <;< :+ ,<;<6 = +==+;+:/ :+ = =>= +,<+ + :+ C<;/6 E/++: ,++ :+ P:++6 = :+ E=+6 M=+ S,< +/ ;+ / :
<9
++</ /<9 :+ =+6 ;=+ /,< : /+=< +,<+=< + :=+:( /++: ;,+:/ ,++ <> : /+=< + =+6 ;=+ /,< = +:=+=.
$0
3.9 ORIENTACIÓN VOCACIONAL ENFOCADA EN EL DESARROLLO ,UMANO
C+ :?+ : ,+,: = :+ <+6 / <;,<;/< < :<;+6 7 :+/ /</ =++/( ><+=+/ + ,<;< : =/+<::< ;+<( / < = ::+ @/+:/+ :+ /6 =: <;9 <;< / +<( :9 </. L=+( = +( = / //;+ = +:</ +/. < = : :
C+ R</ / > + :+/ +=/ 9/+/ =: =< <;< >+:+=< = +,=?+/ />+
D/ C<<( 1"8% I<=6 + :+ P/<:<+( E@,:<+6 A,:+6. MH@< F<=< E=+< I+;+<. R</( C. 1""1. E: ,</< = </ ,/<+. B
$1
=/+<::+ : =< - <+=< 7 ,< </+ <9 = ;++ /,>+ + :+ >6 = :+ <+6 <+<+: = +=+ +:; + :+9:=+= = +:;< 7 / =< = H:( = <+=< 7 / / ;+<( = +:;< 7 / << / ;+< =: :< - :+ <+6 <+<+:7 <::+ <=< ;+<.
%3
E/+ < 6+ =/++ :+ /=+= 7 : +:;< = @,+/( = // : <;+6 < :<;+ ><;+ + :=.
%3
)/:=( A T<;+/( 1"8% L+ P /<+:= += = : M+/ <( B+:<+( MH@< P=
$2
CONCLUSIÓN DEL CAPITULO
E/ ; />+< ,++ +:;< +=<:/ : < 7 +< :+ :+6 =<- +:;<( <;< : ,<,< +;9 /<:+( / : </= <;< + ,/<+ 7 @,;+ // = ==+= 7 7 +,<< =+ /+ +/6. A,<<( :+ </6 = / ,<,+ ==+= +<<<;<( +/ <;< +;9H :+ ,+ = :< +>< ,/<+:. L+ ==+= <+<+: / ,+ </+ >=+;+: = :+ =>+6 : +=<:/. É/+ / :+ +?6 ,< :+ 7( :+ :6 /:+ =>:. E ><( : +=<:/ ++/+ ,< ;<;< = +:+ //9:=+= / ++=< = => +=+ ;<. KC6;< : :< 7 / 7 +=< < / /+9 7H / E</( :+ <+6 <+<+: =9 ><;+ ,+ >=+;+: = <=< +=<. C</=+=< +/,+6 ;H+ :+ +/++ = O+6 V<+<+: KA+/< / +,<+ :+/ 9<=+=/ = :+ +:+6 ,++ +=+ +: +:;< =< =: =/+<::< = / ,</< <+<+:. D/= + +,+6 ,/<+:( </=< 7 / =9 :<+ + O+6 V<+<+: ><;++ ><;++ < <+6 ,++ : =/+<::<. D9 / =;+ ++:?+=+ < <6 = /,< + :+ :9+= ;++( ,/ ,<< = =+ <::+ : <;,<;/<. A=;/( ,++ : =<-<+=<( /+ : ,/< / <96 <
,=
6
:+
/+/>+6
=
+9
<:+9<+=<
<
$3
/,</+9:=+= <;,+=+ + >+< = :+ <,<=+= = =+ + :+ 7 =< : <+=<. A/( :+ +:>+6 / ;,<+ : <@<. D /+ ><;+( +: <;,++ : + ><;+6 =<. S ;9+<( ;+/ 7 : P:+ N+<+: = D/+<::< 2001-200% PND ,/+ =+6/< = :<+ =;+/+=< + :+ +/+6 = /=+;+: ,< < < ,<7 / :+< - :< /+9: : PND - 7 :+ <+6 <+<+: < <,+ :+ ,:+=< +: : = ++ +<+: +;9< / ,+ = :+/ ++/ 7 ;,++ S/;+ E=+< = MH@<. P< ::<( : + :?+ : ,+,: = :+ <+6 / <;,<;/< < :<;+6 7 :+/ /</ =++/( ><+=+/ + ,<;< : =/+<::< ;+<( / < = :<;+ ><;+ + :=.
