Pakistan

Pakistan This article article is about about the country. country. For other other uses, see Pakistan (disambiguation). (disambiguation).

terms of purchasing power and   45th largest   in terms of nominal GDP and is also characterized among the emerging and growth-leading economies of economies  of the world.

i /pɑːkiˈstɑːn/;;   Urdu: /pɑːkiˈstɑːn/ Urdu: Pakistan ( i /ˈpækɨstæn/ or   ALA-LC ALA-LC::  Pākistān,  pronounced  [pɑːkɪs  [pɑːkɪsttɑːn]), ɑ̪ ːn]), officially the  Islamic Republic of Pakistan  (Urdu  (Urdu::          ALA-LC ALA-LC::  Islāmī Jumhūriyah-yi Pākistān ),

The post-inde post-independ pendenc encee history history of Pakista Pakistan n has been characterised by periods of military rule, political instability and   conflicts conflicts with neighbouring India. India . The country continues to face challenging problems, including   overpopulation, overpopulation,   terrorism, terrorism,   poverty, poverty,   illiteracy, illiteracy, and corruption.. Despite corruption Despite these factors factors it ranked ranked 16th on the 2012 Happ Happyy Plan Planet et Inde Indexx .[17] It isa memb memberof erof the the United Nations,, the Commonwealth Nations the Commonwealth of Nations, Nations, the Next the Next Eleven Economies,, ECO Economies  ECO,, UfC  UfC,, D8  D8,, Cairns Group, Group, Kyoto Protocol,, ICCPR col  ICCPR,, RCD  RCD,, UNCHR  UNCHR,, Group of Eleven, Eleven, CPFTA  CPFTA,, Group of 24, 24, the  G20 developing nations, nations ,   ECOSOC, ECOSOC, founding member of the Organisation the  Organisation of Islamic Cooperation,, SAARC eration  SAARC and  and CERN  CERN..[18]

is a sovereign sovereign country in South in  South Asia. Asia. With a population exceeding 180 exceeding  180 million people, people , it is the sixth  most populous country ulous  country and with an area covering 796,095 km 2 (307,374 sq mi), it is the 36th largest country in the world in terms of area. Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline mi) coastline along  along the Arabian the Arabian Sea and Sea and the Gulf the Gulf of Oman in Oman  in the south and is bordered by India by  India to  to the east, Afghanistan to Afghanistan  to the west, Iran west,  Iran to  to the southwest southwest and China and  China in the far northeas northeast. t. It is separated separated from Tajikistan from Tajikistan by  by Afghanistan’s narrow Wakhan narrow Wakhan Corridor in Corridor  in the north, and also shares a marine a  marine border with border with Oman  Oman..

1

The territory territory that now constit constitutes utes Pakistan Pakistan was previous previously ly home to several ancient several  ancient cultures, cultures , including the Mehrgarh the  Mehrgarh of the Neolithic the Neolithic and  and the Bronze Age Indus Age  Indus Valley Civilisation,, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people sation of different different faiths and cultures, including Hindus including  Hindus,,  IndoGreeks,,   Muslims, Greeks Muslims, Turco-Mongol Turco-Mongolss,  Afghans  Afghans and  and  Sikhs  Sikhs.. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian  Mauryan Empire, Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, Empire, Alexander of Macedonia, Macedonia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, Caliphate , the   Mongol Empire, Empire, the   Mughal Empire,, the Durrani Empire the  Durrani Empire, Empire, the Sikh the  Sikh Empire and Empire  and the British Briti sh Empir Empiree. As a res result ult of the the Pakistan Movem Movement ent led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the subcontinent the subcontinent's 's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an indepe depend ndent ent natio nationn for Musli Muslims ms from the regio regions ns in the eas eastt and west of Subcontinent where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion a dominion,, Pakistan adopted a new a  new constitution in stitution  in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A  civil war in war  in 1971 resulted in the secession of  East Pakistan as Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh of  Bangladesh..

Etym Et ymol olo ogy

The name  Pakistan  literally means "Land " Land of the of  the Pure” in Urdu in Urdu and  and Persian  Persian.. It was coine coined d in 1933 as  Pakstan by Choudhry by Choudhry Rahmat Ali, Ali , a Pakistan a Pakistan Movement activist, Movement  activist, who published it in his pamphlet  Now or Never ,[19] using it as an acronym an  acronym (“thirty  (“thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN”) referring to the names of the five northern regions of the British the  British Raj: Raj: Punjab unjab,, Afghania fghania,, [20][21][22] ashmir,,  S indh indh,, and Baluchis and Baluchistan". The letter  i  Kashmir was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name. [23]

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Hisstor Hi tory

Main articles: articles:  History of Pakistan and Pakistan  and History  History of South Asia

Pakistan is a  federal parliamentary republic   consisting of four of  four provinces and four federal territories. territories . It is an ethnically and ethnically  and linguistically  linguistically diverse  diverse country, with a similar variation in its geography its  geography and  and wildlife  wildlife.. A  regional [15][16] and middle and middle power, power , Pakistan has the seventh the  seventh largest standing armed forces in forces  in the world and is also a  nuclear power as power  as well as a declared  nuclear-weapons  nuclear-weapons state,  state, being the only nation in the  Muslim world, world , and the second in South South Asia, to have have that status. status. It has a semiindustrialised economy industrialised  economy with  with a well-integrated well-integrated agriculture  agriculture sector,, its economy is the  26th largest  in the world in sector

2.1

Early Early and medie medieva vall age

Main articles: articles: Indo-Greek Kingdom Kingdom ,   Ancient India, India , Medieval India, India , Delhi Sultanate and Sultanate and Mughal  Mughal Empire Some of the earlie earliest st ancient ancient human human civili civilisati sations ons in South Asia originated from areas encompassing presentday Pakistan.[24] The earliest known inhabitants in the region were  Soanian  during the  Lower Paleolithic, Paleolithic , of whom stone tools have been found in the Soan the  Soan Valley of Valley  of 1

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HIST HISTOR ORY  Y 

majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam. [38] The  Rai Dynasty   (489–632 CE) of Sindh,, at its zenith, ruled this region and the surroundSindh ing territorie t erritories. s.[39] The Pala The Pala Dynasty was Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire that under  Dharampala  Dharampala and  and  Devapala  Devapala stretched  stretched across South across  South Asia from Asia from what is now Bangladesh now Bangladesh through  through Northern India to India to Pakistan and later to Kamboj to  Kamboj region  region in Afghanistan.. Afghanistan The Arab conqueror Muhammad conqueror  Muhammad bin Qasim  conquered Indus valley from valley  from Sindh  Sindh to  to Multan  Multan in  in southern Punjab southern Punjab in  in [40] 711 CE. The Pakistan government’s government’s official chronology identifies this as the point where the “foundation” of Pakistan was laid. [40] This conquest set the stage for the rule the rule of several successive Muslim empires  in the region, including the Ghaznavid the  Ghaznavid Empire (975–1187 Empire  (975–1187 CE), the Ghorid Kingd Kingdom om and the Delh Delhii Sulta Sultanate nate (1206–1526 CE). The Lodi The  Lodi dynasty, dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the  Mughal Empire (1526–1857 Empire  (1526–1857 CE). The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of Indo-Persian of  Indo-Persian culture in culture  in the [41] region. In the early 16th early  16th century, century, the region remained under the Mughal the Mughal Empire ruled Empire  ruled by Muslim by  Muslim emperors. emperors .[42] By the early  18th century, century, the increasing European influence caused to slowly disintegrate the  empire  empire with  with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred. [42]

Standing Buddha from Buddha  from Gandhara  Gandhara

Punjab .[25] The Indus Punjab. The Indus region, region, which covers most of Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the Neolithic Mehrgarh Neolithic  Mehrgarh[26] and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation (2800–1800 Civilisation  (2800–1800 BCE) at Harappa at  Harappa [27][28] and Mohenjo-Daro and Mohenjo-Daro.. The   Vedic Vedic Civiliza Civilization tion   (1500–5 (1500–500 00 BCE), BCE), chara characcterised by  Indo-Aryan  Indo-Aryan   culture, laid the foundations of Hinduism,, which would become well established in the Hinduism region. [29][30] Multan Multan was  was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. [31] The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city Gandhāran  city of Takṣaśilā, now  Taxila  Taxila in  in Punjab. [26] Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the Persian Persian  Achaemenid Empire around Empire  around 519 BCE, Alexander the Great's Great's empire in 326 BCE [32] and the Maurya Empire founded Empire  founded by Chandragupta by  Chandragupta Maurya and Maurya  and extended by Ashoka by  Ashoka the Great  until 185 BCE. [26] The Indo-Greek Indo-Gree k Kingdom Kingdom founded  founded by Demetrius by  Demetrius of Bactria (180–165 (180–165 BCE) includ included ed Gandhara Gandhara and Punjab Punjab and reached its greatest extent under   Menander  (165–150 BCE), prosperi prospering ng the   Greco-Buddhist   cultur culturee in the [26][33] region. Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world. [34][35][36][37]

Edwin Lord Weeks  illustration Weeks  illustration of an open-air restaurant near  Wazir Waz ir Khan Mosque , Lahore  ,  Lahore..

During this time, the English East English  East India Company, Company , had [42] established coastal outposts. Control over the seas, greater resources, resources, technology, technology, and military  force projection by  by   East India Company of British of  British Empire led it to increasingly flex its military muscle; a factor that was crucial in allowing the  Company to gain control over subcontinent over subcontinent by  by 1765 and sidelining the European competitors.[43] Expanding access beyond   Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its  army enabled it to annex or subdue most of region by the 1820s.[42] To many historians, this marked the starting of region’s colonial period. [42] By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the  British parliament The Medieval period (642–1219 CE) is defined by the and itself effectively made an arm of British adminisspread spread of   Islam in the regio region. n. During During this peri period, od, tration, the Company the  Company began  began to more consciously enter Sufi missionaries  played a pivotal role in converting a non-economic arenas such as education, social reform,

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HIST HISTOR ORY  Y 

majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam. [38] The  Rai Dynasty   (489–632 CE) of Sindh,, at its zenith, ruled this region and the surroundSindh ing territorie t erritories. s.[39] The Pala The Pala Dynasty was Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire that under  Dharampala  Dharampala and  and  Devapala  Devapala stretched  stretched across South across  South Asia from Asia from what is now Bangladesh now Bangladesh through  through Northern India to India to Pakistan and later to Kamboj to  Kamboj region  region in Afghanistan.. Afghanistan The Arab conqueror Muhammad conqueror  Muhammad bin Qasim  conquered Indus valley from valley  from Sindh  Sindh to  to Multan  Multan in  in southern Punjab southern Punjab in  in [40] 711 CE. The Pakistan government’s government’s official chronology identifies this as the point where the “foundation” of Pakistan was laid. [40] This conquest set the stage for the rule the rule of several successive Muslim empires  in the region, including the Ghaznavid the  Ghaznavid Empire (975–1187 Empire  (975–1187 CE), the Ghorid Kingd Kingdom om and the Delh Delhii Sulta Sultanate nate (1206–1526 CE). The Lodi The  Lodi dynasty, dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the  Mughal Empire (1526–1857 Empire  (1526–1857 CE). The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of Indo-Persian of  Indo-Persian culture in culture  in the [41] region. In the early 16th early  16th century, century, the region remained under the Mughal the Mughal Empire ruled Empire  ruled by Muslim by  Muslim emperors. emperors .[42] By the early  18th century, century, the increasing European influence caused to slowly disintegrate the  empire  empire with  with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred. [42]

Standing Buddha from Buddha  from Gandhara  Gandhara

Punjab .[25] The Indus Punjab. The Indus region, region, which covers most of Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the Neolithic Mehrgarh Neolithic  Mehrgarh[26] and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation (2800–1800 Civilisation  (2800–1800 BCE) at Harappa at  Harappa [27][28] and Mohenjo-Daro and Mohenjo-Daro.. The   Vedic Vedic Civiliza Civilization tion   (1500–5 (1500–500 00 BCE), BCE), chara characcterised by  Indo-Aryan  Indo-Aryan   culture, laid the foundations of Hinduism,, which would become well established in the Hinduism region. [29][30] Multan Multan was  was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. [31] The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city Gandhāran  city of Takṣaśilā, now  Taxila  Taxila in  in Punjab. [26] Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the Persian Persian  Achaemenid Empire around Empire  around 519 BCE, Alexander the Great's Great's empire in 326 BCE [32] and the Maurya Empire founded Empire  founded by Chandragupta by  Chandragupta Maurya and Maurya  and extended by Ashoka by  Ashoka the Great  until 185 BCE. [26] The Indo-Greek Indo-Gree k Kingdom Kingdom founded  founded by Demetrius by  Demetrius of Bactria (180–165 (180–165 BCE) includ included ed Gandhara Gandhara and Punjab Punjab and reached its greatest extent under   Menander  (165–150 BCE), prosperi prospering ng the   Greco-Buddhist   cultur culturee in the [26][33] region. Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world. [34][35][36][37]

Edwin Lord Weeks  illustration Weeks  illustration of an open-air restaurant near  Wazir Waz ir Khan Mosque , Lahore  ,  Lahore..

During this time, the English East English  East India Company, Company , had [42] established coastal outposts. Control over the seas, greater resources, resources, technology, technology, and military  force projection by  by   East India Company of British of  British Empire led it to increasingly flex its military muscle; a factor that was crucial in allowing the  Company to gain control over subcontinent over subcontinent by  by 1765 and sidelining the European competitors.[43] Expanding access beyond   Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its  army enabled it to annex or subdue most of region by the 1820s.[42] To many historians, this marked the starting of region’s colonial period. [42] By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the  British parliament The Medieval period (642–1219 CE) is defined by the and itself effectively made an arm of British adminisspread spread of   Islam in the regio region. n. During During this peri period, od, tration, the Company the  Company began  began to more consciously enter Sufi missionaries  played a pivotal role in converting a non-economic arenas such as education, social reform,

2.2

Colon Colonial ial period  period 

and culture. [42] Such reforms included the enforcement of English of English Education Act in Act in 1835 and the introduction of the Indian the Indian Civil Service (ICS). Service (ICS).[44] Tradition  Madrasahs – a primary institutions of higher learning for  Muslims  Muslims in  in subcontinent– subcontinent – were no longer supported by the  English Crown,, and nearly all of the  Madrasahs  lost Crown  lost their financial endowment. [45]

2.2

Coloni Colonial al period period

Main articles: articles:   Pakistan Movement, Movement,  Aligarh Movement, Movement , Partition of India and India and British  British Raj

3 lated the tensions between Hindus and Muslims. [49] The Hindu renaissance witnessed renaissance witnessed the awakening of intellectualism in traditional t raditional Hinduism  Hinduism and  and saw the emergence emergence of more assertive influence in social and political sphere in British India. India.[50][51] Intellectual movement to movement  to counter the Hindu renaissance was renaissance was led by Sir Syed Sir  Syed Ahmad Khan wh Khan  who o help founded the All-India the  All-India Muslim League in League  in 1901 and envisioned envisioned as well as advocated for the  Two-nation theory..[46] In contrast to Indian ory to  Indian Congress's Congress 's anti-British  anti-British ef efforts, the Muslim the Muslim League was League  was a pro-British a  pro-British whose  whose political program inherited program inherited the British values that values  that would shape the Pakista Pakistan’s n’s future future civil society society..[52][53] In the even events ts durduring the World the  World War I, I , the British the  British Intellig Intelligence ence foiled  foiled an anti-English conspiracy involving conspiracy  involving the nexus of Congress of  Congress [54] and the German the  German Empire. Empire . The largely non-violent independence struggle led by the Indian the  Indian Congress engaged Congress engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of  civil disobedience in dience  in the 1920s and 1930s against the  British Em[55][56][57] pire.. pire

Sir Syed Sir  Syed Ahmad Khan  (1817-98) whose vision whose  vision formed  formed the basis of Pakistan

Over 10 million people were uprooted from their homeland and  travelled on foot, bullock carts and trains to their promised new home during the   Partition of India. India. Dur During ing the the partitio partition n between 200,000 to 500,000 people were killed in the retributive  genocide.[58]

The Muslim The  Muslim League  slowly rose to mass popularity in the 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims of Muslims in  in politics  politics.. In his presidential address of 29 December 1930, Allama 1930,  Allama Iqbal called Iqbal called for “the amalgamation of North-West of North-West Muslim-majority  Muslim-majority Indian states” consisting of  of   Punjab, Punjab,  North-West Frontier Province, Province,   Sind [59] Muhammad Muha mmad Ali Jinna Jinnah h   (1876–1948 (1876–1948)) served served as Pak- and Baluchistan and Baluchistan.. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Jinnah, the founder the founder istan’s first Governor-General and the leader of  Pakistan of Pakistan, Pakistan, greatly espoused the two-nation the  two-nation theory and theory and Movement led the Muslim League to adopt the  Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution. [46] Events Events leadi leading ng to the Worl orld d War II II,, Jinnah and Brit British ish edThe gradual decline of the  Mughal Empire in Empire  in the early ucated founding fathers in fathers in the Muslim the Muslim League supported League  supported 18th century   enabled   Sikh Empire's Empire's influence to conthe United the United Kingdom's Kingdom's war  war efforts, efforts, countering opposition opposition trol larger areas until the  British East-India Company against it whilst worked towards towards Sir  Sir Syed Syed's 's vision  vision. .[60] gained ascendancy over the the Indian  Indian subcontinent. subcontinent .[46] The rebellion in rebellion  in 1857 (or Sepoy (or  Sepoy mutiny) mutiny) was the region’s ma- As cabinet As cabinet mission failed mission  failed in India in  India,, the Great the  Great Britain anBritain  anjor armed and serious struggle against the British the  British Empire nounced the intentions to end its ra in  India in  in 1946– raj  j  in India [47] [61] and Quee Queenn Vic Victoria toria.. Diverg Divergenc encee in the relationship be- 47. Nationalists Nationalists in  in British  British India– India– including Jawaharlal including  Jawaharlal tween Hinduism tween Hinduism and  and Islam  Islam created  created a major rift in British in British Nehru and Abul and  Abul Kalam Azad of Congress of  Congress,,  Jinnah of India;; thus instigating racially-motivated India racially-motivated religious  religious vio- Muslim League, League, and   Master Tara Singh   representing [48] lence in lence  in India  India.. The language The language controversy further controversy further esca- the Sikhs—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of

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power and independence in June 1947. [62] As   United in 1969, President Yahya President  Yahya Khan had Khan  had to deal with a devasKingdom agreeing Kingdom  agreeing on partitioning on  partitioning of  of India  India in  in 1947, the tating cyclone tating cyclone which  which caused 500,000 deaths in  East Pakmodern state of Pakistan was established on   14 Au- istan istan..[70] of  Ramadan in  in 1366 of the  Islamic Calengust 1947  (27th of Ramadan the  Muslim-majority eastern  eastern and dar))  in amalgamating the Muslim-majority dar [57] northwe northwestern stern regions regions of Briti British sh Indi Indiaa. It compr comprise ised d the provinces of  of   Balochistan, Balochistan,  East Bengal, Bengal, the North-West the  North-West Frontier Province, Province, West Punjab and Punjab  and Sindh  Sindh;; thus forming [46][62] Pakistan. The partitioning The  partitioning of  of  Punjab  Punjab and  and  Bengal led to the series of violent communal riots across  India and Pakistan; Pakistan; millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India. [63] Dispute over Jammu over Jammu and Kashmir led Kashmir  led to the First the  First Kashmir War [64][65] in 1948.

2.3

Independ Independence ence and modern modern Pakistan Pakistan

Main articles: Monarchy articles:  Monarchy of Pakistan, Pakistan, Dominion of Pakistan and istan  and History  History of Pakistan After   independence   from from the   partition of   India in

Signing Signing of   Tashkent Tashkent Declaration   to end   end   hostilities   hostilities   with   India in 1965 in   Tashkent  ,   USSR , USSR , by President  Ayub    Ayub   alongside with Bhutto (center) Bhutto  (center) and  Aziz  Aziz Ahmed  (left).  (left). The American The  American CIA film CIA  film on Pakistan made in 1950 examines the history and geography of Pakistan.

In 1970, Pakistan held its first its  first democratic elections since elections  since independ independenc ence, e, that were meant meant to mark a transiti transition on from military from military rule to rule to democracy, democracy, but after the East Pak1947, Muhammad 1947,  Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Jinnah, the President the  President of  of Muslim  Muslim istani Awami istani Awami League won League won against Pakistan against Pakistan Peoples Party League,, became nation’s first  Governor-General League  Governor-General as  as well (PPP); Yahya Khan and military and  military establishment refused establishment  refused to as first President-Speaker first  President-Speaker  of the Parliament the  Parliament..[66] Mean- hand over power. [71][72] Instigated civil Instigated  civil unrest invited unrest invited the while, Pakistan’s founding Pakistan’s  founding fathers agreed fathers agreed upon appoint- military military launched  launched an  an operation operation on  on 25 March 1971, aiming Liaquat ing Liaquat Ali Khan, Khan, the secretary-general the secretary-general of  of the party the party,, ing to regain control of the province.[71][72] The genocide The genocide nation’s  nation’s   first Prim Primee Mini Minister ster.. A   dominion dominion status in carried out during this operation led to a declaration of the Commonwealth the Commonwealth of Nations, Nations , Pakistan was under two independence and to the waging of  a war of liberation by liberation  by British monarch when monarch when George  George VI relinquished VI relinquished the title of the Bengali Mukti Bengali  Mukti Bahini forces Bahini  forces in East Pakistan, with Emper Emp eror or of Ind India ia to become become King of Pakis Pakistan tan in 1947. 1947.[66] support from India. [72][73] However, in West Pakistan the After George After  George VI's VI's death on 6 February 1952, Elizabeth 1952,  Elizabeth conflict was described as a  civil war as war  as opposed to War II became II  became the Queen the  Queen of  of Pakistan who retained the title of Liberation.[74] until Pakistan becoming the Islamic the Islamic republic in republic  in 1956, [67] during this pebut democracy but  democracy was  was stalled by the  martial law enforced law  enforced Independent estimates of civilian deaths [75] riod range from 300,000 to 3 million. Preemptive by President by President Iskander Mirza who Mirza  who was replaced was  replaced by  by army  army on  India by  by the Pakistan’s  air force, force,   navy, navy, and chief,, General  Ayub Khan. chief Khan. Form Formin ingg   presidential sys- strikes on India marines sparked marines  sparked the  conventional war  in 1971, which tem in tem  in 1962, the country experienced exceptional experienced  exceptional growth witnessed the Indian victory and  East Pakistan gaining Pakistan  gaining until a   second war   with   India   in 1965 which led to [72] independence as independence  as Bangladesh  Bangladesh.. economic downfall and wide-scale  public disapproval in disapproval  in 1967.[68][69] Consolidating Consolidating the  the control from Ayub from  Ayub Khan With Pakistan   surrendering   in the war, Yahy Yahyaa Khan Khan

5

was replaced by   Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as President; the country worked towards promulgating   constitution and putting the country on roads of democracy.  Democratic rule resumed from 1972 to 1977– an era of selfconsciousness, intellectual leftism,  nationalism, and nationwide reconstruction.[76] During this period, Pakistan embarked on ambitiously developing the  nuclear deterrence  in 1972 in  a view to prevent any  foreign invasion; the country’s first nuclear power plant  was inaugurated, also the same year. [77][78] Accelerated in response to first nuclear test by India in 1974, this crash program completed in 1979. [78] Democracy ended with a military coup in 1977 against the  leftist PPP, which saw General Zia-ul-Haq becoming the president in 1978. From 1977–88, President Zia's corporatisation and  economic Islamisation   initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.[79] While consolidating the   nuclear development, increasing Islamization,[80] and the rise homegrown conservative philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidize and distribute U.S. resources to factions of the mujahideen against the USSR's intervention in communist Afghanistan.[81][82] President Zia died in a plane crash in 1988, and Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as country’s first female Prime Minister. The Pakistan Peoples Party   followed by conservative  Pakistan Muslim League (N), and over the next decade whose two leaders fought for power, alternating in office while the country’s situation worsened; economic indicators fell sharply, in contrast to the 1980s. This period is marked by prolonged stagflation, instability,  corruption, nationalism, geopolitical rivalry with India, and the clash of left wing-right wing ideologies.[83][84] As PML(N) securing supermajority in elections in 1997, Sharif authorised the nuclear testings (See:Chagai-I  and Chagai-II ) ,as a retaliation to second nuclear tests ordered by India, led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in May 1998. [85]

Musharraf governed Pakistan as   chief executive   from 1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008— a period of   enlightenment, social  liberalism, extensive economic reforms,[88] and   direct involvement   in the U.S.-led war on terrorism. When the National Assembly historically completed its first full five-year term on 15 November 2007, the new elections were called by Election Commission.[89] After the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in 2007, the PPP  secured largest votes in the   elections   of 2008, appointing party member Yousaf Raza Gillani  as Prime Minister. [90] Threatened to face   impeachment, President Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by   Asif Ali Zardari.[91][92][93] Clashes with the judicature prompted Gillani's disqualification from the Parliament and as the Prime Minister in June 2012. [94] By its own financial calculations, Pakistan’s involvement in the war on terrorism has cost up to ~$67.93 billion, [95][96] thousands of casualties and nearly 3 million displaced civilians. [97] The general election held in 2013 saw the PML(N) achieved almost supermajority, following which Nawaz Sharif became elected as the Prime Minister, returning to the post for the third time after fourteen years, in a democratic transition.[98]

3

Government and politics

Main articles: Government of Pakistan,   Politics of Pakistan, Political history of Pakistan and Human rights in Pakistan

Pakistan is a  democratic parliamentary federal republic   with   Islam   as the   state religion.[99] The   first set was adopted in 1956 but suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958 who replaced it with second set in 1962.[57] Complete and comprehensive   Constitution   was adopted in 1973—suspended by Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 but reinstated in 1985—is the country’s most important document, laying the foundations of the current government. [100] The Pakistani military establishment has played an influential role in mainstream politics throughout Pakistan’s political history.[57] Presidents are brought in by military coups who imposed in martial law in 1958–1971, 1977–1988, and 1999–2008.[101] As of current, Pakistan has a multiparty system parliamentary system with clear division of powers and responsibilities between branches of government. The first successful demonstrative transaction was held in May 2013. As of 2013 elections, the three main dominated political parties in the country: the  centrePresident Bush  meets with President   Musharraf  in   Islamabad  right conservative Pakistan Muslim League-N (PML-N); the centre-left socialist Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP); and during his 2006 visit to Pakistan. the centrist and third-way Pakistan Movement for Justice Military tension between the two countries in the Kargil (PTI) led by cricketer Imran Khan. district led to the Kargil War of 1999, and a turbulence in civic-military relations allowed General Pervez Mushar•  Head of State: The President who is elected by an [86][87] raf   took over through a   bloodless coup d'état. Electoral College is the ceremonial head of the state

6

3

and is the civilian commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces (with Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee as its principal military adviser), but military appointments and key confirmations in the armed forces are made by the prime minister after reviewing the reports on their merit and performances. Almost all appointed officers in the judicial branches, military chiefs, chairman and branches, and legislatures require the executive confirmation from the prime minister, whom the President must consult, by law. However, the powers to pardon and grant clemency vest with the President of Pakistan. •

•

•

•

  Legislative: The   bicameral  legislature comprises a 100-member  Senate (upper house) and a 342member National Assembly (lower house). Members of the National Assembly are elected through the first-past-the-post system under universal adult suffrage, representing electoral districts known as National Assembly constituencies. According to the constitution, the 70 seats reserved for women and religious minorities are allocated to the political parties according to their proportional representation. Senate members are elected by provincial legislators, with all of provinces have equal representation.

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 

the Supreme Court at the apex. The  Constitution of Pakistan entrusts the superior judiciary with the obligation to preserve, protect and defend the constitution. Neither the Supreme Court nor a High Court may exercise jurisdiction in relation to Tribal Areas, except otherwise provided for. The disputed regions of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan have separate court systems.

3.1

Foreign relations of Pakistan

Main article: Foreign relations of Pakistan A second most populous nation-state (after Indonesia)

  Executive: The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the largest party or a coalition in the   National Assembly— the lower house. The Prime Minister serves as the head of government and is designated to exercise as the country’s  chief executive. The Prime Minister is responsible for appointing a cabinet consisting of ministers and advisors as well as running the government operations, taking and authorizing executive decisions, appointments and recommendations that require executive confirmation of the Prime Minister.   Provincial governments: Each of the four province has a similar system of government, with a directly elected Provincial Assembly in which the leader of the largest party or coalition is elected  Chief Minister. Chief Ministers oversees the provincial governments and head the provincial cabinet, it is common in Pakistan to have different ruling parties or coalitions in each provinces. The provincial assemblies have power to make laws and approve provincial budget which is commonly presented by the provincial finance minister every fiscal year.   Provincial governors who play role as the ceremonial head of province are appointed by the President.[100]  Judicature: The judiciary of Pakistan is a hierarchical system with two classes of courts: the superior (or higher) judiciary and the subordinate (or lower) judiciary. The Chief Justice of Pakistan is the chief judge who oversees the judicature’s court system at all levels of command. The superior judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the Federal Shariat Court  and five High Courts, with

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi hand shakes  with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif .

and being the singular nuclear power state in the Muslim world, enabled the country to play a important role in the international community.[102][103] With semi-agriculture and semi-industrialized economy, it foreign policy interacts with foreign nations and to determine its standard of interactions for its organizations, corporations and individual citizens. [104][105] Its clear geostrategic intentions were explained by  Jinnah who described the principles and objectives of Pakistan’s foreign policy in a broadcast message:[106] The objectives of foreign policy of Pakistan: Since then, Pakistan have tried maintaining balance relations with the foreign nations as part of its determined policy.[107][108][109] A non-signatory party of the Treaty on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation, Pakistan is a good and influential member of the   IAEA.[110] In recent event, Pakistan has successfully blocked  international initiatives to limit fissile material, as justifying that “treaty would

3.2

7

Administrative divisions 

target Pakistan specifically.” [111] In most of its 20th century history, Pakistan’s nuclear deterrence  program focused on countering India’s nuclear ambitions in the region, and nuclear tests by India eventually led Pakistan to reciprocate the event to maintain geopolitical balance as becoming nuclear power.[112] As of current, Pakistan now maintains a policy of credible minimum deterrence , terming its program as vital nuclear deterrence  against any foreign aggression. [113] Located in strategic and geopolitical corridor of the world’s major maritime oil supply lines, communication fiber optics, Pakistan has proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian   countries.[114] Pakistan is an influential and founding member of the  Organisation of Islamic Cooperation  (OIC) and is a major  non-NATO ally of the United States in the war against terrorism— a status achieved in 2004. [115] Pakistan’s  foreign policy and geostrategy mainly focuses on economy and security against threats to its   national identity   and territorial integrity, and on the cultivation of close relations with Muslim countries. [116] Briefing on country’s foreign policy in 2004, the   Pakistani senator   reportedly explains: “Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and noninterference in each other’s domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy.” [117] Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations and has a Permanent Representative  to represent Pakistan’s policy in international politics.[118] Recently, Pakistan has previously lobbied for the concept of "Enlightened Moderation" in the Muslim world.[119][120] Pakistan is also a member of Commonwealth of Nations,[121] the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation   (SAARC), the Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO)[122][123] and the G20 developing nations.[124] Pakistan does not have diplomatic relations with Israel;[125] nonetheless some Israeli citizens visited the country on a tourist visas. [126] Based on mutual cooperation, the security security exchange have taken place between   two countries  using Turkey as a communication conduit. [127] Despite Pakistan being the only country in the world that has not established a   diplomatic relations   with   Armenia, the Armenian community still resides in Pakistan. [128]

Pak-China Friendship Centre   was constructed by   China as a  gift for Pakistan. Pakistan also hosts China’s largest overseas  embassy.[129]

Maintaining cultural, political, social, and economic rela-

tions with the Arab world and other countries in Muslim World is vital factor in Pakistan’s foreign policy.[130] Pakistan was the first country to have established diplomatic relations with China and relations continues to be warm since China’s   war with India   in 1962.[131] In 1960s– 80s, Pakistan greatly helped  China in reaching out to the world’s major countries and helped facilitate  U.S. President Nixon's state visit to China.[131] Despite the change of governments in Pakistan, variations in the regional and global situation, China policy in Pakistan continues to be dominant factor at all time. [131] In return, China is Pakistan’s largest trading partner and economic cooperation have reached high points, with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistan’s infrastructural expansion including the Pakistani deep-water port at Gwadar.[132][133][134] Both countries have signed the Free Trade Agreement in 2000s, and Pakistan continues to serve as  China's communication bridge in the Muslim World.[135] Difficulties in relations and geopolitical rivalry with India, Pakistan maintains close cultural and political relations with Turkey and Iran.[136] Pakistan has a second largest Shia Islam follower, after Iran, and has maintains close cultural, political, economic, and military relations with Iran.[137] Iran was the first country to establish  relations with Pakistan, and since then, Iran has occupied influential place in Pakistan’s foreign policy. [137] Turkey and Saudi Arabia also maintains respected position in Pakistan’s foreign policy, and both countries has been a focal point in Pakistan’s foreign policy. [136] The Kashmir conflict remains the major point of rift; three of  their four wars were over this territory.[138] Due to ideological differences, Pakistan opposed the  Soviet Union in 1950s and during  Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s, Pakistan was one of the closest allies of the United States. [117][139] Relations with Russia has greatly improved since 1999 and cooperation with various sectors have increased between Russia and Pakistan.[140] Pakistanhas had “on-andoff” relations with the United States. A close ally of the United States in the Cold war, Pakistan’s relation with the United States relations soured in the 1990s when the U.S. imposed sanctions because of Pakistan’s secretive nuclear development.[141] The United States-led  war on terrorism  led initially to an improvement in the relationship, but it was strained by a divergence of interests and resulting mistrust during the   war in Afghanistan   and by issues related to terrorism. [142][143][144][145] Since 1948, there has been an ongoing, and at times fluctuating, violent conflict in the southwestern province of   Balochistan  between various Baloch separatist groups, who seek greater political autonomy, and the central government of Pakistan. [146]

3.2

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Administrative units of Pakistan and Districts of Pakistan

8

A federal parliamentary republic state, Pakistan is a federation that is comprised of  four provinces:   Punjab, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa , Sindh, and Balochistan.[147] In addition, the state also comprised with four territories: the Tribal belt, Gilgit–Baltistan, Islamabad Capital Territory, and Kashmir. The Government of Pakistan exercises the de facto  jurisdiction over the Frontier Regions and the western parts of the Kashmir Regions, which are organised into the separate political entities Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan (formerly Northern Areas). In 2009, the constitutional assignment (the Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment  and Self-Governance Order ) awarded the Gilgit–Baltistan a semi-provincial status, giving it self-government.[148]

3

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 

the Rawalpindi Military District.[157]

The  Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee  is the highest principle staff officer in the armed forces, and the chief military adviser to the civilian government though the chairman has no authority over the three branches of armed forces. [156] The  Chairman joint chiefs   controls the military from the  JS HQ and maintains strategic communications between the military and the civilian government.[156] As of current, the Chairman joint chiefs is General Rashid Mahmood alongside with chief of army staff General Raheel Sharif,[158] chief of naval staff Admiral Muhammad Zaka,[159] and chief of air staff Air Chief Marshal Tahir Rafique Butt.[160] The main The local government system consists of a three-tier sys- branches are the Army–Air Force–Navy–Marines, which tem of districts, tehsils and union councils, with an elected are supported by the number of  paramilitary forces in the body at each tier. [149] There are about 130 districts alto- country.[161] Control over the strategic arsenals, deploygether, of which Azad Kashmir has ten [150] and Gilgit– ment, employment, development, military computers and Baltistan seven.[151] The Tribal Areas comprise seven command and control is a responsibility vested under the tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached National Command Authority which oversaw the work from neighbouring districts.[152] on the nuclear policy  as part of the credible  minimum deterrence.[85] Clickable map of the four provinces and four federal territories of Pakistan.

The United States, Turkey, and China maintains close military relations who imported the military equipment and technology  transfer to Pakistan.[162] Joint loThe law enforcement  is carried out by a joint network gistics and major   war games   are occasionally carry of intelligence community   with jurisdiction limited to out by the militaries of  China and  Turkey.[161][163][164] the relevant province or territory. The National IntelPhilosophical  basis for the military draft is introduced ligence Directorate coordinates the information intelliby the  Constitution in times of emergency, but it has gence at both federal and provincial level; including the never been imposed. [165] Since 1947, Pakistan has been FIA, IB, Motorway Police, and paramilitary forces such involved in four conventional war, starting first war ocas the Pakistan Rangers and the Frontier Corps.[153] curred in Kashmir with Pakistan gaining the control of The court system  is organised as a hierarchy, with the Western Kashmir (Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan), Supreme Court at the apex, below which are High Courts, and India capturing the  Eastern Kashmir (Jammu and Federal Shariat Courts (one in each province and one in Kashmir). Territorial problems eventually led to anthe federal capital), District Courts (one in each district), other conventional war in 1965; and over the issue of Judicial Magistrate Courts (in every town and city), Exec- Bengali refugees led to another war in 1971 which reutive Magistrate Courts and civil courts. The Penal code sulted in Pakistan’s unconditional surrender of East Pakhas limited jurisdiction in the Tribal Areas, where law is istan.[166] Tensions in Kargil brought the two countries at largely derived from tribal customs. [153][154] the brink of war.[86] Since 1947, the unresolved territorial problems with Afghanistan saw border skirmishes which was kept mostly at the  mountainous border. In 1961, the military and   intelligence community   repelled the 3.3 Military Afghan incursion in the Bajaur Agency near the Durand Line  border.[167][168] Rising tensions with neighboring Main article: Pakistan Armed Forces USSR in  their involvement in   Afghanistan, Pakistani intelligence community, mostly the ISI,  systematically The armed forces of Pakistan are the eighth largest in the coordinated the U.S. resources to the Afghan mujahideen world in terms of numbers in full-time service, with about and foreign fighters against the Soviet Union's presence in 617,000 personnel on active duty and 513,000 reservists, the region. Military reports indicated that the PAF was in as of tentative estimates in 2010. [155] They  came into engagement with the Soviet Air Force, supported by the existence  after independence in 1947, and the  military Afghan Air Force during the course of the  conflict;[169] establishment  has frequently influenced in the   national one of which belonged to Alexander Rutskoy.[169] politics ever since. [101] Chain of command of the military is kept under the control of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Apart from its own conflicts, Pakistan has been an active Committee; all of the branches joint works, coordina- participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions. It tion, military logistics, and joint missions are under the played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers Somalia, in 1993 in Operation Gothic Joint Staff HQ.[156] The Joint Staff HQ is composed of from Mogadishu, [170][171][172] Serpent. According to UN reports, the Pakthe Air HQ, Navy HQ, and Army GHQ in the vicinity of

3.5

9

Law enforcement 

dia, or in special cases to remain independent. [183] India claims Kashmir on the basis of the Instrument of Accession, a legal agreement with Kashmir’s leaders executed Pakistan has deployed its military  in some Arab counby Maharaja Hari Singh, then ruler of Kashmir, agreetries, providing defence, training, and playing advisory ing to accede the area to India. [184][185] Pakistan claims roles.[174][175] The PAF and Navy's fighter pilots have voluntarily served in Arab nations military against Israel in Kashmir on the basis of a Muslim majority and of geography, the same principles that were applied for the creSix-Day War (1967) and the Yom Kippur War (1973), ation of the two independent states.[186][187] India referred of which, the Pakistan’s fighter pilots shot down ten Isthe dispute to the United Nations on 1 January 1948. [188] raeli planes in the Six-Day War. [170] Requested by the In a resolution in 1948, the UN asked Pakistan to remove Saudi monarchy in 1979, the special forces units, operatives, and commandos were rushed to assist  Saudi forces most of its troops. A plebiscite would then be held. However, Pakistan failed to vacate the region. A ceasefire was in Mecca to lead the operation of the Grand Mosque.[176] reached in 1949 and a Line of Control was established, In 1991 Pakistan got involved with the  Gulf War and sent dividing Kashmir between the two countries. [183] 5,000 troops as part of a US-led coalition, specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia.[177] Pakistan claims that its position is for the right of the people of Jammu and Kashmir to determine their fuSince 2004, the military has been engaged in a war ture through impartial elections as mandated by the in North-West Pakistan, mainly against the homegrown United Nations,[189] while India has stated that KashTaliban factions.[178][179] Major operations undertaken by mir is an integral part of India, referring to the 1972 the Army include  Operation Black Thunderstorm and Simla Agreement and to the fact that elections take place Operation Rah-e-Nijat.[180][181] regularly. [190] Certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.[138] 3.4 Kashmir conflict istani military are the largest troop contributors to UN peacekeeping missions.[173]

Main article: Kashmir conflict The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute between

3.5

Law enforcement

Main articles: Law enforcement in Pakistan, Pakistan Intelligence Community and  National Intelligence Directorate The  law enforcement   in Pakistan is carried out by

Pir Chinasi  , Azad Kashmir   is part of Pakistani controlled Kashmir.

India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region, the most northwesterly region of South Asia. The two countries have fought at least three wars over Kashmir—the IndoPakistani War of 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999—and several skirmishes over the Siachen Glacier.[138] India claims the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir and administers approximately 45.1% of the region, including most of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the Siachen Glacier. India’s claim is contested by Pakistan, which controls approximately 38.2% of Kashmir, consisting of Azad Kashmir and the northern areas of  Gilgit and Baltistan.[138][182] The conflict of Kashmir has its origin in 1947, when British India was separated into the two states of Pakistan and India. As part of the partition process, both countries had agreed that the rulers of princely states would be allowed to opt for membership of either Pakistan or In-

Women Commandos of   counter-terrorism Special Combat Unit .

joint network of several federal and provincial police agencies. The four provinces and the Islamabad Capital Territory each have a civilian police force with jurisdiction extending only to the relevant province or territory.[100] At the federal level, there are a number of civilian intelligence agencies with nationwide jurisdictions including the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA), Intelligence Bureau   (IB), and the  Motoway Patrol, as well as several  paramilitary forces such as the National Guards (Northern Areas), the   Rangers (Punjab and Sindh), and the  Frontier Corps (Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan).

10

The most senior officers of all the civilian police forces also form part of the Police Service, which is a component of the civil service of Pakistan. Namely, there are four provincial police service  including the Punjab Police, Sindh Police, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Police, and the Balochistan Police; all headed by the appointed senior Inspector-Generals . The  Islamabad  has its own police component, the Capital Police, to maintain law and order in the capital. The CID bureaus are the crime investigation unit and forms a vital part in each provincial police service.

4

GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE 

south[193] and land borders of 6,774 km (4,209 mi) in total: 2,430 km (1,510 mi) with Afghanistan, 523 km (325 mi) with China, 2,912 km (1,809 mi) with India and 909 km (565 mi) with Iran. [100] It shares a marine border with Oman, [194] and is separated from Tajikistan by the cold, narrow Wakhan Corridor.[195] Pakistan occupies a geopolitically important location at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia. [196]

Geologically, Pakistan overlaps the  Indian tectonic plate in its Sindh and Punjab provinces; Balochistan and most of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are within the  Eurasian plate, The law enforcement in Pakistan also has a Motorway Pa- mainly on the Iranian plateau. Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad trol which is responsible for enforcement of traffic and Kashmir lie along the edge of the Indian plate and hence safety laws, security and recovery on Pakistan’s inter- are   prone to violent earthquakes. Ranging from the provincial   motorway network. In each of provincial coastal areas of the south to the glaciated mountains Police Service, it also maintains a respective  Elite Po- of the north, Pakistan’s landscapes vary from plains to lice units led by the NACTA– a counter-terrorism po- deserts, forests, hills and plateaus . [197] lice unit as well as providing VIP escorts. In Punjab and Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: Sindh, the Pakistan Rangers are an internal security force the northern highlands, the  Indus River  plain and the with the prime objective to provide and maintain security Balochistan Plateau.[198] The northern highlands contain in war zones and areas of conflict as well as maintaining the Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges law and order which includes providing assistance to the (see  mountains of Pakistan), which contain some of police. [191] The Frontier Corps serves the similar purpose the world’s highest peaks, including five of the fourteen in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and the Balochistan.[191] eight-thousanders  (mountain peaks over 8,000 metres or 26,250 feet), which attract adventurers and mountaineers from all over the world, notably  K2 (8,611 m or 28,251 4 Geography, environment and cli- ft) and Nanga Parbat (8,126 m or 26,660 ft). [199] The Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the  Thar Desert mate in the east. The 1,609 km (1,000 mi) Indus River and its tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir Main articles:  Geography of Pakistan, Environment of region to the Arabian Sea. There is an expanse of alluvial Pakistan and Climate of Pakistan plains along it in Punjab and Sindh. [200] The geography and  climate of Pakistan are extremely The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid conditions in the coastal south. There is a monsoon season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all. There are four distinct seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November. [46] Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, and patterns of alternate flooding and drought are common.[201]

4.1 K2 is the second-highest mountain on Earth.

diverse, and the country is home to a wide variety of wildlife.[192] Pakistan covers an area of 796,095 km 2 (307,374 sq mi), approximately equal to the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom. It is the 36th largest nation by total area, although this ranking varies depending on how the disputed territory of Kashmir is counted. Pakistan has a 1,046 km (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the

Flora and fauna

Main articles: Flora of Pakistan and Fauna of Pakistan The diversity of landscapes and climates in Pakistan allows a wide variety of trees and plants to flourish. The forests range from coniferous  alpine and subalpine trees such as spruce, pine and  deodar cedar  in the extreme northern mountains, through   deciduous  trees in most of the country (for example the mulberry-like shisham  found in the   Sulaiman Mountains), to palms such as coconut and  date in southern Punjab, southern Balochistan and all of Sindh. The western hills are home

4.2

11

National parks and Wildlife sanctuaries 

can still be found in significant numbers in   Cholistan. A small number of nilgai are found along the PakistanIndia border and in some parts of Cholistan. [209][211] A wide variety of animals live in the mountainous north, including the Marco Polo sheep, the urial (a subspecies of wild sheep), Markhor and Ibex goats, the Asian black bear and the Himalayan brown bear.[209][212][213] Among the rare animals found in the area are the  snow leopard,[212] the Asiatic cheetah[214] and the blind Indus river dolphin, of which there are believed to be about 1,100 remaining, protected at the Indus River Dolphin Reserve in Sindh.[212][215] In total, 174 mammals, 177 reptiles, 22 amphibians, 198 freshwater fish species and 5,000 species of invertebrates (including insects) have been recorded in Pakistan.[205][206] The flora and fauna of Pakistan suffer from a number of problems. Pakistan has the second-highest rate of deforestation in the world. This, along with hunting and pollution, is causing adverse effects on the ecosystem. The government has established a large number of protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves to deal with these issues. [205][206]

Deodar  , Pakistan’s national tree.

4.2

National parks and Wildlife sanctuaries

to  juniper,  tamarisk, coarse grasses and scrub plants. Mangrove  forests form much of the coastal wetlands along the coast in the south. [202]

Main article: Protected areas of Pakistan As of present, there are around 157  protected areas in

Coniferous forests are found at altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 4,000 metres in most of the northern and northwestern highlands. In the  xeric   regions of Balochistan, date palm and   Ephedra  are common. In most of Punjab and Sindh, the Indus plains support tropical and subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forestry as well as tropical and xeric shrublands. These forests are mostly of  mulberry,   acacia, and   eucalyptus.[203] About 2.2% or 1,687,000 hectares (16,870 km 2 ) of Pakistan was forested in 2010. [204] The fauna of Pakistan reflects its varied climates too. Around 668 bird species are found there: [205][206] crows, sparrows, mynas, hawks, falcons and  eagles commonly occur.   Palas, Kohistan, has a significant population of Western Tragopan.[207] Many birds sighted in Pakistan are migratory, coming from Europe, Central Asia and India. [208]

Plain of   Deosai National Park .

Pakistan that are recognized by IUCN. According to the 'Modern Protected Areas’ legislation, a national park is Thesouthern plains arehome to mongooses, civets, hares, a protected area set aside by the government for the prothe Asiatic jackal, the Indian pangolin, the jungle cat and tection and conservation of its outstanding scenery and the desert cat. There are mugger crocodiles in the In- wildlife in a natural state. The oldest national park is Lal dus, and wild boar, deer, porcupines and small rodents Suhanra in Bahawalpur District, established in 1972. [216] are common in the surrounding areas. The sandy scrub- It is also the only  biosphere reserve   of Pakistan. Lal lands of central Pakistan are home to Asiatic jackals, Suhanra is the only national park established before the striped hyenas, wildcats and leopards.[209][210] The lack independence   of the nation in August 1947.   Central of vegetative cover, the severe climate and the impact of Karakoram in Gilgit Baltistan is currently the largest nagrazing on the deserts have left wild animals in a pre- tional park in the country, spanning over a total approxicarious position. The chinkara is the only animal that mate area of 1,390,100 hectares (3,435,011.9 acres). The

12

5

smallest national park is the  Ayub, covering a total approximate area of 931 hectares (2,300.6 acres).

5 5.1

Infrastructure Economy

Main article: Economy of Pakistan

View of Pakistan’s capital Islamabad, the city is home to several of countries largest companies.

Habib Bank Plaza, located in Karachi was designed by Leo A Daly Pakistan is a rapidly developing country [217][218][219] and is one of the   Next Eleven, the eleven countries that, along with the   BRICs, have a high potential to become the world’s largest economies in the 21st century.[220] However, after decades of social instability, as of 2013, serious deficiencies in  macromangament and unbalanced macroeconomics in basic services such as train transportation and  electrical energy   generation had developed. [221] The economy is semi-industrialized, with centres of growth along the Indus River. [222][223][224] The diversified economies of  Karachi and  Punjab’s urban centres   coexist with less developed areas in other parts of the country. [223] Pakistan’s estimated   nominal GDP   as of 2011 is US$202 billion. The GDP by PPP is US$ 838,164 million. [225] The estimated nominal per capita GDP is US$1,197, GDP (PPP) per capita is US$4,602 (international dollars), and debt-to-GDP ra-

INFRASTRUCTURE 

tio is 55.5%.[226][227] According to the World Bank, Pakistan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The increasing proportion of Pakistan’s youth provides the country with a potential demographic dividend and a challenge to provide adequate services and employment. [228] A 2013 report by World Bank positioned Pakistan’s economy at 24th largest in the world by purchasing power and 45th largest in absolute dollars. [224] It is South Asia’s second largest economy, representing about 15 percent of regional GDP.[230][231] Pakistan’s economic growth since its inception has been varied. It has been slow during periods of civilian rule, but excellent during the three periods of military rule, although the foundation for sustainable and equitable growth was not formed. [69] The early to middle 2000s was a period of rapid reform; the government raised development spending, which reduced poverty levels by 10% and increased GDP by 3%. [100][232] The economy cooled again from 2007. [100] Inflation reached 25% in 2008[233] and Pakistan had to depend on a fiscal policy backed by the International Monetary Fund to avoid possible bankruptcy. [234][235] A year later, the Asian Development Bank reported that Pakistan’s economic crisis was easing.[236] The inflation rate for the fiscal year 2010– 11 was 14.1%. [237] On January 2014, a survey conducted by the   Japan External Trade Organization  placed Pakistan just behind Taiwan in terms of business generated by Japanese companies. Pakistan’s data was generated from 27 Japanese firms doing business here. The results found that 74.1% of the Japanese companies estimated operating profit in 2013.[238] Pakistan is one of the largest producers of natural commodities, and its labour market is the 10th largest in the world. The 7 million strong  Pakistani diaspora, contributed US$11.2 billion to the economy in FY2011. [241] The major source countries of remittances to Pakistan include UAE, USA, Saudi Arabia, GCC countries (including Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman), Australia, Canada, Japan, UK and EU countries like Norway, Switzerland, etc. . [242][243] According to the World Trade Organization Pakistan’s share of overall world exports is declining; it contributed only 0.128% in 2007. [244] The trade deficit in the fiscal year 2010–11 was US$11.217 billion. [245] The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from a mainly agricultural to a strong service base. Agriculture as of 2010 accounts for only 21.2% of the GDP. Even so, according to the United Nations   Food and Agriculture Organization, Pakistan produced 21,591,400 metric tons of wheat in 2005, more than all of Africa (20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly as much as all of South America (24,557,784 metric tons). [246] Between 2002 and 2007 there was substantial foreign investment in Pakistan’s banking and energy sectors. [247] Other important industries include clothing and textiles (accounting for nearly 60% of exports), food processing, chemicals manufacture, iron and steel.[248] There is great poten-

5.2

13

Nuclear power 

tial for tourism in Pakistan, but it is severely affected by the country’s instability.[249] Pakistan’s cement is also fast growing mainly because of demand from Afghanistan and countries boosting real estate sector, In 2013 Pakistan exported 7,708,557 metric tons of cement.[250] Pakistan has an installed capacity of 44,768,250 metric tons of cement and 42,636,428 metric tons of clinker. In the 2012–2013 cement industry in Pakistan became the most profitable sector of economy. [251]

ownership due to an active participation of foreign and local stakeholders. It has resulted into an increased competition among banks to attract a greater number of customers by the provision of quality services for long-term benefits. Now there are 6 full-fledged Islamic banks and 13 conventional banks offering products and services. Islamic banking and finance in Pakistan has experienced phenomenal growth. Islamic deposits – held by fullfledged Islamic banks and Islamic windows of conventional banks at present stand at 9.7% of total bank deposits in the country.[256] The list includes the largest Pakistani companies by revenue in 2012:

5.2

GDP  growth rate of Pakistan compared with global average since 2000.

Foreign direct investment  (FDI) in Pakistan soared by 180.6 per cent year-on-year to US$2.22 billion and portfolio investment by 276 per cent to $407.4 million during the first nine months of fiscal year 2006, the  State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) reported on 24 April. During July– March 2005–06, FDI year-on-year increased to $2.224 billion from only $792.6 million and portfolio investment to $407.4 million, whereas it was $108.1 million in the corresponding period last year, according to the latest statistics released by the State Bank. [252] Pakistan has achieved FDI of almost $8.4 billion in the financial year 06/07, surpassing the government target of $4 billion.[253] Foreign investment had significantly declined by 2010, dropping by 54.6% due to Pakistan’s political instability and weak law and order, according to the Bank of Pakistan. [254] The textile sector enjoys a pivotal position in the exports of Pakistan. Pakistan is the 8th largest exporter of textile products in Asia. This sector contributes 9.5% to the GDP and provides employment to about 15 million people or roughly 30% of the 49 million workforce of the country. Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of cotton with the third largest spinning capacity in Asia after China and India, and contributes 5% to the global spinning capacity. China is the second largest buyer of Pakistani textiles, importing $1.527 billion of textiles last fiscal. Unlike US where mostly value added textiles are imported, China buys only cotton yarn and cotton fabric from Pakistan. In 2012, Pakistani textile products accounted for 3.3% or $1.07b of total UK’s textile imports, 12.4% or $4.61b of total Chinese textile imports, 2.98% or $2.98b of total US’s textile imports, 1.6% or $0.88b of total German textile imports and 0.7% or $0.888b of total Indian textile imports. [255] The Pakistani competitive yet profitable banking sector is continuously improving with a diversified pattern of

Nuclear power

Main articles: Nuclear power in Pakistan, Energy in Pakistan and Electricity sector in Pakistan Energy from the nuclear power  source is provided by

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission contributed in the development of   Compact Muon Solenoid .

three licensed-commercial  nuclear power plants, as of 2012 data.[264] Pakistan is the first  Muslim country in the world to construct and operate civil nuclear power plants.[265] The   Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), the scientific and nuclear governmental authority, is solely responsible for operating these power plants, while the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority  regulates safe usage of the nuclear energy. [266] The electricity generated by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly ~5.8% of electricity generated in Pakistan, compared to ~62% from fossil fuel (petroleum), ~29.9% from hydroelectric power  and ~0.3% from   coal.[267][268][269] Pakistan is one of the four  nuclear armed states  (along with India, Israel, and North Korea) that is not a party to the  Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty  but is a member in good standing of the International Atomic Energy Agency.[270][271][272] For the commercial usage of the  nuclear power, China has provided an avid support for commercializing the nuclear power sources in Pakistan from early on, first providing the Chashma-I reactor. The Karachi-I, a Candutype, was provided by Canada in 1971– the country’s first commercial  nuclear power plant. In subsequent years, People’s Republic of China  sold the nuclear power plant for energy and industrial growth of the country. In 2005,

14

5

INFRASTRUCTURE 

clear power plants generate roughly 5.8% of Pakistan’s electricity, compared with about 64.0% from  thermal, 29.9% from hydroelectric power, and ~0.3% from the Coal source.[275]

5.3

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Pakistan Pakistan, with its diverse cultures, people and land-

Commercial nuclear power plants in Pakistan.

both countries reached out towards working on joint energy security plan, calling for a huge increase in generating capacity to more than 160,000  MWe by 2030. Original admissions by Pakistan, the government plans for lifting nuclear capacity to 8800  MWe, 900 MWe of it by 2015 and a further 1500 MWe by 2020.[273] In June 2008, the nuclear commercial complex was expanded with the ground work of installing and operationalizing the Chashma-III  and   Chashma–IV  nuclear power plants at  Chashma,  Punjab Province, each with 320–340 MWe and costing ₨. 129 billion,; from which the ₨. 80 billion of this from international sources, principally China. A further agreement for China’s help with the project was signed in October 2008, and given prominence as a counter to the U.S.–India agreement shortly preceding it. Cost quoted then was US$1.7 billion, with a foreign loan component of $1.07 billion. In 2013, the second nuclear commercial complex  in  Karachi was marginalized and expanded to additional reactors, based on the Chashma complex.[274] The   electrical energy   is generated by various   energy corporations   and evenly distributed by the   National Electric Power Regulatory Authority  (NEPRA) among the  four provinces. However, the  Karachi-based KElectric and the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) generates much of the   electrical energy as well as gathering revenue nationwide. [275] Capacity to generate ~22,797MWt electricity has been installed in 2014, with the initiation of several energy projects in 2014.[267] Energy from the nuclear sources  is provided by three licensed commercial nuclear power plants operated Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) under licensed by the  Nuclear Regulatory Authority.[276] Pakistan is the first Muslim country in the world to embark on a nuclear power program. [277] Commercial nu-

New Year Fireworks over the Derawar Fort .

scapes attracted 1 million tourists in 2012. [278] Pakistan’s tourism industry was in its heyday during the 1970s when the country received unprecedented amounts of foreign tourists. The main destinations of choice for these tourists were the Khyber Pass, Peshawar, Karachi, Lahore, Swat and Rawalpindi.[279] The country’s attraction range from the ruin of civilisation such as  Mohenjo-daro,  Harappa and  Taxila, to the Himalayan hill stations. Pakistan is home to several  mountain peaks over 7000 m.[280] The north part of Pakistan has many old fortresses, ancient architecture and the Hunza and Chitral valley, home to small preIslamic   Animist Kalasha  community claiming descent from Alexander the Great. Other attractions include the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa  province, Punjab province. Pakistan’s cultural capital, with many examples of  Mughal architecture   such as  Badshahi Masjid,   Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir  and the Lahore Fort. Before the Global economic crisis Pakistan received more than 500,000 tourists annually. [281] However, this number has now come down to near zero figures since 2008 due to instability in the country and many countries declaring Pakistan as unsafe and dangerous to visit. In October 2006, just one year after the  2005 Kashmir earthquake,  The Guardian  released what it described as “The top five tourist sites in Pakistan” in order to help the country’s tourism industry.[282] The five sites included Taxila, Lahore,  The Karakoram Highway,  Karimabad and Lake Saiful Muluk. To promote Pakistan’s unique and various cultural heritage.[283][284] In 2009, The World Economic Forum’s Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Pakistan as one of the top 25% tourist

5.5

destinations for its World Heritage sites. Ranging from mangroves in the South, to the 5,000-year-old cities of the Indus Valley Civilization  which included  Mohenjodaro and Harappa.[285]

5.4

15

Science and technology

Transport

Main article: Transport in Pakistan The transport industry accounts for ~10.5% of nation’s

The Meto Bus System in Lahore is country’s first bus rapid transit  , while Metrobus Rawalpindi-Islamabad   is under construction.

south links, connecting the southern ports to the populous provinces of Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Although this network only accounts for 4.2% of total road length, it carries 85% of the country’s traffic. [289][290] The Pakistan Railways, under the Ministry of Railways (MoR), operates the railroad system. From 1947 until 1970s, the train system was the primary means of transport until the nationwide constructions of the   national highways and the economic boom of the automotive industry. Since 1990s, there was a marked shift in traffic from rail to highways; dependence grew on roads after the introduction of vehicles in the country. Now the railway’s share of inland traffic is only 10% for passengers and 4% for freight traffic. Personal transportation dominated by the automobiles, the total rail track decreased from 8,775 km in 1990–91 to 7,791 km in 2011. [289][291] Pakistan expects to use the rail service to boost  foreign trade with China, Iran and Turkey. [292][293] Rough estimates accounts for 139 airports in Pakistan– both military and civilian airports which are mostly are publicly owned. Though the Jinnah International Airport is the principal international gateway to Pakistan, the international airports in  Lahore,   Islamabad,   Peshawar, Quetta, Faisalabad, Sialkot and Multan also handle significant amounts of traffic. The civil aviation industry is mixed with public and private sectors, which has been deregulated in 1993. While the state-owned Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) is the major and dominated air carrier that carries about 73% of domestic passengers and all domestic freight, the private airlines such as airBlue, Shaheen Air International, and Air Indus, also provide the similar services with low cost expenses. Major seaports are in Karachi, Sindh (the Karachi port and Port Qasim).[289][291] Since 1990s, the seaport operations have been moved to Balochistan with the construction of Gwadar Port and Gadani Port.[289][291]

5.5 Jinnah International Airport  in Karachi   handles 16 million passengers annually.

GDP.[286] Pakistan’s motorway infrastructure  is better than those of   India,   Bangladesh, and   Indonesia, but the train system lags behind those of India and China, and aviation infrastructure also needs improvement. [287] There is scarcely any   inland water transportation system, and coastal shipping only meets minor local requirements. [288] Highways form the backbone of Pakistan’s transport system; a total road length of 259,618 km accounts for 91% of passenger and 96% of freight traffic. Road transport services are largely in the hands of the  private sector, which handles around 95% of freight traffic. The National Highway Authority is responsible for the maintenance of national highways and motorways. The highway and motorway system depends mainly on north–

Science and technology

Main articles:  Science and technology in Pakistan  and List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries Development on science and technology  plays an influential role in Pakistan’s infrastructure and helped the country to reach out to the world.[294] Every year, scientists from around the world are invited by the  Pakistan Academy of Sciences  and the Pakistan Government to participate in the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics.[295] Pakistan hosted an international seminar on  Physics in Developing Countries   for International Year of Physics 2005. [296] Pakistani theoretical physicist Abdus Salam won a Nobel Prize in Physics  for his work on the  electroweak interaction.[297] Influential publications and the critical scientific works in the advancement of mathematics, biology, economics, computer science, and genetics have been produced by the Pakistani scientists at the domestic and international standings. [298]

16

5

INFRASTRUCTURE 

coming the seventh country in the world to successfully develop nuclear weapons.[308] After establishing an Antarctic program, Pakistan is one of the small number of countries that have an active research presence in   Antarctica. The Antarctic program oversees two summer research stations on the continent and plans to open another base, which will operate allyear round.[309] Energy consumption by computers and usage has grown since 1990s when the  PCs were introduced; Pakistan has over 20 million internet users and is ranked as one of the top countries that have registered a high growth rate in internet penetration, as of 2011. [310] Key publications has been produced by Pakistan, and domestic software development has gained a lot international praise.[311]

Abdus Salam won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics  for his contribution to electroweak interaction.

Overall, it has the   27th largest population   of internet users in the world. Since 2000s, Pakistan has made significant amount of progress in   supercomputing, and various institutions offers research in  parallel computing. Pakistan government reportedly spends ₨. 4.6 billion on information technology projects, with emphasis on e-government, human resource and infrastructure development.[312]

5.6

Education

In chemistry, Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was the first Pakistani scientist to bring the therapeutic constituents of Main articles: Education in Pakistan and Higher Educathe   Neem   tree to the attention of natural products tion Commission chemists. [299][300][301] Pakistani neurosurgeon Ayub Om- The Constitution of Pakistan requires the state to provide maya invented the Ommaya reservoir, a system for treatment of brain tumours and other brain conditions. [302] Scientific research and development plays a pivotal role in Pakistani universities, collaboration with the government sponsored national laboratories, science parks, and co-operation with the industry.[303] In 2010, Pakistan was ranked 43rd in the world in terms of published scientific papers.[304] The Pakistan Academy of Sciences, a strong scientific community, plays an influential and vital role in formulating the science policies recommendation to the government. [305] The 1960s era saw the emergence of the active space program led by the SUPARCO that produced advances in domestic rocketry, electronics, and aeronomy.[306] The space program recorded few notable feats and achievements; the successful launch of the  first rocket into the space that made Pakistan as first South Asian country to achieve such task. [306] Successfully producing and launching nation’s first space satellite  in 1990, Pakistan became the first Muslim country and second South Asian country to put a satellite into space.[307] As an aftermath of the 1971 war with India, the clandestine crash program developed atomic weapons in a fear and to prevent any foreign intervention, while ushering in the atomic age in the post cold war era. Competition with India and tensions eventually led Pakistan’s decision Government College University in Lahore is the oldest institution [314] of conducting underground nuclear tests in 1998; thus be- of higher education in the Muslim world .

17 free primary and secondary education.[315][316] At the time of establishment of Pakistan as state, the country had only one university, the Punjab University in Lahore.[317] On immediate basis, the Pakistan government established public universities in each  four provinices including the Sindh University  (1949),   Peshawar University  (1950), Karachi University (1953), and  Balochistan University (1970). As of September 2011, Pakistan has a large network of both public and private universities; a collaboration of  public-private universities to provide research and higher education in the country. [318] It is estimated that there are 3193 technical and vocational institutions in Pakistan, [319] and there are also  madrassahs that provide free Islamic education and offer free board and lodging to students, who come mainly from the poorer strata of society. [320] Strongly instigated public pressure and popular criticism over the extremists usage of  madrassahs  for recruitment, the Pakistan government has made repeated efforts to regulate and monitor the quality of education in the madrassahs .[321][322]

(Pharm D.)and nursing (BNurs). Students can also attend a university for a bachelorate degree for business administration, literature, and management including the BA, BCom, BBA, and MBA programs. The higher education mainly supervises by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) that sets out the policies and issues rankings of the nationwide universities. In October 2014, education activist Malala Yousafzai became by far the youngest ever person in the world to receive the  Nobel peace prize.[330]

6

Demographics

Main articles:  Demographics of Pakistan, Demographic history of Pakistan, Pakistani people and Indo-European people Unofficial   Pakistan Census   estimates the country’s

Education   in Pakistan is divided into six main levels:   nursery   (preparatory classes);   primary   (grades one through five);   middle  (grades six through eight); matriculation   (grades nine and ten, leading to the secondary certificate);   intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a higher secondary certificate); and university programmes leading to graduate and postgraduate programs.[319] Network of Pakistani private schools also operate a parallel secondary education system based on the curriculum set and administered by the Cambridge International Examinations of the United Kingdom. Some students choose to take the  O-level and  A level  exams conducted by the British Council.[323] Initiatives taken in 2007, the   English medium education has been made compulsory to all schools across the country.[324][325] Additional reforms taken in 2013, all educational institutions in  Sindh   began instructions in Chinese language courses, reflecting China’s growing role as a superpower and increasing influence in Pakistan. [326] The literacy rate of the population above ten years of age in the country is ~58.5%. Male literacy is ~70.2% while female literacy rate is 46.3%. [237] Literacy rates vary by region and particularly by sex; for instance, female literacy in tribal areas is 3.0%. [327] With the launch of the computer literacy in 1995, the government launched a nationwide initiative in 1998 with the aim of eradicating  illiteracy and providing a basic education to all children. [328] Through various educational reforms, by 2015 the MoEd expects to attain 100.00% enrollment levels among children of primary school age and a literacy rate of ~86% among people aged over 10. [329] After earning their HSC, students may study in a professional college or the university for  bachelorate program courses such as science and engineering (BEng, BS/BSc, BTech) surgery and medicine (MBBS, MD), dentistry (BDS), veterinary medicine (DVM), criminal justice and law (LLB, LLM, JD),  architecture (BArch), pharmacy

Population density

population is now to be at ~188,144,040 (188.1 million) as of 2015, which is equivalent to 2.57% of world population.[331] Noted as the sixth most populated country in the world, its growth rate is reported at ~2.03%, which is the highest SAARC nations and gives an annual increase of 3.6 million. The population is projected to reach 210.13 million by 2020 and to double by 2045. At the time of the partition in 1947, Pakistan had a population was at 32.5 million, [243][332] but the population increased by ~57.2% from  1990-2009.[333] By 2030, it is expected to surpass Indonesia as the largest Muslimmajority country in the world. [334][335] Classified as a “young nation”, with a median age of about 22 and 104 million people under 30 in 2010. Pakistan’s fertility rate stands at 3.07, higher than its neighbors India (2.57) and Iran (1.73). Around 35% of the people are under 15. [243] Vast majority residing in   southern skirts   lives along the   Indus River, with   Karachi   being its most populous commercial city. [336] In the   eastern,   western,

18

and   northern skirts, most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities of   Lahore,   Faisalabad, Rawalpindi,   Islamabad,   Gujranwala,   Sialkot,   Gujrat, Jhelum, Sargodha, Sheikhupura, Nowshera, Mardan and Peshawar.[100] During 1990–2008, the city dwellers made up 36% of Pakistan’s population, making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia.[100][243] Furthermore, 50% of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more. [337]

6

DEMOGRAPHICS 

11.1 million (4.66%) belong to various ethnic minorities such as Hazaras and  Kalashs.[347] There is also a large worldwide Pakistani diaspora, numbering over seven million residing worldwide. [348]

6.1

Religion

Expenditure spend on healthcare was ~2.6% of GDP in Main article: Religion in Pakistan Pakistan is the second most populous  Muslim-majority 2009.[338] Life expectancy at birth was 65.4 years for females and 63.6 years for males in 2010. The private sector accounts for about 80% of outpatient visits. Approximately 19% of the population and 30% of children under five are malnourished. [224] Mortality of the underfives was 87 per 1,000 live births in 2009. [338] About 20% of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day. [339] Race/Ethnicity Composition More than sixty languages   are spoken in Pakistan, including a number of provincial languages.   Urdu— the lingua franca, a symbol of Muslim identity, and national unity— is the national language which is understood by over 75% of Pakistanis, and main source of nationwide communication.[196][340] English is the official language of Pakistan which is primarily used in official business, government, and legal contracts; [100] the local dialect is known as Pakistani English. The Punjabi language is the most common  Punjab and has many native speakers while the  Saraiki is mainly spoken in  South Punjab. In Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, the Pashto language is the provincial language and is well understood in  Sindh and Balochistan.[5] The Sindhi language is the common language spoken in Sindh while the Balochi language is dominant in Balochistan.[5][46][341] Faisal Mosque , was built in 1986 by Turkish architect   Vedat  The Pakistan Census  excludes the  immigrants such as Dalokay on behalf of  King Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz. the 1.7 million registered  Afghans   from   Afghanistan, [354] and has the second largest  Shia population who are found mainly in the  Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and country [355][356][357] About 97.0% of tribal belt with small numbers residing in  Karachi and in the world after   Iran. [342][343] Pakistanis  are Muslims. The majority are  Sunni, with Quetta. As of 1995, there were more than 1.6 [46][356][358] A further 2.3% are million   Bengalis, 650,000 Afghans, 200,000 Burmese, an estimated 5–20% Shia. [359] who are officially considered non-Muslims 2,320 Iranians, and Filipinos, and hundreds of Nepalese, Ahmadis, [360] [344][345] There Sri Lankans, and Indians living in Karachi. Pak- by virtue of the  constitutional amendment. [361][362] Afistan hosts more refugees than any other country in the are also several   Quraniyoon   communities. [346] ter the 9/11 attacks in the United States, the sectarian world. violence  among Muslim denominations have increased The population is dominated by four main social groups: with systematic targeted killings of both sect, Sunni and Punjabis, Pathans, Sindhis, and Balochs.[347] Rough acShias.[363][364] In 2013, there were country-wide protests counts from 2009 indicates that the   Punjabis   domiby both   Shia and   Sunnis   calling an end to sectarian nates with 76.3 million (~44.15%) while the  Pashtuns violence in the country, toughen up the   law and orare the second dominated group with ~29.3 million der, and urging for Shia-Sunni unity in the country.[365] (15.42%).[347] The Sindhis  are estimated at 24.8 milThe   Ahmadis   are particularly persecuted, especially lion (14.1%) with Seraikis approximated at 14.8 million since 1974 when they were  banned from calling them(10.53%).[347] The  Urdu-speaking  Muhajirs  (the Indian selves Muslims. In 1984, Ahmadiyya places of woremigrants) stands at ~13.3 million (7.57%) while and ship were banned from being called “mosques”. [366] As Balochs are accounted at 6.3 million (3.57%)– the smallof 2012, 12% of Pakistani Muslims self-identify as  nonest group in population terms.[347][348] The remaining denominational Muslims.[367]

7.1

19

Clothing, arts, and fashion

Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions distinct from those of the Arab world.[368] Two Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are  Ali Hajweri in Lahore (ca. 12th century) [369] and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan, Sindh (ca. 12th century).   Sufism, a mystical Islamic tradition, has a long history and a large popular following in Pakistan. Popular Sufi culture is centered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticize its popular character, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of the Prophet and his companions. [370][371]

upper and upper-middle classes to around 17 million in recent decades, and power is shifting from rural landowners to the urbanised elites. [375] Pakistani festivals such as Eid-ul-Fitr,  Eid-ul-Azha,   Ramazan ,  Christmas, and Diwali are mostly religious in origin. [373] Increasing globalisation has resulted in Pakistan ranking 56th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index.[376]

After Islam,  Hinduism and Christianity are the largest religions in Pakistan, with 2,800,000 (1.6%) adherents each in 2005. [46] They are followed by the  Bahá'í Faith, which has a following of 30,000, then Sikhism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism, each claiming 20,000 adherents, [358] and a very small community of Jains. There is a Roman Catholic community in Karachi which was established by Goan and Tamil migrants when Karachi’s infrastructure was being developed by the  British during colonial administration between World War I and World War II. Influence of atheism is very little with 1.0% of the population was to be atheist in 2005. [372] However, the figure rose to 2.0% in 2012 according to Gallup.[372]

The Shalwar Kameez is the national dress of Pakistan and is worn by both men and women in all four provinces Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, and FATA   in the country and in   Azad Kashmir. Each province has its own style of wearing the Shalwar Qameez. Pakistanis wair clothes range from exquisite colors and designs to the type of fabric (silk,   chiffon, cotton, etc.).[377]

7

Culture and society

Main articles:  British heritage of Pakistan, Culture of Pakistan and Public holidays in Pakistan The   civil society   in Pakistan is largely hierarchical,

7.1

Main articles: Suits in Pakistan,   Pakistani clothing, Sherwani, Jinnah cap and Peshawari chappal

The fashion industry has flourished well in the changing environment of fashion world. Since Pakistan came into being its fashion has been historically evolved from different phases and made its unique identity apart from Indian fashion and culture. At this time, Pakistani fashion is a combination of traditional and modern dresses and it has become the cultural identification of Pakistan. Despite of all modern trends, the regional and traditional dresses have developed their own significance as a symbol of native tradition. This regional fashion is not static but evolving into more modern and pure forms. The Pakistan Fashion Design Council based in  Lahore organizes  Fashion Week   and Fashion Pakistan based in Karachi organizes fashion shows in that city. Pakistan’s first fashion week was held in November 2009. [378]

7.2

Truck art in Pakistan is a unique feature of Pakistani culture.

emphasising  local cultural etiquettes  and traditional Islamic values that govern personal and political life. The basic family unit is the   extended family,[373] although there has been a growing trend towards  nuclear families for socio-economic reasons. [374] The traditional dress for both men and women is the  Shalwar Kameez; trousers, Jeans, and shirts are also popular among men. [31] The middle class has increased to around 35 million and the

Clothing, arts, and fashion

Media and entertainment

Main articles:  Cinema of Pakistan, Media of Pakistan, Music of Pakistan,   History of Pakistani pop music, Theatre of Pakistan and Pakistani dramas The private print media, state-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) for radio were the dominant media outlets until the start of the 21st century. Since 2000, Pakistan has a large network of  private 24-hour news media  and television channels.[379] In addition to the national entertainment and news channels, foreign television channels and films are also on air. [379][380] The   Lollywood– an Urdu film industry– is based in Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar. While Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 until 2008, they have remained important in popular culture. [381][382] Contrary to ailing film industry, the televised dramas and

20

The rock band   Junoon is performing live, with the national flag of Pakistan in backgrounds.

theatrical performances are widely popular in the country, as many  entertainment media air  the series regularly. From 1960s–70s, the pop music and disco (1970s) dominated the country’s music industry. In 1980s– 90s, the British influenced rock music  began to be notice by the public and jolted the country’s entertainment industry.[383] In 2000s, the introduction and emergence of the heavy metal music country’s entertainment circle was highly appreciated and gained critical acclaim by the public.[384] To many observers, the Pakistan’s ingenious rock music is the only “arsenal” the country had against India’s encroaching entertainment industry.”[385]

7

CULTURE AND SOCIETY 

Long exposure of  Empress Market  in Karachi .

Immigration, both from within and outside the country, is regarded as one of the main factors that has contributed to urbanisation in Pakistan. One analysis of the national census held in 1998 highlighted the significance of the Partition of India in the 1940s in the context of understanding urban change in Pakistan. [391] During the independence period, Muslim Muhajirs from India migrated in large numbers and shifted their domicile to Pakistan, especially to the port city of Karachi, which is today the largest metropolis in Pakistan. [391]

Migration from other countries, mainly those in the neighbourhood, has further catalysed the process of urPakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk mu- banisation in Pakistani cities. Of particular interest is sic and traditional styles such as  Qawwali and  Ghazal migration that occurred in the aftermath of the indepenGayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and western dence of Bangladesh in 1971,[391] in the form of stranded music.[386][387] Pakistan has many famous folk singers. Biharis who were relocated to Pakistan. Smaller numbers The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces of Bengalis and Burmese immigrants followed suit much has stimulated interest in Pashto music, although there later. The conflict in Afghanistan also forced millions of has been intolerance of it in some places. [388] Pakistan has Afghan refugees into Pakistan, particularly in the northsome of the world’s modern vibrant and open media. [389] western regions. Inevitably, the rapid urbanisation caused Pakistani media has also played a vital role in exposing by these large population movements has also brought corruption.[390] new political and socio-economic complexities. [391] In addition to immigration, economic events such as the green revolution and political developments, among a host of other factors, are also important causes of 7.3 Urbanisation urbanisation.[391] Main article: Urbanisation in Pakistan Since   achieving independence   as a result of the partition of   India, the  urbanization   has exponentially increased and has several different causes for it. [336] Majority of   southern side population   resides along the   Indus River, with   Karachi   being its most populous commercial city. [336] On the   east,west, and northern skirts, the most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities of   Lahore,   Faisalabad, Rawalpindi,   Islamabad,   Gujranwala,   Sialkot,   Gujrat, Jhelum, Sargodha, Sheikhupura, Nowshera, Mardan and Peshawar.[337] During 1990–2008, the city dwellers made up 36.0% of Pakistan’s population, making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia. Furthermore, 50.0% of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more. [337]

7.4

Diaspora

Main articles:   Cinema of Pakistan  and  Overseas Pakistani Statistics  approximated by the  Pakistan government, there are around 7 million Pakistanis residing abroad with vast majority living in the Middle East, Europe and the North America.[392] Pakistan ranks 10th in the world for remittances sent home in 2012 at $13 billion. [393][394] The term  Overseas Pakistani   is officially recognized by the Government of Pakistan; the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis   was established in 2008 to exclusively deal with all the matters and affairs of the overseas Pakistanis

7.5

21

Literature and philosophy

Pakistanis.

7.5

British Pakistani  Zayn Malik is a member of pop boy band  One Direction.

such as attending to their needs and problems, intending schemes and projects for their welfare and working for resolution of their problems and issues.  Overseas Pakistani workers are the second largest source of Foreign Exchange Remittances to Pakistan after exports and over the last several years, the foreign exchange remittances have maintained a steady rising trend, with a recorded increase of 21.8% from US$6.4 million in 2007–08 to US$7.8 million during 2008–09. In 2009–10, Pakistanis sent home US$9.4 billion, the eleventh-largest total remittance in the world.[394] By 2012, Pakistan increased its ranking to tenth in the world for remittances with a total sum of US$13 billion.[393][394] The Overseas Pakistani Division (OPD) was created in September 2004 within the Ministry of Labour (MoL), and has since recognized the importance of overseas Pakistanis and their contribution to thenation’s economy. Together with Community Welfare Attaches (CWAs) and the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation (OPF), the OPD is improving the welfare of Pakistanis who reside abroad. The division aims to provide better services through improved facilities at  airports, and suitable schemes for housing,  education and health care—its largest effort is the facilitation of the rehabilitation of returning overseas

Literature and philosophy

Muhammad Iqbal  , Pakistan’s national poet who conceived the idea of Pakistan.

Main articles:  Literature of Pakistan, Urdu poetry and Pakistani philosophy Pakistan has literature in Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pashto, Baluchi, Persian, English and many other languages.[395] The  Pakistan Academy of Letters  is a largest literary community that promotes literature and poetry works at the national and international level. [396] The National Library publishes and promotes much of the literary works on literature as well as providing a lobby at the public level to promote literature activities in the country. Before the  19th century  , it consisted mainly of  lyric and religious poetry, mystical and folkloric works. During the colonial age, the native literary figures influenced by western literary realism  took up increasingly varied topics and narrative forms. Prose fiction is now very popular.[397][398] The national poet of Pakistan, Muhammad Iqbal, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian. He was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilisation and encouraged Muslims binding all over the world to bring about successful revolution. [399][400][401] Wellknown representatives of contemporary Pakistani Urdu literature include Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Sadequain is known for his calligraphy and paintings. [398] Sufi poets Shah Ab-

22

7

dul Latif, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh  and Khawaja Farid are very popular in Pakistan. [402] Mirza Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose.[403] Historically, the philosophical development in the country was dominated from the ideas of Muhammad Iqbal, Sir Syed, Muhammad Asad, Maududi, and Ali Johar.[404] Cues picked from the English philosophy (later American philosophy) greatly shaped the  philosophical development in the country.   Analyst such as M.M. Sharif and Zafar Hassan, established the first major Pakistani philosophical movement in 1947. [405] After the  1971 war, Jalaludin Abdur Rahim, Gianchandani, and Malik Khalid were primary leading figures in the growth of  Marxism ideas incorporated in Pakistan’s   philosophical development.[406] Influential work by Manzoor Ahmad, Jon Elia, Hasan Askari Rizvi, and Abdul Khaliq brought the mainstream   social,   political, and   analytical philosophy to the fore of Pakistani philosophical academia. [406] Global works by Noam Chomsky has been far reaching and influential in the development of philosophical ideas to impact various fields in social and political philosophy. [407][408]

7.6

Architecture

Main article: Pakistani architecture Pakistani architecture has four recognised periods:  pre-

CULTURE AND SOCIETY 

Islamic, Islamic, colonial and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilisation around the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE, [409] an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large buildings, some of which survive to this day. [410] Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji are among the pre-Islamic settlements that are now tourist attractions.[199] The rise of  Buddhism  and the Persian and Greek influence led to the development of the Greco-Buddhist style, starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was reached at the peak of the  Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. [411] The arrival of Islam in today’s Pakistan meant a sudden end of Buddhist architecture in the area and a smooth transition to the predominantly pictureless Islamic architecture. The most important Persian-style building still standing is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. During the Mughal era, design elements of PersianIslamic architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of Hindustani art. Lahore, occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits many important buildings from the empire. Most prominent among them are the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, Persian-style  Wazir Khan Mosque, the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore and the Shahjahan Mosque in Thatta. In the British colonial period, predominantly functional buildings of the IndoEuropean representative style developed from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Postcolonial national identity is expressed in modern structures like the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan and the Mazar-e-Quaid.[412]

7.7

Food and drink

Main article: Pakistani cuisine Although being part of   South Asia, Pakistani cui-

A Pakistani dish cooked using the tandoori   method 

The Lahore Fort  , a landmark built during the Mughal era, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

sine has some similarities with different regions of the Indian subcontinent, originating from the royal kitchens of sixteenth-century Mughal emperors. Pakistan has a greater variety of meat dishes compared to the rest of the

23

sub-continent and most of those dishes have their roots in Central Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine. Pakistani cooking uses large quantities of spices, herbs and seasoning. Garlic, ginger, turmeric, red chilli and garam masala are used in most dishes, and home cooking regularly includes curry. Chapati, a thin flat bread made from wheat, is a staple food, served with curry, meat, vegetables and lentils. Rice is also common; it is served plain or fried with spices and is also used in sweet dishes. [196][413][414] Lassi is a traditional drink in the Punjab region. Black tea with milk and sugar is popular throughout Pakistan and is taken daily by most of the population. [31][415] Sohan Halwa is a very popular sweet dish of southern region of Punjab province and is enjoyed all over Pakistan. [416] The A1 car of A1 Team Pakistan drivenby the motorsport driver, Adam Khan.

7.8

Sports

Main article: Sports in Pakistan The majority of the sports played in Pakistan are origi-

for Pakistan.[421] In squash, world-class players such as   Jahangir Khan, widely considered to be the greatest player in the sport’s history,[422] and   Jansher Khan   won the   World Open  Squash Championship several times during their careers. [423] Jahangir Khan also won the British Open a record ten times.[422] Pakistan has competed many times at the Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting.[424] Pakistan’s Olympic medal tally stands at 10 of which 8 were earned in hockey. [425] The Commonwealth Games and  Asian Games medal tallies stand at 65 and 160 respectively. [426][427]

At national level, polo is popular, with regular national events in different parts of the country. Boxing, bilThe   Gaddafi Stadium   is a multi-purpose stadium in Lahore, liards, snooker, rowing, kayaking, caving, tennis, contract mainly used for Cricket. bridge, golf and volleyball are also actively pursued, and Pakistan has produced regional and international champinated and were substantially developed from the  United ons in these sports. [29][423][424] Basketball enjoys regional Kingdom  who introduced in the   British India.   Field popularity especially in Lahore and Karachi.[428] Hockey is the national sport of Pakistan; it has won three Gold medallions  in the Olympic Games  held in  1960, 1968, and 1984.[417] Pakistan has also won the Hockey 8 See also World Cup a record four times held in  1971, 1978, 1982, and in 1994.[418] • Outline of Pakistan Cricket, however, is the most popular game across the •  Index of Pakistan-related articles country.[419] The Cricket team (popular as  Shaheen) has won the Cricket World Cup held in 1992; ithadbeen been • runners-up once in 1999, and co-hosted the tournament in 1987 and 1996. Pakistan were runners-up in the inau•   Pakistan – Wikipedia book gural World Twenty20 (2007) in South Africa and won the World Twenty20 in England in 2009. Lately, however, Cricket has suffered severely because teams have refused to tour Pakistan for fear of terrorism. No teams 9 Notes have toured Pakistan since March 2009, when militants [1] “Include data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; Azad attacked the touring Sri Lanka's Cricket team.[420] 2 In Athletics,  Abdul Khaliq  participated in  1954 Asian Games and the 1958 Asian Games. He won 34 International Gold, 15 International Silver and 12 Bronze Medals

Kashmir   (13,297 km or 5,134 sq mi) and   Gilgit– Baltistan (72,520 km2 or28,000 sq mi).[7] Including these territories would produce an area figure of 881,912 km 2 (340,508 sq mi).”

24

10

10

References

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[13]  “2014 Human Development Report Summary”. United Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 21–25. [29] Marian Rengel (2004). Pakistan: a primary source cultural guide. New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group Retrieved 27 July 2014. Inc. pp. 58–59,100–102.   ISBN 0-8239-4001-2. Re[14] Miguel Loureiro (28 July 2005). “Driving—the good, the trieved 23 October 2011. bad and the ugly”.  Daily Times  (Pakistan). Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 6 February [30] “Britannica Online – Rigveda”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 December 2011. 2014. [15] Barry Buzan (2004).  The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century. Polity. pp. 71, 99. ISBN 978-0-7456-3374-9. Retrieved 27 December 2011.

[31] Sarina Singh; Lindsay Brow; Paul Clammer; Rodney Cocks; John Mock (2008).   Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway. Lonely Planet. p. 60,128,376.  ISBN 978-174104-542-0. Retrieved 28 December 2011.

[16] Hussein Solomon. “South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership”. Archived from the original on 24 June 2002. Retrieved 27 December 2011.

[32] David W. del Testa, ed. (2001).   Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists . Westport, Connecticut: The Oryx Press. p. 7.   ISBN 1-57356-153-3. Retrieved 15 April 2012.

[17] Pakistan among top 20 happiest countries, beating India, US: Report [18] Thumbs up: Pakistan meets criteria for CERN

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Further reading

See also: Bibliography of Pakistan

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•

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 Ahmed, Akbar (1997). Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14966-2  Cohen, Stephen Philip (2006). The Idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press   ISBN 978-08157-1503-0  Lieven, Anatol (2012).   Pakistan: A Hard Country. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-145-0  Malik, Hafeez (2006). The Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Oxford University Press.   ISBN 978-0-19597735-6   Malik, Iftikhar (2005).  Culture and Customs of Pakistan (Culture and Customs of Asia) . Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-33126-8 McCartney, Matthew (2011).  Pakistan – The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951–2009 Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-57747-2

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 Raja, Masood Ashraf  (2010) [1857–1947].   Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity . Oxford. ISBN 978-0-

19-547811-2 •

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  Spear, Percival (2007). India, Pakistan and the West . Read Books Publishers. ISBN 1-4067-12159

External links

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 Official website

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  Pakistan entry at  The World Factbook 

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  Pakistan from UCB Libraries GovPubs 

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  Pakistan at DMOZ

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  Pakistan from the BBC News

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  Pakistan at Encyclopædia Britannica

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 Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan

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EXTERNAL LINKS 

  Key Development Forecasts for Pakistan   from International Futures

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 Population Of Pakistan

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 World Bank Pakistan Summary Trade Statistics

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Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 •

Text

  Pakistan  Source:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan?oldid=649794270   Contributors:  Brion VIBBER, Mav, The Anome, Koyaanis

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EmxBot, Austriacus, Irtiqaa, Mshujaweb, Njmemo420, Sabihlashari, Paknews, Arjun024, Cornflake Man, Tw166y, Copana2002, SieBot, Salehahaque, Zain1987, Calliopejen1, Izady, Tiddly Tom, Bhaur, Pakchat, WereSpielChequers, Skunky6969, WTucker, Rodomontade, DavisGL, Fantastic fred, Buddyon-

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WaqarAhmedPK, Ms1288, Sabbarish.govindarajan, RingerHere!, Ovsek, Eaak79, Daniyal7871, Rao Asghar, Fareed30, Kashif choudhary, Faizan, Ahmed 313-326, Mirfanmaqsood, La23553, Communist4444, CsDix, Wanishahrukh, PrinceCharming786, Partho Chacko, The Anonybot, Rattan Hajveri, Suhayb.Manzer, Evano1van, EvergreenFir, Dwscomet, Supersaiyen312, MysticSpiritOfTheNight, Wamiq, Ahmed.wikipedian, Rana Mohammad Talha Tariq, Louis-

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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 

Aragon, Wikiuser13, Saladin1987, 1, Nikhilmn2002, Nawabmalhi, Eagle3399, Rvthkr4, Achmad Fahri, Fitzcarmalan, Asadwarraich, ShinHerzl, Kind Tennis Fan, Yoonadue, Blondeguynative, Fahri Ahmad, Irfanbodla, Rajkumararslan, Goodfaith17, Chipperdude15, Andreas11213, Meteor sandwich yum, Uck22, RioDevez, Jazzmusician94, Theparties, Faizannehal, Edward93, Qasim900, Owllord97, Inside99, Manish2542, WikiWinters, Fushan007, Sajjad Altaf, Esmost, Monkbot, Muntazir764, Nestwiki, Filedelinkerbot, Hjalnobel, Lilpiglet, Mindraker2, LandyZA, Vinícius94, Owais Khursheed, AndyChua89, Sher Aziz, Faraz.sayyed5, ElectronicKing888, Typewriter123, Thehood1, Syed Hassan Raza Bukhari, Shuayb Sahib, Jaggajat, Mujeeb Rahman Chandio, Maounkhan780, Nawab khan baloch, KH-1, Plutowuto, Leflox, SM Fire, 468SM, EChastain, Micaman45, Saadkhan12345, TheSawTooth, Aimewiki, Mean2014, \\'arrior 786, RayPerdes, Hafiz Tariq Mehmood, Truman098, Ggok12 and Anonymous: 2053

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  File:A1_Team_Pakistan_topview.JPG   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/A1_Team_Pakistan_topview. JPG License:  CC BY 2.0 de   Contributors:   Own work Original artist:   Lutz H   File:AJK_Districts_Names.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/AJK_Districts_Names.svg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:   Own work Original artist:  Tahir mq   File:Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg License:   CC BYSA 3.0 nl   Contributors:  [1] Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Fotocollectie Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau (ANeFo), 1945-1989 , Nummer toegang 2.24.01.05 Bestanddeelnummer 933-9976  Original artist:  Molendijk, Bart / Anefo   File:Ah-1cobra_1.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Ah-1cobra_1.jpg License:   Public domain  Contributors:  http://www.history.army.mil/ Original artist:  United States Army   File:Alzarrar.jpg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Alzarrar.jpg   License:    CC-BY-SA-3.0   Contributors: 

Own work (Raza0007) Original artist:   Raza0007 at en.wikipedia •

  File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_ projection%29.svg License:  ?   Contributors:  Map by Ssolbergj

Aquarius.geomar.de Original artist: Koyos + Ssolbergj (talk) •

  File:Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpgLicense:  CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: 

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  File:Balochistan_Districts.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Balochistan_Districts.svg License:   Public domain   Contributors:   Own work Original artist:  Schajee   File:CMS_Slice.png Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/CMS_Slice.png License:  ?   Contributors:  ?  Original  artist:  ?   File:Chicken_Tikka.jpg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Chicken_Tikka.jpg License:  CC BY 2.0  Contributors:  Chicken Tikka Original artist:  Umair Mohsin from Karachi, Pakistan   File:Citynazimoffice.JPG Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Citynazimoffice.JPG License:   Public domain Contributors:  My own work Original artist:   Zaintagar   File:Coat_of_arms_of_Pakistan.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0   Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?   File:Commons-logo.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License:  ?   Contributors:  ?  Original  artist:  ?   File:Compass_rose_pale.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg License:  CC-BYSA-3.0  Contributors:  svg version of Image:Compass-rose-pale.png, made to look similar to Image:Reinel compass rose.svg.  Original artist: 

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  File:Deosai_Plateau_2.jpg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Deosai_Plateau_2.jpg  License:    Public domain   Contributors:  Transferred from  en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Leoboudv using CommonsHelper.   Original artist: 

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  File:East.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svgLicense:   Publicdomain Contributors:  DarkEvil.  Original artist:   DarkEvil   File:Empress_Market_at_Sunset.jpg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Empress_Market_at_Sunset.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0   Contributors:  Own work  Original artist:   Cyclops1789   File:FATA_Districts.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/FATA_Districts.svg  License:   Public domain Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Schajee   File:Faisal_Mosque_Photography_by_Ali_Mujtaba_9.jpg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Faisal_ Mosque_Photography_by_Ali_Mujtaba_9.jpg  License:  CC BY-SA 3.0   Contributors:  Own work  Original artist:  Alimujtaba79 (Ali Mu-

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  File:Fireworks_at_Derawar_Fort.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Fireworks_at_Derawar_Fort.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0   Contributors:  Own work  Original artist:  Muhammad Ashar   File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg License:  CC0 Contributors:  http://openclipart.org/detail/24112/flag-of-afghanistan-by-anonymous-24112  Original artist:    File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License:   Public domain  Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?

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  File:Flag_of_Azad_Kashmir.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Flag_of_Azad_Kashmir.svg  License:  Public domain  Contributors: Original artist: Himasaram   File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg  License:   Public domain   Contributors:  http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Original  artist:   SKopp and others   File:Flag_of_Balochistan.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Balochistan.svg  License:  CC0 Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?   File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License:   Public domain   Contributors:  http://www.dcaa.com.bd/Modules/CountryProfile/BangladeshFlag.aspx Original artist:  User:SKopp   File:Flag_of_Bhutan.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg  License:   Public domain Contributors:  Originally from the Open Clip Art website, then replaced with an improved version.  Original artist:  w:en:User:Nightstallion

(original uploader), the author of xrmap (improved version) •

  File:Flag_of_Europe.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg  License:   Public domain Contributors: Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-xfi-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion,  User:Funakoshi, User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:

Zscout370 •

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  File:Flag_of_FATA.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Flag_of_FATA.svg  License:    CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:  [1] Original artist:  MS05L   File:Flag_of_Gilgit_Baltistan.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Flag_of_Gilgit_Baltistan.svg License:  CC BY-SA 4.0  Contributors:   Own work Original artist:    File:Flag_of_India.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License:   Public domain   Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?   File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License:   Public domain  Contributors:  URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html Original artist:  Various   File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License:  PD   Contributors:  ?  Original  artist:  ?   File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License:   Public domain   Contributors:   own code, construction sheet  Original artist:   -xfi  File:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg  License:   Public domain   Contributors:  Drawn by User:SKopp, construction sheet. Redo by:  cs:User:-xfi-   Original artist:  Made by Andrew Duhan for

the Sodipodi SVG flag collection, and is public domain. •

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  File:Flag_of_Maldives.svg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg  License:    Public domain   Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  user:Nightstallion   File:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg License:  Public domain   Contributors:  Own work Original artist:   Zscout370   File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg License:  CC0  Contributors:  Open Clip Art  Original artist:   Unknown   File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg License:  Public domain  Contributors:  Constitution of The Kingdom of Nepal, Article 5, Schedule 1 [1]  Original artist:  Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999   File:Flag_of_Oman.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg License:  CC0   Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?   File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License:  Public domain Contributors:  The drawing and the colors were based from  flagspot.net.  Original artist:  User:Zscout370   File:Flag_of_Punjab.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg  License:   CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Original artist: Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg: *Pk)punjab.gif: Original uploader was Jolle at es.wikipedia   File:Flag_of_Sindh.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg  License:  CC0   Contributors:  drawn according to FOTW and File:SINDHLOCALGOVERNMENTlogo.gif Original artist:  User:Baba66   File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg License:  Public domain Contributors:  see below Original artist:   see upload history   File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License:   Public domain   Contributors:  Per specifications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National flag Original artist:   Flag design by

Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users •

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  File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:   Public domain Contributors:  Ordinance Act of theLaw concerning theNational Flag of the Republic of Korea,Construction and color guidelines (Russian/English) ← This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05)  Original artist:  Various   File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg License:  Public domain   Contributors:  SLS 693 - National flag of Sri Lanka  Original artist:   Zscout370   File:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg License:   Public domain   Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?   File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg  License:   Public domain Contributors:   Turkish Flag Law (Türk Bayrağı Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983.   Text (in Turkish) at the website of the Turkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu)  Original artist:  David Benbennick (original author)

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  File:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg   License:  Public domain   Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?   File:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg  License:   Public domain   Contributors:  Own work Original artist:   Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining Davlat bayrogʻi. The officially defined colours are Pantone

313C for blue and 361C for green (source:  [1], [2]). Drawn by User:Zscout370. •

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  File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svgLicense:  CC0 Contributors:  Open Clip Art website  Original artist:  ?   File:Flag_of_the_People’{}s_Republic_of_China.svg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_ People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg  License:    Public domain   Contributors:    Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/ design.html Original artist:  Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370   File:Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Flag_ of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg License:  CC BY-SA 2.5   Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?   File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg   License:  PD  Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?   File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License:   Cc-bysa-3.0  Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?   File:GCU_Tower_in_Lahore.jpg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/GCU_Tower_in_Lahore.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Original artist: GCU_Tower_P1140896.jpg:   Waqas.usman   File:Gaddafi_Stadium.png   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Gaddafi_Stadium.png  License:   Public domain   Contributors:  Own work Original artist:   Ddss   File:Gilgit-Baltistan_Districts.svg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Gilgit-Baltistan_Districts.svg License:  Public domain   Contributors:   Own work Original artist:  Schajee   File:Gnome-globe.svg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg  License:    LGPL   Contributors:  http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-themes-extras/0.9/gnome-themes-extras-0.9.0.tar.gz  Original artist:  David Vignoni   File:Habib_Bank_Plaza.jpeg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Habib_Bank_Plaza.jpeg License:  CC BY 2.5  Contributors:  Transferred from en.wikipedia; transfer was stated to be made by User:Lantus.  Original artist:  Original uploader was Fast

track at en.wikipedia •

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 File:Handshake_between_Narendra_Modi_and_Nawaz_Sharif_(cropped).jpg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/3/3c/Handshake_between_Narendra_Modi_and_Nawaz_Sharif_%28cropped%29.jpg  License:   CC BY-SA 2.0   Contributors:  Flickr: Narendra Modi shares emotive conversation with Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif  Original artist:   Narendra Modi   File:House_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan_in_Islamabad.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/ House_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan_in_Islamabad.jpg  License:   CC BY 2.0   Contributors:   Flickr  Original artist:   Shubert Ciencia

from Nueva Ecija, Philippines •

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  File:Iqbal.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Iqbal.jpg License:   Public domain   Contributors:  ?   Original  artist:  ?   File:Islamabadview.jpg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ec/Islamabadview.jpg  License:  CC-BY-SA-3.0   Contributors: 

Camera. DSLR Previously published:  Not Yet Original artist: 

Wanishahrukh •

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  File:Jinnah1945a.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Jinnah1945a.jpg License:  Public domain Contributors:   Published in  Muhammad Ali Jinnah: A Political Study  by Matlubul Hassan Saiyid (Lahore: Shaikh Muhammad Ashraf, 1945), plate following p. 432. Copyright expired 1995.  Original artist:   Photographer not known   File:Junoonlive.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/24/Junoonlive.jpg License:  PD   Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?   File:K2_2006b.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/K2_2006b.jpgLicense:   CCBY 3.0 Contributors:  Own work Original artist:   Svy123   File:Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg License:  CC BY 2.0   Contributors:   Flickr Original artist:  Steve Evans from Bangalore, India   File:Karachi_Airport_Asuspine.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Karachi_Airport_Asuspine.jpgLicense:  GFDL 1.2  Contributors:  http://www.airliners.net/photo//1686520/L/ Original artist:   Asuspine   File:Karachi_stock_exchange_(4729587341).jpg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Karachi_stock_ exchange_%284729587341%29.jpg  License:  OGL   Contributors:   Flickr Original artist:  Foreign and Commonwealth Office   File:Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Districts.svg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_ Districts.svg License:  Public domain   Contributors:   Own work Original artist:  Schajee   File:Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_flag.png   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_flag.png License:  CC BY-SA 4.0   Contributors:  Own work  Original artist:   MNApakistan   File:Lahore_Fort.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Lahore_Fort.jpg License:  CC BY 2.0   Contributors:  Originally posted at http://www.flickr.com/photos/virgomair/3574278388/ Original artist:  M. Umair

  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Lahore_ Source:  Copyrighted free use   Contributors:    http://www.pakimag.com/misc/ metro-bus-rapid-mass-transit-service-lahore-inauguration-ceremony-on-10022013.html  Original artist:   Tahir

  File:Lahore_Metro_Bus_route.jpg Metro_Bus_route.jpg   License: 

 

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  File:Logo_of_Karachi_Metropolitan_Corporation.png  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/72/Logo_of_Karachi_ Metropolitan_Corporation.png License:  Fair use   Contributors:  http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/ Original artist:  ?   File:M60A1_Armored_Vehicle_Landing_Bridge.jpg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/M60A1_ Armored_Vehicle_Landing_Bridge.jpg   License:  Public domain   Contributors:  http://www.news.navy.mil/view_single.asp?id=5015 Original artist:  Kevin Quihuis Jr.   File:Musharaff_and_Bush_in_Islamabad.jpeg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Musharaff_and_Bush_ in_Islamabad.jpeg  License:   Public domain   Contributors:   whitehouse.gov, President Bush and President Musharraf of Pakistan Discuss Strengthened Relationship Original artist:  White House Photo by Shealah Craighead   File:Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party,_1940_(Photo_429-6).jpg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg  License:   Public domain   Contributors:  Catalogue entry: Photo 429/(6) This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See  Commons:Licensing for more information.

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  File:Night_View_of_Badshahi_Mosque_(King’s_Mosque).jpg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/ Night_View_of_Badshahi_Mosque_%28King%E2%80%99s_Mosque%29.jpg  License:   CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:  Own work Original  artist:  Muhammad Ashar   File:North.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/North.svg License:   Public domain   Contributors:   DarkEvil. Original artist:   DarkEvil   File:Old-sikh-man-carrying-wife1947.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bb/Old-sikh-man-carrying- wife1947. jpg License:  ?   Contributors: 

Downloaded from   BBC Web Site by ,&,,fowler'>Fowler&fowler,&,,fowler'>«Talk» 13:06, 19 April 2007 (UTC).  Original artist:  ? •

title='User: title='User

  File:Padlock-silver.svg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg  License:  CC0   Contributors:  http://openclipart.org/people/Anonymous/padlock_aj_ashton_01.svg Original artist:  This image file was created by AJ Ashton. Uploaded

from English WP by User:Eleassar. Converted by User:AzaToth to a silver color. •

  File:Pak-China_Friendship_Centre.jpg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/54/Pak-China_Friendship_Centre.jpg License:  CC-BY-SA-3.0  Contributors: 

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Wanishahrukh •

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  File:Pakistan.ogv Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Pakistan.ogvLicense:   Public domain Contributors:  http: //www.archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.641839 Original artist:  National Archives

  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Pakistan_   File:Pakistan_(orthographic_projection).svg   Source:  %28orthographic_projection%29.svg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0   Contributors:  •

  Pakistan_(orthographic_projection).svg

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  File:Pakistan_Air_Force_Chengdu_JF-17_Gu.jpg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Pakistan_Air_ Force_Chengdu_JF-17_Gu.jpg   License:    GFDL 1.2   Contributors:  http://www.jetphotos.net/viewphoto.php?id=7019090&nseq=899 Original artist:   Shimin Gu   File:Pakistan_Nuclear_power_plants_map.png   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Pakistan_Nuclear_ power_plants_map.png  License:   Public domain   Contributors:  Transferred from fr.wikipedia Original artist:   Original uploader was Calmos

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  File:Pakistan_population_density.png   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Pakistan_population_density. png License:  CC BY-SA 3.0   Contributors:  Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist:   nomi887 (talk).   File:Pakistangdphistory.jpg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Pakistangdphistory.jpg  License:   CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: 

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  http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/5/58/Pakistani_truck_in_Karakoram_Highway%2Cpassu%2CNorthern_Areas%2Cpakistan.jpg   License:  CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:   Own work Original artist:   katorisi

  File:Pakistani_truck_in_Karakoram_Highway,passu,Northern_Areas,pakistan.jpg   Source: 

  File:Parliament_House,Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/ Parliament_House%2CIslamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg  License:  CC BY-SA 3.0   Contributors:   Own work Original artist:   Usman.pg   File:Pedrengo_cedro_nel_parco_Frizzoni.jpg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Pedrengo_cedro_nel_ parco_Frizzoni.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:   Own work Original artist:  Luigi Chiesa   File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg  License:   Public domain   Contributors:  ? Original artist:  ?   File:Punjab_(Pakistan)_Districts.svg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Punjab_%28Pakistan%29_ Districts.svg License:  Public domain   Contributors:   Own work Original artist:  Schajee

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  File:Qaumi_Tarana_Instrumental.ogg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5f/Qaumi_Tarana_Instrumental.ogg License:  PD   Contributors: 

The original file was an MP3 from navyband.navy.mil, which was reformatted to an OGG file using a free converter.  Original artist:  ? •

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  File:Sindh_Districts.svg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Sindh_Districts.svg   License:    Public domain Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Schajee   File:Sir_Syed1.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Sir_Syed1.jpg License:  CC-BY-SA-3.0  Contributors:  en:Image:Sir_Syed1.jpg Original artist:  ?   File:South.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/South.svg License:   Public domain   Contributors:   DarkEvil. Original artist:   DarkEvil   File:Speaker_Icon.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg License:   Public domain   Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?   File:Speakerlink-new.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg License:  CC0   Contributors:   Own work Original artist:   Kelvinsong   File:SpecialCombatUnitWomenCommandos.jpg   Source:    SpecialCombatUnitWomenCommandos.jpg License:  CC-BY-SA-3.0  Contributors: 

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/43/

camera Previously published:  not yet Original artist: 

Wanishahrukh •

  File:State_Life_Building.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7b/State_Life_Building.jpg License:  CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: 

By camera Previously published:  No Original artist: 

Saad Bin Munim •

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  File:Steady2.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Steady2.svg License:   Public domain   Contributors:  Own work Original artist:   Tomchen1989   File:Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan,Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/ d6/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2CIslamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg  License:  CC BY-SA 3.0   Contributors:  Own work  Original artist: 

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  File:Symbol_book_class2.svg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg   License:  CC BY-SA 2.5  Contributors:  Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining:  Original artist:   Lokal_Profil   File:TNMStandingBuddha.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/TNMStandingBuddha.jpgLicense:   Public domain  Contributors:   Own work Original artist:  World Imaging   File:Terrestrial_globe.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg License:  CC-BY-SA-3.0  Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?   File:Urdu_example.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Urdu_example.svg License:   CCBY-SA3.0 Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Syed Wamiq Ahmed Hashmi

  http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/0/01/View_from_Hill_Top_Pir_Chinasi_%28Pir_Shah_Hussain_Bukhari%27s_shrine11.jpg  License:   CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:  Own work Original artist:   Shahbaz Aslam429`

File:View_from_Hill_Top_Pir_Chinasi_(Pir_Shah_Hussain_Bukhari’s_shrine11.jpg   Source: 

  File:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_An_Open-Air_Restaurant_Lahore.jpg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/ Weeks_Edwin_Lord_An_Open-Air_Restaurant_Lahore.jpg License:  Public domain  Contributors:  Art Renewal Center – description Original artist:  Edwin Lord Weeks   File:West.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/West.svg  License:   Public domain   Contributors:   DarkEvil. Original artist:   DarkEvil   File:Wikibooks-logo.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg  License:  CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.   File:Wikinews-logo.svg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg  License:    CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:  This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png.  Original artist:  Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use official Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by Simon. •

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  File:Wikiquote-logo.svg   Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg   License:    Public domain Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?   File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License:   CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Original artist: Nicholas Moreau   File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:   Own work Original artist:   Snorky   File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3- icon.svg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0   Contributors:   Own work Original artist:   AleXXw   File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License:  Public domain   Contributors:   Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png.  Original artist:   Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk  ·  contribs), based

on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber •

  File:Zayn_Malik_Sydney_4.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Zayn_Malik_Sydney_4.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 2.0  Contributors:   Flickr: Zayn Malik  Original artist:   Flickr: Eva Rinaldi