i\IE:\-.\T-.\R:\lS SERIES
275
THE TAIPING REBELLION 1851-66 "':""""1-
I \:\ ilL \'1'11
\11<'11 \EL PERR\
EDITOR: LEE JOHNSON
...,.., ""'"
'IE"-.\T--\R'IS SERIES
275
THE TAIPING REBELLION 1851-66 Text by IAN HEATH
Colour plates by MICHAEL PERRY
fi,,, publisbOO ill G..... Bri.... ill 1SJi'l b,· O>p"
<.!1 Fubom Road.. loodon SW3&B II<>! Al>:u-L M
0:<.,."[",,,
C Copyriglo: 19901_ lo".... tiO
AI rifbl' resmIlIed .. lOly iorm or by my """""Ill ebim<.ol, ....m:riclll opic.ol. ~ r~ or or"""""... nbo.. the poor p."m,..."" of the OOJIYl'llbt ""'D«. Ecqnn........ 10 be ~ Ie the I'lIbh.......
... """"a1 .,_
""""'. """"
NOle on 'plitd Pd:llI8-. oorll"'1jing: Ilung li"u_ch'uan_ 00111""8Xi",!",,": Kwan""," 001 GuangxI: and!J() OIL
"1''''''
Publ!>her', "Olc R.od". may wi'" to .. ooy ,bi> ,itl. in cnojlUlC'i"" ,,'i'" fnlloYt,~ Osp") public"ion"
,b.
'I'l
n" 1J«£" /(,MI~
MAA 198
n,. Brio',h ""'01)' Of!
MAA
iS56-1&S1 MAA"~
@/",n ,....mo)
C
E"""',,.-
4 Asia
ISBN I &l.lJ.l -'"16 X
!hr._"",.
""I>t', nott
FilinspooIs lid PrtIJIed 1<1... lid. H
R;.""'-....
'0 """'
nur can' th" the lian ..fuch ,he roIoo, pial... '" thi, book ..,n pre"""", ..., a,,,":>Illc lOr >aIe_ All "'I"odoc""" ooplnfill '0'11:>.."""" " "'......'" by tlo.' p
pn''''''
3 Qunm Close
AllettOOrnuFi> N""U1gh:lm NG9613U
The publi,hcrs "'gn~ ,h,. they "'"' c",,,..pnndcncc "POD thi, m"n."
foe a ~'" of.. boob publi
n. ~I" ~,"n~ .",n.~". Coo,n,,,,,
1l<1>,"men'. Ltd• .' Hebe"n 1100... ~I Fnlb,m R...d. Loodoll SW] 61'18 C",lo~o.
o.p ... ~.
Pobl"b'n~
.>tt'"
"lto no
THE TAIPING REBELLION 1851-66
THE TAIPING REBELLION 1851-66 1lle T.ip;ng Rebellion was only In. first, albeit (he rro:o;l daog"""", of. spale of insurre<:tion, .gain>! !hi: ailino; goyernmenl of China in In. mid [9Ib "."tury. Bel",,,,," 1850 and 1877 tbe Moslems in (lie ~ ond oonb·wesl of thoe COWlI/)', In. Triads and Ire il!>original Mioou in Ibe sooth, .lId It>. Nicn and Ire Taipings in the eaS! aJllM up arms .gain>! their H"IlCkI oycrlonk in a ..,ies of ......"Its th.t nearly brrughI: the eh'iog dynasty to an end. The < impolence of her ami· ~ army. Howey."., the ineffkieocy "rIlle eh'ing I'P'~ hod prepared In. ....;ry, lhroogh a comb;· mticrt of O'"en.xalion, corruplion. official discrimi_ rulim against minorily groups .rod In. adminim._ I","" failo... to m.tch China', mass;", populati"n ""fh;"'" (lfom 125 millioo in I B610 432 million by 18:52) wilh. proportionate iDcrea.. in amble land. The Taiping movemem began "lbe Pai Shang. Ii Hu; (11Y:: Socie1y of God_Worsllippers). foondod in K",,,,l'Si pro,'illCe in 1&16 by l1ung Hsiu_ch·uan. A
sickly ioo;,,'idual of'l"'Sl;Onable sanity. Hung had become subje<:110 ,'isiollS which. ha"ing read a small amoonl of ChriSlian literature. he chose 10 interpret as demonsllating lhal he ",as Jesus ChriSl's 'Divine Younger Broll..r'. with God', mandau: 10 !'OHm China. HosliUties between I"" God_Worsh;ppers aOO local mil;l;a units broke oot in October 1850, when lhe forlll<1' I""" sides with lhe relatiYCly newly. a.m'ed Hak~ people of Kwanglung and Kwangsi pro,';nces (Hung was him",lfa l1akka) in a laOO_war w;lh the Pen_Ii populalion. £arly SlocceSS<.'S ;n thi, local war. combined with an nnsucoessfullmperialist attempllo des1roy the God.Worshippers· camp at Chin-fien,.., a <:enl'" of local hoOOiny. led 10 l1uog', prodamJlion in January 1851 of llis T'~i_p'j~g T'o'RnKilO or Heawnly Kingdom of Greal Peace. Wilh himself as ric.. Wang (HeJycnly King). His principal lieutenanls we... iostalled in December as lhe T,mg Wang (£aSlern King). Si Wnng (Weslem King). Pei Wang (Northern King). Nail Wang (Southern King) and I W~ng (Assistant King). The ensuing chil war's first phase. laSling until March 1853. saw the ImperialiSl armies depeOOing OIl the walls of their fonifiod dlies lOr safely from
,
theT.iping fon:es, who remained highly mobile .nd thereby "'!ained the in;lialiye. They iIandooing Iheir oonq""sts and fOO"ing on. (No an.mpt "-as tn:ldor lO ocnpy captured lerritory I"'nnanrmly unl11 mucb lal.... ) Despile some se\_ backs _ the Nan Wang and Si Wang were I>olb kilk-.,j du.ing 1851 - the T.iping alYllY had grown fiom some JO.lXXl lO I"',h.ps h.lf. mHlioo by the lime il .rri""d at Lake Tung_1"ing on the Yangtze. There the Taipings captured. mass;"-e Iml"'riaUSl fIoIiUa. and ....ilb tlUs they .....re able to iI
•
i )
• • • •
}/: "• •
•
"
Slml.gk erro•. The consen",s is lllal if the T.ipings had m.rched ag.inst I'<-king .t once. lhe eh'ing dyn.sty would .Imost cell.inJy haw be<:n "''''_ thro.... n. InSlead. only. sm.lll comingem _ I"'lhaps 10.(0) men _ "as sent 00 lO....ards lhe c.pit.1 in I>by. E...n Ihis succeeded in coming wilhin tllret- miles of TienlSin. refore inadequale supply-lines. lhe .. '~.... cold of the oonbern wimer .nd the w.m of ca,"oUy (Taiping armies in'-ari.bly consiSling .Imo.. entirely of fOOl soldiers) obliged it 10 taU back. in FeblUary 1854. The failure 10 send suflicient forces 10 the nonh resulted from Ihe Taipings' IIoI.'ed to dofe,'" tl"cir conquoSlS. in panicula. lhei. "",,"' capi1a1. This '"'' .n onerous burden ..... hich cun.iled lheir earlier mobiJiIy. Thereafte. their field armies had to be rec.lled lO N.nking "I"'.tedly 10 flUStrate .neffiplS at encirclemem moumed frem 1\0.-0 Iml"'.i.lisl headqu.rters Ihal had been est.blished 'IOnh and south of the y~z<: lale in 1&53. usually "f•• red lO .s dr NOllhern o. Kiangpei. and Soulhern or Kiangn:ll1 Imperial BJrrncks. The Impe.ialist blockades """ broken in 1&56, 1858. 1859.•nd twicc in 1860 (die Northern camp was o'''e."," in Septembe. 1&58. nl the Southern in 1856.nd ag.in. d.-..cis;"-ely. in 1860~ HO\\-'"ye•. lhe T.ipings' f.ilure 10 break. ",rewed blockade in 1861 was to .esult in Nanking's ",'COOI:I.l faU. ~l 1M meamime the ide.lism and diseipline of the Taiping mOyeme"l'S early days n>ded in internal strife. Recognised fiom the oolse1 as mililJry ern>mande._in-cbi.f. {he Tw,g Wang or EaSle." King. Yang Hsiu_ch·i"g. steadily stre-n~thened his l'O'itioo by c1.iming "isions ak;" lO lhose of Hung Hsiuch'u.n. EYemually. in the summer of 1856. it bocanle .pparem th.l preparations br lhe lrnnsfe. of p:1M.T in lhe capllal were afOOl. bUI Y.ng·s riyal. Ih" Pa Wang or Nonhern King. mowd f"'t. surp.ising n:l killing Yang and 20.(0) of hi, s"ppoMers in • bto.Jy !\\-o-w""k I"'.ge. Alarmed allhi•. H,,"~ recaUed ~ kinsm.n. lh,,1 Wang Shih T._k'.i. to the capital. Iu lhe Pel Wang J11acked Shih's family. furdog him 10 fIe,e br IUs life. It was no! umil Noyembe. 1M Hung's O\\-'n troops were .ble 10 reg.in control in '" capital. defe.ting and killing Ih" Pel Wang .fter 11'0 day. of streel_fighting. Sbib T._k'.i SWsequenlly Cniltll in ,'''' "'J_/9'. ce111"ry
•
re!IIIlled as heod of go'-em""'nI, bUI he was unable 10 !'l" along "'lh Hung and e"..nlUally Slmek olll on his ,.", inlo the Weslem prm-inces in 1857, laking as nmy as !()-'XI,O)) Taiping sold",,., wilh him. After ca"lXlignin2; wilh nrying success in eight prm'inces, OCC3:lionaUy in .Ui.~ Wilh regular Taiping Army units, he ,,:IS e"entually Caplured .nd exocut"Osl orlbe key go"","m.n_ t:ll posilions. At lbe same lime, mililary ope",'io,," moslly Mellii,,, dl.lrnerer, .fter 11>< re_ 1eoIle:s:s ebb .nd lbw in Ihe fonulleS of oolh sides ""'" lhe preceding years, when somt cilies had dn,.".:lll.lnds up to eighllimes. T.iping fonunes oowe"cr, wilh lhe promOlion in 18570fll'-u talenled milil'ry comm.nders _ Li Hsiu_ch'eng, who in 1859 was m.de Chung Wang (Faithful or Loy.1 King~ and Ch'en Yu_ch'eng,"oo recame ling Wang (lk'lOic King) _ wllom s""cessi", famines p",,-ided willi a seem~ inexhalli1ible supply of soldiers. They opernt"< fuel
...,..,-..d • ",,,,"w.
C<>n'em,-my Chi",,, prim <>/ Taipi.gs deslr"}'"g a BuJdhm "",pie.
lha' Brilain and Fral",e were lhemsel",s a1 w.r wilh Ihe Chinese Empire, be perhaps eXpe<:led 10 be welcomed wilh open arms by lhe small AngloFreoch garrison. 110we"..., Ihe T.ipings' repulalion ftT perpelmling massacres wbere"... ll>ey weill h.d aroused lhe rea,., ofille We51ern eommunity, and lhe Ch""g Wa"g's lroops were dri"en off when II>ey approaehed the suburbs, lea"ing T.iping hopes of peaceful dialogue and lrade Wilh lbe Wesl shallered. In 1861 lhe lide .g.in IlImed in r:.,oor of Ihe Imperialisls, wilh lhe recaplllre of An!;jng. This clte<:1i',,1y ru1 lbe HeaHnly K.ingdom in II'-'o.nd sel lhe Slage b" a complele reco",ty of Anbwei pro,,_ inc<". The maslermind of Ch'ing opernlions was Tseng Kuo-f!n, a member of 11>< gemry who, des_ pairing allhe inadequacies oflhe Manchu.nd Chi_ nese regulars, had begun 10 organise his own army, lbe f/siang
,
tool; Anking in Seplcmber. A """"'" Ta;ping thrust towards Shanghai in January 1862 was repulsed bylM combined effons of Imperialists .nd Anglo-French lroops. coupled with a proloogcd foil ofSllOW. To guarantee the safety of tM f.,...igo communily lhere.fter. Ihe British .nd French amoor;lies leh obliged 10 oppose the Ta;p;ng, wilhln • .lO-mile radius of lhe dly. Toough their 0\0011 regular lroops consequemly 1001< the l\ei.i on numerous "",,"sions during 1862. OOlh countries were reluctanl 10 becon", too direclly ItlYol",d In the coofticl. and favoured SI",nglhenlng lhe Imperial;sts by pro'liding them wilh mUitary instruclors .nd ""'estern .rms. The Brilish. Iherefore. openly sup· poned • WCSlem-om""red mereenary fo"",. Fred· Mid Ward's her-ViClorioos Army. or EYA (wl>o:se exislence they had p",viously opposed) and ;n 1863 they .,."n proYided 1I w;lh • new comm.nd<-r. Charles Gordon. The EVA fought moody wilhln the .lO-nUle zone roond SlI:I.nghai .nd. while II ",., ren.lnly oot aM'a>~ as SlIC<:CSsfui as ;lS IlJme might i~ly. ;IS psnidp.tion prm"Cd decisi", In IllOS1 op· ernl;ons in which ;t ",., in"ol",d SeH,"1 ,im;lJr contingents """' org.nised as. consequellCe. Scan;' ~Tw.h.. y ..... 1n Chin. bv a BfOliJ. R..... idoni (186()j,
•
W;lh the help oflile E\A the Imperi.l;slS were obi<- to driyc bac~ the Chung Wnng's foroes graduaUy. Soochow -considered by 1M Ta;pingslo be ph"t'lal to the defence of besieged N.nking. was rel.ken in December 186J. Ch.""hufu in M.y 1864 aOO Hangcoow. In ncighbouring Che~iJ.ng proYlnce. In March. This left Nanking efl'ccliYely isolJloo >nl with its much·reduced garrison woak from sum.,... tion. 1I leU ,,'hen a nUnc bre.ched its walls in July. By this lime Hung Hsiu·ch'uan was already dead. hO'-· ing .pp.rently comm;l1ed suicide three weel;s e.dier. bm his eldest son escaped.•Iong with the Chung Wm,g. 801h were subsequently coplured and ,"m· marilyexccUled. There were S1iU numerous Ta;ping .rmies seal· tered round the coonlry. The principal of thc.st. holding Hoochow in Che~iJ.ng. was driycn out in AuguSl 1864 and deSlrO}"Cd the following ,pring as it relreatoo soUlhwards. In October 1864 some 10IUXXl Taiping, lII>dcrthe Shih Wang seized Chang. cllO'" in Fukien pro"ince and remained III large umU f~ 10 surrender ltle following summer. The !.lot organised Ta;ping remnants were destroyed at Chia· yillj; In Kiangsi;n Febru.ry 1866. Though numerous Taipings remained at lJrge among the Nien rebels SlUi active Ilorlh of tile Yangtzr. the Taipillg Rebel· 1;00 ",., oyer.
S101i.tics reblmg to tlUs COIlflicl .re tlllreHabl., bul ,here i, 00 qUi.'Stion tllJl tbe Taiping Rebellion "as war on lhe large't ",ale the world Iud yCl =. A 100ai of abool 10 million lroop. had tun in",IY.d, and as lllJJly as 600 eities IIJd <1IJnged lund, ti"", and timo apin during 15 y.... of conflict. The populJ!ions ofsome dimim we.. reduc"" by 40-80 per cenl, and "''''' by coosc"'aliY'" "'timJ!'" 10-30 million pc
MILITARY ORGANISATION In the fCJfllli>I mHilary organisation lhey had adojlled by mid 1&50. ba'ied on Chou and Ming amoceden", lhe Taipings de,oonstrated sophiSlication in COlli· jl.lffioo with OIher rebels. Su"'iYing copies of tbeir oil.:w military m.n""l. the T"ai-p 'ing Chan-mao lell us that lheore1ically a Taiping eMin or anny corps COOl"ised 13.156 "",n diYided imo f"" r.gimems (shih) of 1.:!(Xl "",n, plus oflk:ers. Each shih "as dhided in turn imo Ih" oonaliOllS {ieu) of:!(Xl men :nl each oollalion into f,n companies (IS") of 100, plus offtcer.'l. Each company comprised flw pla'OOllS (liang) of 15 "",n and a sergeam, and a plaloon "as ,rode up of four squads (Wit) of four pri'"l''' and a corporal An anny ,herefore oominally rompri'ied 10.0:0 prinl"" (ll'''-ISIt), 1,S(x) <>raIs (wlt-.ehang), ~ sergealllS (liang-sslt-ma). 125 company com_ mander. (t.m-.ehang), 25 ballaHon commanders (ieush,mi). fly", regimenlal commanders (shih.shuaij and a commanding g.neral (eh,m.sh'~li). In reaHry. how_ """. unit. were ollen """,rely under· strength. and ~y a shih comprised ju,t 100 men, or ,orne· liIrcs only a lew doren. E,,,,ry famity was eKf"'Ct.d to supply one sokl;"10 the T.ipmg Army. A' tbe number of Taiping adherems or conquered subject' grew, roew anny corps w.re e'lablisbcd, wilh a new squad in'liluted i:r each additional liw families, a new plalOOn kJr
eoch 26, and so on. Onre 13.156 new families and thus new soldiers becam" "'allaN<, ,he new corps had its CMn conunand", appoim.d and was spill from it' parenl COIp'. This elJslicity meam lhal it was possible for roew annies 10 be crealed COOllinuously. Atlhe heighl of T.iping po"'"r there w"re I~ armies (nine of tbem clas,.,.j as sh"i.)'ing or 'w.t'" regi. m.ms', "''''ing on the inland wat.",...y,) as "ell as "igh' ,imilarly organised bu' oon·combatam corps ba'ied in Nankifl2;, composed of mine1'S, aniflcers and ani..ns, which
,
~
X~
.lffli'aryjacK£
a 1Allt
~..,
1~
rience, e;tl>....,. as 'bona fide T.ipings· wilb six or more years' .."ire, 'ad,oowledged bre1bren' wilb Ihree 10 six years' ... or, mosl nun..""" of .11. 'lie'" levies'. In 'Clion. IlIe... Ihre<: 'brigades' were funher divided. Ihe 'be>! and bra,-.. t' s.,,'-;og ... muskC1e<:rs and ""-ally. lh. nexi bmyCS! as ji~II.""," and tlJlrerdiers .•00 lhe leaS! experienced os spearmen. who f ~ the from mrlks, Many Taiping soldiers ...,,,,d less lllan emh",;· .,tically. Captured Im"",i.li'l' frequendy joined up simply 10 .void exe<:U1ion and were, predkwbly. unreliable in In. Held. while aficr 1&54 lher. are ineir male relolives in tbe fleld. ",rule tbe men them""",,,. lallooed Wilh the no"", of ll>e T.ip;n8 dynasly on their cheeks. were clooely guarded by tlle .nny', regulars. 10 1860 L.urence Olipllanl recoro..""e Taipin"" who .l1ackod NinWO in 1861 ''':re "'Ulagers pressed inlo lheir se"'ice', as "ere 95 per cent of lhose captured at Kajol>' in 1862. This app,U\'ol shonage of reli.ble manpower was gradually rompensale
•
.
.l!;j
,l
"i"".
a
~
M·
""'pom ,from ,h~ T.i· p'inf Chun_m".
l\ lhem as young.s six or seyen. H"'ing Dttn indoctri_ nateten lakeo by foo:e in conquerc"d 1errilories. Adopted and reared by anny personnel. especially officers, they were 'imbued wilh ferocity of disposition and callCJll5roeSS of feeling, 10 execute the behests of Ihclr maSle,,'. Seyeml WOSlem 00..." ..", ooted Ihem being giYC'11 'pri,,;_ leges beyood lheir years' in exchange kT their fidel_ ity, and """" were "''''' commissioDed as officers. Though T.iping regulations staled Ihal children "ere nOllO engage in acliye ntilitary dUlles, iI soon became conlm<>n practke j;x those ompl<>yed by off"""" to accompany lhem into b.llie to reload lheir f"""""" .lId by 1861 children were Ioeing fielded ill ",-or_iocreasing nllffibcrs. Undk--y, wOO cOllSidered Ihat boys agod hetween 12 and 15 COllstilUled 'the br.m'51 soldiers .1Id mosl daring spirils in the """'s oflhe Taiping soldiory', reckonod lllat in the spring of 1861 • l:lrgo pall of the Taipinjl Anny coos iSleere lhere is ooe growo_up man there .re two or Ihree boys of liom 12 to 18 years of age'. adding th.t he 'ney"r saw. rcb<-I sold;"'" who could be called old'. An account oflhe fighling at ChJpu in Seplembcr 1861 Sl.tes Ihat 60 per cenl of the 5,lXXl T.ipin"" in\'OI\-«I were 'lillie boy,', while the enlire rearguard ora force lh.l sallied oil! from Nanking in February 1862 consiS1ed ofboys agod bctween seyen and 15. Wome" .iso "","Cd in the field, moS1ly ill """oial
""'*
n.:h t i d,,*"'Il: u..IKhr$ and COIlSINCI'O/! nnl".'DIb. bul duno/! lboe nrly Rebotlion penod d"Y blpll 0Il1boe batldtr II Nani:~ Iu lhtfIo. 10 .."odmcc ()( fWWolW aIIcr 1&51.
....., lItvo.
"'=
C.n'n.... d urue'ur.
Thce.I,"-d1UJi rommallltirl!llJl army corps had mJy admJni5lr.ll,,'" and 113mlng '""I""'5'bil~;"': in ....m 1he Clll'JlS wu CnlI."t. The Cllor). • chi€ntl€n (llCIlior _reIIry) or one of tilt 72 chih-hui (oonU11:U1dcrs)or IOOchlallg.o:-h"n (eoorll!C""""ls). In addnlOlL befon: IlI56 and "&:...ll alief 18S8 lho:~ "''m: WIUDf 00Ir0TI3rIders caIlod dw-cIIiallg. dcocribcd as h:n "'ll 'iClIeI3I <:ontroI mn ""'.uy .ff.,.... , ODe oflhrm (lM T,.,g H'aIIg 1l!5I,5&. lhe I'II1g "'aIIg l~ lIld ,1M: Claog liang l86l-61) - . l as "'..... oommandcl...-.dKfor rlrot• ..$.JI. Tk~ ....... ''UDI'i dc'gItt$ of not/lilly lIld .... -...cl lIJIdc$ of l!ftICAl fU":lwnly, 1»"""0'. ?\aslm)" lIld ·Holy'). Iu W 0Illy 11110 10 ........ ...... TI'p"'ll ~ uuly alf"ned "'31 lhal of """"II' or 'tll'lll' 1tu1l311y w~"'_ only IU or ....."ftI ofthne (Ihe rin H'aIIg bJm3dfand hIS pr111C1paJ
r.,,,,
UIOCII~).
001 Ihc Ill"
suboNp.IcQlly U:5Cd 115 I ...,.. and '"5 • flIncry 10
......3Al IOl" monl
..... hcnI.ppo,nlcd.
~Ian)· U~·,,,~ "'~
made "1Io'lp SImply 1O.mol lnC.unUIII llle pro-IIKlOOft of othen...11I10 COIIIpetml coeutlOIIIdors - . . o!ft .....trloo/r;cd. The Oumg W""g. ..110 ..... tumsclf ooly .rpoinIed b tear !hal ho m'ghl 0Ih0.....-.... defoct, stOlcd lhal lb.. probfel3hon. """",,iaUy amonS$! flung·s ....11 family and ,be de5jl'sN roun offiCIals. "'''' • pnr>cipal cou.. of disaff«:"on .nlOngs! T.iping orTkcrs towards tbe C'nd of ,be Rehollion, r"wlling in a ""desp~ad l:>ct of 00_ oporal;OOl at rommand 1e>'C1. Lindley ob5cn'Cd lilac by the 180605 ""ungs h.>d '''Oll~ conlrol' o-a- the troop. lII>Ikr lhe" corn. mand, cIcO"""ng Ihc""""'..... ,..,.,"«abIe OIlly Co 11M: l-b'nJy K'1lI h"moclf or 10 tho CIlder·1IHiI1Cf ...m thoR' "''1$ one.. Ccn.amJy InOlI "" lllo6< openl. IIIi' III .....1).." _ "''CIC xtlna: all bul ,ndcpcad. .lyoflllC CIflIl
I"".
JI'-'" &oo-•. ~ .. c__ byJoM n..--r. 116'J-~!
•
his personal uoops.oo Slopped us liool calling lhem Ollf own'. lndependem action lht ..by bec.me lheor· e1icalty a lreasooab'" otrence. Wesl
1""'"
1>k.... 0I1] Jam..,,}' 1861. Nol< ,(,. ,",,,,,,,,/Shape of
,!te" hats.
.
Uoo"y. In. beS!·koown of lhe foreigners "00 foughl for In. T.iping cause. recorded Ihal some even became ofliccrs in lhe regular Taiping Anny. including. Corsican .00 • Sardinian .nny officer named Moreno. wOO anained Ihe rnnI:s of colooel Ifro••h,,,,i) and major ""P""tiwly in one of the Chl/ng Wang's cOIps. An American. Henry Burge",ine. who or In. end of 1862 had briefly commanded 1M EYer· Viclorious AJmy. was ",-en made. '",ng. Burge'-ine. •00 Lindl..y .lIer him. boIh att..mpled 10 es1ablish foreign-offioered T.iping uruts or tn. Chunlt Wang's he.dquarters or Soochow· lhe 'A"..rico.Taiping Legion' .nd the 'Loyal and Failh· ful AUAmary Legion' re:spe<:li",ety. These units were ""uipped with Western firearms and artillery in intit.lion of the E\A bill tbey mel wllh linle suxess owing lO tn. reluct.""" of local comm.nders to supply lhem Wilh """",gh men or suflkiem firearms (lhe l.OCO men Burge'·ine had drilled by October 1863. for insrance. had only 250 muskets be!w'""n In.m). Each also SlO'" an ..med >:learner lOr lhe T.iplngs (the Kajmv .lId lhe EVA's Firefly fe'pee· liycly). tl>oogh bolh we.. lOS! wililin • i:\<-' months. Burge"i",,'s K,lj"w beino; blown up in aclion Ihrough lhe clumsiness of ils drunken crew.
THE IMPERIALISTS Chi",,', milil'ry esl.blislunem • passive, parochial, "...Jk and 011 OUtdated· "'..., In. product oflh. coonlly'••-m;Utal)' cullUre. It comprised boIh WaM irregul>r troops, (he f""",",," con,i,ling oflhe Eighl BJJUl.... Ipo·ch',}.lId lhe Army of 1M Green SiJ.nd:ud III..yingj, aDd lhc I.ller oflhe milili. (I\"IM. lien;, 'Bra",.' (ping) and. lale•. 'Bra'-. Ballalion.' (yllng-Jing). The in:ldeqU3Cy oflhe regular elemems ":IS confirmed early in lhe Rebellioo. and by (he lime the Taiping. we... fimlly crushed il was J,mg-ying b= ",nidi bore Inc bn"'l oflne figlUing.
.00>"
'.gu_
The Eight Banners
comprised Ihre. kusai or di\-isions • Ol>e .ach of MJnchus. Mongols and Chinese. bUi IlK- Eighl Ban· ners ";IS essemially a Manchu army. siDee MallchU'S oUlnumbered It><: Mongols and Chinese by some lhree 10 one. Indeed. in the l!lIh cemury allli"ing Manchus were oominally enrolled in lh. Banners. as "ere descewhms of lOOse Mongol and Chinese BanneffiWn "no had panicipoled in lhe MallChu CO"'llleSl of Olina. By lhe l!lIh cemu/)' Ihis lK-redilary sokliefy. loough pro"iding 10"" mlmbers. 00 longer conslilUled an ell.....1 i'" mililary foroe. Whereas Bannermen had originally been c.:walry. wilh all al· lowance suflkiem 10 maintain belweell tluu and six 00""" many 001" had 110 oorse al all. They receiYed minimal p"yand often had 10 wort ill chilialljohs lOr lheir helil.",,_1. mUSl.ring only occasooaUy fer pic_ luresque charades that masqueraded as drill. Their Slrenglh appears 10 h.:"", been aboul a quaM .. of. million lm"n. of wllOm some 50 or 60 per cent were slationed Wilhill lhe province of Chihli, eilher ill or near Peki"." and WlOlher 20 per cent in lhe principal walled lowns of Olher province•. The
Th. origin oflhe Eight Ba"ne.. daled to I60J. "hen Nurhoehu. fOOr.dtf of 11K- Manchuri,n Ch';ng dy_ m;l;)" organised his troops imo tour un;l' under bannolS coloured respecth"eiy yellow, while. red and bU,. In 1615 ll>ese units were eoch Sjllil in 1'0>"0. whence the £ighl Banners. The flags of the four new ,\filila,,, manda,in ''«ili.g a gua,J_po'" PIr.orag,aph by w1its had coloured borders. Each Batlre' ""IUJlly .hJr. 'T1ronu"",
•
•
.
--
•
! t
"
... m.iDder w.... distribm.d in Manchuri. .lId only 150, alld in reolily ofIe'll comprised 110 moo: TurkeSl.n. Banner g.rrisons omside Peking con_ Iban 40 or so. Lower ranking company offICe'" were sistM of: In. Chi-fu ChI< Fang, lhe galTisons ofllle 25 the fang.y" or caplain, llle hsiao-dl'1 hslao or lieUlen· cilics ne.rest 10 Peking, tOia/ling some 4O,lXXl men, .nl.•nd he Ung_ls'ul or corporals. Pri,-.tes were lnoSily infanl!)"; the LJng.<:h 'In Ch" Fa/Ig or galTisons generally called ma-chia, teclmically 0 term indic.tof tile Imperi.1 Mausolea. comprising IZ() men: ing armoured canlrymen. lhougb In.re were 01,., .00 lhe Ko.,Mng Chll Fang, In. 25 provincial garri. ).wg_)l1 ping. supernumeraries aw.iting appoimment sons, three of wllich we... marine est.bJishmems. 10 the ranks oflbe ma-<:hia as ncancies occurred. The largest g.rrisons consisted of 4.5,lXXl Banner· This official slmclure had linle relennee 10 !he men, tn. sm.lleSi of a lew' hundred. ""Y Bannermen were dimibuted in lhe field, sc.l_ Tileorelic.lly each kltsai comprised. fU-I'""g lered in garrisons of\'arying sizes. Those of 3,lXXl or (Iieutenant.g'lleral) conullanding lh" banalioll'S (or more Ban"""""n were usll:llly commanded by • 1""0 in a Mongol kustJi) calledjllian or chn-ia. each of gelleml bearing tile lille chiang-chtln (rendered in I.~ men. Each oon.lion w,", comm:lllded by • English SOW'CeS as 'Tanar General'), who in all Is 'an-ling (colollel).nd ,'..... organised inlo com- milita!)" maners ooHanked th. \'ireroy of wbkl>e\..... panies. caliM niru in M.nchu or ISo-ling in Chinese. province he "'as posled 10. Sm.ller garrisons of .lIOut fum company "'as comm.nded by a major (.Iso LOCO B:mnermen came under a depuly li""l.na01_ caOed a Is<>-Ung). The Is<>-Ung Il>erefore oominally gelleml ifu fU-I'llng), .nd tbose Ihal "'"re smaller SlilJ comprised -"00 men. but was so often under>lrenglh were led by. commandant (ch 'c"g_shQu}1tj. Ibal in 1851 ~ was genernJly considered 10 number Th Pcki"e IIH".crmtn
Ii,,,
The nucleus of In. Balmer .III1Y "'" lbe six divisioos based in the capilat. comprising Ihe Imperial BOO;-. guard (Ch'in-chtin )'Ing), lhe Vanguard Di,·ision (Ch'icn_feng ying). llIe f1.nk Division (H,,-chpw yi"g). the Light o;.'-;sion (Ch'",,,-jui)'ing), lbe Firearms Di\'isioo (H"o-<:hl )'ing) arod tn. Paid Foo:e IH,iao-ch'lying). The Imperi.1 Bodyguard - a "",._ .11)' fOn:e of nearly 3,OCO men -"''as more a ceremonial unil than a fullClional one. The \-anguard or t.eading Division, totalling 1.9D---1,CW infantl)', re ":t'S the Paid fot<:e, regarded by W.Slerners as ~he only corps wllich "'" b"" my d:l.im 10 be considered as .n army'. Made up of 500"' 66,lXXl men, tllis was a predominamly cavall)' fcro: (its Cblnese name ac"",lIy me.ns C,,'3.Iry), of which aboot an eighlh were Mongols .nd the reSl ","Ighly Tmping' (righij in ac'ion against ,'uan_lion milil'a.
Iulf and half Manchus and Chinese. h .lso il>Cluded ....orty 7.lXXl inf,nlry matchlock"",n. 100 sword_and· buckle",..," and 100 .nilleris!,. In addition In lDese princip"1 di,isions ,e"era; Olh;.", units ""'ere based in Peking. The mo:sl impor_ I,nl "a> rhot: PlI-.chun ying or FOOl Force. 100.lIing scrne 15,lXXl Mooch",. 4.500 Mongols and 3.100
f,,,,"
Chine... plus officers. drawn all Eight Banners. Desp;1. ilS name, Ihi. di,-isioll included m'lchJock· armed -tbe HSlm-puying (a mobile security force), bUi 1M majorily were iooeed infamry. responsible fer policing the capit.1 .00 guarding its wall,. OIher units included the Ung.t.sin ying (the Mausole. garrisoo forre).•nd tile 5,SOO-suong Y,,,,n Ming r,,,,n Di,-i,ion wllich prolocled the Summer Patace. There wo, also • p.:u1< of SOOlI: 550 .nillery pieces, tlloogh less Ihan half of tile... were moomed 00 carriages.
,."aIry
,~~~. '_
A funn.r Peking Banner di,'i5ion, establishi."
Ar",~'
of the Gre," Stnlldord
Unlike tile Eigh' B.otlets, tlli, .rmy (in 'ClUJlity 18 individual P'O"inci:ll armies lha' Yalied considerably in size) consis1ed emirely of Cllinese 1r0000s. By tile J9Ih <:emury it had become eqUJlly ineffectiYe, prin_ cipaUy tllrough a lad of regular training, in.OIII!- B.nnermen) 000 tile corruplion of tile YaS! m.jority of il. off"""" In p.nicular, oft",.ts wen: guilly of filching a considerable ponion of lbeir soldiers' pay (. practice kool'TI ... 'squeezing'), 000 of foiling to keep un;ls up 10 sl",nglb in order thol lhey could pocke1lhe pay of abs.-."tees. hldeed, some "nits "ere as much .s lwo--tllirds below lbeir offlci.1 .iu, and by the J&lIs mosl were.l 1=1 40 or 50 I"'r cenl "ndersltenglb, "ith an eS1imaled 20 per cent of the men in many un;ls either too old or too feeble 10 fight When ,""""","'ry. number. were made up by temporarily taking on Yag.boo
"
Green SlaOOJrd lmops comprised shall-ping coloool) but SOIlk-'1imes ooly a major (IIHSUj or cap_ (prrison infamry), pll-ping (infant!)') and mil-ping 13in (sltaa-peij. The )'ing was subdivided inlo right (c",-alry)' In n>OS1 places ~arrison infant!)' oulnum_ and left sltao or palrols, e.d, coolmlnded by. lieu-bered lhe Olr.er 1\0.'0 pul Iogelber, and pl..ping 001_ lellJnl felt 'ien_t.s""gj. The slta"comprised 1\0.'0 or foor numbered ma-ping almosl ",-erywr.ere. T.E Wade. sub-unils (SSU) under ensigns (pa-ISIIngj, organised in squad< (p 'engj of oominJlly len ,nen conunanded by wrilin~ in 1&51. gi"'-'l 10lals kJr lhe Ihree cal"W'ries (excluding "'''' 7,400 offICers) ... some 321 ,900 garri_ an NCO. The licu1enam, ensigns and NCOs were u,...11y son infanlly, 194,800 infanlry and 87.100 ca,..Iry. Of lhese, only 10 per cem III mosl were kepi regularly on commanders of lhe small deuchmenlS assigned to aclive sel'dce. These fogw-es pUI lhe ",,,,-a11 infantry hold OU1f1O'1S <:a1Jre ",lied belween 1:1 and 10:1. In sealxtard p"",inces llIan • dozen ,nen. The widespreod dislribmion of up to a Ihird of lhe men might be 'water soldiers' or unils W'aS a'lOlher faclor in 1M ic unit of Green Slandard oq::anisJlioo unexpec1ed eme-rgency. but il also became '-inuaUy was lhe)'ing or bal1aliol1, of which there were son.. impossible feo- him 10 comrol or uain his men. 0IIe 1200. Banalions we... fonred imo brigades, <:ailed )'ing on Chusan in 1800 is recorded ilS nol il:Iving piaa orchen-piaa, each commanded by a I"mg_ping been collecled for drill for lhe previoos eight years. (coounon1y called. chen-I'aij. or re~i,""ms (hsiehj The o",raU command slmclure of lhe Green commanded by a colonel (ji;-.:hiang;. and lhe number S13ndard wilS buill around a syS1em of 'checks and of banalions within these larp:er unils Yalied. The balances' design.ed 10 pre",nl lhe concel1lralion of ling ilself nominally cons iSle IiXXl. II was cOl11lnlnded by a )'ing.A1l11n or cial commander_in-chief (l'i_lUj and lhe c;..-man 8'7'-_ banalion officer, l1SIlJUy a ls'an-.:hiang (lieulenam. emor. and allhoogh boIh were his seniors, lhey hod
"0 direcl conl",1 of the bulk ofllle p",vince's foro:s "un~ .nd Yune-yine excepl Ihrough offtcerS web '" billl9>lf. I" addition. lhe wmg-ping. I'i·/II .00 W"'emor alike Iud pi"" Raised to compensale /'CO" lhe do.·flciencies of provin. IIDder lheir 0'<1' direct com",1, which 11.,>Ugh sm.1I cial Green Stand.rd unilS, Ibe "olunl""" knm'n as omits were Ileyenheless bigger tha" tOOse of any )"mg or 'Bra""s'. who drilled d.ily .nd receiyed much Olbcr Green Standard comlll:ll>ctioned l'he T'u.n_lien local taxes, they were raised Oil a temporal)' ba'is These "ere "mage militias, con,isting of men armed whelle'"r tile need arose. />loSl )"ng units comprised mainly wi'h SjlC.lf'S, polearms alld boI'~ (.fter 1854 • oniya 1eI" hundred men, lbough some 100alled ""II L'W .Iso had m:lIchlocks) who drill<>:l in their spare oyer LtO:>. Organisalion IOltmed 'imilar lines to 'ime. They were raised purely fCO" lhe prolectioo of that of Grc..n Standud units excepl Ih., ciyilian In.ir 0\<11 collununnies, and were prc"ared to uK.. on oIfrills we... f""l""mly appointed 10 coounaoo Imperi.lUSls as weU as Tnipings when the Ile<'d arose. lhem. The )'Iing-ying or 'Bra,,,, Ba".lions' con'titUled a l1\eir main ",I"" was in k.."ing ""'''Y small bands of marauders or bandits. The n",n·!ien lISlIJlly com· loEicai progression in lhe de\'elopmem of )"ng prised 200-500 men nl moSl, organised in companies forres, becoming coosiderably larger. mo... perm.· of 100 and Stlb,ullilS of 25 and fiYC, Ihoogb ""'''ral nen, and Stlbjeclto mo... rigorous ""lection processes vUIagcs together sometime' mUS1ered a 'large IUiln' .nd • higher 'tandard of training. From tbe C.lrly Ibal coold flekl in excess of UXXl men. Towns had JI. ., An.... """I" ... ,.., """I n", " .."".J" " i. simU", mUitia uni's, called Iholl-ping. =,
,.., pol""..... ,._"... ,..,
"
18:!O< lhe Emperor had commiSlSiooed nu"""roos 7o.COJ men) .00 Tso Tsung_l'.ng', ehu Army pro"iDciJl offo:i:lIs lO 11I1se ,uch unl15. The "",n were (40,OOJ"",n by mid 1864~ The b.,ic unit of .U such .rmies WllS ll1e )'ing of recroiled from the local populalion. •nd ,upple_ "",med by delachmem, drawn from exlSllng lImn_ 500 men and six oft....rs. The ying consiSled of the Ii..... y,mg and G"",n Slalldard unils. One of lhe eh'in-ping or banalion comm.nder's gu.rds (72 men e.rliesl. and lhe moS1 Impon.nl. ,'..,.. lhe !/siang- organised in six pioIOOtl'i or wi of J2 men each, WiUl ehiin. org.nl ..d in Hunan by Tseng Koo_f.n in 1&53. lwo of llle plaloon, "'lulpped Wilh lighl gun,) and h pom-ed so sue<:essful lh.l ,Imil.1r annies were four sh:Sses lhere.f1", "",.nt lhal from 1860, follow_ panies by skao-klmn. Brigades of belw""n two ..Id • Ing lhe Taiplngs' decl';.... ovenhrow oflht Soulhern doren or moreying came under lhe cOlllJll.lJ'0"_ ably from • ~iflC loc.l;ty In order lh.l lhey ,Ilould eroor_general and supreme commander on the Io\>.'er 011 know 0"'" allOlher. To ensu", loy.lly, shao-kum, Yongtze, respon,Ible for 001 only lhe Hunan Army_ were responsible KJr enlisling lhelr O"TI men: ying_ which uhim'lely gn."W 10 owr 1.lO,COJ "",n _ but also bmn ,imil.rly < brisll;.g n,-,h spears '0 coounJnder died IUs men "ere lliually dls.banded, .o;,k"ifieJ !Mole of, 11.- pmrCCf ,h,;, ",wle'_s and If he was lran,ferred lhey were lran,ferred Wilh m •. '" n-h,eh ,he To'p'"lts Qgm..' Impenal", him. laler rec,rnilmem beeaolle less ",I..liyc: size_ f&mCd Q uries of circle. rowllry.
•
numbers of brayes in lhe 18&l< were 'Clually ex· Taip;"gs woo had been c.ptured or wbose leaders Ind defected. W'le,ways aoo paddy.fiel"" made lhe coumry. side in which lhe Rebellioo 1001< plxe largely unsuil· arc leo" ca,,,Iry, ,., y,mg-ying lroop. were predomi. "",11y inf.nlly. The Hunan Army's flrsl ca\'alry unis (org.nised in )'ing of250) were only eSiablislled in 1858. and It>< HUJi Army" in 18M. Ho"'",,,,., ""'.., ying were specifICally inlended lOr n",1lI ser· Yice. They w.... organised in len shan (eacb of one armed jUllk and • gunboat) plus lhe )'ing.Jamn's lorgor ",sse!. Tseng', army before Nanking in Janu· lWY 18&1 inclllded 28 ",ch "'.-erying. while lhe- Huai Anny had al leas! 12 by Augusl 1863. ab\;:
Jails 'concealed bellOalh ,heir flowino; locks', so lhal sbould lhe need arise lhey couk!, by. rapid lon",re, resume lhe guise ofloy.llmperialis!s. In Iheir dress lhey demonSlratc'd a marked pref. erence fco' brighl coloors, u:sually in the form of 100Ied sill.:s and salins; 'heir hwdry harlequin garb' repuledly Slmck 'error into lhose lhat ~ it. Some· limes Kwallgsi and KwanglWlg Yelerans, by comraS!, are recorded dressed emifely in sober black. om· claUy the Manchu cuSlom of bunoning gal1lloents at lhe right .ide "''as .bandoned in fa"our of the Ming
DRESS AND WEAPONS Th
T.lplll~s
TIle Taiping, abandoned lhe charaelerislic Manchu sh:r.'O
i'JU'" I""" 0'..... lhe whole head - lhe Imperialisls reI'Mred 10 Ihem as ch',mg-man-rsei or 1ong.haired bandils' (rendered by Weslern OOse""rs as 'Chang. mow.'). II "''as worn eilhe-r Ic<>sc, lied in a kool on 101' of lhe head or lwisled imo a Ihic~ braid lhal was p1.iled wilh red or yellow .ilk .lId woond roo,1
'mad.
of
..·
S1<<
<""'PU>II# ,I>< h8;,..,., r.. ofT.;,.;,,,,. (I.r,) .,,01
"",,,,ri.,",•.
paf"b
gil', •.."h a..bff broJs and
p<'aFl"'''JX'M
adding ,ha' iI "'''' o.t., ar,.",guOi oxc",j"",',
•
"
from.opeoing, and ouler jacl: • red lUrn.n or I>o-ad-sealf. considered 'lhe diSlinguishiog marl: of a pri'-'l. in lheir army'. Yribw lUrn.nS w.", also worn somdimes (by fmule Taiping soldiers, fCO" inSl.nce.•nd by Ihe S/")II Wallg's bodyguards). as, wry oceasiornlly, " ...... lUrn."" in Olher colours. Lindley considered lhe dress of • lypieal T.iping soldier II<; • red l>ead-scalf, blaoes " ...... usually l.ken 0/1', and Ihe 1..,.,,,,,,, w.... rolled up or lucked inlo lile waiSl· band when in 'CliOfl. In lile summer a " ...w coolieII:ll """ added. Unifonm, compri,ing • coloured lunic wilb a comrasling edge "om "'..". Ih.ir e,"Cl)'wy cloll"", wen: nOi common .mong Ihe T.ipings, alld w.....
apparemly limil.d mainly 10 Yel ....n unils. In lhe early Sl.ge, of tile RebelliOfl mosl were .ill1er Y"'lbw, edged in blue, green, red, bl.:I<;k or wllile. or red edged in yellow, bUl as T.iping numlx-rs inc ...ased Oilier combin'lio", " ...... inlroduced (Ille Chung Wang's men ""'" while uniform, edb",d in o...nge). On lhe br.asl ..Id back were whil. palches (one sou"", sa)S lhey " ...... Y"'11ow) - a +'in. square fCO" prh1lI" and • 5_in. square for corpo... I" according to lhe rai-p'ing Ch,m·mu bUl according 10 piclori.1 sou",..." actuaily aboo11"lke Ihal size. The bearer's 11l.l!l; alld unil " ...... inscribed on lile from I"'lch and 'ooly warrior' on lhe back. Such P'lclle, were also some1inleS "om on lhe 'Yely.'. The mosl SC1Iior "<>re a long, often .okle-I.nglh, gown. a jaekel, and • cape.lik. 1l00d.•11 )"'Ilol>.'. Th. jackel and g.' lhem had only lhe differen.ced hcOO and lhe }'ellol>.' jachl of lheir inunedial. superiors. • nd junior grades had jU'1 lhe j.ackel (somelimes wilh a broad scar1oe1 border). Senior off""", often dressed e'ing singled olll by Ihe enemy. One is recorded as ha"ing SUbslilUled • black lurban b" hi, coo,pieuoo, }'<"11ow' ODe.• nOlher as Iw';ng 'dre,sed in wry common ..101hes when going oUllo figbl'. Eno III. Chung Wangcuslom.rily "<>re only • quilled scark'ljockel and a scarloe11urb.n. Th. "",jorily of Taipings w..... rmed wilb no more lhan an .ighl. 10 IS-ft 'pear .nod a knife or somelimes a s,,<>ni Some subSl;Wled. I'Ole.rm, arod a b' II:ld bow•. Fire.rm, "ere .1 firsl uncommon alld initi.lly comprised m'lcblock, .nod jing.II,. TIle D""'T.gofQ TQ'ping
"""'g Q.d SlQ.dacd_bro,·",
..
Imm lite biltJiltg <>f LiMI..,·~ T;_Ping Tien KwOO: 11< """'" M""" M·hQ/ FOIClt of ,h<
dmg",,_hal, ~o"
I ~J~fDI;" mandarins and ,oMers.!mm ,iI
',Ii",...
jld "pp<'omntY, sho"'s"ndgrs"", lali"",', as wdI os Iiy """""'i!'l> fi,."" 'Orlcs "nil", Itisju'. TiIJ"""'. oPfH!ar IQlom-.
bun Bam"""",,, and 'N'-' ......., ""'" m"n" ofIltr.. (lAw,mu Olip/UJ", sta"d
1M' IN'-' ..,,, 001"01><>.'
10 in ead.<>{I"w, . regim,n" IW' /858).
,,,,,,i.
Ibc English name lOr (b;, t'al.cli'/ang, • ~ of """y. large.calibre "",.hlock wilh • 1xI,_ "" up to len II I"ng lhal was erewed by 1wo lO r"" rrcn and fired fiom • reS! _ usually. lripod or • 1ll.lII's shoulders; lis shol weigbod beN'",," fuur "'"""" and Woo pound<; and iI had • range ofal leas! 1M yank. Wesler" firearms wen: ocquired fiom :>boll 1853. and by tile 1800s "......, fooM in consider_ ,.,.. numbers; some .uthor;ties specifICally .mibute Taip;ng ,u;:cesses in 1&57 .lId 18({1to (heir aequisi. tkol of sizo.bIe numbers of fureign arm,. 10 October 1861 a qu,n .. of llle defenders of Sooe stirrupWele alTlled principally Wilh lances alld fire.l1lI'S, lbe boer • mixlur. of lighl matchlocks, Weslern mus· ke1s, piSIOls and "'''" re"oIYers wr..'1l lhey coukl gel d..m (delighling esprciaUy ill 'huge double·ba.relled piSlois', according 10 Lindley). How.,.",., in lheir mosI celebrnled >Clion. when jusl 100 fOOled 11«' EVA regiment. at Waissoo in I8&!, lhey were armed cny Wilh a .",oo,j in each hand. lJller
w,",
Th~
IIll[l<'rl.llsb
Eyc.}wy Chinese <:IOIhe. were sober in colour mostly blue, whil', brown and grey. Like lhe Taipings, Imperi.lisl sokliers oorm.lly wure dyiUan .nire under lheir uniform jackels, loough somelimes • unil ",.. also proyi<\ed Wllh lrousers .ndlor shins. mwlly blue or while. The uniform j.ckel, sleeyed or .leeyeless, w"" mosl commooly blue edged in red or red edged in while, lhough numerou. OIher combi",,· lioos were worn. (Green Slar.dard IfOOps ""'" in 1855 "ure blad: edged in red; brown edged in pink ,,;IS "urn by Bam.. rn",n alll>e Taku Forts ill 1858; H""i Army lroop. irt 1862 ""OIl> purple edged irt yellow; and Peking Bannermcn .1 Pall.kao ill 1860 "'Ufe yellow edged in black.) A drculor <:IOIh paleh .00u1 10 ins acfOSS, us""l1y while. w"" generally worn on lbe bre.SI and back of lhe jackel, slaliding oOJ! so prominenlly lhat one hWlIouroo.ly 'uggeSled lhey were 'possibly desigoed tor lhe enemy 10 .im .11'. Upon th= w.... inscribed deuils of Ibe wearer'. unit Some1ime. lhese deuils we", PUI dire<:1ly 0010 lhe jackel (lhere is one record of lhis from 1860 .nd il became .n increa.ingly common praClke in lhe 1870:s~ In common Wilh lbe T.ipings, the Imperi.lisl' wore • wooden dog-lag .1 lhe bell. It 00'" lhe soldier'•
obse",,,
•
name. age. binbplace. unil. and date of enlistmenl. DIller parapt...rnalia normally .nached 10 lhe belt in
"'l'l
former wore predomil1JJuly yellow. dul< blue and scarlel in 1861:'00 Imperiali'llroopS in Kw.ngmng in 1854. Cbekiang in 1860 and fukien in 1861 all wore while. Chinese piclures fi'orn lile lime often ponmy Ilunan and l1uai Anny soldiers wearing lhe rooOO ,ilk hal of regul.r lroops. so this may b"",, come inlo use .longside lhe lurban as lile imponance of)ung.ying lroop' 10 lhe conflic1 became acknowl_ edged in official circle,. Otlkers wore a loose. generally purplish. gauze jackel "'..". • beJ\'ily-embroidered 'I'l"lhon robe' (of_ len replaced by • plain ..... lIile one for evct)wy use). On lhe front and back oflbe jacke1 was a fOOl_squ.re silk JXlnel. embroidered ..... ilh different lype' of bird lOr different grndes of civiUan malldarin. or animals lOr mililary rnen. Funber dislinclion, of rank were indicaled by lbe quality of lhe belt_clasp and lhe colour oflhe decorali", bunon fixed 10 the crown of lhe hal. S}mbol, of p:lJ1icular meril ...."'" • }"Ilow jackel. ""rmined 10 only 50 Of (JJ senior mandarins, and belween one and ll1ree peacock fealhers wom on lhe h.l. On campaign mosl wore armour 10 denOle lheir SlalUs .lId carried at lhe bell a quiver com.ining a S!"-cif", number of .rrows according to lhe weards rank. Armour ".., of silk or COllon ro,ffed wilh silk floss. quilled 10 • Iltickness of up 10 lwo ins .00 reinfOfUd ....;lb melal 'Iud,. Like lheir T.iping cout\lerp.ns. Imperiali'l soldiers' arms varied. Regulalions .pparemly required lllJl each man had a shield. bow. matcltlock. spear and 1\0,.., s"ords, bill in realily lhe majorily were equipped Wilh '10 more lllan a .,,0Id .nd a pole.nn Of a 'pear _""'''" ft loog for ca"alry. or ~ to 14 ft for inf.mry - and evell many of lhese ""'" in (>COr co,ldilion (Weslem descripliot\' of Cllinese arms in,""riably in<' men of eacll baualion !O be .nncd Wilh a ""Old or a """,ar. and about • fifth of tllem eacb willi matchlocks and jingolls. 111 re.lily ll>ey ...rely had ll1i, many (lindley reckoning lhat '1101 0... ill ten' had a matchlock). In Ille right h..mds lbe 00....' w'"' 'till con,idered a more effe<:l;""" weap"" tllJn the matcillock. but tOOse
in /XIj_ af Ta.t., IJ A");"sr /861). fi»m R. S... mnOl!', Nar",;,'. of...., N"flh B.mfl(!f"ma
Cbina C.mp:aign of t800 (/861). Ba''''''''l,,,,j,,'m~l1
......"
p,~pa"d ,<> figli,
fO<>l ...he. ",-",,
o.
compeICI1 In ilS use l~nd
Rrl'cllioo look place. Banoer ca,..1ry in pankular spi'cialised in an:hery. e'"" lilough many.1>o carried "llJlclIIoct.. Some ca,-.Iry unils ""'" "''''' equipped wih • cemin number or jingalls; .1 lhe Bailie of Cli.ln@;iaw.n in 1800 lhey were eilher carried slung be1w...., lWo 1101'SOs, SQ ll1al lhe ulpOO SlaOO lrniled aImg lhe ground. o. dlsmamled. wilh In. jingall carried on one horse .nd ilS s(atid on al!Olller.
Tile im.oducllon ofW~s(ern fireanns beg.n on. small scale during lhe 1850:s. but commcllCed in eameSl from 1861. signlficamly lal~' lhan fCO" Ihe T.iping•. Enn lhen lhey w..... limlloo principally 10 lne Hunan 000 Hu.i .nnles. The I'l!~r had .1 leaS! 100) muskels,oo rilles by Sepleml>e. 1862. 10.lXXl by mid 1863 and 15.lXXl by spring 18M. Li Hung_ chang wrole Ibal he eycmually II3d m---.m muskc1s per )'ing compared 10 lhe HUllJn Army'. 120. (Spe.rs .00 'Chinese lances'. or lridems. Slill b" oulnum_
"
•
boored muske1s among lhe SO,lXXl HutIJn Anny "",n encamped before Nanking in JUI.. 18&1.) Less con,,,mionaJ wealX'flS in use 00 ooth sidbows capable of firing eiglll10 len boks in rapid succession: "",hIs, usually in lh.. Kml of barbed .,rows fined ",jlh a rm:wod propellJm; ",,"'
ARTILLERY Anillery in 191h Cetllury China differed lillie from lrnl of 171h cemury Eul'Op"'. and war< often as old. The guns - u=Uy l>rge nod lI<"~vy in relation 10 their calibre· were m.de liom brass. iron. copper and "''''' woed. occ.,ioo.lly ornmely consm,cloo 10 ",...mble dragon> (the Taipings OC1ually called canoons 'long drngons'j. Cilles and fons were provided
Imp...ial suns fielded against 1M Anglo-Frmch
in 1861).
WMh large quantities of anillel)', """,lIy moonted on ~ carriages witlloot whecls or any me.ns of depression or """-'lion beyond 'a 101 of rough wedge.s'; Chinese: pmcti"" was 10 l.1y lheir guns 10 fire >I a poim lbey I>oped the enemy wookl h...." to pass. In consc:qu.--nre their fue was often higilly inac~""mte, nl the ]XXIr qwlily of Chi""", gunpowder 0Ild the '-'''''"co, casti"., of their cannon_ball, comributed 10 lh.is \mcen.in gunnery'. Under fire, 110m.."......, tile aune..e Slood resohnely to IlIeir guns, more often th.n 001 10 the laSl man. Wilen f..ld-anillery was called for, gun, ",uu1d be moumed on l",o_whe<:1ed carriageslhat ......mbled h.mlid Chinese guns.•s • mle Itry had DO f..ld .nillel)' beyooothree or four s"",11
pieces ('rarely ""reeding. 6 pdr in size) moumed on the e.nhworXs oflhcir numerous stockaded camps. In aboul 1860, 110\,.."'....., Lindley pUI toge1her • b.nel)' for the eh,mg Wnng Ihal comprised ",,-ern! ClUnese guns .nd three WeSlern pieces (a 31 pdr. an 18 pdr and a 'large French cannon') whkhl00k p.n in the Banle ofHu_kau. After 1&53 tile Imperialists purchased much Western aniller;", alld they were coSling imitalions by 185~. From 1861 both sides also tried to copy Western explosi...e shell5, but Wilh limiled success; Gordon OOIed thai of lhose lhe Taipings mallufac_ tured. 'nOl one in 20 burslS'. French sou"",s nOled the use of org.n_gum by the Imperi.lists al lhe B.nle of Paliakao. These .re described as comprising a frnmel'-orX fmed with eighl or ten jingalls that w..... fired eitller simultane
C",.md plan ofafarn!wd paliJadcd b,easrwo,*, su"oonded br a ~'IM belt canlp b. Lampt'fi Each j"'p<'nal,,, 0' Ta'pmg of knee_high Jha,pertM ba",bOO su,j;es. TenlS 0' banai"", CUIU"""I€J one <>/ ,hcsefu,-j'ulf ~'hen ,ud hws ~.,'" e
q,o 0 o QO,D D~~gD o oo'b'tJ'tJ 00 U U_I U 0 0"0'0" [[]
do"dooo DODD 0
0
d 0"00"'0"0"dddo"do
FLAGS Chinese armies were accompanied by huge quamities of ~ in .ssoned sizes.oo colours. mostly lriangu. lor bUl sometime' square or ",,,n, amoog'l lroe im_ perialisls, !"'nf.lon_shapely scalloped or serTalOO edges in a contrasling 00100 •. filloo pole. J. lamprey. present io Shanghai in 1862.64. said th.l among 1M I ,,,peri.lislS OIl<" llag "as carried per len men, and lh.l some were up 10 11 feel long and eighl frel ~p. Imperialisl Oogs were uniform to
o"e of Mo '. .ake-runners· eapl""'" fro", 'he
Ta'plngs ""d prue"'" Chari.. GQd_ by';'"
'0
E",peror. (NDI;"""I.f""" .If,oe"",)
each un;l .00 were ".,ioosly described as plain. or
wiln drngollS. lige,,;, piC1ures of gods. 'yin .nd yang' symbols, clouds, circle:!. zig_zag Unes, l>orizomal stripes or inscriplions. FlJgs of )1mg.ying for= cUSlolnlrily boo'" jusl the firs! glyph of lheir .nny comm.OOe~s name. T.ipiog f1:Igs appear (0 been 1M more colourful: ""'esler...", were daz:zled by lheir displ.y. ~aled
ha'"
of 'lhoosa'lds of f!:lgs. of every colour fron' bL>ck 10 crimson'. TI,.,.., of H uo!': Hsiu_cb'uan's origin.1 the co",. were of. common colour and panern (yelkM' wilh differem-coloored borders KJr each corps), but ilS Taiping numbers 1J1"'W, tlK- colours of unil fugs prolirer:lted. h,,'Y unil leader fron Ihe sergeam upwards ""as accompanied by a uiangular fI:lg, Ihe sire of whkh increased in 6-in. incremems according 10 his rank (liom 101' II by 1,1' II lOr a sergeanl up 10 7,1' i\ by 7,1' i\ fC4" • eh'e.g-Josiang). W""1f' and Ih. IOOSl senior commanders SU!>stiMed larger square flags. Technkally they were supp"s.--d 10 displ:ly In. off""",s name, p",,'ince, and unil delails, but some bore religious slogons and by tlK- 1860s it appears thaI many were actually plain. In addition 10 I""ir fomul anny f\ags, ",.,ngs were also innliJbly accom· panied by a dr:lgon.;:mbroidered 'snake.banner'. ItS wore senior ImperialiSl mandarins. One 1)l'C of Taiping flag thai .hould be men_ tioned is In. huge, plain blac\; one which. ooce
•
!>oisled, obliged men to K>lbw it to IlK- dealh. Those who lurned back were cut
THE EVERVICTORIOUS
ARMY The EVA "'e Shanghai are•. Founded by an AnlCrican fllibus!er, Frederick Ward, il Slarled life in mid 1M as art international ballalion of aboIn 100 mercenar· ies. The men were mostly de""rlers, "'naway seamell or ad\-emurers. predominamly AllIC'Iicarl and Bril· ish, loougb almost "''''Y coomry in Europe wilS repres<.'"nled ill ils rallks. Most were dismissed in tn. summer of 1861, but tOOse hpl Oil became oftkers of I,XJJ Chinese soldiers thaI Ward nad ,",,"'iled ill the "kinity of his headquarlers al SWlgkian8 by Febru·
l:T"p;".w."o 1: 1''';'''"0 _".,.m"n Jo T",p"'" nM"~""""
A
u
\, JO'l'"riol'" on ~'o," ~"'~ 1, S~""" ,"0.1 Jo Ilan." ,.., ..l')n>an in armuu,
Sm."
,
c
• D
I 1',.,,·"'<.... ;,.....k, " I '0.0«< !' "h,"e~" (;",.j"o ] 1nol'"n.I,,, nwOO.no
, •
•
;
1
\
E
F
Sbo..1>&i lMO-tl
1· F..""h ....... l: lnfon",,-. F J:;
P".._.SU
...c""- f ........ '" lUmp_
I_e-p.
G
•
,
".,-,b Ch,", ll1W i, .......... F.",,'. II"....
!: "".. ,.,n,. (... ",,,,, C",hc C,,,,,, ~ 1'", ,"", ;"d I{t'~·,·,;. ~"_,,IJ Rc~h,..'",
H
ary 1862. Thtlr nun,be", 19d i""",_d Id)' "'li:rml .0 • sampIy 115 '\\'a....1 FOl'tl!"
Tb< Bnl5h aw.on...
In
Sl\anfl:1Ia. ..........
pamul mponsibol-r ir IK EV... dunna tho.. 'J(}.. milo radlltJ' <:arrIJWgII lpIml 1/1c T:lIpmgs llw oplns. \Ilo:rn~ JIRI'IidJog II ,,-.b arms. 0'QIJ1pmnI1. unlKmns and t'lftl drill Instructors. E\'COWaIIy. fOI. ""'1I1l Wi..... dralb in actIOn In SqlC<"","" 186.2. 1110 r!'Slglla'ion of one of hIS ~ (Edward Fom:slCr) only a month later and lhe dr>m~ of tile next (Henry llutge) .t 1110 beginnIng of J863. Brit.in al>o prm'ided tile EYA ",ith its comrnand
"""*
... COll>'lhr drspall:b daled a :U\cr Ward's dcOlb ..cpons.Iw.1ot Po'A lOQ/locd some S.cro ....... bul Ictk'n by l..I H...,-ch>IIB bento'ft'fl July am Odobcr 1S62 pocnll)' ",tcr 10 uriI)' ~.OOO Another 010_ _ lOt ....... lUi .. Set*.. bcr lile EVA ...... dIed I JSI BoIuI"", al ......... 1.100 me.. 1111d B.,bon of UIIodcr 'iOO. a 3ft! BInIlion of,..... 1M> ~ I Rlik Blnlboa of ....y "'ndln)' al ........ 600· 'Ad under 4,000 "'lotaL Aller BurF'· ....'s dr
Tk f<:lm''s IlIJmbeB ,,~ ...st0ft0d 'hroug:b the
FrrJ.ri<* £ ......"
r
........,1 "'.J(IIJI.fW,.~
enliltment ofT"p'ng ~ Gordon COf15.Idc,..,j llle TalponS' 'much bettn" men' lhan the onhnary Clunese. aoo 1))' til<: end of 1863 tile w-g.,r part of the EVA "'35 IMdc up of ex-relleJ•. Gordon lIaOnlhs of <:X$ftCe WllK Po· suffoftd most alll5 "'OISI
_S
.u:sa
•
Or~""I,atlo"
The EVA's inf.nt!)' ""as orp;.nlsed Imo ban.llo"" whicb mlder Gordon were more usually refer...d to as reglmem,. At fuU Slrenglh Ward', batt.llons "'ere Imended to comprise.bou1 IfUJ men, but only Ihe lSi and Rille Bal13I;",,, appear to ha'" e,,,,. re""bed this number. AI I>olh Wald', death .nd Burgevlne', dismissal tllere ""... foor banalions, bUl under Hoi· land a,1d Gordon lbe number Incre.""d to f,ve, ..Id In spring 1861 10 six ""akef reglme01s of nominally 500-600 bUl In elf"'" anywhere belw""n 350 and 650 men each. Gordon', regiment' coosisted of six com· panles, each comprising f"-o foreign omoers, ""''''' Cllioe:sc NCO, and 80 enliSleoogb """",I 'lL'Cdoles liom 18liI----6l n'fer 10 companies of 100 men). In .dditlon tile'" "-as ooe Chinese interpreter per regimenl. lhougb comtn:U1ds we... gh,," excluslYely in English ..Id had '0 be leann by role. In addilioo 10 ,be Infant!)' n-glment' Ihere "as • separnle Bodyguald folh W.ld and Gordon .......a)~ led Iheir men from the front) IlOO reduced their numbers to 50 by the time W.ld die
"
ments, • 'company of foreigners' consiSling of '.1· most every ,-.riely of lhe human race, from lhe FreJlchm,n to the Negro'...Id 100 Chinamen, de· scribed .s ~he elite of tile COlpS'. The ,\rtiller}" Tbe EYA's SlJpcrior Westem anillery. "'lIich coukl punch holes tllroogb the walls of >loclades and cities alike, was.n essential Ingredient in it' success. Ward is saki to ha'" .ssembled f\O.-o 12 pdrs arid several 6 pdrs as e..-Iy as July 18W. and to b:m' had "'" ba" ..le, by .u'umn I861. However, in '00>1 .ctlons he f...lded • maximum of.boot • dozen pie"". Only aficr Brillsh iO\-ol\-ement in tile force iDCre"""d following his death did .nillery become more readily accessible; then gun, of all shapes and sizes """'" made ",,"ilable to Holland .nd Gordon by lhe .... ,horllie, in Shanghai. By April 1863 lhe EVA's .nillery part comprised f"--o S-in. howitzers, four 3J.pdrs. tbree 24.pdr how. itzers.• dozen 12.pdr howllzers. 18 12.pdr moontaln.howltzers, four 8 in. bras' monars. ten 4'1, in5'1,.in. monars, and thl« or six rockel.tubes, with 250·500 romld' per gun. There were six bal1enes, four constllUllng tile H••vy Anillery .nd the remaining f"--o tile Light Anillery. wllb e""b b.1tery con,ISI·
in2;, in lheol)', of f1ye foreign ollkers, 19 Chi"""" NCOsand 120-ISOgunners, Th~
riwr_l>o.l Ikol
MI..,. lhe anillel)', Ihe "..,.t imlX'r!am elemeot of tile EVA "as its flOlilia of armed paddle_steamers backed "" by n-~ Chinese guoboats, The Chung Wang amibuted IUs dere," in the Soochow area almoSl exclusi\... ~· to the EVA's paddl._steamers. (lindley wrol. that any on. of them "as 'mort effi:cIi". tllan a greal anny;n In. fleld.) Ward l>oughl and chJnered up to • dozen, toough under Burgp'i". tlleir num_ Ix"" were reduced to six, and uDder Gordon flfSl diminish.d to 1"0 and " ..... It><:n restored to about six. The !/)'Mln was lhe most formidable, an iron side-wh«1 paddl._steamer 90 II long. and 14 II wido, "ilh • lhree· to four_II draughl thJt aIIo"'ed b.r 10 ....goIiale tile most shJllow wat.rways. Her .lmallL'1ll comprised a 31.pdr in In. bow and • 11.pdr OOI"itzer in the st.m, thoogh son.. of the OIher .loo fon' by In. addit;oo of IcophoIed planking round lbe bulwa"'", desig".d to fruslrnt. muskell)'. The Cbi....se gunboats, flned with 9.pdr or 11_ pdr bow_g.uns, were used I"gely ... tmnslX'n, (each being capable of carrying 40-50 m.n), but were occasionally de10iled 10 suppon co.operaling. IIllper_ ialiS! forces.
OTHER 'DISCIPLINED CHINESE' UNITS Th~ '.:wr_So
This unil, 00sed", Ningpo in O>ekiang, began Wilh It><: raising io mid May 1862 of a force of 100 Chi""nwn by 11>0 local Brilish llJn] ronunander, Roderick Dew. By ~plember it tOialled LOCO men, organised in sill companies of I~ under Royal Ma· rine NCOs plus an artill.1)' conlingem of 5Q..IOO men. Comm'U1d "'as transferred to the EVA in Octo_ ber, and its strength re""bed ISXl by .malgamation with the EVA cooling.em alrc-ady in NinglX'. Par! of this combined ~ ,'..... sen! to Sungkiang. al Ihe end of ]862, becoming tile EVA's 51h Regimom (ref.rred to in Gordon's time as lbe 'Ning.po Ballalion'), but I,OCO men remained in Chekiaog, and in March 1863 again became independent oflbe EVA as the Ch 'aMgart Ch,,,, or 'Enr_Secur. Am\y'. Its conun'llId.r was an Ameri<.n, James Cooke. The original 100 merI had worn white t",bans, but by the time tl>ore were .lOO they were already w.aring green, like It><: E\A All'" separation their uoifolm "'as doscribed as dart blue with g"""n f""ings and green lurban, repiaced by • white uoi· form with blU<' facings in summer.
•
Th~ Fr~n
Corps of Ki .. ~su
This SlnaU unil. e",,,nlU.lly comprising -100 men plus 40 off""rs provided by French army NCOs. was raised in Shanghai inJu"" 1861. II inilially included an millery "k...".,m Ih.1 serwd in lhe ·:J.O.-ntile ra_ dius' campaign ",im m" 6-pdrs. bul subsequenlly il appe,rs 10 na,,, become emirely inf.nlly. lis flrsl commander. Tardif de Moidrey. wem on 10 become comm:l.Ilder of1M 'Ever_Triumph.m Army' in Janu_ "'Y 1863. alld ",as suc=d
Army'
Jealous of Itle Sl>CCCSS of lhe British-backed E\A lhe French eSI'blishod • similar fon:e al Ni"01'" in ntid 1862. Wilh an cquaUy eXOlic mixlUre of ""Iionalili""
•
represenled a"",ng ils omeers, lhough lhe m.jorily were French""'n. Loc.1 Chinese ""''''hams pro"ided Ihe finance .•lId lhc French aUlhorilies .1 Sh,nghai suppUed insHuclors. Quickly koo"" .. Ihe Ch'angchich Chun or 'Ever_Triumphalll Army" il comprised 1,20) men by Inc time ils firsl comm.nder. A.E. Le Brelooll de Caligny. was kiUed in an allack on Shows!ling in Jan""ry 1863. His replace"",nl. Tardif de Moidrey. was killed allacki"2' the same 1""11 a monlh lat.... Under r.ul Neveuc d'Aiguebellc. ilS nexl commat>der. the furre "as increa-;od 10 oome 2.500 men by M.y 1863. Then lhe provincial govemer. Tso Tsung_l·.ng. orde"'-d Ihal il be reduced 10 1,500. bUI il "'" still 'bonl I,mslrong in AUgu>l 18&l when ;1 paMkipaled in lhe caplure of Hoochow. The Enr_Triumph,m Army and the EYA "'ere similar in many w.ys. They bolh included. 'Euro_ pe.n Company' and a bodyguard ofManil."",n: lhey
boIh used .mwd S!e.m.... (lhe ETA bad (\>u hy mid 18(4): .00 lbey bolh used Wes1em .nillel)', lhoogb lhe ETA see"" to h",e f"'ld
Force
\\i'l>en llle EVA lransferred ilS headquaners 10 Quin_ Sifl in June 1863. Li Hung-<:h.ng pUI Sungldang in lhe llands ofHalUday M""anney, an eK_Brilish Anny surgeon "00 Iud be<:n secrelary 10 Henry Burge"ine. MacanlleY was giycn lhe rank of colonel .00 as_ signed al>oo1 l.em ImperialiSllroops Wilh orders 10 'lmn Ibem imo disciplined soldiers', b" wlUch pur_ pc
Force
TIU, unil, based .1 Fahwa, con,isled of Imperialisrs lran'ferred 10 rile Brilish in JUlie 1862 fey lraining and placed under lhe 00IlIIll:IIId of Lieulenanl Kingsley of the 67rh Regiment It! October 1862 ~600 of ilS men SJ'" ac1ion .Iongside rhe EVA and in Noycmber Kingsley and his men were seoll0
SWlgkiallg to join rl>e EVA for a proposed expedllion againS! Nanking. By July I863, 001" 1,1 oo.srrollg .nd commanded by Licll1ellanl Cardew, rhe fur<:e was III Quinsan,.nd in lhe aulumn alleasr pan ofil accom_ towards SoocIlO"'. panied Gordon in rile Wben rhe EVA'. 3ni Regimenr, disbanded because of miscondocl in AuguSl 1863. was reconsliluled in Oc1ober, Kingsley's fon:e "''''' pro"ided rile men.
""'-.nce
ANGLO-FRENCH INVOLVEMENT Unh.ppy wirh llle Ch'ing Gowrnmenl's refltSal 10 consider addilion.1 lrading cooces,ions 10 rhose .greed III rhe elld oflhe Opium War. ll>e seizure of llle crew of a ship (1M Arro>.j regisrered in Hong Kong and llle murder of a Caloolic missionary by Ch'ing oltki:lk "ere used by Brirain.nd france as an excuse 10 declare " .... on ClUna in 1857. Variously rdened to as rhe AITOW War, rhe Seoood China War and lhe Seceginning and end of lhis period. "irh lhe c""lure of Camon in December 1857 and
the """"h 00 ""king in August.Seplember 1860. Two '11'00 on the coast,1 fo!1.'l '" T'ku _ success_ fully in 1858 .00 disa>lroo,ly in 1859· eonSliwted mo>l of whJl ca"", be!w""n. Th. 1860 camp"ign ",'''h"ed , sizeable Ang]o.Fr.nch anny, bUl only, LW loou",nd "",n were ;'11"01'"ed in Ihe rapid ""_ quence ofviclOries scored," Sinbo, T,ngku and th. T'ku Fons in August, and Chilllgkiawan and r.lial.:ao in Sepwnber. Coofwingly, ill .xaclly the """" lime" lhey were fighting ag.insl 11>0 Imperialisls in the Nonh. Anglo.Freoch troops Sl,lionod .1 Sh.ngh:l.i found thomsel'""s in alliance wilh Imperiali>l forces defelKl_ ing the dly again'l the Taipings. Umil then a sl""',y tloe'U1rality had been obse"'ed in China's dvil war. despite th. Brilish 1Ia"ing considered inte"'ention on beh.1Jf of the M.nehus as early as 1&53. 11 was lhe Toiping threat 10 tbe sizeable W.Slern conununilies in Shanghai '00 Ningpo, .00 101M uJde Ihol lhey represc:ntc-d, tllal fin:d!y pel'SUJded Ih. British and Freoch 10 beron.. OCli",1y i",,,I\"ed. albeil only wilhin 30 miles of each of lhese dlies. In pankular the ","",,'al of the Ch,mg Wang's ad",nce on Sh,ng_ hJi prompted. number of Anglo_French opornlions
•
.galtlS1 T.iping forces in Ihe Ioc,UI)" be!w""n Febru"'Yand Nonmber 1862, noIably in the """,.Ued '30_ mHe radius' cao'P"ign of March_May which r.",lted in the ",e'''''1)" of t.n dlies for the Imperiali>ls. During 18ffi-61 garri""n forces in Shanghai generaily comprised some ®-I.cro Brilish and • similar. bUi uSUJUy smaH.r, number of French Iroops, largely sean..n and mari""s. Afl... 1110 second T.iping 'l1""k, inJaml.1/)' 1862, heM·....·er, lhe Brilish elemenl ""as increased dramJlie.ily, and a",raged .bout 2,500 men until mid 1863. A subslOnti.1 "",-.1 brig.de wo;; a promi"..m f.alUn: of this forre: some 450 or mor. Brili'b and :l(X)..400 Fr.neh seamen '00 marinos look pan in most operaliotlS oflhe '3Q.mHe r.diu,' camp"ign. aoo ll>oir overall eom""'nders wen: also "",-.1 men - Admiral Hope tor 1110 British and Admiral PrOle! (umil bo was killed in May 1862) tor lhe French. Indi.n troops provided by Ihe 51h Bombay Nat,,'e Infantl)"oo the 22nd Pwlj.bis con_ Sl;Med anolher "",jO!" ingrediem. •long,ide ele-menlS of 11>0 Brilish 3151, 671h and 99th Regimoms and the Freneb 3m Ughl Infaml)' Banalioo d'A!riq"e. Unlil March 1862 ooly. leY.' hundr~d of those .i1ied troops had ""lWily been ;n,,,h-ed in fi.ld operal;o", .g.inSl the Ta;pings, but ,ft.r Aprillbeir numbers were increased 10 arour.d 2,lXXl. They were suppon.d by up to 30 guns, .nd lhe Briti'h in,-.ri·
ably oulnumbered lhe fr.nch. In all lheir engagemems in In. SlIangh.i are.lhe :illie.'l acted in concen wilh Iffilli'rialisl foo:e,. usually represemed by lhe her·VicloriOU'S Army and occasioo.llly local ),mg.ying fOn:es. In .lIied operalions in lbe NinWO disuicl. h
The Sll"ne~ni Volum.... r Corps In 186l----6:! II w", amici paled Ihal Ih. Wes1em com· munity in Sh.nghai could. in .n emergency. musler SOIl.., 4-5.0ll men. aboYt halfofwl>om w~kl come fiom regular lroop. and "",..I brigades as outlined aboJ\.." wilh lhe b.l.mce made up flOOl the crews of mcn:ham ships .lld lhe yolum..,rs who conSliluled u.., Silanghai Volum..,r Corps. Thi, foo:e had fin;( reen organised by Briti,h .nd American resirems in April 1853. f
"'''''ily
A 30-s1rong lroop c,lIed lhe Sh,nghai MO\llued Rangers "'" added in December 1861. This p,m'ided Admirnl Hope wilh scoots during lhe allied operalions round ShJnghai in 1862. and be· came inml,"cd in a skirmish "ilh Taiping m.rnuders in AuguSI. Though initially mounled on horses. lhey ''''1' soon changed 10 1131iYe ponies. They were apparently .rmed wilh sabre, .nd firearm>.
CHINESE TACTICS Though WeSler.. rs con,irered Ihe Chi ..se limid. il would be fairrr 10 describe lhem as supremely cauI;OUS: they ,,",,' nOlhing merilorious in heroics or self· sacrifICe. 'They h.lYe a m.uin, lilal "rash ,nd arro· gam ""klier's musl be defe.ted": wrole John U",i> in Ille 18JOs.. '..lid llle chi.r V;I1"" of In.ir slralegy ;s extr.me camion and 10\." ofaafl. nOl w;lhout • I.rge ,hare of perfidy .nd falsehood.' Anolher obse,,"cr
,,,,,".
Ch<1Fl" Gordo. ill Ih< ba",,,,,.: ,h~ ",her. grlY. i'Osr"m< ofa manJ"r'n. .Jgetl i. ,.N1 ~-ilh a black n.~ fl"g, in ,h~ ;.scrip/i"", is/X!t:!,,,p, lhe badgr"".d Q'~ probabt., Olt
•
wrole lhm Chine", sokliers did 001 c"",ider lhem· "",yes 10 have 'any self.respec110 l«c enemy by oumbers, qu.mity of fu2;s.. size of guos .nd "olwlIe of noise. ratller trnn by ac1i yely engaging in combal. On lhe banl
",bu,,,,,,,
i
individu.1 bodies arrayed creseem·like ro Ihreaten lhe ero>my's from alld flanks simull.lneotlsly. When O"aillble ca"alry fOfllled tile wings or lhe rese"", wid .Millery was eitller ",",sed in lhe cenll\'" or dimib· Uled along tile enlire froor. The T.ipings placed Iheir I'OOl\'"sr lroops - usually spearmen - in lhe from ranks and lheir '-er"",n, .nd guard.uoir, in the rear. probably bccnu.. lhe ImperialiS! froot rnnks usually coosisled of matchlockmen alld arcllers. Troops 00 ooth sides maooeu"red 10 signa'" Iran,mined by drums. gongs and flag llKI\-e"""m,. They often opero>e T.iping, wen.' recognic Taipings "",,,,,ged 10 get to close quaners lhey were "ictorious, eveo against foreign. off.",..,.j Imperialists such as lhe EVA. HowevC1", by 'ht 1860s 'hey ""re raldy abI< 10 close Wilh the enemy before 'oyerwhelntillg .nil,",ry and ... gular
ha,,,
,
,
•
'"011..1" of muskelry' mowed them down. Conse· odl sides arefully ",'oided comacl. Anockers con· liocled by .., e...,my who Slnod finn wookl flU back. often in ~ order...Id relre.' by companies, firing It'S lhey wem; lilen an exchange of muskell)' "i: disunce. ho\o."''''r.•ince in lhe early pan of ttle Rebtllion tile Taiping.5 seve",1 limes succffded in ""wing unwary ImperialiSls into ambushes by feign. Fog nighl. ""'hen confronted by .., ..Iry. infantoy "uukl lOOn up in circles. Lindley Wilnessed the Ch""g Wa"g's enlire aomy draw up in '"'' rows of Sl'wred circles, briSlling with spears and Ilalberds. The flrSl ""'" contained muskel""rs and the second jing.lls. aM 'Iley .'il1CCCSSfully Wilhslood the deleomined
,.,,,,med.
charg<' of..,,-ern1 thollSmld Banner ca,en in lhe open flekl. In the closing 'l'ges of ll>e Rebellion the T.ipings in pankul", depended he,,'· ily on Iheir f1eld.worl.:s., and Ille Imperi.list. rarely anacked 'bern """""ssfully unless supponee fon-ign..,mcered contingents Wilh their P'O"'erful Western anlilery.
THE PLATES AI: Tail';I1/i. ~"II/1. Wangs ''''''lly wore y"IIoI>.' and red. Though depicled on foo here. ll>ey ,,~... moWlled on ltle Dallleflekl. and their standard.l>earers. inYari.bly on fOOl. had to run to keep up wilh them.
.
A2: TO;I';nx .'fI""m,,,,, The greales' number of Taiping spe"'" by fur were simply.n iron spi~e filled 10 a bamboo pole. A ShOll. n...,.,"y sword akin lei a cUllass " ... oft"" carried .. secondary arm. men', eilher srulkd 'h.rough IIIe waisJ.sa5h or slung across ,I>e bac~ in. ",.Dbard. AJ: TO;I';nx /tIu,'-",,,r This man is armed wi'h a Brilish 'Towe~ muskel. n. Taipings ""wily oouined ,lIeir Wes1em fire_ am» from unscrupuloll5 Shanghai 'raders ("""11y America",) unable 10 resis' ,I>e 'fabl,lou;; sums' _ up lei $100 for a single mus~eI _ offell.>d for "''''' '-err inf<1ior arms. Documenls S<'iuer old and worn or badly made. In his left hand is • paimed "idel" or bamboo "ic,ory helme,'. which. Taiping regulalions Slaled couk! ooly be worn in banle. II is nenr men,ioned in Weslom sources so was probably rarely used.
81: Mallch" ru,'alry'n,un MOSI B.nroe1" .."e waiSi. The quiver coolained 27_ 60 arrows oflllJu diflerem lYpeS. A bare sword ".., frequet\lly "",ured under lhe saddle-flap. C.'-a1ry ponies camo from MongoUa and Manchuria and ",,,mged 12'1r-14 hands. They were sollL'Iimes uni_ fonn in colour wilhin a unit: Iwo OOn.lions som in 1858 were mounled re5jlOCli,,,ly 00 whil0 and pie_ bald horses. 82: I",perialisr /tIa(ch!oc'-.nun Th. Chi"ose mllchlock had ooly a soon, angled grip like a piSlOI. aoo was frred r.:ld against Iho Cr.:Sl, lile cheek. or l11e righl side .1 abo'" hip_heighl. It ".., !KII '-err accumle ",cep! .1 close range (L1rgr:ly Ihrough in"'fticiem pmctico) aoo lhe s"",11 bulle1s it nred _ moslly cyUoorical slugs ralher lhan spherical balk. ltled up to si.' or ten at a lime _ had lillie peDe1ral".-e power. Powdo-r "'Os carried eililer in a lacquered wcodo-n flask or os prepared charges in lhe form of paper c.nridges or small bamboo com.ioers Ih.. wen.' omplied down lhe barrel. No wadding "as used. oor "as lhe rammer, bullo.. wore stm bome by striking lhoe bUll oflhe piece against the ground.
83: Mongol cocolr),"on Mongol c',,"'ally w~re frequently ~mpk'ied during eme'll"""ies, e:wedally lhose of Ihe Chahar tribe, which could r,,--ld ~' .. 8,())) men, (In lheory lhe Mongols could mu>! .. a quaner of a million <:'1'I'oIry, buI in pranke, only Ie:sl; lhan alent h Oflhis number,) 0'll"n;",lion was in kmhu" or '5landards', m,,",,,, up ofabool IOn IY>-ling, each ofnomin'dly JO(I nl<'n bUI ",u,dly un
CJ:
It~"..riolisl
in ...illl•.,. dr",s
To cope wilh cold wealher Iht Chinese wore up 10 a doz~n roals one ~er another, The OU1crmosl would prelerabl)- be of shee{>crs alld """ured 10 lhe girdle by loops. Sueh mulliple layers would occasionally Slop e'''en a rifle bulle!,
0: Small S...."." rebel The Small Sword Society ""ized Shanghai in SepItmbcr I&5J alld held il uluil Febru.lry 1&55 (when French lmops assi:slcd lhe Imp<'r~llisIS in its r.caplure), They ll<>me even wore English shoes and socks, Many had Weslern fir.mms, including Min;" rifles mid ColI ",,'OO-'e...
CJ: Bon",.,. ca"alr)'",un in orlllOMr Armourwas Slill worn I>i some Bannermen "'Id mOSl offICers, more as a m~ilary insignia Ihan a foml of dele""", II consisled of
colo'" of lhe quiked fabric was uniform wilhin a unil, Helm"'s were ofSleel or "'alher, olk-n painted or Olhe""';'" decomled, wilh a L"IlI plume lube lhal """"Ity bore a tun of red hors.ehair or a "'nail red illSTII~
E"cr_\'kluriousArm,'
OJ: &rt,eom_Mojor of the Bodj'l!Pord Though se'-'eml contemporary ph<>lographs <:xis!, {he only full y ""'" green lurb.~ns, whi<"h earnt lhem one of lheir !W'o Chinese nickll.1mcs, 'green-headed b","es', (The <>Iher, 'imilalion foreign devil", alluded 10 Iheir Weslern-Slyle uniforms,) The EVA:< bo,- Chinese company commanders w~re promoled from among ii' ""'ll'"ant-majors.
,"
,------,----,-=-=--------,--------------l ",,,rue",,,h,,,, Diagram,"" lie ;!.
Q
Omcufo,,<>j,iocJo,' '!oallP""Jcd ,he Pcih" aJ rot"_ from Esca}mc de LQ"'"rC~ Memo"". sur La Ch"", (I~65).
-
% /I' •
•
Rig"': n", in/c,,.,,, of 1M ,\'0..,10 F'Qf1at ToO. orr,., cap'uu. } I ,j"~'lW IS6(J, ",,~~m"l1 from on<
J
L D1: Al1ll1n,.,,,,,o The Anille1y', wimer unHorm WilS lighl blue, "'lh §c,rteI ,oouldo-r_slrap. and rocings and • broad scar· k:1 snipe down lhc lrooser.leg. Though some EVA sokli<1's wore Weslern boals, .nillerymen, wiloom excepl;on. wore Dlmese slippers and Slockings.
,UIII"'"
DJ: III/am",,,,,,,,_ m'/flIT/1I The wimer uniform of (he Inf.ntry "'" dart. green. ";lh scark1 r>clogs. and shoold<-r_slrap. In.t were a diff.",nl coloor br .>en regiment .1Id 'slamped' wilh Ill<: regiment', number in Chinese and English. In (he summer Inf.n!!y. AMineI)' and Bodyguard al"'. change<1" of brighl colours'. His weapon is • smOOlhbore I"'",ussion muske!. Only Ibe 4th or Rjfle Regi. ment ""as equipped wilh rifles· eilher Enflekls or Dreyse n«dle.guns.
Bro/{>~
famoo« p/lo'ogmplos.
of
aJllIed ""jth 1"'r<:U>sion n1uskelS, btll • lew tI:ld En_ field rifle5.
£2: 'Chillese' GOrdOll The dress of EVA OftkelS"."" "arieeatrical oondini'. Wil/d "ore 00 unifonn; inslead he usually wen: eilller a dark blue English frock-coal and • sOOn cape. or • loose. blue serge lunic. Gordon wore I\is 0\\11 RE uooress uniform.
£3: Imp"ialist ",a",Jar;" E I: Prim". King,,.I~,·'s f'orre Tbi. figure is froo, • ske1ch by Lamprey. who de· serires lheir uniforn, as reing of bl ... serge. w",n wilh • luroon lh,l could re block. red or ligbt blue. Lindley lells U<; lha! Illey hod llle numrer '6T on lhoeir shoulder.Slr""s - lhe regimenl 10 which lh<:ir Brilish Oftloers belonged. MOSI of lhe fon::e """
•
Tbe IiI':"'" on his embroidered cbeSi panel aoo 1!>e blue bunon on h;,; llal indicate lballhis is a foonhgtade mililary mandarin. OffICers of lhis seniorily were rarely found anywhere ""ar lhe oonlefield. (""'eSiemers noIe
1'1:
Iml',r;~list
'8rt"""
This figure, from .00111...,. Lamprey skelch, depict.'; lho' ch.rocleriSlic appeam,,,,,, of such irregul.1'S, lypi. fied by lho' large lUlban a,id lile gait.r.d or bandaged shins and bare h-1. 1'2: T~ng ch';~ng w;';nf~nlr)"mQn This ;s .n infall1ryman of lho' Huai Army's )"Q"gch';mrlt wi or 'foreign arms plaloons'. lrained and occasioo.Uy h:d by foreign oflkers. Unlike mosl T.ipinV. such [ml"'ri.liSl unils adopl.d lb. b.yonel along Wilh lheir WOSlern flre'nTIs, c.rrying il fixod 10 lhe musk'" .1 all lim.. since lhey possessed 00
=""""'.
1'3: ""kn·f';
cR''Qlr)"m~n
The 'Nien bandils'. rebels Jeli", m:l.inly in Sh.n· lung, Hon.n. Anhw.i .od K;angsu provinces, roopernled wilh 1M T.ipings ill1erminell1ly Iron 1&53: some of lhclr Ie.ders ''':re "'''0 appoill1ed lmngs. Their Slrenglh by in tho siz.e.b1e ""'alry th.l lhey coold field by tho' 1:l1e 185Qs (lOl.lIing OIl avel"Jge 20.(0) men .ft.... 18(0). mainly .rmed ";lh swords
.nd long bamboo laoces, Ihough """" had fireanns. Infamry were also Jrme, bm Ibey.1so carriod SWOlds .tId jing.lk.•00 I\Jd bolh f.. kJ..guns and he"",)' millery. 10;li.11y '"""" Nien "ore uniforms (reponed in 1&SI10 hJ,,, benl copied in ooloor .nd Slyle from llle Taipings), bUl lhese were io • m;oorily. All wore tlleir hair long. =-ered wilb • red or )"Ilow lurban. ChiolS wore brown or red jJCk"'s. Sh"uehai Ill6O-62 G/: I'unch
u~mm,
Seamen and mJrines provided the buik of 11>0 Fr.noch lroops wOO lOOk pan in lhe 'J.O..mlle radius' campaign of spring 1862. They .1>0 panicipaled in oper· 'lions ag.insl the Imperialisls in 1857.60, noIOOly lhe eaplure ofC.nlon.
G2:
/nfRnlf)'m~n.
'·ronco·Chines,
'
1(;~nJlsu
We kJIo,.' wilb cerlJimy only lh'! Ihis unil wore lumans sniped in blue. wbile and red (JS did lhe EYer.Triumpham Army). lhoogh il is clear from lb•
•
only koo"'o picture thai tbeir jackelS "'ere ",hile. ne <>lller colours .re hypol!>etic.l. a1beillikely. GJ: Prb,,"" Shunghul ~;,I""'",,r Corp,Volumeers were responsible for providing their 0\0011 uniform, which appears 10 have comprised. red shin .nd ",Wte lrousers in summe.,". a skined red jacket .nd black lrousers "'ilh • red mipe in "imer, and • black trilby ",ilh cock·fealher plume. Hc"'.......r, pho. logrnphs 1J.ken in tbe 1870s indicale Ihal ele"",ms of summer and "'im.... unifonns ",ere often "om 10·
,.....
Norll'
C~in.
1860
11/: So~",r, l'une',· 1/"",-, Fane's Ho ",as ooe ofm" Sikh ca"alry regi"",ms th':l1 d in this campaign. The oll>er was Probyu's, "-hose unitorm comprised a dart. bl"".grey tunic, red cummerbund, slale.;;oloored Imoon .nd wlUte bre<:cl>es. BOlh regimenlS were .rmed "ith piSlOls, carnine, lance and ml",.r. Fm.ch ""''''K Of> Ihe br;,lge,,' P"U,u,,,,,. 2/ September /86<1.
1/2: S,''7;'"'''' Cunr"" Coolie Corp,· The Camon or Chinese Coolie Corps "'Os raised in 1857. Son... 2,500 served in Nonh China, carrying their loads slung liom • pole belweeo t"" men. Those woo coold spe.k a lillie EngUsh were made NCO.. A slighlly differenl lIIliform ",.. worn in 1857.59, with 'Military Train' on the h.l .nd lhe unit delails 00 • diagonal "'rule sash mlber Ihao patches on lhe bre,sl .nd back.
1/3: Pri,,,',,, 2nd (Queen's lIuyul) lIegi",e'" This ligure is ba5fd on tl>e drawings of lUI. erealock. Th. Chinese are said to 11:1,.. nicknamed British iof.mrymen 'H.,S' in ref.re""", to tbeir dis· tinct;v. while .irpipe !>e~'lets. Similar helmc1s " ..re ""m by some FretlCh lroops during lhis campaigo, and Illere exists a picture of 111<" all.ck 00 the Taku Fons s!>ow;ng tbem being "om by French guoners. lI..commc.Md
Rc.din~
W.l. Bales T'ro Ts""gr'aMg (1937); Lin Ih, Taip;ng (19&1): C.A.
Cu","'en, Taiping Rebel (1977); WiUiam Hail. Tseng Ku<>-fim 'md rhe Toiping II:rll<';;;on (1927): A. Egmont Hake. E,;>ms in Ihe Tneping lI:ebelUmr (1891); ktl Yu_wen. 171e Tniping lI:emllltionary Moremrm, (197J): Augustus F, lindley, Ti-Ping Tien KOI'oh (1886): Thomas Meadows. 171<' Chinese and rheir lI:ebdUons (1856): Richard J, Smilh.Mercena'ies and Mnnda'ins (1978) and 'Chi""", MmIJry Institutions
"l by s<:<>"h if5m
Dra.....
Is5J-5.
in troe Mid_Nineleenlh CenlUlY', Jomnai of Askm !fjsrory. ml VII l. (1974): SIJnley Spenor, Li Jlllngchang and tire flllai Anny (1964); T.F. Wode, 'The Anny orthe Chinese Empire', The Chinese ReposilOry. ,'01 XX (1&51): Andrew Wilson. The 'Erer_ Victorious Army' (1868).
-._ -=m . __ ._ ._..... __ _........... " .. '-1'_,,_ ... ,-. .- _.""_. . ,. .......... ........-= ,_ ... .-=" ...... -,_ . __.. _.... . - ._, - __"' ......._ ..,,-----..... '-_.. .. .--_lU.._" . . . _"a_ _" ...-. . ' _. . . _._"' __.._. __ . __ .. .._.. _....... ..._,_a ................___ ..-....... -_ ........... .....-.- --. ....... _-, ..._ _ _ . . . . . . s_-._--x .. .... _--_.... -.... - ...... .... ..... _,,_ .. _,._""' .... _ ....... ....... _ ... ...-.. _- ",= ..--,"""'_.,,""-""'= -'_ . . . ..... ,_..... - """" _-,-.. . .. _ ..... _ ...--"'----_ .. .... -_. . --_.1_.. . . . -. _.. __ _ _"_ ... _ .. . . ._ ... ..,,,,-Im_"_. : . ....__ . _-.,... . ....__ . __... . _ _ .... __ __ l.._.M._ · . , ..-.T_ .-_' , ' " " . . __. . , . . . . ....... .. __ ...---.. '""""-- _- ..-, __--_. ._---,-"""" ... r-_,_..,·_ F..,b",f.ln
NQ'" ,~C ICIl rl,ncnc. en <:ooleu,
c" _ .. , ' _ ' .... _ ..... . ..... _1_-.....0."_ ____
loor _ _ .. _. , .. "'_ '" " ...."" '1"-'=""',._.._ __ ........"""'"'"' _..,...-.; __ , _.. "_ --.. ,"""""'''.00.-......... .,r.-""" '=' ,M.-"'''''''... ' . _ ... _ ·.. ..,' _' ..
.oj
.. _
_~"'-
.... _
.-
,"'
_._.~""'"
".~
" -,
,
10," ""
_. r _
... _ . __
n __
<.
, _ ..............1 . - ....
,.. _ _= •·_ _
........ _ r -..• _ """"' .....·
"'.__ , . . . , "............. "'-.,.-
-...""'-C1
__
_ _- . ... . . - I , . . -..'-*'""" c.,_ . I.. ,'~
........ _ " " """""",.. _ ~
'"'"'" ,--_E\,.....-
~
~"',
..
..... I "'••
"" '''''''''''
_
, _ ..
.-."' -.",..,.
1
"""""""""""'
'1' ,
'
.. _
~
GdJ ... _ _
_
8' ,_ ,,,,,,
'" .._
""
'-.. _ .......
_ .... ,,--.. '''' ~
, __ " '""''' ,
1. _ . , _ _
~"-"
,_ -
."'_
"'-. , _ Go
.................-""" ..... _ _
"
"""" '..",,_ '''' , _ ."" "'
,
8.";,
_.-, ,,.... _""' ,.-.
,
~
C' _ ~
,,_'
~_
K_
l _ _ .., _ . \ , ~
"""''''',,_''',,-'''-,,_"''"-
,~,~-_._
,..,
VI t_'...._
,..'
..... _ _
..,-..."'·_uo_ ...·.. _ _ "'"'
.... i _
_~_
~_
_
.............._
HoM• •
,
.-...,
D
'1M .(••_
""'.
,._
......
_,",
"So...
~_\.~,
DI
A_-
·~ '_.""",T_'''io w .~-"'
-..---
..-.
'
~
.a- ...
_..'t- "T _ _ s...-u, r Gno......... ....'_ • ,oili--.,....._ _ DR""""", (\A-oII .".. ...,_ 11_ """"~
_''''',
_ _ •__ .. _ 1 1.._ _
" ' , _ ......
'1M . _ """" oft ....,...-..... '"_"''~''' U '1M _ "_, _... ,_ Il"" ~" _ _ .............. _~"_ _ ... ._ 0<1 .... " .... 010.-
_ _....'
.~.-o-.---""
... ....
~l'
_
..
C1","~
~~,
}od,. "" ,::.:x.; ._'".._.fI.-o, -.. " _ ., Iii ...
T _ . ' ...
r~_""'
,-_..-_~-_
~
- •• _
_ , " -"
... p;.Jon
'0-
, ......
..r... ~
"-- ,....., ...-. . _ '"'- .....
,,, =-..".........
""-_._~""-", .. Do- .,""" ...............__
...
).0.". '''"''
T.-_ ..... '~ "" .. f.....'"_ '~ T
_
Toot-. _
... ...,
,,"'" "-""""
' • ....., ... Y_ d', ,,;_.. "' "-..-. , _ ...- ....... ,. .., , _ ..,.,.. _ 1o.G.-_ _ . . . - ... _ ................ ..... _ ' .""' _,_,.."..,,_..".f" .. ....-.-, -..'"
,~
,..., ,
In"'.. _ ..
.. ,0 ••..-a
_~
T _ .. ""
~
. . -... " ' _.... " _ _
~
_
Doo
. . """"'"'
,·._
Ooa~.-..
~
- . __
"'"..-,.."..
" .... ( ...... , " - _
_
_""'
$. ' .. ,,, ..."' .. - - """"""' -
.. - . . ... a ..
......·••...,
..
__ ..-
~
..... ...,.,.,..... ..... ......_,.._,.._ ..... __... ... _ " " ' ' - ',,_ .....-.,...-.f.l,.._""""". ........_ .........,"'_I__ __._d r, _'--' ,... ,....,..' '. """" l l ........_
r~
"
l'_ _ ...... _ _ ~-""._'.."""" .......
_\moo
r-... ,_r..""'. ",...__ , • __ "....
DI .......',
"'....
,,""-
_""
__ 0
D ,;.
""',
_~ _ _, _ _•
p
"
~
""
, ...-.. ... RlI ....
.-
.....-....
' ....... _ _ 10 .._
_
~
,"'_
~
. " , _ .. _ _ Il "",,"""' ' ,
_
...
" ' _ ... _
'
,'-'"
.. ' ...
"",.
~
l
',_
M , .. -
ml... _*
;..
_ _ ,"" ,,,,, .., , , , , , , _
~
~
~
M,~_~.'
--.., ..... """ ,_. "_""""-""" 'w,_,."... ....._ru." _ - wc<-...... .....r"".. ,_ ,"._ ,.--. .. _ ..r " _ . _ ."'" to." _ .. "'" ,......" _m,..10... ' .........__"--_ .~ "" .... ...., _ , _ " ._ "'... __ .. _·~
It! "" " _ ,... "".....-
,... ~~
d _"
'"'
L
G,._"
_. . . . . ,"'"'"""C . ...... ' ' . _.... -.. -- ...... - -" ::..."":.
,
~_
,r-
_
.. ~
_.~._C<
........ _ •. ,,, ....,. .. r _
..,-
~._ ~,
~
"-~
":.::-:',~I.~~~"'oll.-:.
...
_
,""'
'--H.........
~
-
_
.. _ , _ _
'f»1_""- '" , _ "-'-........... T,""", _."""" _ T-. .... ~ <;1"'"" """"'
•
" - ..
,,----- _--...
__ "·_'._..."".. ,"--'
, 1
... _
_.. ,_ "'_.__ ............- "" . ... . ..'" _f_......,.._ ""-
_
I' h
"
_~
,""". _ _ Q
"--_'-.. . ""-_ _'u._ '_ _Td.
eoo... r _
..
""
_
"'
>00 ....... _ . ~
~• •
-
<__ .--.lIl_ .... $00
_..................... ..... -.-
,.,. M _
,,,.. ,,.;,.;-..._ ............................ , «_·,""'~,_
_
..
........
"""" ..
-.--
ouI ... _ _ ".t1
,
l!.m]]] MIUTARY
.\IE"-.\T-.\R:\IS SERIES
rm:ml
MILITARY
An unri..... l1~ oou= of Informa.ion on .he unifonns, insigrti.a and appear-anee of lhe "wid'. lishting men of pas' and presen •. The Me.._a,_AITR>' rille. 5ubjecu ... di,'e"", ... the Imperiol Roman army, tho: Napolc:ooie ..va and Gcnnan Ilitbol'lle 'roop> in a popular 48-p.Ige format i....,Juding-..: +0 phorogroophl .nd diaJnou, and ,,;,h' fuU-eoJour pla'e•.
".,.,et
COMPA....' lON SERIES FROM OSPRE1' EUTE Detailed infom,a'ion on .he unifonn. and inoiJltia of the world'. I'll"" famou. mili\lU)' fo«;el. r...eh 64_p. book rontaiM ",,,ne 50 photograph!; and diagrams. and 12 pag... of fuU-roloor .""''''"'''. WAllIl.1QK
t>efinitive analy.;" of the armour, "-em",,n., .acti"" and mo.h",;o01 of ,he foghting fTM'n of hi,•...,.·. Each 64_1'"1" 1>001< tontaim ~..... ,..a).. and ""P1ooed an,,'o"" or .he warrio.', weap""" and iltmQUr. NEW VANGUARD Comp...,he""ive hi......... of ,he de.ipt, "ndopm"n' and """",tiuna! use of ,he "'.,,id'. am..,u...,d "ehides and anill.ty. Each 48~p.,., book contains eOlht p~ or rull-colou. an"'ork inclodinl a d"",ile
CAMPAIGN Con";"', .uthorita.ht ""toun.. or lu. a oeries or thru-dim.-nal"nol ha.
__ ... --",,,,,-,--..-- ,...,..-- .---..,-._=_ "'"
....... ~ , ' I __ , . . ,., '","". .
_<1"'_&1tt.',,,"
...
.......
_
...... ,--.. .. .... -
