PDF Training Report Prasar Bharati New Delhi

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted in the Partial Fulfillment for the Award of the Degree Of

Bachelor of Technology In

Electronics and Communication Engineering.

NORTH EASTERN REGIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NIRJULI::791109 ARUNACHAL PRADESH

SUBMITTED To: H. O. D. Electronics and Communication Communication NERIST

st

SUBMITTED By:RAJUL KUMAR PANDEY DE-09-EC-06 BIRAJ CHITROKAR DE-09-EC-32

th

31 MAY – 20 JULY, 2010

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report is an outcome of the practical training which I have have gone through at Prasar Bharti Doordarshan (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Staff Training Institute (Technical) Kingsway Camp, Delhi - 110009. 110009. I would like to express deep sense of gratitude towards Mr. N. A. Khan, Director, STI(T) who permitted us to undergo this training. I would like to express my special thanks to Mr. Deepak Thukral, Dy. Director(Engg.), STI(T) and Mr.Rajesh Chandra, Assistant Director, STI(T) our Training Coordinator, who prepared our training schedule and for helping me in understanding the technical aspects of Broadcasting. It is a great pleasure pleasure to express my my heart full thanks to the staff of STI (T) who helped me me directly or indirectly indirectly throughout throughout the successful successful completion completion of my training.

(RAJUL KR. PANDEY) & (BIRAJ CHITROKAR)















PREFACE With the ongoing revolution in Electronics and Communication where innovations are taking place at the blink of eye, it is impossible to keep pace with the emerging trends. Excellence is an attitude that the whole of the human race is born with. It is the environment that makes sure that whether the result of this attitude is visible or otherwise. A well planned, properly executed and evaluated industrial training helps a lot in developing a professional attitude. It provides a linkage between a student and industry to develop an awareness of industrial approach to problem solving, based on a broad understanding of process and mode of operation of organization. During this period, the student gets the real experience for working in the industry environment. Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during the course of their studies is put to test here. Apart from this the student gets an opportunity to learn the latest technology, which immensely helps in them in building their career. I had the opportunity to have a real experience on many ventures, which increased my sphere of knowledge to great extent. I got a chance to learn many new technologies and also interfaced to many instruments. instruments. All this credit goes to the organization Prasar Bharti Doordarshan.















CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Rajul Kumar Pandey, a student of Bachelor of Technology (3

rd

year, ECE) of North Eastern Regional Institute of Science Science and Technology Technology ,

Nirjuli (A.P)

has successfully completed

his Industrial Training under the

guidance of Mr. N. A. Khan (Director) and Mr. Rajesh Chandra (Assistant Director) in Prasar

Bharti

Doordarshan

(Broadcasting (Broadcasting Corporation

India) Staff Training Institute (Technical)

of

Kingsway Camp, Delhi –

110009 for a period starting from 31 st May , 2010 to 9th July, 2010. A project titled – A STUDY on HDTV was was assigned to him during during this this period. He worked hard and and diligently completed his presentation presentation in time. time. He took a lot of initiative in learning about HDTV and various applications. His overall performance during the project was excellent. We wish his all success in his career.

Mr. Rajesh Chandra Assistant Director STI (T) Kingsway Camp, Delhi

Mr. N.A. Khan Director STI (T) Kingsway Camp, Delhi















CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Biraj Chitrokar, a student of Bachelor of Technology (3

rd

year, ECE) of North Eastern Regional Institute of Science Science and Technology , Nirjuli (A.P) has successfully completed his Industrial Training under the guidance of Mr. N. A. Khan (Director) and Mr. Rajesh Chandra (Assistant Director) in Prasar Bharti Doordarshan (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Staff Training Institute (Technical) Kingsway Camp, Delhi – st

th

2010 to 9 July, 2010. 110009 for a period starting from 31 May , 2010 A project titled – A STUDY on HDTV was was assigned to him during during this period. He worked hard and diligently diligently completed completed his presentation in time. time. He took a lot of initiative in learning about HDTV and various applications. His overall performance during the project was excellent. We wish his all success in his career.

Mr. Rajesh Chandra Assistant Director STI (T) Kingsway Camp, Delhi

Mr. N.A. Khan Director STI (T) Kingsway Camp, Delhi















Table of Contents AIR AND DOORDARSHAN DOORDARSHAN ...................................................... ...................................................... ...... 1

History ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Birth ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Important events .............................................................................................................................. 3 Purposes and Objectives ................................................................................................................... 3

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO AIR AND DOORDARSHAN DOORDARSHAN ............................................................................... ...... 4

Introduction Introduc tion to AIR ..................... ................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .............. 5 Studios and lab intro.......................................................................................................................... 6 Services .............................................................................................................................................. 6

AIR AND DOORDARSHAN DOORDARSHAN STUDIO STUDIO SET UP ............................................... ........................................... 1


STUDIO ACOUSTICS............................................. ...................................................... ......................... 4


OPTICAL FIBRE FIBRE COMMUNICATIONS COMMUNICATIONS ................................................ ................................................... 1

History ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Birth ................................................................................................................................................... 3


















EARTHING ARRANGEMENT FOR BROADCAST BROADCAST STATIONS STATIONS ...................................................................... 1


AM TRANSMITTERS TRANSMITTERS............................................. ...................................................... ......................... 4


FM TRANSMITTERS ................................................................................. ........................................... 4


ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES IN TV STUDIO .................................... ...................................................... ......................... 1

History ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Birth ................................................................................................................................................... 3

















ALL INDIA RADIO & DOORDARSH D OORDARSHAN AN HISTORY: BIRTH OF ALL INDIA RADIO: The idea of regular broadcasting in India took shape for the first time in 1926,in the form of agreement enlarged between the gov.of India & private company called the Indian broadcasting Ltd. under that agreement ,a license for the const. of 2 station one at BOMBAY and other at CALCUTTA.  Unexpectedly after about 3 rd year ,the company went into liquidation on 1

st

march,1930

. It locked as through introduction of broadcasting has failed in India. While the other countries were making good programs.  In march,1935 a separate dept.under a controller of broadcasting was constituted to work

under the department of India & labour.  The name of dept. was again changed to the dept. of information & broadcasting from 10

sept,1946.

















23Feb, 1946

AIR comes under info & arts.

1947

six radio station in India      

Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Tiruchirapalli Lucknow

After Independence: 20 july, 1952

first national programmers of music broadcast from AIR.

29 april, 1953

national programmers of talks commence from AIR

Vividh Bharti service started.

3 oct, 1957 1959

first TV station in Delhi

Purpose of the constitution constitution of All India Radio:  For the efficient supervision of programmer and for maintains of high standards in

several type of broadcasting.  Programmer professionals with a background and taste 4 music culture, current affairs,

literature, agriculture , family welfare, public rel. etc.  Broadcasting in India is a national service developed &operate of Gov. of India. ALL

















INTRODUCTION Prasar Bharati Doordarshan (broadcasting corporation corporation of India) Delhi. Introduction to A I R. A national service planned, developed and operated by the Prasar Bharati Broadcasting Corporation of India Sound broadcasting started in India in 1927 with the proliferation of private radio clubs. The operations of All India Radio began formally in 1936, as a government organisation, with clear objectives to inform, educate and entertain the masses. When India attained Independence in 1947, AIR had a network of six stations and a complement of 18 transmitters. The coverage was 2.5% of the area and just 11% of the population. Rapid expansion of the network took place post Independence. AIR today has a network of 232 broadcasting centres with 149 medium frequency(MW), 54 high frequency (SW) and 171 FM transmitters. The coverage is 91.79% of the area , serving 99.14% of the people in the largest democracy of the world. AIR covers 24 Languages and 146 dialects in home services. In Externel services, it covers 27 languages; 17 national and 10 foreign languages. All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR), officially known as Akashvani is the radio broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar of Prasar Bharati Act provides for establishment of April 1930 Broadcasting was placed under the direct control of Government under the title 'Indian State Broadcasting Service' (ISBS) to be known (Broadcasting Corporation of India), an autonomous corporation of [1] the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. India . Established in 1936, 1936 , ,

















STUDIO & LABS INTRO: 

A TV studio is an acoustically treated compact anechoic room. It is suitably furnished and equipped with flood light for proper light effected.



The use of dimmer states with flood lights enables suitable illumination level of any particular area of the studio depending on the scene to be televised Several cameras are used to telecast the scene from different angles. Similarly a large number of microphones are provided at different locations to pick up sound associated with programme.



The camera and microphone outputs are fed into the control room by coaxial cables. The control room has several monitors to view picture picked up by different cameras. A monitor is a TV receiver that contains no provisions for receiving broadcast signals but operates on a direct input of unpopulated signal. A large number of such monitors are used to keep a check on ht contest and quality of pictures being telecast.

In addition to live studio. Video tape recording and telecoms machine rooms are located close to the control room. In most cases, programmes as enacted in the studio are recorded on video tape recorder (VTR) through the control. These are later broadcast with VTR output passing through the same control room. All these rooms are interconnected by co-axial cables and shielding wires.

SERVICES: AIR has many different services each catering to different regions/languages across India. One of the most famous services of the AIR is the Vividh Bharati Seva (roughly translating to "MultiIndian service"). Vividh Bharati celebrated its Golden Jubilee on 3 October 2007. Vividh Bharati has the only comprehensive database of songs from the so termed "Golden Era" of Hindi film music (roughly from 1940s to 1980s). This service is the most commercial of all and is popular in Mumbai and other cities of India. This service offers a wide range of programmes including



















AIR studio set up & Doordarshan D oordarshan studio setup Objectives:  To originate program from studios either for live telecast or for recording on a video tape.  To knit various other sources of programs available at the production desk - camera

output from studios, feed from other Kendra, outdoor, playback from pre recorded tape, video graphics and characters generator etc.  Processing/distribution of different sources to various destinations in technical areas.  Routing of mixed program for recording/transmission via master switching room and

Microwave to the transmitter or any other desired destinations.

STUDIO CENTER: Activities in a television studio can be divided into three major areas such as: 1.Studio floor/ Action area, 2.Production control room, and



















Video monitor : monitors for program, preview, videotape machines, cameras, graphics and other video sources Video Switcher : a device where all video sources are controlled and taken to air. Also known as a special effects generator Audio mixing console and other audio equipment such as effects devices Character generator : creates the majority of the names and full screen graphics that are inserted into the program

Master control room : The master control room houses equipment that is too noisy. It also makes sure that wire lengths and installation requirements are within manageable lengths. This can include:  Network Operations Center  Transmission Control Room

the actual circuitry and connection boxes of the vision mixer and character generator  Central Apparatus Room



















Studio Acoustic Introduction

A broadcasting studio is a room in studio complex which has been specially designed and constructed to serve the purpose of originating broadcasting programs. Whenever any musician sings and we sit in front of a performing musician to listen to him, we enjoy the program by virtue of the superb qualities of our sensory organs namely ears. However, when we listen to the same program over the broadcast chain at our home though domestic receivers, the conditions are entirely different. We as broadcasters, are continuously engaged in the task of ensuring the maximum pleasure for the listener at home when the artists are performing inside the studios. In order to achieve our goal we must thoroughly understand the characteristic of the different components involved in the broadcast chain, and in this process we must preserve the original quality of sound produced by the artists inside the studio. The science of sound is often called “Acoustics‟. It would be thus prudent to to understand the field of acoustics as applied to broadcasting.



















b)

Reverberation Time(R/T)

In any enclosed room when a sound is switched off, it takes a finite length of time to decay to inaudibility. „hanging-on‟ of the the sound in a room after the exciting signal has been removed, is called The „hanging„reverberation‟ and the the time taken for the sound to decay to one millionth of its initial value, i.e. 60 dB, after the source has stopped, is termed „Reverberation Time‟(R/T).

c)

Factor Covering Reverberation Time

R/T of a room depends upon shape and size of room and on the total absorption offered on boundary surfaces. For a room of given volume and surface area, the R/T can be derived b y Eyring‟s formula R / T where

R/T V S 



= = = =

0.049 V  S  ln (1   ) Reverberation time in seconds Volume in cubic ft. Total surface area of room in Sq.ft. Average absorption coefficient























e)

Reverberation results in prolongation of sound inside the room. This leads to „blending of one sound with the next and produces a very pleasant continuity in the flow of music. Too much of prolongation, however, may create loss in intelligibility of program due to decrease in clarity. Reverberation time of a room is dependent on frequency. Therefore, it modifies the frequency characteristics of the total sound field inside the room. High R/T at mid and high frequencies lead to increased „liveness‟ and that at low low frequencies increases „warmth‟. This effect can be used judiciously judiciously for desirable qualities. qualities. Acoustic absorbers

Acoustic absorbers are provided on the inner surfaces of the room to achieve optimum R/T characteristics. Different absorbers have different absorption characteristics. characteristics . No single absorber generally provides uniform absorption over the complete frequency spectrum. Some of the commonly used absorbers are: i) Porous Materials: Mineral wool, glass wool, etc. are members of this class. These materials are very good absorber and are most effective in mid and high frequencies, however, these cannot be used without some facing material. Carpets and curtains also fall in this category. ii) Fibrous Materials: Celotak, insulation boards, perfotiles, jolly-lowtone tiles etc. fall in





















g)

Design of Room Acoustic

Design for correct reverberation time consists of estimating the total absorption which must be present in the studio. This is calculated by Eyring‟s Eyring‟s Formula, some of the the absorption is offered by windows, doors, flooring and artists inside the studio. For the balance requirement sound absorbing materials are provided on walls and ceiling surfaces. Calculations are generally made at six spot frequencies of 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz. Quantities of materials of known absorption coefficients are selected by trial and error method so that R/T requirements are met within +5% of the optimum R/T at all these frequencies. Computer aided design for the same has also been evolved. Thereafter these acoustic materials are distributed on various surfaces for proper diffusion of sound in the studio.





















Optical Fiber Communicatio Communication n Introduction: Fiber optics is being used to transmit television, voice, and digital data signals by light waves over flexible hair like threads of glass and plastic. It has evolved into a system of great importance and use since the 1980‟s. The advantages of fiber optics compared to coaxial cable or twisted pair cable, are endless. Millions of dollars are being spent to put light wave communication systems into operation, as a result of its performance.





















Operation in optical fiber system: 

In a fiber optic system, there are a few major components to perform the task of communication.



The Input Modulator is needed; this modulates the incoming signal with a light beam.



A light emitting device is used; it can be either a light emitting diode (LED) or a semiconductor laser diode.



A fiber optic cable is used as a transportation medium.





















Satellite communicatio communication n





















 Essentially a Microwave Link Repeater  Frequencies capable of passing through Ionosphere (Microwave frequencies) use  Microwave frequencies permit transmission of data at high rate.

Reason of satellite revolution:  A single satellite can provide coverage to over 30% of Ea rth‟s surface.  It is often the only solution for developing areas























Earthing Arrangement for a Broadcasting Station Definition:













































Thus, if the voltage with which a human being comes into contact and the resistance of the human body are known, the intensity of the current canbe easily calculated. Further, if the current intensity can be calculated, then the degree of danger posed to the human being can be assessed too.























AM Transmitters























 Screen is also modulated

















































































































































































































































































































































PDF Training Report Prasar Bharati New Delhi

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