WM B.
STEVENSON, D.LITT.
OXFORD CLARENDON
PRESS
P R E F A C E THIS ntroduction to Palestinian Jewish Aramaic presupposes a general knowledge of Hebrew or of some other Semitic language,
such as Syriac or Arabic. Arabic. It is intended primaril primarilyy to equip stud ents for the reading of the T argu ms (OJ) and the Aramaic p ortions o the Palestinian Ta lmu d an d Midrashim Midrashim (P TM ), and to provide provide Oxford University Press London
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help to the study of the Aramaic elements contained in the writings writings of the New Testament. The Aramaic of the books of Ezra and Daniel is perhaps best learned after a study has been made of one of the dialects just named. Its forms and uses, uses, therefor therefore, e, are noted in a supplementary way throughout the grammar. At the same time those who choose to begin with Old Testament Aramaic (OTA) may do so with the help of the special paradigm s a t the en d of of the book an by concentrating chiefly on the notes marked OTA, which have been placed tow ards the close of most of of the sections into which the gramm ar is divided e pioneer work of Gustaf Dalman is everywhere everywhere presupposed and made use o . His grammar grammar of of OJ and P M formulat formulates es the now accepted principles of their treatment (see p. and provides an inexhaustible store-house of material for further investigation. In accordance with with his conclusio conclusions ns the punctuation of the su pralinear RISS. is taken as a standard, although transliterated uniformly
PRINTED AT
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OXFORD
IN
into the familiar sublinear system and so, in some particulars, made more precise (see Dalman's grammar does not include syntax, so that the notes on syntax are a special special feature of of this gramm ar and are based almost
E N G LA LA N D
UNIVERSITY
PRESS
entirely entirely on the writer's writer's personal observations.
he references
PREFACE
PREFACE
added to the syntactical notes, and in other cases also, are
be used at first. Dalman's interesting Dialek@roben, Dialek@roben, if it ca n b obtained, may be commenced at p. 14, after a few chapters of the Ta rg um have been read. Unfortunately the Dialek@roben is now out of print and there is no immediate prospect of its re-issue. The publication of further selections from the Aramaic portions of the Jerusalem Talmu d, with an English English vocabulary, vocabulary, would would be o great assistance to English students of this literature. The language of the Aramaic Papyri the F f f h Century B.C., recently edited and translated translated by A. Cowley (1g23), is closely relate relatedd to the idio idioms ms of of OJ, PT , and OTA. Th e announcement by the the editor of his intention to publish a gr am ma r of the dialect of these papyri mak es it superfluous to apologize for its exclusion from the scope of the present work. work. Still itit may be said that, that, on the scale of of treatment treatment here attempted, no more than three dialects dialects could properly be included. more comprehensive work must be preceded by other detailed studies, which do not yet exist. It is a very pleasant duty to acknowledge the help and encouragement the writer has received from the members of the Societyfor Old Testament Testament Sfu&, both individually an d collectively. Without th e assurance of their support and interest this gram mar would never have been published nor expanded into its present form. Special Special thanks are due to my friend, friend, the energetic and resourceful secretary, Dr. T. H. Robinson, of Cardiff University College. am greatly obliged to the readers of the Clarendon Press for their vigilant vigilant attention to every detail and to the Delegates for the cordiality of their acceptance of my wo ~k . My Assistant, Mr.
4
intended to show the range of the evidence found, and to make it easy easy to test and supplement the conclusions conclusions drawn. They are not intended to be used by beginners. The evidence for the syntax of of P M has been taken taken wholly from the tests of D alman's Dialektproben. The scantiness of the material available for the study of OTA often mak es the formulation of general statem ents abo ut it difficult difficult an d practically practically inexpedient. e method adopted, theretherefore, has frequently been that of giving a precise numerical statement of the facts. Th e paradigm of the verb, also, has been made, more closely than is usual, a reproduction existing verbal forms. Strack's edition edition of th e texts, in his Biblical Ara ma ic Gramnzar, is assumed to be referred to, except when otherwise stated. Special note has been made of the evidence of the supralinear hISS. of OTA, of which Strack gives specimens. References References to the Ta rgu m of Onkelos are m ade implicitly implicitly to the supralinear editions of Kahle, Merx, and Praetorius, so far as they go (see Literature, p. 8). In the case of Gen. 1-4 1-4 and 24, the source is Merx's Chrestomathy, Chrestomathy, for other parts of of the Pentateuch, Berliner's Onkelo Onkeloss is used. Th e references to Dalman's Dzalekfproben are made by means of figures referring to the page, paragraph, and line, generally without mention of the title, sometimes with the abbreviation Chrest. prefixed. Much of the material in most sections of the grammar may be passed over on a first first reading. reading. Stud ents working without a teacher are recommended to confine themselves at first to the notes marked with with an asterisk. asterisk. On e or two sections which shou ld be read completely are similarly marked. Th ose who have a fair working knowledge of Hebrew may begin to read the chapters of Genesis contained in llIerx's Chrestomathy after they have completed $j of the Gra mm ar. Only texts with with a supralinear vocalization vocalization should
J. Harris, B.D., has twice read through the proofs and has verified many references references and has helped to remove inaccuracies that might otherwise have escaped detection. WM. B. STEVENSON. Glasgow, 5th March, 1924.
TABLE O F C O N T E N T S PAGE
24. Verbs, initial Nun 25. initial Aleph 26.
CONTENTS
T A B L E
,,
)7
PREFACE I. 2.
LITERATURE Introduction Orthography
.
.
perfect tenses impff., imperatt., and infinn. inflexion of particc.
(inflected forms) 34. Partially Monosyllabic Stems (YNY)
.
(inflected forms)
(suffix (suffix form s) Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives The Relative Pronoun
36. Verbal Suffixes
.
.
8. Nouns and Adjectives (general) g. Classification of Nouns (declensions) 10. Inflexion of Nouns (masculine types) 11 99 (feminines) 2. Pronominal Suffixes (with singular nouns)
&c.
(with masc. plur. stems) (with fem. plur. stems)
.
.
17.PerfectTenses 18.ImperfectTenses. 19. Imperatives
.
.
.
.
.
.
Infinitives Participles . 21 22.CompoundTenses 23. Influence of Gutturals upon Verbal Forms
.
26 29 34
.
16.Verbal Stems
20
,,
66 70 '1 'I3
6. Interrogatives
13 14 15
,)
,) ,)
.
32. Monosyllabic Stems
3. Personal Pron ouns (nominative forms) 4.
.
initial Yodh and Waw final Yodh and Aleph I?
PAGE
61
.
.
40 42 43 44 46 48 52 54 57
.
7'1 78 81
(with "' stems) (in OTA) Paradigm of Verb (OJ) . ,, ,, Verbal Suffixes
86 88 go
Tables of OTA
92
L I T E R A T U R E B E R L I N E R ,. Ta rgu m Onkelos (text, with introduction introduction and notes). Berlin, 1884. Massorah zum Targum Onkelos. Leipzig, 1877. BURNEY, Aramaic Origin Origin of the the Fourth G ospel. ospel. Oxford, 1922. DAL MAK , USTAF. G rammatik des Jiidisch-Pa Jiidisch-Palast lastinis inischen chen Aramaisch. Zweite Auflage. Leipzig , 1905 Aramaisch- Neuhebraisches Neuhebraisches Handworterbuch zu T argu m, Talmud und Midrasch. Zweite verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage. Frankfu rt a. Main, 1922. Aramaische Dialektproben mit Worterverzeichnis. Leipzig, 1896. Wo rte Iesu. Leipzig, 1898. (English trans., trans., T. T. Clark, 1902.) DIETTRICH. Grammatische Beobachtungen zu drei Handschriften des Onqelostargums. ZATW xx 1900 (pp. 148-
59). KAHLE, AUL. Maso reten des Ostens -die altesten punktierten punktierten Handschriften des Alten Testaments und der Targume (in Kittel's Beitrage, Heft 15). Leipzig, 1913. LAGARDE, Proph etae chaldaice. Leipzig, 2. DE. L A N D A U E R. , Studien zu Merx' Chresto mathia targumica. Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie, vol. iii, 1888 (pp. 263-92). . hrestomathia Targumica (with critical notes M E R X ,D ,D A L B E R T Chrestomathia C and Latin glossary). glossary). Berlin, 1888. PRAETORIUS, R A N Z . Targum u Josua Josua i n Jemenis Jemenische cherr ~ be rl ie fe rung. Berlin, 1899. Targum zum Buch der Richter in Jemenischer ~berlieferun~. Berlin, goo. S T R A C K , L. Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramaischen, mit Tex ten und einem Worterbuch. Worterbuch. 6te Auflage. Auflage. Munich, 1921.
PALESTINIAN JEWISH A R A M A I C INTRODUCTION DALMAN'SGran~nzarof ]ew?sh-Paleslznza?~ ramaic (Leipzig, 1 8 9 ~ ) pened a new period in the study of the Aramaic dialects. It separated clearly for the first time the dialects of the Targums, Talmuds, and Blidrashim, and it supplied a coherent and correct vocalization of the grammatical forms of the Ta rgu m of O nkelos and of the related dialect used in the the Palestinian Palestinian Talmu d. Th vocalization was based upon Yemenite IISS., which employed supralinear vowel signs. e second second edition edition of Dalman's gra mma ( 1 9 0 5 ) ~ l o ng ng a i t h h i s d ic ic ti ti on on ar ar y upplemented and revised his early work, but did not change its fundamental character. It was now made clear clear that the Tar gum s of Onkelos (Pentateuch) and Jonathan (Prophets) were written in practically the same Aramaic dialect (OJ ), somewhat modified by the influence of the He brew originals originals,, and that the Palestinian Palestinian Ta lmu d and Midrashim preserved the remains of of ano ther dialect (PT M) , closely closely related to the former. Because of this relationship relationship Dalm an supplie pliedd the u nvocal~z ed exts of M with with vowels vowels determined for the most part by the analogy of the supralinear tradition of the Targu ms. In this whole literature literature he saw, with good reason, the the best avenue o f approa ch to the the Aramaic speech of Pales tine in the time of Christ and a valuable help to the study of th language he origin, character, character, and variations variations of the supralinear IIISS. of
INTRODUCTION been greatly greatly eluci elucidated dated by the patient an th Tar gum s have been extensive researches of Paul ICahle (published in 1 9 1 3 ) . ~i may be summarized as follows. The oldest and best tradition of the Aramaic of the Targums is contained in MSS. of
2.1
unvocalized texts JPTM) h., 1, and are freely used to Vnd yodh frequently denote short indicate vowels. W ~ \ Vnd as \?,ell as long
(i. (i. e. Me so~ otam ian) origin origin T h e Y e m e n i t e MSS. represent this tradition modified by the principles of the school of Tiberias in Palestine. Th e measure of Palestinian Palestinian influence in-
llyn
7'>3, K n l n
=KF!?,
K,
1'5'n'u
'P?.
in the middle of word (e. g. j l l i ' 5 I!!+), and for an diphthongal or for pronounced as a double consonant, with daghesh (e.g. jyyp
texts of P M are to a large extent storie storiess written written in popular style- The language, according to Dalman, is that Galilee in the third and fourth centuries A.D. Part of what is contained in the Midrashim may be dated as late as the sixth century. There a re some differences of vocabulary vocabulary between the
vowel, especially TA used.
an both represent a fin al long ~ 2 ) . In PTM and OJ is the more commonly is prefer preferred red in some cases, e.g. to represent lhe in other cases, e.g. in the feminine (§ s)
emphatic ending (who?) and SU (he entered) enotes termination 2,. the short 2, in order to distinguish these words from the preposian 52 are generally used. Final ~~r tions 1~ an thongal is often denoted by 'K. 2. ~h~ punctuation of the I1ISS. of Babylonian origin published
Targu ms of Onkelos Onkelos a nd Jonathan, but no very obvious differ differences ences of gramm ar- Th e Aramaic of these these Ta rgum s has has a more lite literary rary character than the lan guage of the Galilean stories, and is supposed have been moulded first in Judea. T h e T a r g u m s t h em em s el el vvee s
See especially Da1man.s Word- of jcszrs, Introduction, section viii ~h recent attem pt t o show the influence of of Ara maic upon a writ er is
5Dp'~ ~ ~ 3 3'1;~ ,
the preformative vowel of verbal reflexives (1'5'n'~) re indicated n this way. he insertion of vowel signs into texts originally originally unvocalired accounts f or the the existence o f forms like PI'?, 5 ~ ? 9 unvocalized texts 11 an $9 may be written for consonantal wa
Th
popular forms of the language of Palestine in the time of Christ.'
Typical examples are: ~ Q P , ~51'9 H)??, /'n"
'k
rowels. rowels.
v o w e l of the inflected forms of segholate nouns ( h . 5 ~ ' ~ ) nd
which employ a supralinear vocalization,
and PTM , respective respectively, ly, close approximations approximations to the literar literaryy an
"&,
79bny,
creased as time went on, SO that the older Yemenite MSS, ar nea rer to the Babylonian tradition tradition than the later. The sublinear vocalization of Berliner's edition of Onkelos goes back ultimately to MS which used the supralinear system. forms of Berliner's edition edition are no t real Aramaic forms, but throu gh the we reach a supraline ar tradition tradition similar to that of the MSS.
not have received their final literary form before the fifth century, but the idiom in which they are written probably goes back at least least to the second century and perhaps earlier earlier ~ ~ of the phraseology of the New Testament in the light of Aram aic usage proceeds on the view view that we ha ve in
ORTHOGRAPHY
by Kahle is by no means uniform, varying through several stages from a quite simple system to one which is highly complex. Th l
variation of the simple Babylonian system of the Yemenite MSS. is a variation ~ ~ ~ ' ~ system, and the and differences of these are, principally, what is explained in the following Aranzaic rigilt oftAeF orbrfh Gospel Gospel ( 1 9 ~ ~ ) . gives most valuable synopsis of the Aramaic idioms and constructioll s which which may be ~~~~~~v~
looked for in the Greek of NT. ~ b ection i ~ ma be omitted when the grammar is being read fo :h first time. knowledge of the ordinary Hebrew alphabet is P ~ ~ ~ ~ P P
~
ORTHOGRAPHY In th e simple Babylonian *) and daghesh (a supralinear are seldom used (Kahle, do not daghesh at all (as
punctuation there are signs for raphe (supralinear or 3, .hi&, p. 167). Some Yemenite MSS.
ff.), thers reguin Perx, pp. larly larly use the P alestinian alestinian sign (so in Judges and Joshua as edited by PraetOrius). The supralinear MSS. of in Strack occasionall 5. 8, exhibit the Babylonian signs for daghesh (Dan. 4. and raphe (Dan. 5 . 7 , 1 2 ) .
4. The supralinear punctuation at first had no sign
equivalent Palestinian silent shewa. Som e Babylon ian MSS., MSS., however, which system of punctuation, employ the sign for shews ambiguously as in the Palestinian system. I~ yemenite MSS. th shera sign usually represents only vocal shewa, although in some few cases it may represent Palestinian silent shews also. 5. Pathah furtive is seldom represented in either the Babylonian Or th Yem enite MSS., but was, presumably, pronounced in the positions indicated by the Palestinian tradition, and so ma be into a sublinear transliteration of the supralinear signs. (§ 4) is, however, to be excepted from this treatThe suffix men4 in accordance with the analogy of OTA. th
of the simplest type
vowel signs are used in the supralinear
Qames Pathah and seghol . Sere Hireq
Holem Shureq Vocal shewa (including hafephs)
The first six of these signs denote regularly both long kolvels and short vowels. Qames at first had only the sound of in psalm approximately), not that of (2 in ball ', and holem represented both Palestinian and Palestinian holema ~h~ later Yemenite nISS.7 hoaever, use qames for 5, so that, at different
ORTHOGRAPHY periods, both an )j \Irere pronounced as H ebrew distinction distinction is made in the rep resentation of pathah an d seghol, although, presum ably, both so unds were were used in actual speech. In transliterating the supralinear pathah into sublinear ~vriting, he analogy of O T A a n of Hebrew will determine Our choice between sublinear pathah and sublinear seghol7. Babylonian and sporadically in Yemenite blSS., pathah is used for l;lafeph pathah, following following an and sometimes an . or in!, 1'2PK for 7'2gU). This usage Occurs 3. 13, in the supralinear hlSS. hlSS. of O A (Dan. 3. 4' 29)j 25
but ,lot consistently (Dan. 32 7722, . 5 '%Q). AIsS. hare forms like like v!'(l, N?>'F, "!??'n 8. someupralinear AIsS. (= Hebretv ~ 1 3 5 , ~+u, bmu), instead of forms c o m m e n c i n g with It is possible possible that this orthography orthography represents an a or u. tive pron ullcia tion of the words words in question, but mo re likely that \vith sere, simply represented .::, just as pathah Stood fo ~ i ~ i $y l ~ Chrest. ~ l ~9. was neither a phonetic variant nor -:+
originally, originally, precisely precisely the same word, differently differently spelled. Th is use (with sere) to denote vocal shema occurs in the supralinear of MSS. of OTA, and it throws fresh light on the Hebrew forms ('it? refer referred red to in in ~e sen ius- Iiau t~sc h, ii*).
someupralinear MSS. write
instead of ', especially at the but also in other cases (e.g. in '''? ' 1 19 beginning of This dternative orthography may Deut. g. 2g-K ahle, p. 14). also be understood to imply an alternativ alternativee ~r 0n un cia tio n- y~ (,-f. (,-f. Syriac)-but it should rathe r be regarde d as an alternative way of representing the sound that is usually written as vocal sllen'a. Ha fe ph qame; is sometimes explicitly written in Yemenite MSS., esp ecially in those of later date an d espfcially in in certain words, such as P??:. Wit h the exception s already noted, the h?ephs of the sub-
ORTHOGRAPHY
ORTHOGRAPHY
15
linear system are not specially represented in the supralinear writing.
Still the distinctive distinctive sounds of of the h afep hs were no doubt
employed by those who wrote wrote the supralinear system. system. e forms forms and) and (who, which), which are used before certain consonants followed by vocal shewa, may be taken as proof that these following consonants were pronounced with hafeph pathah. Ha teph s may therefore be employed in transliterating transliterating the su pra-
TA ai vowel, an d silent silent shewa is written after the yodh of the diphtho ng
linear into the sublinear system.
words as i'?:?, 6) K?l?=P ($ 11, note OJ and PT M in such words an K?'- ($ 13)+n;u ($ 3 r ) , and the pronominal suffixes
Babylonian hISS. and in the supralinear MSS. of O 12. In Babylonian
(Strack)
s the form of the conjunction
an
before words com-
In
mencing with a consonant followed by vocal shelva (Dan. 3. 21, 4.29, 5. 20, 6. 5, 6. 1 7 ) , even when that following consonant is 3,
3.
PERSO NAL
(Dan. Before nd not followed by n, 1, 6.1 I). vocal shewa, the form of the conjunction is 1, implicitly, implicitly, at least, since the vowel vowel is generally not explicitly represented.
P R O N O U N S (n (n o m in in a titi ve ve fo fo r m s )
bI
Jn the
Yemenite hfSS. of OJ is used in all these cases, cases, as in sublinea Heb rew texts (so in Praetorius's edition of of Joshua an d Judges a nd in Berliner's Onkelos).
]7ng
When the initial consonant of a word is followed by vocal shewa simple, the supralinear punctuation does not indicate its 13.
presence if it is preceded by the conjunction (Gen. 10 17, Judge 1. 17 11, 6. 17, kc.). T h i s m a y 22, Dan. 3. 21, imply that the vocal shewa in these cases, as in Hebrew an d as no longer pronounced (so Dalman, p. 240). Some MSS. I$?!,
treat w6rds that commence w ith an in the same ~v ay o that, for example, H!3! may pe rhaps be an alternative for K!?! (cf. (cf. He b. -hi$). In the Babylonian PIIS PIISS. S. and in th e supralinear supralinear RISS. of O (Strack), however, vocal shelva following an initial consonant is frequently unrepresented in writing, especially in association with particular forms or words, such as the particles an j. 2, This implies that the absence of the sign of a hurried vowel (vocal shewa) is not a certain proof of its its absence in speech, and mak es
?Ej;
masc. fem.
J?S
]!3+ 3, 113W 113W
K7i l
;I35
K7i
masc.
]'I9n , ;*?K ;*?K
K'
;*?5
K'?
fem.
In OJ and O TA the pronouns of the person Accent. plural are accented on the penultimate syllable. syllable. Th is is is one of the few excep tions to the general rule in these dialects that the last syllable of a word is accented. an isn sometimes 2. The shortened forms Forms. occurindependently in PTRI (cf. for v!!j an K!31 fo K!PI*)They, and also coalesce with participles participles into tense form
(8 (§
21,
note 7). )]'K, kc,, are unvocalized spellings equivalent to Is%,
2. 1).
OTA.
4. For the forms forms of
The last letter of K!n!$
is
A see paradigm, P. 92is three times and once
.
PERSONAL PRONOUN
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Kethibh form, form, a]\~'ays hanged to c)U by Qere, but pointed by th supralinear MSS. in Strack, 1338 an occur, as nominatives, tives, each once only, Idioms-
6. The expressions K Y ? ~ 73; (< certain
an
12) and Kn?8 w?? are used by in modesty for Hebrew 'l??P) and in curses or protestations for pTM '?p, fip, polite polite addre address, ss, for ng , 0 J uses '!fa? an ')ia? an 1!?1 (cf. Hebrew 6.
Fo
he himself
4.
'a5).
kc., see
4, note 6.
P E R S O N A L P R O N O U N S ( su su f fi fi x f o rm rm s ) PThI
bferx (Chr.esk. Targum.) prints ~>?i? n Gen. 2. fo ~ 5 % an ~ n ! n v or ?!nit13 n Gen. 2. 4*. The accusatives of the personal Procases. by nouns are expressed in three maps: (I) by suffixes (§ 3% OJ nearly always follows the Hebrew text 'Q;, kc., (3) by '>, in its choice between a verbal suffix and an independent accusative form. In the latter latter case it regularly regularly employs 'n', kc., seldom &c Fo m* an ]in) after particc. see Gen. 3. 15 and Exode 3- 9I~ PTM kc., are used as accusatives afte r participles (1 8. 12, 5, 20 &C.)and &C.)and sometimes sometimes after finite forms of the verb ( r 6 . ii.
26. 3, 28. 15).
A pronominal
object after a verb is
OJ, PTnl
PLUR.
SING.
PLUR.
com.
K!
masc. ii
I7
1?
j'?
]in
;in
fem. 2'
;'r!
l'?
.. 3 masc. fem.
In O
A the pronominal object object of of a verb is generally generally expressed expressed jm? (in But only the independent form by means of a suffix. E z r a ) , ]j~;! (in Daniel) and ])38 (Dan. 6. 25 are used for he with with a suffix occurs once (Dan. 12 iinvj), '5, &c.. only with participles (Dan.
23, 4. 22, 29, 6. 17, Ezra 2). '5, &c., are also used used as 'eth ic datives', Ethic Dative. 2.
I* These suffixesare suffixesare equivalent to English possessive adjectives
to the genitives genitives of the personal prono uns in other languages. languages. For the possessive pronouns see 7, note 4. Th e suffixes of the table table ar e those joined joined to the singular stems of nouns ending with a consonant. In slightly different forms they are attached to verbs to exp ress the ac cusatives the Personal Pronouns (5 36). '3'. (2 f.) and K;;i- (3 s. f.), used 2.
in the marriage contract printed in Dalman's fia(ek&rotm, p. 1. 4,5, '6, a), a re older, uncon tracted, forms of 7'. an respectively. See also 12,note 2, and 13 Fo r the variations of OTA, se p. Se
3, note
I.
, (Dalman, generally expressed by '??ll, &c., sometimes by ' v ~ ! c. the pronominal suffixes are used, in agreep. 1 1 5 , I ~ ) . ment with the Hebrew text, W D 3 , &c., being occasional alternatives. PTbI emphatic 'he himself' is expressed by a'P?? 53 this itself' by K? ~ ~ 1 (872 his, 5) ')?72 means, literally,
'my bone' (for its inflexion see 12, note 4). 7. In (Baer, Ginsburg) is usual for H:-, bu OTA. cf. pausal K!~?>YV Dan. 3. 17). Dj an o c cu cu r o b i n E z ra ra , a s ]in. See Brockelmann, Grunrlrks, 1. 13 alternatives to ]i
'
Special usages.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES PThI
PTXI
ADJECTIVES. this
I?
OJ OJ PRONOUNS.DJECTIVES. PRONOUNS. DJECTIVES.R RONOUNS.
777, I???, 1'71
these
th os e Forms.
K i9!7'K,
that
K
"7, 'R?,
K9??
jlYR, jlYR, jlJ"7 jlJ"7
(;2?) i'
'tl
K??
?p? ('?'?)
K??
;+>q W?
Kt!
l.
'?'3
K'?? jS;le;!
q9.$~
Kqn? and K'?? are the forms of the Babylonian hlSS. published by Kahle. Kin;? and K'?;? in the supralinear Yemenite MSS. are Hebraisms (Dalman). (16. ii. 7) is pointed i$? in Dalman7sparadigm Dalman7sparadigm (p. 397). P K are the the unvocalized spellings of P a* ]'i9K, jlPii, a nd 1lPK 2. I)
I*
q]?,
occur as alternat alternatives ives to i'l?, kc i'?? (e.g. 15 .6 ) and are cited by by Dalman (p. 11), but are held by him to be incorrect forms (p. 20). M has a number of forms forms such as i';lT an ;;;lv (28. 24) in 4. which an
alternates with 8. It also frequently frequently uses contracted forms . 7 and coale coalesc scee with with a foll followi owing ng n nto il), into (Dalman, p. 112). iJr;l. 5, 3, join with
OTA. 5. For OTA forms see paradigm (p. 92). i986 fo hose (Dan. z. 44) and ;rki fo hese (Ezra 5. occur each once only. I?? 'that' is both masculine (once) and feminine (twice). (twice). In O A the same forms are used, without without distinct distinction, ion, as adjectives and pronouns. See also notes 10 an
6.
occurs in
M as an enclitic enclitic particle particle
following interrogative pronouns (Dalman, Granzmar, pp (Gen. after 224). In OJ it is similarly used to translate 25.22) and also for associated associated with with a numeral (G en. 27.36 Judg. 16. 15). 217 217 is is sometimes used by O J as a translation of Hebrew 83 (Gen. 45.9, Exod. 3. 14 f., 10, 7. 26, Josh. 24. 2, Judg. 15 Icings 19. 20). (Judg. 6. 20, kc.) and 7*. '?'? is usually equivalent to seldom occurs otherwise otherwise (Gen. 27.33). e pronoun 'that in OJ is also expressed by (Gen. 2. 19, 41. 28, 42. 14, Exod. 16. 23, Amos 7. 6), which might, therefore, properly be included in the table. S* OJ generally distinguishes distinguishes between a djective and Syntax. pronoun forms. Exceptions are: (a 9 ' 7 , (6 1'7 instead of I'l?, after a noun with a pronominal suffix attached, under the influence f the H ebrew text (Exod. 10. I, Josh 2. 20, Judg. 6. 14), (c) th 3i" phrase 17 Kt$* to-day (cf. K?i7 this day '), K??? (Judg. '3. 23, 7 5 . 7 ) . generally generally serves as the pronoun 't t' 9. I n P T h I K" (16. ii. 11 and 13, 18. ii. 3) and other singular adjective forms are also freely used as pronouns (I 6, 16 . ii. 12, 28. 24). On the other hand, pronoun forms are used as adjectives (18. ii. 10 an 1-1'3, 3, 28. 28 . 13-193). 13-193 ). in particular, occurs more often than ]'.$? as an adjective (16. ii. ii. 10, 17. ii. ii. 8, 21 24. ii. lo*. n P M a demonstrative demonstrative nearly nearly always stands before its associated noun (two exceptions in Chrest. 20 an 15 are both from from the same narrative) narrative).. In OJ the influence of the Hebrew text has established the rule that dem onstratives follow follow the n ouns they qualif qualify. y. Exce ptions agre e with with the the order of the Hebre w text (Gen. 2. 23, Judg. 16.15, &c.) &c.) In O A a demonstrative demonstrative adjective adjective generally follows, but may precede, an associated noun (Dan.
$5.
DEMONSTRATIVES
qualified by a demons. adjective nearly alway assume the emphatic form (see 8, note 3). Idioms. 1'7? 7 ? is used with proper names in the sense of he w ell-known ell-known he previously-mentioned (15. ii. 2, ii. I; 2. ii. 9). K > n ? is sometimes equivalent to ' 2 ) ~ a certain e.g. in the phrases 9 n ? , pi' ~ 9 3 7 . I * ? , 2 (a (a n d 1 15 ) express express hi ha or on nother
.
.
with suffixes of the third person is som etimes used as n? with
a (Dalman,
- djecti djective ve Or Or pronoun, pronoun, like like in&, kc., in the nIishnah 7. 8).
n O A before a noun governed by a prepositi preposition on an anticipativ e pronominal suffix suffix is used in an emphasizing emphasizing de mon strative sense (K4n! 33 'at that very time'). The noun is then in the emphatic form ($ 8). S O i n P T M l!?i9 ?l said to this same R. Jochanan' (20. ii. 10).
$6. INTERROGATIVES
q? ip?) ho\v many
Questions introduced by so often expect a negative answer that this interrogative acquires the sense
of a negative ($ 7, note 7). 4. ln OJ
INTERROGATIVES M
who what?
iP
np j't'*a
which ),
OJ
in UP 1'7' 7 '8
a?? (with an adjective)
Ul'W, ~ 1 " n I!"N
I'~"~
(ir>!$) plural com.
l7'orms. 2. ]q>$K happens *. For the spelling IN2 see not to occur in OJ. 791993, kc., are the unvocalized spellings of I'll:;?, &c. (5 2. and 14). I n P T M ~3 In contracts into ra an K'? into ' 9 ~ . OJ ;'?? 1' (note 4). Usages. Th e meanings meanings of what? ho w? what kind kind ? and (with (with adjectives) adjectives) how how ?pi) expresses an
how!
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN
M the relati relative ve pronoun pronoun is (uninl* In OJ and P Forms, flect flected) ed).. In OT A and in OJ compounds compounds kc., note 4) th
('i?'?,
~dioms. sing. masc.
20
~ u d g . 8 . r4 r 4 ) , b u P, 5. , c., are bot bothh pronouns pronouns and adjec adjecti tives ves Syntax. Their associated nouns may stand in the emphatic form (ChreJf. 23 .3 and 4, Isai. Isai. 66. I), but not necessaril necessarily. y. 6. IT (OJ) and I? (PThI) where ?' Interrog. Adverbs. (Gen. 29. 4) is also ;$ whither ?' an I? in whence written for in. only ;n and np occur in OTA. Most editors, inOTA. I n D a n . 3- 33 eluding Baer and G insburg , point the former I?.
7.
6.
11 ren der s He brew n:-n n:-nll (Ge n. is used for n!-+"? ($ 5. note
K?
'h e wh
without an antecedent means
'those who', &c.
]'l;;l,
hat which',
K?n;;l, In, and
ar
also used to express these combinations. before a genitive means 'the possession of ', hose of 3* he people of my house'. those belonging to &c E.g . 'n'2 In reports o f the opinions of the Rabbis, before the nam e of a Rabbi, it stands for 'the opinion of'. ha 4*. ?/!V, &c., that which is to me Compounds. which is to thee', &c., are the equivalents of the possessive Pronouns mine, thine, &c., in OJ (cf. Dan. 2. 20). I n P T M '?'?,
'k?,
are more usual.
'7;
may be a phonetic variant of
he possession of my hand' (Dalman).
Barth) or
.
HE RELATIVE PRONOUN
$8. NOUNS
no 5, with suffixes, is treated as a substantive, meaning property (16. ii. 2, ~ $ ? n ) . is a contraction for Nqn? an '3 occurs as a con6. I n P T M traction for K'?? (Dalman, p. 98). Conjunctional uses. is much used as a conjunction, -of -of time (when), place (where), cause (because), purpose (in order that), and introducing subject and object sentences (= Hebrew 'P 'that ') Joined to prepositions it gives them the force of conjunc-
tions (2 It? after, 7p until until or whilst whilst). ). 3 when d 'lest or
8'. e relative adverbs-where, adverbs-where, and whence whence-a -are re expressed expressed in in M by I?, Ipn! (cf. 6, note 6) and in OJ generally by IF5
;ynn
(cf. OTA npn 8,
whither, I?
an
3, Ezra 6. I)
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES (general) FEMIXINE.
&?
singular absolute. construct. >?
K?P
plural absolute.
I?*
"? K??I?
emphatic.
1153
h';lp
construct. emphatic.
Th e emphatic emphatic ending (Z has a demonstrative force equivalent to the Hebrew definite article. corresponding English expression may, however, be indefinite, e. g. when the noun is abstract (16 . ii. 4, 21.15, 24. ii. ii. 6), or a Emphatic state.
generic word (Dan. 5. I). Sometimes the emphatic ending ending has practically practically the force of a possessive possessive pronou n (20. 5, where "3Kp
23
ou r enem ies', 24. ii 2, where he stick means 'his stick or a stick ') 2. In I and OJ the the empha emphati ticc state state tends tends to lose its distinctive definite meaning, as in Syriac, but to a much lesser extent 12 (14.k 25. ii. 10, 18. ii. ii. 2, 24. ii. I, 27. 6, 25. ii.3 and 9 Gen. 2.10, Exod. 8, 12 .20, Josh. 2.2, Judg. g. g. 36). In PThl emp hatic form s (I 8. 6, IS . ii. ii. 6, 19. ii. ii. 3, 21. ii. 7, 27. 2) as well as absolute forms (16. ii. 6, 7. ii. ii. I , zg. I , 25. ii. ii. 3) are associa ted with the indefi indefinit nitee word l , one. n OJ the the emphatic state state seems to be 2. 24, 27. 38, 45, 33.13, 34.16, more often used with 13 Gen. 40.5, Deut. 24.5, Josh. 3. 12, 13, 17. 7, Judg. 6.16, g. 37) than the absolute is (Gen. 5, 11 Deut. 28. 7, Josh. g. 2). 2). e MS.
evidence sometimes varies and the printed texts even have both constructions in the same verse verse (Gen. 11.6 , Josh. 17. 14). In OJ a singular indefinite indefinite object is generally expressed by the emphatic state (Gen. 2.8, 4.1, 4. 17, 20.9, 21.8, 28. 2, 29. 2, 33 , J~d g. 6. 26), rarely by the abso lute (Judg. 6. 17). Em phatic form s are said to be preferred in p ause (Berliner, Ma ssor ah, p. 96 Lev.
~IASCULINE. =c?
ADJECTIVES
2.
3,
A seems always to use use the em phatic form in its distinct distinctive ive sense. TLere are a few exceptions to the rule that a noun qualified by a demons. adjective adjective stands in the emphatic form (16. ii. ii. 2). he absolute state is employed when the associated noun is accompanied by a num eral an d a demons. adjecti adjective ve (28. 13). In 3*.
(Judges, passim) the feminine noun may be regarded as masculine in form, and so as in the emphatic state. Cf. ?! H?q!, Deut. 10. 10 attributive adjective adjective regularly assumes an emphatic orm 4*. An attributive when the noun it qualifies stands in the emphatic state (Gen. 16 10.21, 10.21, 27.15, 29.2, D eut.3 .24, .2 ; Chrest Chrest.. 23. Dan. 3. 26, 6. 27). Cf. R+PW (I Sam. 2. bu 2$ P'?? (24. ii 3);
24
8.
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
Absolute state. S* Some words and phrases employ absolute forms in a definite sense (25. ii. 3, n'3 'the cemetery cemetery '). PTM foreign words may be used definitely without the addition of an emphatic ending (16.6 ff., 23.4, D@!? '>'?). Predicative adjectives are generally put in the absolute state (Dan. 2. II), eve when, in OJ, they translate H ebrew w ords with a definite article article attached (Gen. 2. 11, 42. 6). A predicative adjective in the emphatic state may be considered to be a superlative (15. 8). Construct and Genitive. 6*. In M constr construct uct forms forms followed by genitives, have have only a limited use (17. 13 , 7?'9 '??MI)). They occur most frequently as the second member of compound prepositions (5'y), , c.) c.) and in stereo stereotype typedd phrases phrases which which are almost compound nouns, e.g. V: 28. II) n9 2 25. ii. ii. 3), 3), ~ @ q ? Yn$3n @n$3n 'sunset (22. ii. 5), Y Dq-F 'my bed-cover' (29.15). Instead of the genitive construction PTRl usually employs phrases like (a) K:nv? K?iY, a'?'?_?? KG'S he birds of the sky he house of his comrade or (6 ) K;;1&q X'BV, BV, 2PKT ?D'% he name of God', 'the house of her mother when the expression is definite, definite, and like (c) i!ynl 'pomegranates of gold', when the expression is indefinite. n all these cases means 'that of' or 'those of' and governs the foilowing noun in the genitive case
($ 7, note 3). Mixed constructions constructions like KcP??7 1 ' ) ~ I . x5) and K?'?f '7.F (Chresf. 7.7, Judg. . 2 2) occur less often. 7*. n O J the use of a construct, followed followed by a genitive, is generai, although the constructions of note 6 also occur. Examples: (a) Gen. 14, 25, 2.7, 12, 22 12, Josh. 1.8, 13, 2. 2, 4. 16, 5. I, and frequently; (6) Gen. 30. 20 (r) Gen. 3.21, Deut. 10 7-19?27 I'>~J. 8. In OTA the idiom of a construct followed by a genitive prevails-except prevails-except in one group of cases, where the constructions constructions of note 6 (a) and (c) are preferred. preferred. Th ese latter latter constructio constructions ns are generally, though not exclusively, used before or after and in com-
$8 .
XOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
25
bination bination with standing phrases, phrases, such as 'treasure-house', 'treasure-house', 'house of od book of records '. Examples ~ ? ) n Nll?g n'2 (Ezra 5.1 7)' K?>c n'z-'.! NlE$ (Ezra 5. 16), d:Kll $7 ]P3?5 'fingers of a human hand ' (Dan. (Dan. 5.5) . Cf. Ezra 4. 5, 6.5, 7. 12, 7.17, Dan. 2. 14, 2.49 , 4. 26, 5. 3. he re are comparatively few few cases of the use of these constructions as an alternative to simple construct and genitive (Ezra 5. 2, 13, 14, 7. 26, Dan. 2. 15, 19, 38, 41, 4. (= 2o), 5.7 (= 1 6 n d ~ g 23, 23, 24, 24, 7. 4, 6, 7 (= 19), 7.9, 10 28). considerable proportion of them seem to imply at least a slight slight emphasis (e.g. Ezra 5. 14, 7. 26, Dan. 2. 38, 5. 7 (= 16 and 29), 5. 23, 7.4 , (= ~ g ) , . 10). The den of lions' is both '? K??, (6. 7, 20). (6. 8, 13, 25) and Nc!:?K N?!37K Th e construction of note 6 (b) occurs in 0 T A 4 about a dozen times and the words governed by $7 are then evidently in most cases emphatic (Dan. 2. 44, 3. 28 f., 4. 23, 6. 25, 27, Ezra 5. I) Renderings such as he nam e of of him who is (really) (really) Go an 'the appea rance of of that fourth' are sometimes sometimes appropriate (Dan. 2. 20, 3. 25, 3. 26). PThI the object noun has generally Accusative case. Q*. occasionally introduces definite accusatives no distinctive mark. (15.11, 16.ii.11, 21 6, 7, 23.8, 27.6 ) and nl does so rarely (15. ii. 8). I n O J is the regular equivalent of Hebrew an seldom occurs (in Gen. 3. 7 2 5i?!; for Gen. 11). he old accusative accusative ending survives in 39.15 see 36, note 11). a few adv erb s of pla ce (e. g. NFng below ') For the accusative pronoun anticipating an object noun see 36, note is not infrequently associated with a definite 10. I n O T A accusative. Possibly it has a slight slight demonstrative or emp hasizing effect.l prefixed to expressions expressions for the true God (Dan z.1g,4.31, 34 It is prefixed 23 and the false gods (3. 5. 4, 23 cf. z. 34), to words and phrases denoting 2) the rulers 3. 2, and wise men of Babyion (2.12, 1 4 , 2 4 ; 5. ), to the
--
26
8.
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
I n f l e x i o n a l e n d i n g s . 11'. The feminine singular ending N* is attached especially to stems th at end in n, hence Kl!Q'l (Gen. I. 2) and ~ $ 3 . Feminine plural endings dzodn and are used by some nouns. Examples: (a) i!$fi, I!?'?, ?, I!?+>, ]!$n, I!3?, m , sig n, an d , sis ter f. Kp j!?n an
See also 10 note 21 an 30, note 2. DK, and re )??kt, ]?Fy, and ]??v, 12*. The plurals of respectively. termination .. is sometimes used when noun is in the 13*. Th e termination absolute or in the emphatic state. Examples Pn! (Gen. IO), ':lE (Gen. 2. '?.in (Gen. 18.7). Such forms are specially frequent in the case of gentilic names like 'K733 (Chresf. 24. ii. I), '$?Tn (Exod. 12 30), 'K?? (Josh. 4), and 'KTVP Dan. 2.5). Dalman I!Kp
!?D.
?F n2 compares, also, I'c8crrlpav7j
. . re examples of double plurals. dn as a plural ending see Brockelmann, Grundriss, vol. i, p. 450 f. Duals. only clear clear dual dualss in PT M and OJ are I'lrjr, 15*. Th e only I ' R l n (' two ') and IWV (200). But the ending 1. in words such as I'?'P may also be a dual ending (OTA 19?1P). In OT A (besid (besides es 1'?9, I , a nd ilnKv ) I$, I$, 1151 11 51?, ?,IP lP , an d V occ ur. g*
CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS (declensions)
The following classification is made with a view to a statement of the rules for nom inal inflexion, as given in the next paragra ph. Six classes, or declensions, are distinguished. names Shadrach, hfeshach, and Abednego (a 49, 3 . 1 3 , ~ cf. 3 . 2 7 an 3. 25 and to the name Daniel, when standlng as an object by itself (2 19 cf. a. 18). Almost the only other cases of introducing 4. 31~3 4, . 2a and 23 a definite object, in Daniel, are found in 5. In Ezra very few examples altogether occor (4.14, 12, 0. 7, 7. 25). Ezra 6. n?rIy5 ma be regarded as a textual error.
CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
g*.
no un s. Nouns originally originally disyllabi disyllabicc and having having two two short vowels vowels are very slightly slightly distinguished in A ramaic from no uns originally originally monosyllabic monosyllabic and ending in two consonants. e two groups are here joined in the A class of nouns, which is further further subdivided into three sub-classes according as the characteristic vo\vel (used in the inflected forms) is Li, i, zi ( O T A 6). absolute forms, of which specimens follow, follow, do not clearly indicate the sub-class to which a n A no un belongs. class.
class.
aidp
~
~
7Q
originally disyllabic.
y?
originally monosyllabic.
v?
i
3
class.
'Y I?
m'?) ??
I n t h e class absolute forms like (Deut. g. 0, Dan. 3. IS), (Exo d. 30. 23), an Dan. 5. 5) sometimes occur.
5n7
IlT. TVords of the class like D'n! le 5 + ~ ? . , YF, YF, 5*I? 5*I?n, n, 'HP, and B* : (O A 5$?, D Y P , and BE?, with??? in Dan. z. 49 .2 5?
Some words have more than one absolute form (q&, 5~!7, &c.). In O A the u ses of of Q and D Y P , D$ and B>? are perhaps differentiated by 3lT (Strack, c.). 37': (Num . 5. 22) and nn'l (Exod. 22 21, D eut. 27. 19) are unusual forms, perhaps at first only orthographically different from 2, notes 711 and an 9) he former former belongs belongs to the subclass and the latter latter to the sub-class. n o u n s . Disyllabic nouns having ci in the final syllable and an u nchangeable long vowel, or a shut syllable, syllable, in the penult, penult, together with all participles (whose final vowel is sere or pathah) follow
g*.
CLASSIFICATION
NOUNS
a distinct rule of inflexion (see 10). Examples ?Me, glPlt, D>t, A small n umber of monosyllables including y tJ7, 11 -4 (son), and bid (OTA Dv) belong to this class and not to the class. hionosyllables from stems y"y have absolute forms l ik ik e h e , 0 8 , a n d which the vowels an are frequently nouns.
10.
INFLEXION
NOUNS (masculine types) SIKGI:LAR.
PLURAL. ~ ~ ~ p h o?zstr. .
ABsoI.
Enzph.
COIIS~~.~so~.
represented by an respectively (e. g. n'll', Dig). Dig). Da lma n gives (arrow) and 299 (pit) as variant forms in the sec ond and third classes. Some words which are not from tems follow the inflexion ?'
of this class (e.g. Dig, 7Y). In OTA the h'TSS. of read D? (mouth), but the supralinear hSSS. have in accordance r\,ith the analogy of 27, lie, &c.
'ni$
;*nip
K?)Y
D>&!
nouns. Words which remain unchanged when terminations are added to the stem are principally disyllables with a long vowel in the final syllable (e. g. v?!!, D)?, 7?3, T!Y), and monosyllables
like ~ f n ,\' nd i'?. unchangeable is equivalent to Hebrew (Dh?, kc.).
(Z
in the first group
nouns. It is conve yodh or final walv a separat substantives and those like
(see 30). 30). Probably the or lent to tt ($ 2. 8). nouns. In this class are included all nouns with the terminations di (= Hebrew i) or added to a triliteral stem. Examples I) 'P'X, '293. Th e long vowe (or ' vowell of of O ('p:?, 19). ' Y W ~s) also the pausal form of (Gen.
'v'?,
ma
The accent in these plural be pronounced as ain.
as probably placed on th
and the ending
30
$10.
I N F L E X IO IO N O F N O U N S
Nouns of the A type retain or assume a monosyllabic syllabic form before inflexional endings. The usual vowels of these monosyllables are an zi ( O T A 6) The mutation of the third radical of inflected forms in OTA-w hen the third radical is susceptible of mutation-shows mutation-shows that the p recedin g shewa is vocal (a in the plural of nouns originally monosyllabic (i9$:r?), (6) in the All singular an d plural of no uns originally disyllabic disyllabic (~2:)~ ]'i!9). the examples of the table above are treated according to this rule, although the Yemenite MSS. with supralinear punctuation do not indicate vocal shewa, except after a medial guttural, and even then Gen. 2.13, but KT;?, Josh. 4). not consistently (e.g. K??! 2. Und er the influence of of medial), b, an (labials) is often substituted for ci an in the monosyllabic stems of the first and second sub-classes sub-classes,, especial especially ly in PTRI. Exam ples ~$q?, ~ f ? ? , . he absolute form I@, for IF:, may be regarded as a secondary formation from the inflected stem gufn. I n O T A t h plural forms of re always 3. The vowel is also frequently substituted for an original 2. nouns.
K$?, K!?? Examples K>P:, KTPP, K@V, K??? ) ' ? W J . The absolute form n2'7 (Exod. 2. 27) may ~ e e r?:p, , e sten1 vowel of the inflected be secondary formation like 125. forms of $? supralinear near MS S. of O A and according to z' in the suprali the Babylonian tradition (Kahle cf. Chresf. 15. 9). The BIT of Daniel and the Yemenite MSS. of give ci (Josh. 5.15, 14. 9). 4. In the sub-class, nouns whose initial radical is a guttural generally retain hireq in the inflected forms. ~ p ! ! from (dream), (dream), in the M T of of Daniel Daniel and in some OJ MSS., may be due to H ebrew influence (cf. ' ) 3 ~ , &c.). &c.). Hire q a nd seghol also interchange change in the O A group ? w e , W w l , ijnPw3.. 5. In the zi sub-class, when holem occurs a s the vowel of the inflected stem it may be understood to represent ii ($ 2. Ex amp les: KFliK KFliK Gen. 38. 16, i'@i) E x od od . . 4 0, 0, K Lev
10
INFLEXION OF NOUNS
31
According to the punctuation of M 11 15 (Dalman, p. 144). there there are three examples f &stems in O A (Dan. 2. 37, 4. 12, 6. 20) and one of an li-s li-stem tem (~ ? Ezra 5.8). Similarly the feminine KF?? is written Kg?? n T and in some late late M SS. of J. In Dan. 4.34 and 5.23 the supralinear punctuation is n@ and the M SS. of T are divided divided between that and ncly or "7s. n OJ inflected inflected forms like '?Yp (Josh. 2. for 'Jee sometimes n the supralin ear MSS. of OJ nouns like n 2 and ilY, ilY, in the construct singular and in the inflected stems, nearly always have forms like n'z (Dalman, p. p. 91, note I). In M T construct singular singular are like and inflected stems like i'Jl9, although the supralinear MSS. often substitute for especially when pronominal suffixes are joined joined to the stem (see Strack's Strack's no te on D an. 4. I). ]'n? is the plural n!3. s used as an absolute form (Exod. 32. 12). nouns. 7*. e final final stem vowel vowel of nou ns of the class becomes vocal shewa when terminations are added to the stem. For some apparent exceptions see 21, note class the final radical is nouns. 8* In nouns of the doubled before inflexional endings and the stem vowel is normally or ccording to the vowel of the uninflected stem (KpV, K?K, N??]. Before final resh the stem vowel is lengthened in compensation, when doubling does not take place (hence KT? from 13 inflected ted forms forms (n (country)). Some nouns put fo Li in the inflec I n O T A N v u , from is unique (Dan. 7. in OJ K$ K?e). (fem. absolute) is also used. with proa*. In OJ, although the stem vowel of the word nominal suffixes ($ 12, note 6) is always $, the emphatic form is regularly ~ $ 9 3 Josh. 11. , ointed ointed in Berline Berliner' r' Orzkelos sometimes with dag hesh (Exo d. 29. 24, Lev. 8. 27) a nd sometimes without (Gen. 6. g, 20, 16. 2, Lev. 9) In Lev. 8. 27 Berliner prints ~ $ 9 3 . In OTA the MSS. of always have five 6*
32
$10.
~NFLEXION
NOUNS
Io
times), and th e supralinear NS S. agree (Dan. 4. 25). Holem in this and similar words denotes a short vowel (5 2. I). Th e reading reading u$ (= in Gen. 8. (Dalman, p. 145) is an alternative to K?? (cf. Berliner). lo*. In th e later Yemenite RISS. f O J Heb rew is represented by
and Hebrew
by
b.
In Gen
1-2
(Rlerx), Josh.
see note 21. Dalman (p. 192) regards the supralinear punc tuation of absolute plurals like ? as incorrect. 17*. When E nouns employ an A stem (as in K$D) the vowel of the stem is usually 2, but sometimes ?or ii ( O T A Examples cwdn
1-2,
and Judg. 1-2 (Praetorius) the only exceptions to this rule are in Gen. and Judg. Judg. 2.15. In OTA, M T has bot bot 5? and 52, generally the former. Strack's supralinear h I S S . (except G, once) either insert no vowel or read Plurals of the form I'*FP occur in OJ, PTRI, and OTA (cf. 35, note 4). 12. Errone ous dissimilation f the d oubled conson ant of the stem takes place in 19JD (Exod. 32. rg), from (cf. 26, note Th e for i'l!pJ (Dan. 2'. 46) is also a dissimilated form. nouns. 13*. n this class the absolute form and the inflected stem are identical. he inflecte inflectedd forms of the word ~ ' 5 vGen. 6. g) seem, however, to be taken from a stem of the A class (I'Q!~, &c.). nouns. 14 When a termination is added to words of the E class the stem of words like s either like an A stem, with yodh as the third radical, and the inflected stem of words like '?.p s either like 'lp or stem (see particulars in table above).
treated as silent, on the analogy of the originally monosyllabic stems.
~'iq
INFLEXION OF N O U N S
15*. s contracted from n d i f ro ro m Adjectives or the form are contracted plurals of the form fi (Deut. 6. I) he only case of of such a n adjective adjective in A has an uncontracted plural (illv, Dan. 3. 25). 16 ?'?'I (Hebrew '73) is used used in the the plural only. Fo r plurals plurals in
Forms like 975, with with consonantal consonantal waw, waw, are unusual. unusual. Most nouns ending in are feminine ($31, 992) 992) and are inflected according to the rules of nouns. lo . In the inflected inflected forms of stems the yodh of the termination is conson antal and the preceding vowel (in J) is 18.
lengthe ned. Inste ad of of yodh , aleph is is often written (cp. note 9) The emphatic plural termination is contracted from aiya to ('.. or e infle inflected cted forms of of stems terminating terminating in 'b'D, '?.Fljl) are treated like those of (E class). 20. EF nouns. ew words from stems with final yodh are treated like nouns of the F class in OJ (Dalman, p. an See also 12, note 8. A (ll! (ll!z, z, Dan 4. 24, from 21*. Som e words of the E and F classes have plurals in Zwdn ewdn,with or without retention of conson antal yodh. Exam ples ;!:?I, j!p793, ]!Q, i!D$ (cf. 8, note 11 and 30, note 2). 22. he general rules rules for the inflexion inflexion of of nouns given given OTA. in this section apply to OTA. As the E class is very slightly represented there it may be passed over by those who begin their Aramaic reading in OTA. For these the most important notes in this section are 8, 13, and 19, along with 3, 6, and 9 for some details.
*. I.
INFLEXION
PLURAL.
SIXGULAR.
.
~??!n x?~J?
bsol.
n?!p n$p
NOUNS (with feminine endings) Emphat.
Const.
Adsol.
i?!n I$
INFLEXION OF NOUNS
35
Table). Abstract feminine nouns having an ending in or ar 10 sufficiently treated as a separate class (G). The rules of explain the forms of of classes classes A-D A-D and F , except those of the emp hatic singular, which, therefore, receive receive special notice in what follows e emphatic singular singular ending of the class is usually usually Kc, , joined joined to the monosyllabic monosyllabic stem. Exam ples: r? is added to the stem in the case of some 89313, K?@. noun s havingstemsoriginally havingstemsoriginally disyllabic (parallel (parallel to Hebre w words like nouns.
2.
a??:)
K c B F , K$n!Y, Examples (from Dalman) K??? Kc?! (absolute N@;I?). Berliner's OnkeZos gives (Deut. 4,6) for calf' (from ~>?y), s well as for 'wagon d??) (Num. 7 . 3 , from from K )~P ). T he emphatic emphatic sing. sing. fem. o n?? K????,
*?44
he absolu te singular feminine of a stem originally disyllabic is distinguished distinguished in O A from a stem originally monosyllabic by the vocal shewa following the middle radical ( ~ 5 7 ,an 9),
nf?:
n!),? n$lt
KC!??
n!??
I&
Aramaic of OJ and PTM syllables of nouns to which the the feminine feminine ending ci 1. he stem syllables 10 is attached are treated in accordance with the rules There are, therefore, six classes of feminine nouns corresponding to the classes of 9. In the lass nouns having final consonantal waw are numerous and several types of absolute singular are in use (see
and this analogy may be followed in reading OJ and (cf. 10 note I). In all feminine plurals of the A class the the shewa followi following ng the middle radical may be treated as vocal ($ 10, note I). class the the emphatic ending is and is 3. In this class nouns. joined to the absolute stem of 9 , ?Yq-see under noun s, below). But the emphatic form of K?:'daught K?:'daughter', er', is Kc>:, and that of K?V 'year', is K$v. 4. I n t h class K;?: is joined to the stem used by nouns. all the inflected forms. Kit?, like many feminine nouns, has plurals of the masculine form. K ~ * Vsleep although not from an Y " J ~ tem, is inflected like words of this group ( N $ ? v , &c.) 5. With unchangeable unchangeable stems the emphatic ending, nouns. according to the supralinear punctuation, is usually (K?l?, is used only with a K?@, K ? r q , K?Tr?Y, U ? Z ~ ~ V ,?yi?Q). few disyllabic stems whose final vowel is KngJ!, zi (~$*!w, an belong rather to the class. K c S n : K ? l ' k mhnn).
36
II*.
INFLEXION O F NOUN
INFLEXION OF NOUNS
I*.
Certain nouns, which might be expected to belong to the A class,
NF~),
have forms of the D type (&?, (&?, K?jrtjw; ~p23, ?VG; ~ ? ) ' ? 3 K ~ P $, 2 7 ) ~lthoug ~ lthoughh not exclusivel exclusivelyy (cf. (cf. , Lev. 5. 2, an ]V$, Exod. 5. 7). All have close parallels in Hebrew. norms. There is considerable variety in the inflected forms of feminine nouns of this declension. In the K:)D group yodh is alwajs consonantal in OJ and the stem resembles that o the A declension. PTM quiescence of the yodh takes place in the emphatic sing. (see Table). In the '!.F, group, both in OJ and PTM, yodh quiesces quiesces in the construct and emphatic of of the singular. e w n ou ou ns ns h v e c on on so so na na nt nt al al n the singular. Exam ples (Gen. 4 . 5 ) a n d o r 3 ' ci ci t emph atic Ke32, plut a ]!TI?). A larger larger number have conso nantal waw in the plural only. Fo the various forms of the absolute singular and for their inflexions see table of nou ns above. Other examples of the group are 32'P7 The rare absolute sing. of the word used in 935, $In, OJ for Hebrew n)iy n)iy seems to be (Isai. 40. 16). The construct is Lev. g. 17, Merx), the emph atic (Josh. 23, Judg. 6. 26) and the plural (Kc. 6, Merx). are erroneous. Cf. Syri Syriac ac and A (note I) In all feminine plurals of the E class the shewa following the middle radical may be treated as vocal, according to the analogy of $ 1 0 , note nouns. 7. After the diphthong cii the emphatic termination is KC,wit KC, withh mutated n but without vocal shewa preceding. Usually the vowel before ~6 is Supralinear plurals like K???! Dalman (p. 59) treats as erroneous.
(= Heb rew I ) gene rally, an d pe rhap s alw ays, used in the plur plural al ( &c.), &c.), is a femin feminin inee noun noun simil similar ar to to the the OT A mascul masculin in forms ?: nd '?? (4 10 note 20). nouns. 8. The vowel terminations of the singular are replaced by consonantal yodh or waw in the plural (see Table). The mutation of the third radical in the plural is a peculiar feature.
37
Old Testament Aramaic The inflexion of feminine nouns in nouns. A is the the same as in OJ, except in in the emph atic singular singular of nouns of the D class. in the A class, Th ere is only one O A example f the ending ~ viz. K F V ~ Dan. 2.10). It appears in the supralinear punctuation A,
nouns.
all words having unchangeable di-
10.
changeable monosyllabic stems, n?!r! (Dan. 4. 11) and (Ezra 6. 2), both receive the emphatic ending K?: (for the reading K ? Y ~ Dan. 3. 6, kc.), K?:'? see Ginsburg and Strack). although supported by some supralinear nISS., should be corrected into ?V and included in the class. Th ere are very few inflected forms of the E class ouns. ( Ez E z ra ra . 1 2) 2) a n n!?P (Ezra 4. elong to the in OTA. (Dan. 7.3) to the '2 (n):) group, and ]!)Y (Ezra K$D group, n!??,, from n ?? , occurs several times with with 6. 9) to the n? group. n!?? pionominal suffixes. ~$li? Dan. z. 25), from is also a noun of this declension. Before the emphatic singular ending, instead nouns. of 62 as in K?lp K?lp?p ?p (Dan. 7 .4), K?Iy?: (Dan. ~ g ) ,ome , ome MSS. Shewa after is silent (note 7) in spite of read (cf. note (see note 7) occurs once in the plural with metheg (U?lnlP). a pronominal suffix (Dan. 4.24). n 3. 5) is an inflected form of the 13. K ~ ? i l l ~Dan. nouns. group and K?@D
(Dan.
2.
an example of the
group.
~f reckoned a participle, t his word comes under the rule of th
class.
38 2.
PRO NOM INAL SUF FIXE S (with (with singu singula larr nouns) nouns)
I*. For the usual forms of the suffixes in OJ and PTM se and for those those of A see paradigm, paradigm, p. 93. nK, an tJE with pronominal suffixes are treated as 2*. follows
Th e suffixes suffixes 3, KJ and 7"are all unaccented. unaccented. Regarding 9' is said to have been the first three see further 13, note preferred by the school of Sura and (2 s. f.) f.) by the school of Nehardea (Berliner, Massorah, p. 62 f.) f.) e former is given by Merx (Gen. 24. 23) and in Berliner's Onkelos (Gen. 20 16, 38. 11), the latter in Praetorius (Judg. 4.15, Josh. 2. 18) and Lagarde Sam. 6. 21, 13.17). 3. OJ uses K?K (Gen. 44. 32, Judg. 4. 16, Kings 2. 32 my mother is a similar form (Judg. cf. Rom. 8. 15, 6). Dalman explains explains the ending as originall originall from an older 14. 6). In Dan. 5.13 ai and so as really the pronominal suffix for 'my'. +?K (M ) may originally originally have meant '3 2. 71, which is the reading of the supralinear MSS. ';172$ is sometimes contracted into nouns. 4*. The stems of masculine nouns with pronominal suffixes attached are generally formed according to the rules of 10 with some slight modifications. In th c la la ss ss h e d is is t n c o n b e w ee ee n ~ +?> is paralleled by the distinction between '?h '?$J. Before heavy suffixes, words ending in a guttural o r resh resh commo nly use a stem of the 5t3? 5t3? type. E.g . lin !p (Josh. ro. 42), li2?b? (Judg. 8. 7), but also
l i 3 1 ~ 3(judg. 9.
2).
2.
PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES
Th e statement o 10, note 6, applies also to stems with suffixes attached (hence OJ x'n's, OT A anl2). anl2). In Dan. Dan. 4. the MSS. are divided between 'n+? and 'nl2. For n$ with suffixes see 15 notes and 3. class the stem vowel of the final syllable nouns. 5* In the is retained before heavy suffixes suffixes and becomes vocal shewa before supralinear o rthography represented by 6*. Th e supralinear nouns. x'$?a is normal, although the vowel is short ($ 2. I). I n O T A as its stem vowel (Dan. 2. 38 7. ~ g ) , hile 55 with suffixes has all other words this class have *. In the class words like se their emphatic nouns. stem before all suffi suffixes. xes. In the zi sub-class the later Yemenite MSS. sometimes make the vowel of the inflected stem a s in in M (Dan. 4. 9). Examples: '!)P, ]j?)g, '$? (Judg. II), ??$ (Dan. 4.9) . Participle forms like Zp and nouns like '? an '?.dQ either employ their emphatic stem (q:??, q:]irVq) or, more generally, are treated as plural nouns are ($ 13, note 7). Fo participles see further 30, note 4. F nouns. 8. Words from stems final yodh that b elong to the F class ($ 10, note 20) like (OJ) and '93 (OTA), have suffixed forms like ':!: (Gen. 35. 18, Dalman) and 8.!93 (Dan. 3. I) Nouns like with suffixes suffixes are treated as plural noun (8 13, note 7). Q* Feminine nouns to which pronominal Feminine stems. suffi suffixes xes are attached may be arranged in three divisions, divisions, according as the termination of the emphatic singular singular is KF, or (I) Nouns that use the ending join suffixes to the emphatic stem ( m l M N , ]tac?ly). In the case of nouns whose emphatic emphatic endin g is K c : , light suffixes suffixes are united to the em phatic stem and h eavy suffixes suffixes to the construct stem ('P!P, in385f.2; ?)Q, ]inn$ Q; 'n??~, l i n p t
T ~ P , inp$t3).
40
$12.
PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES
$13.
(3) Nouns of the E, F, and G classes, whose emphatic ending is Kc, addsuffixes to the emphatic or construct stems, which For examples a re re e me , of nouns see 29, note g. 10. 3n!V (Dan. 6. rg) may be regarded as a noun of the class, rather than as derived from an absolute form (cf. note 4). 1. Th e supraIinear supraIinear hlSS . of OJ generall Femininesuffixes. write the suffixes of the plur. masc. and of the 3 plur. plur. masc. instead instead of the corresponding corresponding feminine feminine forms (Dalman). (Dalman). he same substitut substitution ion is often often made in P TM 13
PRO NO MIN AL SUF FIX ES (with (with masc. masc. plur. plur. stems) stems)
PLURA L UFFIXES. UFFIXES.
I?'..
I?
I??'..
l'?'..
SINGULA UFFIXES.
7'-
are simply 01 hographical '?:- and variants for '-, an '?'-. sce 2 . 1 4 . is an alternative in OJ for (see zg, note 8). connective vowel' of these pronominal suffixes was originally the plura l e nding ai which in a majority of cases has connective ive of '$ s explained either as or 5. Th e connect become au (Barth) or as a dissimilation from a nominative plural ending '3, 'n, and Th e terminati termi nations ons were originally used ai Dalman). with singular as well as with plural stems ($4, note 2, 12, note 2). The contracted forms of sing. masc. and 3 sing. fem. are characsuffix forms.
I*. 'K, q", an d
fem.
PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES
terist teristic ic of PT is a reduplicated ending found also also in Syriac. Th e suffix suffix 1- is used by M in our teachers teachers In A the Kethibh Kethibh implies the earlier earlier pronunciations q', 3'-, an d K! , which the Qere Qere alters into q,, 3- , an K1- respectively. See paradigm, p. 93. 4* It may be observed that several of the suffixes attached to plural stems are identical with the suffix forms attached to singular Unvocalized 3' in P TM , when joined joined to a K!-). nouns (qT masc. plural stem means 'her and to a singular stem 'his Most of the plural stems of 10 are also Plural stems. used when pronominal suffixes are joined to plurals (e.g. N$)P, Only the group of E nouns employs with suffixes as its plural stem a stem identical with that of the emphatic singular nouns ai suffixes suffixes are joined directly ($B, 1 j n 9 $ ~ ) . In other to the ordinary plural stem ii;l'l!, ]inr?Vp). In Dan. 2.32 this treatment is extended to the form '?jY'?, although presumabl its uninflected singular is '15, as in OJ. 6. hey two ' OJ always uses jin jin'l'l,7 ,788 (Ge n. 2.2 5), instead o ]in' ]in'??, ??, an d P M som etimes has the same form form (cf 8, note 15). 7*. Th e direct combination combination Singular stems like plurals. of pron omina l suffixes suffixes with the singular end ing of certain nouns of the class, like an d ' wp, wp, pro duc es a set o suffixes, which are precisely the same as those attached to plural stems. Th is mak es the singular singular and plural plural forms of such n ouns frequently indistinguishable (ijn'ydp, gin?). For the case of participles see nouns, 30, note 4, and for infinitives 29, note 8. Certain like 'D79 'D792, 2, are also combined with suffixes in the ma nne r of plural 8. '79 'master with with suffixes suffixes en ~p lo ys stem with consonantal Chresi., p. 23, note I) or a contracted stem with the yodh (?I:?, (n'??, Exod. suffixes of 29 'lp, Dan. 4.1 6, 21) 21) or a contracted stem with the suffixes of this this section ('?ill?, Exod 21. 34).
$13 .
PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES
'K might represent ai In the Kethibh form 'KYD (Dan. 4.16, ($ 2.1) 2.1) bu t proba bly stands for consonantal yodh ($ 23, n. 9). Q* Prepositions that originally ended in for that reason take prepositions do so by analogy ai suffixes '5#, q># , kc.), and other prepositions I n O T A K! or K!')? (Ezra 4. 12 &c.), an old ('?n?, 'n!?:). form of the suffix suffix K is preserved (cf. (cf. note 3). Fem. plur. suffixes. 10. he observat observations ions of $12 , note apply also to the suffixes added to plural stems.
14*.
PR ON OM INA L SU FF IXE S (with (with fem. fem. plur. plur. stems) stems)
B O R R O W E D SUFFIXES. P TM
J
N O R M A LUFFIXES. J
d P TM
Th e normal suffixes suffixes added to feminine feminine plural stems are identical with those added to singular stems and the noun form employed is the construct or the emphatic stem, which are the same. Hebrew practice of combining with feminine plural stems the suffixes appropriate to masc. plural stems, and derived from them ('nip' n ip'y, y , &c.) &c.) is occasionally followed followed in OJ an d P M (for particulars see Table above). Dalman gives the order of frequency of occurrence of these borrowed ai suffixes in OJ as sing. fem., (2 sing., (3 3 sing. sing. masc. 7- for 7'. occurs only once or twice, in the Ta rgu m of Jonath an (Dalman, p. 205 f.). f.). In Dan. 2. 23 some MSS. read 'C??u fo m??u ($ 8, note rz), and this is the only exception to the general rule in OT A.
15 n ' ~ , r'z, ETC. 1. Both in OJ (Lev. 11 26) and P Tn 1 (25. ii 12 Forms. In O A the forms used are 'C'EI: an 'n'K K) nb occurs for 2. In P M the subject subject pronouns pronouns of Subject pronouns. these particles are in the nominative forms (e.g. 897 nv)). coalesces with the pron ouns of the sing. and plur. and plur. into the compounds u!$, ]?), an 3. In OJ the subject pronouns are generally expressed by suffixes,except suffixes,except in the 3 person plural. plural. Th e suffixes suffixes are ai suffixes, because of of the original end ing of the particles (cf. 3, note 7, an 'n'u). In th person singular the ending ai has become and the suffix adopts an accusative form ($ 36, note I) Examples: he inflected stem of n$ has two forms, as in 9;linr.j and 9;lin$. In the latter the shewa following yodh is vocal (Dalman, p. 108). The nominative form of the pronoun of th person plural coalesces with n9>, s in PTRI (]an$).
~5
subject pronouns f ale express expressed ed by means 4. In OT A the subject of suffixes of of the ai or ( ] b m 9 ~ ,c.). n' an nb.) express 'there is' and 'there are' Usages. (there is not, there are not) e. g. 'f_9nl nK 'there is here a Je (20.9). They are regularly combined with '>, >, Bc., to express the verb have e. g. ]'Q?F 7) K f you have no money (15. 9). Sometimes nK may be rendered by t is K) e , g . 'kn? ot ill ill my power' (25. ii. ii. 12). In O is used absolutely, like Hebrew (Gen. 5. 24, 37 3 ~ ) . 6. With a predicate, which may be a noun, adjective, or participle, these these particles are equivalent to the English co pula ; e. g. n$ m not not a kin g' (20. lo), ]'l? his house will not be destroyed ( 2 0 . 12). A subject noun or pronoun follows n9 (n9)), except in relative sentences or for the sake of emphasis.
44
.
lS
ETC.
Before prepositional phrases, where n'? may also be translated
1 6. 6.
VERBAL STE hfS
REFLEXIVEKD PASSIVE.
3'n33K
Ithpeel
P3 5
Ithpaal
ACTIVE.
IG
VERBAL STEMS
he Ithpeel and Ithpaal of verbs verbs initial initial dental a nd sibilant sibilant are modified as follows follows It
forms.
(a)
of the prefix. is assimilated to a following 72TTnK becomes 7476).
Pael
he stems having preformati preformative ve if are reflexives reflexives,, which serve also as passives. he Pael, Aphel, Aphel, an d Ithpeel of of verbs final il, and y take pathah for $ere in the final syllable. For other variations caused by the influence of gutturals see 23 Peal. or in the final syllable, princi3*. Peal perfects with pally intransitive, intransitive, occur especially in OJ. Exam ples be strong (Gen. I. 28) or be angry (Gen. 4. s), 5 ' ~ : Gen. 3. IO), I*?.?Gen. ), 5 ' 3 ~ Judg. I) (Gen. 15.16), 1b: and
pp. 54 f., f., 257). 257). In an both occur, the latter generally in W h e re re M T h a s the supralinear MSS. pause (3?.?, @, Ti?!), ?St!) sometimes have (Dan. 6. 4*. Haphels sometimes take the place of Aphels Haphel. he only examples in OJ are I'P' I'P'?, ?, Yli?, and in PTM and OJ. Yein (Dalman). For OTA Haphels see note 11. prim, which is borrowed from Hebrew, the final vowel is 5. (Gen. 45.26-Berliner) (Gen. 15.6-Berliner). Supralinear MSS. give both ]'nb? (Dalman, p. 302, note 2) and ]'P';I! (Merx). In Dan. 6. 24 the sublinear vowel is and the supralinear is
l,
or
(thus
changes places with a following sibilant and afrer an becomes an respectively. Examples Y M ~ ~ 19:K, K , Ittaphal forms are not affected affected (f;lpnK, Exod.
1'?4 1'?4
4
21.
z9).
7. In TM assimi assimilat lation ion o to 9, and other consonants takes place occasionally. Exam ples P'DBK P'D$nK, '135 '??F (ar. 4), q'.ht$ ?jb.hny, ~ nf2 nf2@; @; 3* (28. 4). 4). Dalman comcompares i++aOa' (Mark 7. 34) nngpK ($ 19, note ). Cf. also Chrest. a:!?np. ill!??? 8. n the supraline ar vocalization an intrusive vowel frequently a pp pp e ar ar s af af te te r pr pr ef ef or or ma ma titi ve ve n n the perfect and other tenses Shaphel, &c.
*.
most frequent are !J$:v 7 ' 2 1 ~ subdue (Gen.
Shaphel causative causative forms are found. found. Th complete (passive !J$?nv~,Gen. !J$?nv~,Gen. 2. I) 5) 3 * 1 * ~ escue (Gen. 37. I) 'Y'V
Less common forms are the Pd'd and PB'sI (both Ara bic iii), with their passives (e.g. l'n:, n :, Ge n, 24. 14). Th e P61 Palel, and Palpel are formed formed from from stems 3Y 3Y and y 32, note 7, A instead instead of of Ittaphals uses HophaIs and perfect passive Peal of the form Pe'il, especially in the person Chrest. (n2.q;. Dan. 28 3-1' 3-1'?1, ? 1, Ez ra 5. ; cf. l' 8). are both normal in Haph els for Aphels and preformative preformative for OTA, though not universal, universal, With ~r3hFu Dan. 4.16) the Syriac forms having preformative may be compared. OTA.
11.
12. Where OJ has
OTA sometimes has
in the final syllable (Pael, Aphel, Ithpeel) and sometimes Z. It is difficult to make
46
VERBAL STEMS
1 7. 7.
a general statement on the subject, or to frame an accurate paradigm, because of the paucity of of material. material. he following review includes all perfects, imperfects, imperatives, and participles of verbs other than those K"$ ($ 27), which which agree with with OJ, a nd 3"y an $$ 32 and 34), which exhibit the vowels an in nearly equai proportion. proportion. In the PA EL perfect, perfect, examples of number four, against one of (Dan. 6. in the imperf. and partic. there is one example of both on ea ch side, of the imperat. imperat. no cases at all. In the HAPHEL the perfect (three examples) and the imperative (two examples) have excluding j1n9?, note in the imperfect there are two cases of and two of viz. ?sin? and nnb), in the participle two cases of In the HIT HP eE L there there are are no case casess of the the perfect or imperative, in the imperfect there are four examples of and one of and in the participle two examples of Th e extent extent of the influence exercised by pause on these form s is very uncertain. Fo r intransitive intransitive Peal perfects see note 3. 1 7. 7. PAEL.
PTM
OJ 2'?2 nlin2
ul
R?n?
n'?n? t:2n2 i?n2
j9npa t~?n;l
K:p52
K?np
iJn?n?
jsnp2
i'93 j!X?
m. f.
2 S.
nqm3 K?n;!
S.
nlg?
nsg2 129~3
ii
Endings.
he distincti distinctive ve ending is more common in OJ than in P M (Dalman) and is is predominant predominant in in O A (7). (7). Th e P M plural plural endings endings are borrowed from the imperf. tense, to which they properly belong. an also occur in PThI. occurs for 12 an d pn'.. pn'.. for pn especially in 4. I n P T M I?.. Aphels. may have been transferred from the final syllable of the Aphel (Pael) stem. Dalman suggests the influence of the forms of note 7. Examp les !P?g !P?g (2 5. 5) , ]2'. ]2'.5?K 5?K (23. (2 3. 9). 19P3K+ 12. Th e for 12'PnK (19. ii. 9) 2*.
n O J only the the plur. terminations are accented in OTA th plur., s. f. (Syriac typetype-see see note 6) and the sing.; in PThf at least the an plur. terminations and possibly, like O T A , t h e s. f. an sing. Accent.
s. f. has two forms, one of the type 6. I n O T A t h and the othe r resembling resembling the Syriac form. The former occurs in two Peals Peals (n: (n: 5, ) nd in the few few cases cases there there are are of of Hithpeel Hithpeel
OJ
KC-
jurp
I*. e table rep resents the inflexion of of all perfects, in Th e analogy analogy of of O A (not 6) suggests that the supralinear 3 s. f. should be pronounced n:n? rather than n2C3 ($ 2. 6). Table.
OTA.
PE RFEC T TEN SES P~AL. PTM
PEK FECT TEN SES
K!%p
f. sing. 3 pl. m. f. pl. m. f.
plur.
(n3 43? ) an d Haphel nt ?) forms. e latter occu rs in three Peals (n& ) an d in two of three three Hoph als nl . In the Peal, Pael, Pael, and Hophal the sing. has a form that resembles the Syriac (npl!, (npl!, n??) n??).. In the Haphel, besides besides ($ 33), only nn2V;r (Dan. 2. 25) occurs. he form form resembles resembles that that of of O J an d perhaps its vocalization, which is also that of a s. f. perfect, should be n n a d ? (as n$W) or n?2V;? n?2V;? (as in supralinear MSS.). Th e supra supra linear MSS . of O A have a larger proportion of OJ forms forms than T in the 3 s. . perfect, but they do n ot w holly eliminate the Syriac type. e absence absence of vowels vowels in the the texts texts of M leaves it uncertain how far they agree with the forms of OJ and how far with those of OTA.
4
1 7. 7.
PERF ECT TEN SES
$18.
7. I n P T M t h
pl. masc. form is always used for th pl. fem. and frequently the 3 pl. for the 3 pl. f. (Dalman). 8. In PT llI and O A perfect perfect tenses alternate with with partici participles ples in narratives regarding the past (cf. 21), and the use of successive sentences unconnected by conjunctions (asyndeton) is characteristic, characteristic, OJ follows the Hebrew text in its use of especiall especiallyy of of P conjunctions. he perfect is is used to expres s unfulfill unfulfilled ed cond itions Syntm.
I,
as the tense of the following apodosis (see note .
fj
PAEL.-OJ PLUR.
1327
I), but not generally
(21.
P~AL.-OJ SING.
PL UR .
AN
SING.
l9?q3?
The stem vowel of the imperf. Peal is Stem vowels. rarely e; except in the case of verbs final aleph or yodh ]W1, 'J31). Pathah is not usual in the imperff. Peal of intransitive 23. e occasional occasional use of verbs. For verbs final guttural see 23. for and of fo may originally have been limited to pausal forms, where it is found with special frequency (Deut. 16. 29). The stem vowels of other imperff. than the Peal agree with the corresponding vowels of the perfect. Examples d9!.p3!,
(19sx!,
Supralinear preformative pathah sing. imperf Peal Peal (as in Judg. 4. 7,6. IS), except
Preformative vowels.
(= seghol) in the
4
in the case of some verbs initial guttuial ($ 23), is a usage of late Yemenite MSS. In O A preformative preformative seghol occurs twice twice in M (V.i?U,%$)' and hireq once (Y?;lK). 4*. In the supralinear MSS. published by Kahle the preformative vowel of the sing. imperf. Pael is regularly 'K an *K is commo nly written written in the unvocalized unvocalized texts texts of PT M. Th is orthography is to be regarded as a representation of hateph seghol (4 2.8). QgPK in the M T of Zech. Zech. 7.14 may be compared. The onl sing. imperf. imperf. Pael form in A is K ! n u (Dan. 2. 24). 5. After the final consonant of the preformative syllables of the imperff. imperff. Peal and Aphel a n intrusive vowel (hireq) is some times indicated by the supralinear punctuation (e. g. ;;~5w' ]?a)*, Deut. 15.6-Kahle p. 222). 222). SO also in the Ithpeel ($ 16, note 8). Prefix Forms of 3 s. m. imperf. with preformative (Brockelmann, (Brockelmann, Grundriss, 565) are foun foundd in P M (21. ).
IMPERFECT TENSES
AN
IMPERFECT TENSES
Examples vn5, 51395, nl&, pa$ (::>, 5i3$, n?~!, 3 9 5 ) . They seem to occur generally in certain special types of sentence, e. g. in those expressing a purpose (after K ) : ) or a wish (see Dalm an, p. 264 f.). f.). I n O T A t h e f or or m K!.?! (l!!?)), lia!, and l:V$ occur. The y may have been preferre preferredd in order to avoid the use of forms resembling the divine name nn'. A the stem stem vowels vowels of the imperf. imperf. Peal are 7. In (TaF:), ci (dpk ), and ~ (5 91 ) nd those of the the impff. impff. Pael and Haphel or ($ 16, note 12). In the Haphel imperf. uncontracted forms are nearl nearlyy always always used (5 ?~ ;l l, $:';?;). he plural plural ending (o S), See also notes for n, occurs twice twice ($ 29, note 10; ot Syntax.
8.
PTA9 the uses of the imperfect tense are
very strictly limited (I) It is a jussive (21. ii. 6, 26. 17, 27.6) or imperative (with (with negativ e, 16. ii. 4, 19. ii. 7 f. 22 ii. as a polite imperat., 24. ii. ii. 7) the supralinear MSS. probably hireq, as Dan. 5.17 (Strack).
.
IMPERFECT TENSES
and expresses wishes, imprecations (26, last line, 28, second last line) and resolves (18. g, 28.6-see (4) below). It is used after an K)? to express purpose (18. 13, (2 8. ii. 4, 21. IS), after est (24. 3) and after (o dependence upon verbs of asking (21.2) and ordering (23.5). (3) It is used modally (2 I. 3), especially in question s (I 9. ii. ii. 9, 20. ii. 7, 24. ii. 2, 25. ii. 8). Cf. note g (3). (4) It is a future tense only when there is an implication of indefiniten ess (19. iii. iii. 3 't ha should go out ', 'should be married 28. 6, l9s!$ everything everything that any o ne ln*!? ay did nz will do ') in subordinate clauses. In OJ the imperfect tense tense is used more extensivel extensivelyy than in PT . It is employed employed (I ) A s an imperative, jussive, jussive, an d voluntative, expressing commands and ex hortations (Gen. 6. 21, 21, Exod 22. 24, Deut. 16. 18, Josh. 23. 8, 13, Sam. 24. IS), and resolves (Gen. 6.7, Josh. 24.15, Sam. 24. 11). 5*?? in purpose clauses (Gen. 2. 13, 27. 25, Exod. (2) After 8.6, 11.7, Deut. 4. I, 16, 8. I, 11.8). (3 As the usual equivalent of most Hebrew modal imperfects (to be rendered by may, might, would, should, must, kc.) Could is expressed by an imperfect (2 Sam. 2. 22, Kings 8.5) or a partici participle ple (I Kings 18. 10 Jer. 24.2), or by 7 d 3 ~ ith an imperf. (Gen. 3. 6). an may also be expressed by TdFy (Isai. 49.15). (4) As the ordinary future tense, tense, for whic whichh M uses the participle. Examples Gen. 2. 17, 3. 4, 49. Exod. 4. I, 6. I, Deut. 16.18, Josh. 3, 18, 3. 5, 10 , 8. 8, 8, 23. 5, Sam. 24. 21. (5) In conditional sentences, following (Gen. 18. 26, Exo d. 22.24, Josh. 23. 12) and '?.u (Hebrew '?), Josh. 24.20. A partiparticiple, however, is is used to translate a H ebrew participle participle (Gen 43. 4 f.)
$18.
IMPERFECT TENSES
51
(6) As a future in the past (preterite future)-Gen. future)-Gen. 2.1 9, Exod. 2.4, Sam. 2. 22 Kings 3. 14-fo 14-forr which a participle (Gen. 43. 25, Kings 7.7) or ?'?I! with an imperf. (2 Kings 3. 27) are possible alternatives. 10. n O A the imperfect imperfect is used as the ordinary future tense, tense, as a jussive, an d in the various modal senses. It is also used in conditional sentences, referring to the future (English indefinite refers to the present or the past. present), It seldom refers (' ready ', prepared ') or -: with an infinitive, also expresses future time in OJ and PTM (Gen. 4. 10, 41. 28, Exod. 16. 23 Dalman, Granznzar, p. 268 f.). Sometimes an imperfect tense depends directly upon a governing verb, without (4 7, note 7) being prefixed (29.21, I? 'Our teachers here ask (that) should nin',] 9>y9: pray, so that rain rain may fall'). fall'). Cf. in ?iil! $? (19. iii. 3) 'the only remedy of the affair is that should go out or (!JYIJ an PDj see note 13. from here plur. imperf. is often used for the sing. 13. I n P T M h e 4. ii. 7, 29. 21 impf. (19. iii. 3, 21 Dalman, p. 265 f.). Cf Dan. 2.36, and see 21, note 14. 19.
IMPERATIVES P~AI..
2\n? 977~7 Inn? upn? >in? l'?p j723b i?n13
s. f. pl. m. f. m. f.
pl. m. f.
52
r g. g.
I R lP lP E R A T I V E S
$20.
In P TRl the terminat terminations ions are accented, accented, in O J unaccented. 2*. The final stem vowel of an imperative form agrees generally with that of the corresponding imperfect tense (cf. 18, note I). The MSS. of PT M indica indicate te only only as the stem vowel of the inflected forms of the Peal imperatives. was probably in some cases the stem vowel, as well as ci (see 25, note 5, and 36 note 9). Irf?p might have been given given a s the paradigm form. M the plural imperati imperative ve of of the derived derived stems stems 4*. In OJ a nd is the same as their plur. perf. and in some verbs the plural imperat. Peal is also ambiguous (WJY3,rV!p). 5. i++aOL is understood by Dalma n (p. 278, note I ) to be ($ 16 plur. fem. imperative Ethpeel, having assimilated to note and with the fem. plur. ending silent as in Syriac, the man's ears being addressed addressed (in (in Dalman 'A ugen' should be 'Ohren'). no$$ ;++a06 Accordingly KtnFnV not being distinguished from in Galilee-Dalman, p. 57 f.) f.) OTA.
TA imperative imperativess agree in in terminati terminations ons and accentuaaccentuation with the imperatives of OJ. OTA forms corresponding to an 2'n?K (one example) and ??;? (two examples). INFINITIVES
KF=n
'27n2
'?in?ny ?jn; ?jn;ne ne
K???? K????
n
g
K
Pael
nu??K K??JK Aphel ~??3n~ y lthpeel ~;? nn n?2?;n~ n?2?;n~ thpaal K???nn n?2??5! K???nF Ittaphal
INFINIT IVES
Orthography. I'he feminine ending of the infinitives of the the derived derived stems in PT M is often often represented represented by and this orthography is usual in OTA. BAB. 2. The forms under BAB, which are of Babylonian origin, occur occasionally in OJ (Judg. 3. 26) and PTh1 (23. 3). OJ. 3* The OJ forms in 5th are used in the construct and with suffixes. Penu ltimate is unchangeable (nrnjn7i?, Gen. PTM.
infinn. of the derived derived stems stems in PT M are in4*. Th e infinn.
flected like femin ine nou ns (@P?P ,
16. ii. 8-infi 8-infin. n.
Aph el ot
OTA. 5. In A the forms forms are generally generally those those of of OJ, but with preformative for (see paradigm, p. 95). nQ?;l Ezra 4.22), with with construct ending as in PT , is excepti exceptional. onal. Infin. peal. A infinn infinn.. Peal are inflected inflected as 6* In OJ and O nouns of the class '???n, ]@>?n ($ note 5). I n P T M t h e termination 3, 36, note 8) is added to the Peal infinitive before suffixes (T9????n). The adverbial use of the Hebrew infin. absolute Syntax. (as in Deut. 15. 4, 5, 8) is exactly reproduced by OJ, a nd the Peal infinitive form is then generally written 2?i])9 in the supralinear MSS. (but cf. ]?In in Sam. 4. 24, Kahle , p. 28). e idiom idiom is infrequent in PT M (Dalman, p. 280). 8. n OJ an infinitive infinitive dependent dependent on a governing governing verb is nearly nearly always preceded by even when there is no preposition in the Hebrew text (Exod. 2. 3, Deut. I. 19, 2.25, Num. 2. 14, Judg. is invariable. I n P T M 8.3, Isai. 14). In OTA the use of
both constructions occur, with
(19. ii.
20
ii.
and 3,
22
ii. 6,
2 4 . i i . I a n d ~ , 2 6 . 10 1 0 ) , a ~ d ~ i ~ h 0 ~ t 5 ( 1 99- i i ~ o , 2 ~ . 2 , 3 , 6 a n d
A Hebrew infinitive in the nominative case is generally replaced in OJ by
with an imperfect (Gen.
2.
18, 29. 19, Exod.
INFINITIVES
20
PARTICIPLES
14 2, Judg. 18. , r a perfect perfect (Gen. 30. IS), or a partic. (Isai. 7. 13). Examples of the retention of the infin. occur in Sam. 15. 29. 6, Isai. 10 7. 10. The Hebrew negative 'F)?) s represented in OJ by with an infin.), e.g. in Gen. 3. I;, De ut. 4. 21, 8. 11, 4. I;, Josh. 5. 6, Judg. 2. 23. I n O T A K) with with an infin. mea ns 'mu st not be
9'71
peculiarity of the syn tax of O A is that a single object noun , with with no qualification , stands before a governing infin. infin. (Dan. 3.16, 5-1 6, kc. kc.). ). Cf. Dan. 2.12, 3.19, 5.7 , 7.2 5, where the object follows. Objects such as generally follow a governing infin. may also precede the infin. (Dan. 2. 10, 3.32, 5. 15, &c.) and do so freely in Ezra (4. 14, 5. 13, &c.).
PARTICIPLES
21
APHEL.
PAEL . PThl
ITTAPHAL. ITTAPHAL.
.
OJ
ITHPAAL. ITHPAAL.
5
Peal Peal particc. particc. used as nouns always have in the supralinear punctuation (so I)??, l'??, ??). ??). In is usual, but eight words have fo viz. 2j+@n7 w, 5 e v n , % n p , PI;,
?;, b:.
e particc. particc. of intrans. intrans. verbs verbs have the same forms forms as those (also q?n?) 'sleepin g'; y'n? (also of trans. verbs. Examples q'n? (also pnl) rusting 'hoping 5'n? (also h?) earing 4* Wo rds of the form 2'nT 2'nT may have a n active sense. Examples 7'9p hinking '; 7'77 remembering '; P'Q? (? lso P'FF) e form 2n93n 2n93n occurs occurs occasion occasionall allyy in P M and 253q (especially with verbs medial guttural) in (Gen. 2. 9). inflected like noun s of th 6. Participle s are inflected Inflexions. class (5 10 note 7). There is, therefore, no formal distinction between active and passive in the particc. Pael and Aphel when these these are inflec inflected ted kc.). kc.). Forms like like pawn (17. ii. 18), (27. 2), and K192 K192Y Y (28 .17) occur in th e un;*i+pn 23 8). vocalized vocalized texts of PT M an d are read read by Dalma n as K?'gY, They do not occur in MSS. having a supralinear vocalization (Dalm an, p. 311). Possibly yodh in such cases signifies signifies vocal 5.
ITH P~E L.
Forms.
Since verbs final guttural and resh have ci fo in all final syllables yr2y is the parti partic. c. Pea Peall of and ther theree is is no distinction between the active and passive forms of the Pael and 3 . 3 , J ~ d g . 2.5) and 3'.?'ndr! (from r!'v, rescue) are passives as well as actives. a* I n O J sometimes appears for final (so l'>y in Kings I. 6, Kahle, p. 28, and a'?'l_n in Deut. 28. 50. Kahle, p. 225).
7* horten ed forms of the personal prono uns of of the first an second persons (K;, particc. mak e a new ?, and P joined to particc. tense form. Examp les K 3 1 : (Gen. 4. g), ?%? (Berliner) or ??g? (Merx), in Num. 30 ?V?! (Deut. 11. 10, Kahle, p. 16), ]2.'21: '21: (25 ( 25 . ii. 8),' 8) ,' (Judg. 5. 16). See also 30, note 5. 8. Tense forms got by uniting particc. and perf. terminations 18, note I), meaning 'they also also occur, occur, e.g. e.g. tl n or j h n , prayed (Dalnlan, p. 284).
So Dalman (cf. G r a m . , p.
290)
why no
fi'yl:
56
PARTICIPLES
In PT M partici participles ples take over much of of the earl usage of imperfect tenses. They serve as an ordinary future tense (1 5. 9, 16 . 5-f' 5-f'", ", 23. ii. ii. 8, 26.3), and a s the English indefinite present (= future) in conditional sentences 6. ii. 13), and they express promises (15. 10, 20 ii. ii. 11) an d general truths With while (14. ii. 4), and in an object sentence (23. 8) dependent on a past tense (I ii. I) they are used as past progressives and may sometimes be rendered by an English past tense (24. 2). The use of particc. in place of perfect tenses in narratives of past events is very characteristic (24. ii. 3, 25. ii. ff., 27. gSyntax.
T!).
10. In OJ particc. often represent Hebrew imperff. (or consecutive tive perf perff. f.), ), but not to the same extent as in P M and not in the same uses. Acts customary in the presen t (Exod. 18. 15, Num. 11 12, Deut. 31 and 44, Judg. 7. 5, 10.4, Sam. 5.5, 16. 7, Kings g. 20) or in the past (Gen. 29.2, Num. g. 20, Judg. 2. 19 6. 5, 14.1 0, Sam. 3, 6, 7, 2. 13 . and 19) are expressed by particc. For the different idiom employed by PTM, see note (c). In questions understood present time, a Hebrew imperf. is rendered in OJ by a participle (Gen. 32. 29 32.30, 37. 15, Exod. 2. 13, 3. 3. 3, Judg. Judg. 17 .9, 19.17, Sam. 1.8, 25.10, 28. 16)? So, also, when the Hebrew imperf. denotes continuance of a state through a period in the past (Gen. 2. 25, Exod. 13.22, Sam. I. 13, Isai. 10. 7) or the future (I Sam. I~).
tense (Dan. 2. 8) and a very frequent alternative to a perfect in narratives of past events (Dan. 4.4, E zra 5.3). It is also used as a progressive tense, descriptive of events in the present (Dan. 3.25 --j* --j*3> 3>ir irb) b) or the past (Dan. (Dan. 5. , and in stating genera or in
n imperfect in questions is to be understood as a future (Gen. 16.8), Sam. 17. 8, 28 15). Cf. 18, ot g. m o d a l sense (Gen. 2 7 . 4 5 ,
PARTICIPLES
5
truths (Dan. 2. 21). Occasionally it alternates with the imperfect as a future tense (Dan. 4. 29). 12. When the pronoun subject of a partic. is in the third person, it is often left unexpressed (Chresf. 15. 16. ii. 3, 20. 8, 24.10, 27. g
Dan. 4.4, 4.32). general statem ent with an indefinite subject is expressed by the plural of a partic. without an explicit subject. Examples: Chrest. 27. men despise '; Ezra 6.3, men sacrifice' Dan. 4. 28, equivalent to a passive 'you are addressed'. 14. pers. plur. of the participle tense (note 7) may be used for the pers. sing. (Dalman, p. 266). Cf. 18, note 13. 15 Some verbs take as their complement a participle, instead of an infin. Examples: Dq (14. ii. I), '?v (16. ii. g, 20 IO), 722 (19. 13). 'Y (' begin ') is used with particc. in the Peshitta, but with infinn. in OJ (Gen. 6. Deut. 2.31, Jud g. 10.18, 13.5, Sam. 14. 14. 35) and in O TA (Ezra 5.2). 13.
COhlPOUND TENSES e tenses of of the verb become form compound tense with the participles participles of other verbs. Th ese compo und tenses occur frequently in P TR I an d are also a characteristic characteristic feature of OT A. They are seldom seldom used used b OJ. In PT M the perfec perfectt o joined to a present participle expresses (a) pa st progressive tense tense,, in sentences introduced by 'who when (14. ii. 15. ii. I, 22 7) and in circumstantial clauses (15. 6, 16. ii. 5). It describes a prolonged prolonged state or act in th e past: where in English a past tense is a possible (22. 3, 27. ii. I) or employed are preferable (16. ii. 5, 16. ii. ii. 8) alternative. Th e verbs employed very frequently intrans. verbs denoting state or condition. Examples: 'n? when he was coming', K33! < n o w h e
22
knewJ. In the sentence 1-5 np ;5!$ nq?12?! np?qDEl: n:?? n!?! (29.6) the compound tense possibly expresses a past inchoative, 'when she began weeping in the street, I asked her what was the matter pluperf pluperfecf ecf progressive tens tense, e, in in sentenc es dep enden t on a past tense (I 6. 6, 'h e found that he had b een selling ') (c) habit or custom, custom, in the present (2 1. 12) or the past (22. ii. ii. 2, 23.ii.7, 27.1, 28.6, 'h e used to say') say') (d) acf repeafed in thepast a number of times, by the same or ]?$J ln? ni?.! by differ ent per son s (1 .3 , 19 , ii. ii. 5: '7). ]P f'?v--21. (e) fu hr e in fhe fhe pa st (preterit (preteritee future), 'h e lay down beside beside one of them in order to learn what they would say' (17. ii. 4 f.). f) pasf conditional, conditional, expressing 'wou ld have (22.9, after q'?, 24. 2, 27.12, both in apodoses of conditional sentences, after unfulfilled conditions). The participle tense of nW (see note 7) may be used, instead of its perfect tense, in combination with the present partirepeatedly unciple of another verb. Examples How could have diverted covered' (22. T), 'FY.! YPPn expression of could have by my attention? (29. 28). Fo r the expression compound tense see also note 5. the uses of the perfect compound tense, so far as 4. Examples (a) Dan. 2. 31 they they occur, occur, are are the same as in P TM 5. g-lVl))! rembled describing a prolonged state or condition c) Dan. 5. I C J - ~ : ~ 'he used to kill' Dan. 6. I, three times in the day he knelt on his knees and prayed (I?.? and Dan. 6. 5, 'they sought repeatedly to find an U$XQ~ excuse' (]:y? jir?). I n D a n . 6 . 1 5 T R w n may be classed under (a) or
(4-
$22.
COMPOUND TENSES
n OJ a participl participlee or a n imperfect tense is generall generallyy use compound where PTM would use a compound perfect tense.
C O M P OU OU N D T E N S E S
59
perfect is, however, sometimes used to describe an act or state extending over a period of time (Gen. 2. 6, 19, Josh. 4. 14, 'a they had reverenced ') or repeated at intervals during a period of time (Gen . 31. 18). It is also used in the apodosis of conditional sentences (Judg. I I 39 he would have redeemed and to express 'could have (Gen. 43.7). It is is of course the regular equivalent of the same compound tense in Hebrew (Gen. 4. 17 37 2, kc.). joined to the present participle of another 6*. he imperfe imperfect ct verb is used (a) as a future progressive tense (Exod. I. 16, after after fP) (b) to express future custom or habit (Dan. 2. 43), and (c) after and to express result or effect (Chresf. (Chresf. 16. ii. ii. 14, 18. 15, 20 .5 Dan. 6. 3, Ezra 6. 10 7. 25 f.) f.) or the substan ce of a comm and (22. ii. 3 f.). AS an alternative to a simple jussive this tense perhaps implies emphasis or menace (Chrest. 19. ii. ; cf. cf. Ezra 6. 8 .) For corresponding uses of the imperfect see 18, note 8 (2). 7. relative sentence contains a compound tense when there is a compound tense in the associated principal clause (Dan. 5.19K?Y K!? '?-Ezra 7. 26 , Chre sf. 19. ii. 15). fi!? joined to a passive participle provides the equivalent of S* a simple perfect passive (17. ii. 2, 25. ii. 10; Dan. 6.4, Ezra 5.11). with a passive participle is used as a jussive passive (Dan. 3.18, Ezra 4. 12, 6.8 .); cf. note 6. 9. In PTM, as in Syriac, the perfect of any verb may be slightly strengthened by prefixing to it the perfect of (Dalman, p. 257 f-).
in combination with an infinitive is sometimes equivalent to a compound tense (20. ii. ii. IO -K J' ~~ 5'j23 'n??)? 'after (he) had conquered the city 10. K??
. G U T T U R A L IN IN F L U E N C E O N V E R B A L F O R M S 6 1 2 3. 3.
',
INFLUENCE OF GUTT URA LS UPON VERBAL FORMS
The influence of gutturals (n, y) and of pon the vowels of verbal forms is not as extensive as in Hebrew , but, so far as it goes, is similar in character. Patha@ olds the place of normal sere in the final syllable of all parts ofve rbs final guttural or resh (Pael, Aphel, partic. Peal, &c.). &c.). n the final syllable of of imperff. imperff. and imperatives Peal pathah is usual, bu lso occurs before final resh and final 'ayin, especially in PTM . In OT A pathah is used used in all the cases cases covered covered by this section. Th e verbs o $5 27, 32, and 34 are not included. 2*. In the imperf. Peal preformative pathah is used in some verb s (e.g . Pi33 Pi33!, !, ?jwy wy , lr22!) lr22!),, but hireq is more comm on (Da lma n). In O A F ?YD ?YD (twice), (once) and n9y: n9y: o K??? (thrice), with the imperfect form s of n (K115, (K115, &c.), are the only Peal Peal imperff. of verbs initial initial guttural that occur. Dalma n (page 93) makes the supralinear pathah of f'?x! equivalent to seghol (hence Chresf. 18.4, ii. g, ii. 7). a*. Apparently the only indn. with preformative pathah is n O TA the form i (twic (twice) e) and Dalman Dalman fol lo ~shis ~shis analogy in his Dialekfproben (18. 14, 29. 7). 4%. Pathah furtive is used in the pass. partic. Peal of verbs final final guttural guttural (0 '5 ~) . See also 32, note I. s*. An intrusive pathah separates the termination Ijl from the stem of verbs final guttural. E. g. T n l ? ~ ; ! (Dan. 5. 27). 6* Vocal shewa following a guttural in the supralinear punctuation is to be pronounced as the sublinear hateph would be. Supralinear pathah in perff. like signifies hateph patha@ nd sere in imperative forms like TQ' TQ'F F and signifies hateph seghol. 2. 7, 8. Se ?* An intrusive ]?a$eph (before vocal shewa an intrusive
pathah) is indicated in some MSS. of OJ after initial y and initial in the imperf. and infin. infin. forms of th e Peal (Aphel, Shaphel). l'?$! nd fl $Q are most frequently frequently so treated. Cf. Judg. 12. (lI$) and 16. 16. 24 (Y?nP, Hebraism?). Hebraism?). In s ox e MSS. MSS. after after 5) an intrusive bireq is indicated, in harmony with the hireq of the preformative preformative syllable syllable (Dalman, p. ; K ahle, p. 223). Fo r forms with intrusive vowels in OTA see note 2. 8*. n the intensives intensives of verbs m edial resh, in which the medial radical is not doubled, the preceding pathah is regularly lengthened into compensation qames and, similarly, sometimes before medial In Dan. the sublinear y or K. Examples q'??, 5 * ~ , reading is !J;1?3~ n d the supralinear is 5;12nP (or nd between two vowels was pronounced yodh (Dalma n, p. 60), hence PTM in the inflected forms of the active partic. Peal of verbs medial aleph and in the intensive forms of ~ ' U V nd writes 5 ' 5 ~ Gen. 43. 7-Dalman, for K. nd ee also 33, note 2. p. 305) nd
!J?zr?).
24. P+
,?5~
VERBS INITIAL NUN ,W
PC
P411 pih \pss
SPP
PDQ
pi~n
2Qn 3i~n 2 ' Q :
PSP ?'P! 3C PICK
KC?K
P'Bn
perf. imperf. imperat. infin.
pisp
P'F!
P'DK
Peal
PC
partic. Aphel perf. imperf. imperat. in fin. partic.
24. 24. Assimilation.
VERBS IN ITI AL NUN NUN I*. Assimilation of nun to the medial radical
takes place in the impff. and inff. Peal and in all the tenses of the Aphel and Ittaphal. Nun and its vowel (shewa) generally disappea r in the im perat. Peal. Peal. 2*. In verbs medial and media assimilation of n un d oes not take place (Gen. 7, K'?;K) ?;K).. Un assi mil ated fo rm s of ot he r ver bs also occur (22. ii. slit?'; Gen. 26. I, P'Ji!). 3+ Th e vocalizati vocalization on of verbs medial n, according according to the supralinear punctuation, is shown above. Wh ere pathah is is written in the perfect Aphel (Gen. 2.5, Merx), it may be understood to denote hateph pathah ($ 2. 7). The stem vowels of' the imperative Peal do not become vocal shewa in the inflected forms, as they they do in Hebrew (see table table above). above). Form s with with nun preserved sometimes occur in PTM. Z'P is an 5.9, 16. ii. alternative to 5. Infinitives like 32P are normal in OJ and those like pien in PTnl. P e a l imperatt. and infinn.
Ithpeel.
*.
6.
prefix to the following nun ($ 16, note 7). ~ 9 5 assimilates ~ 3 ' 5 ~ 7*. regressively, so that forms like those of verbs initial initial nun are produced. he infin. Ha phe (Dan. 6. 24 is a case of erroneous dissimilation (cf. 10 note 12). 1-4 apply to to O TA OTA. 8. So far as examples occur, notes 1-4 The only verb medial guttural is nOJ, whose nun is assimilated in ring) the Haphel imperfect imperfect ( , imperat imperative ive (Ezra 5.15, nnK and partic. (I'nn??) (I'nn??),, but not in the Ho pha l (no??). Other verbs with unassimilated forms are In (impe rf., inf.), inf.), 353 (Ap hel ), an pr (Aphel). (Aphel). Th ere are two imperfects. as Syriac 0J an or ?; . r the imper at. se 27, note 10, and for P$D, note 7.
.
VERBS INITIAL ALEPH Pe
APHEL. irsiu iv2iv i92iu n'liu jn?iu m?iu i'2in
515
5'.!*.1 5
9
~
9
~
9 5 7 9 ~
I?$?!
519n 5'IT
lG"!
V'3
perf. $i39.1 imperf. 513'8
imperat.
nn*u 1?lnF
'n
%?
~
$ 9 3 ~ partic.
n the imperf. and infin. infin. Peal and in the Aphel coalesces with the preformative vowel into an respectively, and the orthography is generally the same as that of verbs initial yodh (5i39!, i'siu), Z* e imperfects imperfects Peal, that have pathah as P e a l imperf. their their stem vowe vowel, l, are V' f, l $"f, and l D 9 ; ( b ut ut a l so so 1 i ~ ' f ) . T h final stem vowel of the imperatives of these words is also pathah (in Heb rew holem). 5i3' 5i3'11 does not belon g to the g rou p (unlike (unlike Hebrew 51~i'). 3 , The supralinear imperatives %'3, 5 ~ ~ c., Imperat. although pointed with sere, should probably be pronounced lng, ~ J U , c. ($2.8), as in O TA (ytl!!). In the supralinear MSS. of OJ 5 ~ Exod. ~ 3 33. I, Deut. 10. I-Kahle, pp. and 15) and (Judg . 18.19-Praetorius) both occur, and the plural form is 3i'? 3i'?'F 'F (Josh. 2. , 18.8). In the singular singular Berline Berliner's r's Onfielos has both (Deut. 11) and (Gen. 22 2, Exod. 16 33 I). n 1 these forms yodh presumably at first represented a hurried vowel (vocal shewa). 4*. Some verbs verbs (e.g (e.g.. 5 N, se shortened imperatt. Peal as alternatives to the full forms (5*), 6' , in-i in-inn Dalm an 591) 591) For the ending in se 29.
64
5. VERBS INITIAL ALEPH
Th e stem stem vowel vowel of the imperat. imperat. plur. plur. of P M is indicated indicated in the texts for some words and may have been the stem vowel of all words of this this class. e analog y of the imperat. sing. sing. with ). suffixes points to (5 36, note Dalman's pointing ] b l U an (23. seems unlikely. Aphel. 6* Of the A phels with preformative preformative sere that o ccur in P T M o n 5'3'K, ?? and some verbs having both initial an final K, K, such as KnK, are recognized by Dalm an (p. 298f.) as co rrect. The salutation i!?;U 'hail ( C h e s t . 29. 19) is also supposed to be an Aphel form (imperative). In a nd n d O T ;*nrn ($ 6, note 5) an 'n'K or 'nlg (OTA 'nr;l, ml;l), from KQ5, are used. C o n t r a c t e d f o rm rm s . 7. Contra ction takes place in the imperf., s])!, infin., infin., and partic. of s K?>P, I@= elr.$U;, k c . ) . Contracted Y n K F an fD9K Ithpeels and Ithpaals also occur (e.g. V K n K . There seems to be similar contraction of verbs initial y od od h n l * en. 4. 18, 26, 24.15, Merx). U n u s u a l f or or m s 8. 9' and 759 8. ii. ii. 2) are used as altern ative forms of ' l f ~ cf. 23, note 9). ( = i n y @ is is Babylonian Babylonian form, which which occurs occurs in M (16.5). (16.5). ]!?J! (17. ii. 7) seems to have no parallel and may be an error for i Y 5 3 ~ 21, note 7) or ~ $ 5 1 ~ . 9. Th e variatio OTA. variations ns of A ar e as foll follows. ows. Etymological aleph is generally written in the Peal imperf. and infin. K J n , from ( 5 ~ 2 , K1;?), except in the cases of Kn1;? nd
($ 27). In the Peal imperat is generally followed by hafeph seghol and in '$3 Ezra 5. 15) sere is its equivalent (cf. note an 2]u, pass. ptc. Peal). Peal). n Dan. 7.5, where 338, Dan. 3. 9,track's supralinear text reads ha .e. ')?u ($ 2. 8 , 9 ) Th e Hophal. perf. perf. 3 (Dan. 7. ) has the same form form as the Hoph al of verbs verbs initial initial yodh. See also note 6 an d the table of verbs, p. 96 K)K
26.
VERBS INITIAL YODH AND WAW
. 3+j?\K
n$
29pi9
my.: 7
~
5'31 perf. 2'n: 995: 5
5\31 imperf. imperat.
'13't$~
3x71
K?I$K
3nn
syp Ypn Ypn
3nrn
~2
m'
53 n
infin.
P e a l p r e f i x e s . I*. In the im perf. and infin. Peal yodh coalesces with with the preformative vowel into (I ) da nd followed by the middle radical doubled. In the imperf. tense s unusual except before a medial guttural or resh (q'!,T.l) and the punctuation of the MSS. canno t always be reliedon. Examples ~ 2 ' 5Ezek. 5Ezek. 17. ro-Kahle, p. 46), (Deut. 10 13-Kahle, 13-Kahle, p. ; Ez ra 7. 18), Josh. g. 19, for ha.! 'w e ar e able '), ] 5 (Josh. 24.19 , for 115 3~ you are able '). forms having shewa as their preformative vowel see note 2. 2. Imperff. Peal with as their stem vowel are Ste m vowels 3'81 ( O T A Xl:) an d 2?! 2?! (P M occasionally). In OJ imperf. forms like 7'51 (Gen. 3. 16) and 9'11 (Deut. 15. 6) are found occasionally. a*. The imperatt. Peal are treated like the imperatt. Imperat. of verbs initial nun. In PTM the initial radical is sometimes preserv ed 3; PC?). 4*. The preformative vowel of rhe Aphel is generally Aphel. Where Poccurs in the MSS. it is frequently due to textual error (Dalman, p. 307 f.). f.). Dalm an recogn izes %".! in OJ and DnyE and fn9U as possib possibly ly corre correct ct in PT M ~1 '? oc cu rs OTA (Ezra 5. 14, 7. 15). n OJ Ylia is used for YlK Yl K a nd the uncontracted fo rms I l~ jn
66
$26.
VERBS INITIAL YODH AND WAW
and Y?inp more often, probably, than the contracted forms. Cf. 16, note 4. Shaphel. Th e Shaph Shaphel el 2'1 '~ OTA ? 'w ) 'rescue' 'rescue' has no Peal in use (? ~ ' J Y V ) . Ezra 6. 3) may be regarded as a causative of *, ith as in some Syriac forms. 'X'V (? ro K Y ~ ee e)e 7, note 8. Ithpeel. 7. For elision of yodh in Ithpeel forms see 25 note 2;1: 8. In M forms wit withh elide elide are used (e.g. n'?! ny:;l;, Chrest. 29.8). In OJ and OTA the imperf. and infin. of ]nj take the place of the corresponding parts of 2n9 and are the only parts of in3 in use (see 24, note 8). In PTAl they are alternatives to >;I9.! YQ'l and 2g9P. OTA. 0. Fo r a synopsis synopsis of the forms of O A see see table, p. 96. In Peal perff. and imperff. the stem vowel corresponds to OJ (l?:, >?:; 29:). 29:). In the imperf. Peal preformative both occur 3D':). Y?f is always, erroneously, dissimilated to Y?;1: (seven (seven times). times). he normal Haphel form is like like fnin (cf. (cf. note and a Hophal for ( 7 W ) occurs once. See also notes an 8. 27
VERBS FINAL YODH A ND AL EP H P~AL.
perf. '131
imperf. imperat.
')3Q
infin.
'I?
act. ptc.
'In
pass. ptc.
$27 .
V ER ER B S F I N A L Y O D H A N D A L E P H
67
l* n the bare stem forms, withwithF i n a l v o w e l of s t e m . out a n inflexional ending , the final final radical coalesces with the preceding vowel into or ci or occurs only in the perfect Peal s. m.) and in the OJ adverbial infin. (note 6). comes from az' (cf. 13, note 2) and the forms of the paradig m in which it is found seem to be peculiar to OJ (see, however, note 6) OJ and P M the distincti distinctive ve orthography n!? is more common, in this verb, than (cf. Kin). Intransitive perfects Peal ending in i n 0 J a r e : 'n 'n w '?P, 'y, &c (o 'J@, with prosthetic vowel) is the o nly form of the kind in (Dalman) (Dalman).. In o r J 3q 3 q ~) ~ ) nd nd ccur. 3. Where appears in the final syllable of imperfects, it may be regarded as due t o scribal error (Dalman), n Yemenite M SS. Peal imperatt. of the form are correccorrec4* tions of under the influence of Hebrew (Diettrich, (Diettrich, ZA TW ., xx,
p- 151).
6* n OJ the third radical of feminine infinn. Infin. f o r m s . is written aleph but pronounced yodh (cf. 23, note 9). writing of yodh twice in fo rms like Krl! Krl!np np,, &c., is a characteristic of unvocalized MSS. is used in P M less frequentl frequentlyy than to denote the feminine ending of infinitives. In OJ a n infin. infin. Peal Peal of the form Kj3P Kj3P is used as an adverbial adverbial infin. (cf. 20 note 7). 7). Th e PT M form form Krnn may have been pro~louncedK13 ~louncedK13n, n, from 'IQn; n 25. ii. Dalman points (Z in the final e e passive passive partic. Peal is sometimes 7* pass. partic. pointed with final by supralinear MSS. (Deut. 25.10, Josh .7 10). 8. The Shaphel form 'Y'w 'comp lete', may be Shaphel. For the of the preformative syllable see 26, derived from Ky:. notes and 6. 9. The vocalic endings of the uninflected forms of OTA. the perff., perff., imperff., imperff., and participles of OT A a re (Z 2, an as in
68
$27.
V E R B S F I N AL AL Y O D H A N D A L E P H
$28.
OJ (see table, p. 96). Final yodh is written when the vowel is cases-whenn the final '?.?31 31 (Da n. 12). In oth er cases-whe ('?.)n?) nd in '?.? vow el is or K or is written at the end of the word, without any precise distinction between them. Examples: an np?; KY?!;
se or
For the form a% a% (Da n. 3.2 2) KP?p; KY and nY?; 25, note g. g. In Ezra 15 the Ke thib h is K , the Qere 'r'?
'YW.
s. m. imperat. imperat. in O TA , one 10. There are three examples of a Pael ('Jn, ('Jn, Ezra 7. 25, for '@) a n d t wo wo Pe Pe al al s n Da Da n . 2. 2. 4 , k c . , a n d K V ,Ezra , Ezra 5. 15, from Kv?). Th e third radical of th e infinitives of the d erived stems is always yodh in the Kethibh of $;, $;, kc ). Th er e are , how ever, supralinear and other MSS. in which aleph is read, as in OJ, by the Qere (see Strack's n otes o n Daniel 2. 10 and 6.9). (Ezra 4. 18, 23) and (Dan. 2. 30) or 12 The forms '? (Dan. 2. 19) and the plural (Dan. 3. 7. g) are examples of perfect Peils ($ 16, note I)
I'
.
V E R B S F IN IN A L Y O D H A N D A L E P H (perfect tenses) A PH PH EL EL . P~ AL . P~ AL PTnI OJ OJ PTAT P T ~ I
n"rn~
nel!n~
K?'!~u
n"nw
nr!n8
n- 'nq!3u 1~973~
1113ci:
;inw
3$!3K ;sn'!i~u
IJ9!3K
i9n'!3K
K!!3F?:
I?nw
'nw
S.
ng'nw
n- u?+nw n'nw n- 'n'nw
K?'.?n
1wnw
iirn iirn
nynw pn'nw
I;]?
r'n9n~ K!Tw
'n'.?c
S.
m. f. m. f.
com, pl. m.
S.
f.
Iin'.?n
I9J??q
p l.l. f. PI. com.
V E R BS BS F I N A L Y O D H A N D A L E P H
69
The OJ plural terminations 3 masc.) and ]in (2 masc.) are peculiar to this class of verbs and are used in the corresponding endings endings of P on Peal only. Dalman m akes the corresponding an iC (?)and extends the use of to all perfects, in accordance with the analogy of OJ imperfects. 2* The distinctive endings K? 'n occur frequently in A the endin endings gs of the sing. masc. to a less less extent in in PT M. In an sing. are respectively, and there is no example of Endings.
3rd radical.
3*. Before all consonantal endings the third
radical of these verbs coalesces with the preceding stem vowel into perfects the reading fo i, by T, as shown in the table. Yemenite MSS. is due to late correctors (Diettr (Diettrich, ich, ZAT W., vol. vol. xx, p. 15 1 f.) f.) 4*. In the 3 s. f. of perfects an d in the 3 pl. f.f. of all perfects, OJ retains consonantal aleph aleph (pronounced as yodh) and P consonantal yodh (nl?!, (nl?!, 18 . n:??, 21. ii. 7) There are two cases in O TA , both of which agree with with P M in writing writing yodh two (n!??nK, Dan. 7. 15, and nInr;l, Dan. 6. 18). In M T these two forms follow two different systems of punctuation. One of the In PTM MSS. used by Strack supplies supplies the variant reading n!n';l.
n!3K (? :!qK or n2jnK) and i113K. I n O J appears also in the 3 pl. m. of all perfects. or m s o f th th e s. f. and 3 pl. m. perf. Peal, with con5. I n P M f or sonantal yodh retained, sometimes occur. Presumably they were pronounced like n?!? an 19'!D respectively ($ 17). Dalman's pointing of (22. 19) and nlg3 (27 .2) seems to follow follow the analogy analogy of of the OT A (Hophal) for n:n9;l (note (note 4). 4). In OT A the Kethibh preserves o ne 3 s. f. perf. Peal with conso nantal yo dh ( n w n , D a n 4. 21). 6. In OTA before consonantal terminations the final OTA. syllable syllable of the stem becomes in perfects (?'JQ), ai n the s. m.
]**!nu nu are unvocalized unvocalized forms for n T n K and ]**!
$ 2 8 . V E R B S F IN IN A L Y O D H A N D A L E P H
$29.
of ordin ary perff. Peal ( an d in SD .? . or Snl2: Snl2: have built it' (Dan. 4. z7), i n o t he he r f or or ms ms ( See also note 2. 7. In the 3 sing. fem. perf. Peal the forms n$ an nl are written by T without discrimination. Strack uniformly prints n$. other respects the s. f. of perfect tenses a grees with with M (see notes perf.
and 5).
There is no example example in O
A o
pl. fem.
n o ne 3 pl. m. form (9'D9; (9'D9;l, l, 31 , note consonantal yodh is retained and the vocalization is that of the normal verb ($ 17). With this exception the pl. m. is like th at o f OJ (iP?), with a variation of orthography in the perfects perfects (l'cVe, (l'cVe, l , hich hich is is als 8.
found in some MSS. of OJ (Berliner, (Berliner, Ma ssor ah, p. 92). In Dan. 6. 17 and 6. 25 Strack's su pralinear text text reads I'nlC. I'nlC. e only case of pl. m. is ]in'.?? (Dan. 2.8), for which supralinear MSS. read ?in+.?!!. Baer's reading of seghol for Sere in th e final syllable of pausal imperff. imperff. Pael and Hap hel (Dan. 2.4. 7, 24 24 and 12) is not accepted by Strack. 2 9. 9.
VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEP (imperfects, imperatives and infinitives)
PLU RAL .
P~AL. SINGULA R. PTnf
15131
i3131
iirp i339
prnn 99r
'!pl
IMPERFECT. IMPERFECT.
OJ
'131
masc.
'.?3n
fern. masc. fem.
nn corn.
PTM
VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH
APHEL.OJ
'13K li p
p~nt
~AL.
S.
'z
Rl3K
i rn ~
IMPERATIVE. f.
ir
fiyp
pl. m. f.
e imperfect plur 1 masc. termination termination 6n is known from the MSS. of OJ and OTA and is extended by analogy t o P T h I . T h 2. s. f. endings endings in M are read read by Dalman Dalman pt nn might migh t be understood underst ood to (p. 339 ) as azz az z and a respectively. signify 11138 ($ I) 2*. Consonantal yodh is is retai retained ned by OJ an d P M in the an 3 plur. fem. of all imperfects (cf. OTA tic), Dan. 5. 17). Fo r the Imperff.
S.
f. in PT M see see not
I.
Fo rm s like ')3u ')3u (given (given in Dalman's Dalman's paradigm) sometimes occur for 'jne (Gen. 24.14, Merx), but are characteristic of the later Yemenite MSS. ($ 18, ote 3). imperative ive ending ending on on is got by 4* Th e P M imperat Imperat. s. . endin g i is analogy from the of OJ and OTA. shortened from ain and is the only ending of which Dalman gives 27, note I). examples from PTM. I n O J ci az (cf. plur. fem. form occurs in Sam. 24 (W32). Examples 5. Shortened imperatives (2 s. m.) a re found in OJ. ] j l ~Peal-Gen. ~ 24. 14), 1~ (Pael-Gen. 24. 2), :YET; or ?PET; (Aphel-Exod. 33. 5) s. m. imperat. of the derived stems stems is the same a s the 6'. S. m. perf. perf. in OJ and P TM , the the pl. m. of all stems is the same pl. m. perf. in P M and the Peal imperat. plur. is the same as the 3 plur. perf. in OJ Cf. 19, note 4. 7. Infinitives of the form ~:]jlvn are found in PTM. Infinn. g, 3:3?p. Cf. Ezra 8. Peal infinitives with suffixes are treated in OJ like plural
2
$2 9.
V E R BS BS F I N A L Y O D H A N D A L E P H
nouns ($ 13, note 7), except that
is used for
$30.
as the suffix of
the 1st singular and that 3- s employed for K ? - . Examples K!3P, 'l?jIn)?. M has for forms ms like like n9?'Q3n or R r ? ' n 3 ) ? (see note 6). 6). In OT A, stems with with consonantal yodh are use ( q : y n , Dan. 4. 32). Infinitives of the derived stems with with suffixes suffixes retain the third 0. Infinitives ~ K 24. , radical in OJ ( ~ ' n ~ ' ~ en. g) and are treated like feminine (e. g. x'nl?Pq from the nouns of the F class ($ z, note note 9) in P Pael infinitive K ] ? n n ) . OTA. e inflexions inflexions of imperfects imperfects and imperatt. imperatt. in O TA 10. so far as examples are found, are the same as in OJ (cf. (cf. notes I, 2, an 4). There is no case of a feminine imperat. nor of a s. f. imperf. imperf. he form i J B v ' (Dan. 5. IO), with for on, may be a special jussive form (Strack). Cf 38, note 3. For the infinitives see notes and 8.
3 0. 0.
VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPEI (inflexion of participles) P AE A E L. L. P~A L. P~A L. Ache
Pass. ptc.
q!
W p 2 n
1?2n
, I E q
CF2n
I:)!
,I]!
i;!g
n the inflected forms, when the middle radical is a guttural or a doubled consonant, the supralinear MSS. regularly indicate vocal shewa before consonantal yodh ( K : ? ? , C F E n ) . Except in these cases vocal shewa is seldom represented (Dalman, p. 340), but sho uld be prono unced in reading in in accordance with the general analogy of participle forms, except in the singular fern. of the Peal passive partic. (cf. 10, note 14). with with pron ominal suffixes suffixes attached ar e inflected inflected 4*. Words like in three ways: the suffixes may unite with the termination as with a plural ending ( + ? i n ? , Deut. 25. I I ) , or (2) the final radical yodh may be re tain ed ((q:? ((q:??, ?, 25. ii. 8, from '?.?), or (3) instead of yodh, aleph may be used. n OJ '!.p always retains with suffixes suffixes (Gen. 14. zo, Ex od. 2 0.5, Deut. 5. g, 7. 7. 15, 30 .7, Sam. 19. 7, 22 18, Jer. Jer. 49. 7). 7). So also also Dan. 4. 16, which is the only example of a suffixed form of these participles in OTA. Examples of tense forms like those of 21, note 7, are K;')!;! n ' i ? v P (Deut. (2 6. 6), fern. K237! (Dalman, p. 3 o-Kahle, p. 16), (29. 25). he sing. masc. of this tense is always wrongly pointed like K1'1.G in the Yemenite MSS.
ill?
'I
q!
Sing. m. f.
!?
Plur. m.
131?
P~AL.
perf.
f.
'!I9: mperf.
n th e feminine singular singular and plural of of participles participles consonantal yodh is always retai retained ned and in the masc. plural the ending is ai in
]in': Un'K
OT A and usuall usuallyy in PT . In OJ the masc. masc. plural plural ending is always c n, and this form form also occurs in PT 2*. Participles used as nouns employ the plural termination ew&z ($ 8, note 11). Examples: ipT, ro ro i!!?, from 'D? 'physician
73
Act. ptc.
'I!
'D2q
VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH
"shepherd',
and
imperat.
inre
'n9p infin. PTM
'nrtr,
'nn To be passed over on
'ny partic.
first reading of the g r a m m a r .
1. Several verbs, having stems with both initial aleph and final
aleph or yodh, are treated like ( K ~ K ,U,' K D K , KBK). Of these only K?$ has a shortened imperat. form ($ 25, note 4). a. The imperff. and imperatt. Peal and Aphel of Knu are written alike, but are distinguished in pronunciation (see note 3). 'nrg both infin. Peal and partic. Aphel. Imperat. Kn'K
3.
is equivalent to
n the imperat. Peal the OJ sup ralinear form ($ 25, note 3) and the final vowel repre-
sents an original n M ?: 24. 24. ii. 3) (un'u, z. ii. 8), an ($ 25, note 4) are all used. In Berliner's Onkelos is written in K?'K, in'?, &c. (cf. 5'1' 1 '5). 5 ). e final final vowel of K?+K ma be corrected into ri (similarly in the case of K?'U, ii. 8). 12s. f. imperat. Peal of is KC'K Kings 4. lcahle, p. 29) or 'nu ( C h e s t . 29. z 2). Cf. 29, note 4. An alternative Aphel imper. z plur. masc. 9K'n'K (Gen. 42. 34) is given by Dalman (p. 356). Cor. is explained by Dalm an (p. 152, papavaed note as being ~5 N??? 'Come, our Lord'. and von Soden both divide the word into pap& dB&. OTA. 6. KC$ see table at the end of this section. 18 an d q'n' OTA passive forms nlO'l:! (Dan. n'l:! l:! ( Da n. 3. re explained explained as H ophal forms n'Q$n (3 f. perf.) and rn\n pl. m. perf.) perf.) respectively (Strackj. n OJ the longer forms of the imperf, Peal of 1'1!2 ar mn used only in the plural and (as alternatives) along with '?'$ or '51 in the sing. In PTM short short and long long forms forms are ~ ndifferently '? a n d O T A K > l i , &c., and both Kl:!: and 'f occur. occur. For PT see 18, note 6. sing. fem. fem. impf. in in O TA is r No shortened forms occur in OTA. 8. In the IC SS. SS. published by Kahle the shortened form s of the P%l impert of n!_;! are written ';l! an ti?', with the original preformative vowel retained (cf. 2. 9)
H'n.
9. In the verb W:n
the medial radical yodh is generally
suppressed suppressed in OJ and M in the imperfect imperfect (and infi infin.) n.) Peal Peal and in all all parts of the the Aphel. Aphel. Th e same forms are used used in Syriac. Cf. also 'G and H ebre 'nr. For OTA see table below. lo. I n O J a n the impf. and infin, q>n elide the h. medial and assume the forms 79: (plur. ]33?3 and 9 cn respectiv respectively ely (cf. 24, note 7). In the perfect and participle OJ uses only only Pael forms (cf. $??). The imperf. and infin. Pael also sometimes occur in OJ. P~AL. ,7?!
OTA perf.
in imperf. imperat. infin.
nn 32.
MONOSYLLABJC ST EM
partic.
(SWY)
DQ
perf.
DqP!
imperf. imperat.
DQ
nipn
infin. PT
D'KQ
partic. act.
n'i?
partic. pass.
76
$32 .
Stem vowels.
M O N O S Y L L A B IC IC S T E M S 1. The stem vowels of the Peal forms some-
times differ from those of the table. Perfects in ar n'n die ', 3' be old and 1'7 pi '. Imperfects in ar n'?:, a'?:, and ]'?I or or In:) rom n? pass the night D? place an udge '. Verbs final guttural generally have ii in the imperf. and imperat. (e.g. nu:), bu shake as imperf. Yl and imperat. (plur. V!). Pathah furtive no doubt always followed in speech, whether written or not ($ 2. Verbs with imperff. in have imperatives in nrg, Judg. Judg. 19 .6 and 9). In supralinear MSS. the Aphel stem vowel (perf. and imperat.) is sometimes written and the stem vowel (imperf. and partic.) is sometimes written The stem vowel of the 3 s. m. perf. Aphel with pronominal suffixes appears to be normally (W'PU, Josh. 24. 26; Gen. 47. 7, Num. 27. Dan. 3. I, 5. 11). Preformative vowels. 3. The preformative vowels of the Peal are som etimes treated accord ing to the analog y of verbs 5 1 " ~ nd p c cu cu r ($ 34), so that forms like W?: and Dqn:, Dj$ a nd Exam ples: nlMI, nlMI, Num. 35. 25 (Kahle, p. g), 2al, Jer. 18. (Ka hle, p. 38 ), D?n' D?n' , Ex od 2.23. e preformative vowel of the imperff., imperatt., infinn., infinn., and 4*. particc. Aphel is often written in supralinear MSS. Examples (Gen. 24. 5-Merx), (Judg. I) Kc?! K??! (2 Sam. 24. 16-K ahle, p. 27 ), Sam . 24. 18-Kahle, p. 27), n2p (Exod. 17. I-Dalman, p. 3-24), 3-24), I n A preformative occurs in an imperfect (Dan. 2. 44) and a partic. (Dan. 5. rg) and in the uncontracted forms D'P?; (Dan. 5.2 I, 6. 6) and brj??p (Dan. 2. I). In P M the corresponding vowel vowel i 5. S* When supralinear pathah is written in the perfect and imperative Aphel instead of preformative vocal shewa, it may be understood to denote vocal shewa ($ 2.7), rather than to indicate form according to the analogy of verbs f"' ($ 34). Ithpeel. 6. In OJ the stem vowel of the Ithpeel is sometimes
$32.
M O N O SY S Y L L A BI BI C S T E M S
77
written (n???, Judg. 5. 20) and the of the preformative syllable may become before initial (hen (h en ce ] ]!?K) e intensive form s in use a re b9?i?, b9?i?,b.c b.c (OJ Intensives. supralinear), bV$?, D'nQ 0 suprali supralinear near), ), and D'PFP. he passi passive ve of the Palpel is like !J$pp !J$pp
(Gen. 4. 12) or 5 ~ ! p n Gen. 4. 16). Verbs having consonantal waw as Verbs medial waw. their medial medial radical radical are TJY, TJY, 'rejoice', kc., also some verbs having both medial waw and final yodh, n K!V, 0. In OTA both the stem vowels and the preformative OTA. vowels of the PeXL and HAPHEL are normally those of the table above. above. In the s. m. pf. Haphel the stem vowel occurs as an alternative to ?(Dan. 2. 14, 6. 2) and in the participle (Dan. 2. 21) and the imperf. sing. sing. (Dan. 2. 44, 5. 21, 6. 16) io cc ur s as an alteralternative to t. Preformative hafeph seghol occurs in one Haphel form in most (?)MSS. (3pyP?, Dan. 5. I). he stem vowel of the HITHPeEL in one verb (D@l) (D@l) an in an ot he r . only INTENSIVE FORMS are ilpTP (Dan. 6.8), a p h ~Dan. 4. 34) 34) and ?PP\Tn? (Dan. 5. 23). 23). Th ere is one HO PH AL , nn'?? nn'?? (Dan. 6.18) should he peculiar peculi ar passive passi ve form (Dan. 7. 4, 5). perhaps be written nn (cf. 16, note 1 1 ) . See also notes and 4.
2'nY
33
llIONOSYLL ABIC ST EM S (infl (inflect ected ed forms) forms) P~AL.
APHEL.
Imperal.
n'ir5
+rive$
Perfect.
b'eu
nn'i?:
p'P5
Part ic.
D*!?,
Perfect.
n9 nn'g KB- ~ n ' p
pi!
nrle KB-
?pp
$33.
78
I*. e forms of the the table ar e those those of the supraPea l perff linear punctuation. e stem vowel of the perf. Peal is only in the 3 m. and 3 pl. m. In Syriac and OTA is the stem vowel throughout the perf. Peal, and this pointing is used by Dalman in his BialeR@roben. he inflecte inflectedd forms o n'n are treated like those of perfects in Sere. Particc. 2*. In OJ (and sometimes in PTM) the uninflected participle Peal Peal has the form of verbs medial aleph. n the inflected forms forms yodh is writt written en for aleph aleph in both both OJ and P TM . n OT the inflected forms have in the Kethibh and in the Qere, except in K;n$Q (Dan. 7. 16). e inflected inflected participle forms of verbs medial aleph retain in OJ and sometimes sometimes in PT M ( I Sam. 8.10 Kings 2. 20; Chrest., 20 14). Cf. 23, note g, and Dalman, P. 305.
In A the terminat termination ion of the s. pf. is tth (nny, Ezra 6.12 nFVQG, an. 3. 14). For the form qon! (Ezra 4. 12) se 35, note 5. OTA.
PAR TIA LL Y hlONO SYLLA BlC ST EM S
34
5
9
~YY!
5*~ft s&v 5~72
5pn
~
5~
~
72: 72: T3pe
K!?K rrpn
zn
$34.
M O N O S Y L L A BI BI C S T E M S
5ilP;
(r?) pert Ti31 31 im er f.
5iy 5Y'n 5'.$ 5 9 5 ~
impera t.
Pr I'l?
infin. partic. act. ptc. pass.
Disyllabic stems. isyllabicc stem s are used used in the Peal l*. isyllabi participles, all intensive forms, Ithpeels, Ithpeels, and Shaphels. Examples e. e also 35, note 4. 59&, ~ Y > ? Wee 113!,
P A R T I A L L Y M O N O SY SY L L AB A B IC IC S T E M S
Th e intensive intensive forms are of the types $$P, 5' i~ especial especially ly P T M ) , !J's2 (OJ), and 5'2)~. 5':~ is borrowed from the IVY stems ($ 32). he use of is a special feature of the supralinear vocalization. YXpF (25. 4) is the passive participle of this form. m vo we ls. 3*. Th e stem vowel vowel of the 3 s. m. perf. perf. Peal which which is pathah in Syriac and OT A, is always in the supralinear vocalization of OJ, following the analogy of the verbs of 32 stem vowel of the imperf. Peal is either or (!is!, nFr!). P r e f o r m . v o w e ls l s . 4*. he imperf., imperat., imperat., a nd infin. Peal an all the tenses of the Aphel have the same forms as the corresponding parts of verbs initial nun ($ 24). In the imperf. and infin. infin. Peal preformative s lengthened to before an initial stem guttural, but is retained before initial resh (Pil!, Lev. 15 8). This treatment is reversed in the only two cases that occur in OTA (Inn, Dan. 4. 24; pi!?, Dan. 2. 40). P a r t i c i p l e s . 5. In PTM the participle form 5':~ ($ 32) is sometimes used in place of 5'52. In OJ contracted plurals like fr$, fo r lr>> lr>>!, !, re feature of supralinear texts. I n O T A f * b $ y (Kethibh) is replaced by ]'>$ or l'& 1 ' ) ~ (Dan. 4. 4, 5.8). 39n an d iYn iYn in P M ar e viewe viewedd as 6. Aphe l participles like 39n Hebraisms by Dalman. 7. n)xr2 (25. 5), from $ 2n , follows the ordinary rule for th note 6. 8) se l9?2t22 ( inflexion of participles. For l9?2t stems 8*. The forms appropriate to Borrowed forms. ($ 32) are transferred to verbs of this class in the cases named in notes 2, 3, an d 5, and in others also (e.g. in Judg. 6. 26 ~ 1 3 yipn). ~ 9. The Ittaphal forms are like ~ Y F F and 5Fnu. Ittaphal. OTA. 10. For the PeAL perf. see note 3, and for the only examples of im perf. infin. infin. and partic. see notes 4 and 5. There are a*.
thre threee types typesof of INT EN SIV ES in O TA thre e verbs) , YP n (D an. 2. 40), 40), and Wc (Dan. 4. 16). In the HA , preformative
80
3 4. 4.
P A R T I A L L Y M O N O S Y L L A BI BI C S T E M
pathah becomes seghol befor ( n ) ~ l , an. 5.7). The re are two cases of erroneously dissimilated Haphel forms (5yj;?,Dan. 2. 25 6. 19, and n)p?;l, Dan. 4. 3). Cf. 26, note 9. For normal Haphel forms see table p. 96. A HO PH AL form form of one verb verb is found (927).
35
PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS (inflected forms) APHEL. P~AL. PERFECT. PERFECT. Plur.
bryB K ~ Y K
j9nk)js
rn?~ K@YB
Szizg.
~'PK n 5 fjlkyu ~$~r(t~
~+PK
IMPERFECT. Pb r.
P~X!
;%5$? 5*P2
Sh g.
592: 59~g ~YPB
IMPERATIVE. PZur.
Sing Si ng..
35rVK K ~ P K
Plur.
'~'VK
+Y
~
~ j(+p
t9n)r, K;)Y
Shg.
(5?) !JY n$y q-+Y
masc. fem. masc.
&Y
fern. com.
n*>y
IMPERFECT. Plur. Plur.
Sing Sing
P~Y! i s 5 ~ ~
59992
57~99
519'8
3 masc. masc. com.
IMPERATIVE. PZzr PZzrr. r.
qbrv
K$SY
Sifzg Sif zg
iu
masc. fem.
Following Dalman's precedent, and in accordance with the analogy of O T A , the final radical has been doubled in the above table, before vocalic endings, in the Peal perfect and imperative, but not in the Aphel. In Berliner's Onkelos doubling is not indicated in any tense.
$35.
P A R T I A L L Y M O N O S Y L L AB AB I C S T E M
In the 3 pl. m. perf. Peal the stem vowel (appropriate to stems) is sometimes written in supralinear MSS. for only ex ample of a 3 plur. rnasc. rnasc. perf. Peal in in O A is is treated in this note 3 way PP?, Dan, 2. 35). See also 34, note Deut. 10 I3. Supra linear pathah in imperf. forms like 17 Kahle, p. 15) may be regarded as representing hafeph pathah 2*.
(4
2.
7)
Peal and Aphel forms like n337 ( P T M ) , n%y (Dan. 5. 10, Kethibh), and $ 5 ~ 9Dan. 4. g), with repetition of the final radical, occur occur in in PT M and OTA. 5. e distincti distinctive ve features of O A are as follows follows OTA. the inflected forms of the imperative PeAL the stem vowel is (l*ri, Dan. 4. 11 20). In the perf perfect ect H OP HA L some MSS double the final radical before the plural ending (sblt?, Dan. 5. IS), others others do not. not. In HA PH EL forms, when the stem vowel vowel becomes vocal shewa, it is written hafeph seghol in some MSS. (n tz , Dan. 7.7, 19, Dan. 7. a3-Baer a3-Baer,, Ginsbu rg, Strack). Perhaps SD'n1 (Ezra 4. 2) was originally intended for (cf. 8, 9). But the tense, termination ($ 18, note 7) and possibly stem vowel (cf. 34, note 8) are all abnormal. abnormal. There is no other 4.
example of the plur. imperf. Haphel of an Y"Y verb in O T A . See also notes above, above, and for n?%;l n?;! (Dan. 2. 34, 45), 17 note 6. 6.
VERBAL SUFFIXES
Fo r the various various forms of the accusative suffixes suffixes see pp. goIn M the suffixes suff ixes added to verbal ver bal stems ending in a con91 sonant are those of 4 and the suffixes suffixes added to stems ending in a vowel are presumably those of note 2, although the only possible vocalic stem is the sing. fem. fem. perf. (for the s. m. and the 3 pl. see notes and 5). n O j he variations variations from the suff suffixe ixess of !- or F, and in the 3 plural, $$ 4 and 12 are in the singular,
36.
VERBAL S U F F I X E S
where the independe nt pronoun ]$3P ]$3Pis substituted substituted for iin ( i i ) . the forms of the sufixes a dded to the 3 s. s. f. perf. perf. see note 6. n OJ, in ag reemen t with the Heb rew text, the suffix suffix of the plural is rarely found. t seems never to occur with with a 3 sing. masc. perf. stem. stem. a*. I n O J IW is joined in writing to the verbal stem with which it is associated, being omitted when the stem ends in a consonant and the form being reduced to PJ with the 3 s. f. perf and to in union with stems ending in a vowel (pa+?, F J ~ ~ $ v , iurnh?). iurnh?). he for ms of the verbal stem s are not modified modified before IM except in the s. perf., in which n?l??, n?'n2 and k?'n?K . are used for n793, &c Th e differe difference nce between between PT M and 0 J in the endings endings of of the plur. perf. and plur. impe rat. involve involvess a further difference difference in t he sufixes attached to these these forms. M uses the suffi suffixes xes appropriate to the consonantal ending Gn, while uses those reauired by the vocalic ending Examples: R')$?$K (25. ii. 'r?l?BK (Gen. 19. 16). Perfect
s. m. and
pl. m.
For the stem forms of the 3 s. m. an d 3 pl. m. perfects Peal Peal and Aphel with suffixes see paradigm, p. go. Pael perfects are treated like Aphels. In th suffixed forms of the perfects P ael and Aph el the final final stem vowel generally becomes vocal shewa both in the sing. sing. and the 3 plural ('P?$K, ('P?$K, Gen. 19.16) although sometimes the orthography f PT presumably indicates the retention of the full vowel (20. ii. w'!.u'>PK, I, '!~3'>nK). OJ plural forms are sometimes sometimes found found in M (26. 8, ?Jrtig)!). Sometimes the vowel points in Dalman's Dialekfproden are un4.
necessarily those of OJ, instead of being those of PTM . ]?JUG: ]?JUG:should be ]bU$, ]bU$, and in 28 .5 P5B78 should should be be fi~i S7p 21 ii. 2 sing. and
sing.
In OJ a nd M the forms of the sing. perf. with sufixes are like n??, &c. The sing. masc. sing. com. with suffixes of the s. m. or 3 pl. (where 6.
$ 3 6 . VERBAL S U F F I X E S
8
ambiguity arises) are distinguished in OJ by the use of the form for the s. m. But ambiguous form s with suffixes suffixes of the $? 3 sing. fem. like nfi32vK have found her' (Gen. 38. 'th ou hast found he r' (Gen. 38. 23) are in use. use. '39? '39?2w 2w (G en. aaPaxOav~l Matt. 27. 46), having a suffix of the first 31. 28) person, can only mean 'thou hast forsaken me In PTM the S. m. is clearly distinguis distinguished hed from the sing. com. by its employment of the termination inn (note 8) before suffixes ($7?2w, 3lGn8~U). sing. fem. perf. is distinguished by its retention of the old termination before suffixes (~?'gn2?~). a. f. 6*. The 3 sing. fem. perf. with suffixes is sometimes written as if it were sing. sing. com. (3 '?? $~ 'she counselle counselledd him ', Judg. 14). 14). All the cases noted by Pra etori us (Judg. 14) are forms in which thesuffix is s. m. he unambiguous unambiguous forms are
v~nn5v,
,nn>w,
plur. and 2 plur.
,
~ n 5 v a,* n & v , q > w . 7. The suffixed stem of the plur. perf.
in OJ is the same as the independent stem, but written without ~;l!n 5v). Ins tea d of $ the form Y$ is used used.. In PT M th &c., forms n!i$~, are used with sufixes. Dalm an explains
derived from the accus. particle n: (5 4, note 4). 4). e suffi suffixed xed stem of the plur. plur. mhsc. mhsc. perf. perf. are lik likee m n OJ (suffixes as 2) and e ] l n n n P M (suf (suffi fixe xess as in 4). *. e stems of imperfects with suffixes suffixes are Imperf. stems. The syllable inn is added to treated similarly in OJ and PTM. the stems of all imperfect imperfectss (cf. Hebrew 1 except in OJ befor th plur. masc. suffix. suffix. e suffixes are the same as those added to perfect stems. (See paradigm , p. go f.). f.). e orthography Pa??F for ]?3gy! ]?3gy! an ;sa?ql! for ]lP?' ]lP?'fl! fl! in Yem enite MSS. is a Hebraism due to late correctors (Diettrich in Z A T W . XX 152). 0. In OJ singular imperative stems with Imperat. stems. suffixes emain unchanged and the suffixes are those of 2, except in the cases of the sing. sing. and 3 plural. plural. n PT M the Pael and
8
36. 36.
VERBAL SUFF IXES
Aphel singular imperat. stems with suffixes are identical with the correspo nding perfect stems. e Peal imperat. stem is distinguished from its perfect by the vowels or ri following the initial radical. Th ese vowels are sometimes indicated in the MSS. by yodh and waw respectively. e imperative plural plural stem in OJ is is like 9333 and in PT M like like In 34 (see paradigm, paradigm, p. 91). 91). Pael and Aphel perfect and imperative plural forms are generally not distinguishable. distinguishable. e Aphe imperat. in OJ occasionally retains its its final stem vowel vowel (e. g. K;P'BK 'bring her out K???Qg). stems.
lo*. Th e forms forms o qfY verbs undergo no change when suffixes are attached (but see 32, note 2). S"
Syntax.
e use of an anticipative pronom inal suffix suffix before a definite accusative governed by a verb, an idiom characteristic of Syriac, is found occasionally in OJ (Gen. 39. 15, W ' p V ' f l ) 9v:55 'he left his garment beside me ') and PTbl (22. ii. 4, x'l?B 'he ordered the messenger '; 21. 7, ii. 6). Kp'$$J The subject of a dependent clause introduced by is also sometimes preceded by an anticipative pronoun (16. 6, J'~@U 'he found that he had been selling ). It is idiomatic to )'3q put the subject of such a dependent clause into the principal K%3?> Kp sentence as an object (16. ii. 11 a'??? O'Kty 'h e saw saw that the buyer was standing behind him ') Occasionally the object pronoun of the 3 plural is used ~ h ~ e nsaw some indefinitely indefinitely for some people (28. (28. 4, ]' men killing' (mice) or the verbal stem nnn se 37, note I).
$37.
37.'
H K "5 "5 S T E M S
In M the termination termination of of 3 s. s. m. of all all perfects with suffixes is treated like the ending of a feminine noun Perf.
s. m.
To be passed over on a first reading of the grammar.
TEMS
85
(cf. 36, note 7). Examples: x'n?? an x9n;nn (or W!'p!7), n the derived derived stems these forms, when un3'nlD3, 3'nlr?!U. . voca lized, ar e the sam e a s the 3 s. f.f. (n ote 4), and in th e Peal i is always ambiguous, 'he saw him' or 'she saw him (note In OJ the s. m. perf. Peal with-suffixes either retains (consonantal) (q$!n, Z'KE, &c.) or is treated as e nding in a vowe ( 9 E , ';1!?). With ]?3? the suffixed forms are like /735. 3s.m.and p1.m. 3. I n O J t h e 3 s . m . a n d 3 p l . m . p e r fects Pael and Aphel with suffixes generally preserve the third (Gen. 2. IS ), 1!8 (G en 2. 22)' radical yodh. Examples (Gen. 3. IS ), 73TU 73TU (Ju dg 7). With IrPK the ordinary '!!YPK stem is used (]33'!3U). In M th e third radical yodh yodh is sometimes sometimes retained retained both both in Peal perfects (25. iii. iii. 7, x1J"nr2 w7JVnf w7JVnf2) 2),, and in perfects of the derived stems (cf. notes an 5) f. 4. In O J and P M the ending of the 3 s. . of perfects ($ 27) is generally contracted to n' before suffixes. Examples 8 9 n 9 p ~ u ,m9pp (Judg 4. I ~ ) , ?'n9# (Chmt. 18. 13). 13). In these are also imperative forms (note 7). Perf. stems. 5. In the other parts of the perfect tenses suffixes are generally added to the unchanged verbal stem. Examples:
3'n!q (3 s. f.) f.)
s. m), : (I sing.), sing.), '?i '?it? t? 0 3 perf. Peal), 3+)irn(PTM 3 pl.). For 3?;y plur.) see 36 note 7. In some supralinear supralinear MSS. the e nding of the 3 pl. m. pf. Pe al with suffixes is written z2 instead of K?qnp, Judg. ralnp, Judg. 1.
VERBAL SUFFIXES WI
V ER E R BA B A L S UF U F FI F I XE XE S W I T H ~
4).
'??'!!I
In all in~perf. enses the suffixed stem is made to the ordinary stem 36, note 8). Examples: he n fa $ is used t he fo rm s are like tha t of ]9
Impf. stems.
by adding
6.
, n some supral supralinear inear MSS. the vowels before nn ar instead of Cf. OTA, 38, note 5. instead of (7'2171, 2'?373!).
86
$37.
V E R B A L S U F F IX IX E S
IT
$5
STEMS
imperatives s. m. and pl. m. 7. In O J imperatives stems are unchanged when suffixes are added ('?it!?, '?'!3EI;). some MSS. is written written fo and forms with consonantal yodh are ls o foun fo undd K? K, Ju dg I. 24). In M the termi terminat nation ion of the s. m. is treated like a feminine termination (23. ii. 7, R'n'nlu). pl. m. forms are like ]ijib?K (for which in 28. 5 Dalman puts p.1h:EI;), Participles. 8. nn is used with other suffixed stems than those nam ed above, e. g. with participles participles (29. 7, n9!.'?.9n, i.e. n9?.'EDQ). n9?.'EDQ). Imperat. stems.
3 8. 8.
VERBAL SUFFIXES IN O TA
SufEx forms. e forms forms of the verbal suff suffixe ixess in in O TA 1. and the treatment of the ste ms to which which they are attached agre closely with the corresponding features of OJ. Th e accusat accusative ive pronoun 'them' is not expressed by suffix but by some one of three indep ende nt pron pronoun ounss-jm; jm;!! (eight times), ]in? (th ree times), nd j3JK (Dan. 6. 25). he suffi suffixes xes attached to verbal stems vary according as the stem ends in a consonant or a vowel vowel.. n the former case, they are the same as the suffixes joined to nouns, except that '3 is me and that is written for in the only case of its occurrence (Dan. 2. 23). n the latter case, the suffixe suffixe 173. that actually occur are 7 (2 s. m.), '7 (8 12 Perf. stems. 2. e stems of the 3 s. m. and 3 pl. m. m. of all perfects are treated as in in OJ (see OJ paradigm, p. go). Exam ples: nnnn, qr$v;r, r!r5pp, *;nip?. The only examples of other parts of a perfect tense with suffixes are two of the s. m. in Dan. 2. 23 ('!gyl ! gyliz iz and K??ylin) and one g f a erb (note 5). Imperf. stems. Imperfects w ith suffixes suffixes closely resemble ($ 36, note 8). 3. is combined with stems those those of OJ and P ending in a consonant and with stems ending in a vowel. vowel. Exa m-
$38.
V E R B A L S U F FI F I X ES ES I N O T A
87
ples a?!? a?!?:,:, q ??!ye ?? !ye , FI??w!~w FI?? w!~w :. With the suffix of the pl. m. is written, without daghesh, and in one case the preceding vowel is seghol seghol (]i2 (]i2@?, @?, Dan. 3. 15 ; ]?J~>UW!, zra 7.21). In the case of two imperfects used in a jussiv jussivee sense the suffixes suffixes are add ed to the verbal stem without nn q)?? q)??:, :, Da n. 4. 16 795: 795:2j 2j, an . 5. 10 ). he only imperatt. with wi th suffixes in OT 4. Imperat. stems. ar ?)w (Dan. 2. 24), 24), '7 . . , and one from from a Th ey agree with the forms of OJ 36, note 9). (§ verb (note 5). re a r e s ev ev en en c as as es es i n O T A f ~ erbs 5. T h e re $5 verbs. T h e P E R F E C T f o have built an139 with with suffixes attached. attached. it' (Dan. 4. 27) is peculiar in having for (5 28, note 6) and Th e other cases cases seghol for vocal vocal shewa. Some MSS. read Rn:!?. of perfect stem s with suffixes (';l??, ?~ Jw ) gree with with the practice practice of OJ (5 37, notes and 5). In th s. m. IMPERFECT before the Sere of the independent form (1.n;) is replaced by hireq ('!an', and in the plural plural is replaced by ('JEl,???, pl. m. impf. Haph el). Fo r similar forms in in OJ see 37, note 6. The only MPERATIVE form is the pl. m. imperat. Haphel '!in? (Dan. 2. 6). 6. No change takes place in the stems of Y" verbs 7"Y verbs. when suffixes are attached (but see 32, note 2).
p2
fi.
.. ..
&. -:
I%'
T\i' P3
E. E. E.
111'
e. i. I-&.
h'i,hh..3.&h*h..'nF,; E.
c
-
"
9
5 *-
.
z.
%. 1:. 1:. Z . X . 1:. K . . ~ . . ~ . . E . . ~ . . ~ . . r . . K . . K . . r . .
I;I..n..n..nn..n..n..nn..n.. K:
9.
2:
1:. 1:. K: G:
t-1
r
n.
K. K: K: KL
K: K:
a.
E.
5:: I;.. K:
hl'n..&hh & z h5. .5h ... hg. .
.
I;..
n. 2-
E..
E.
x.
X.
X.
X' X'
X
1:
X.
X.
EI
5;.5;. 5;.5;.
El
1:
E.. 9.
El
5: 5: s: 5.
E.
E.
1:.
El n . . n . . n .Et . n . . n . . n . . nEI ..n ..n..n..
E,
.. n.
E' E,
n
n
n
E.. p
2:
E..
n,
5;
n;
PI
5.
9: 2: jz,.
n**
Q..
Q.. O..
E' r-
5-'%
Q.
n~
,7-
I ; ' n..
Fi: F: Jr
,7- J?
e. .J
2; :.
TESTAMENT ARAMAIC
Perso nal pronouns pronouns (n omin afives).
!pF !pF ,K!3 ,K!324 24
corn.
pMN) F;rK
masc. fern.
m? :a8
Kqn
masc. fem.
Demonsiralive pronouns and adjerfives.
,I??
that
,q?
this
masc.
,7 those
K?
these
fem.
ir>e (17N) 58
Inflexion of Noans.
!'ti P air ~IH
n>Kv N$K~
nlrn
m!'n
ai ~piq
Singular absolute. construct. emphatic.
OTA PARADIGM OF VERB HOPHAL.
HITHPAAL.
HITHP eEL.
HAPH EL.
HAPHEL.
P A EL EL .
P e A L. L.
P
S.
m.
sing. pl f.
p1 f.
pl.
cl
e,
i-
n..
g'
n.. .. c. fi E,
E.
r,
n.
5'
r--
n.. n..
n-
E.
-5
.-
Q..
fi..
