CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents some of studies or thesis that is related to the researchers’ study and has relevance on the topic about electrical power consumption of different socioeconomic class divisions. This includes studies from foreign and local societies which are reviewed to provide ideas regarding the topic since they are interrelated. REVIEW OF FOREIGN LITERATURE LITERATURE In the study Relationship of Socioeconomic Status and Electricity Consumption , Rebecca Herrin, conducted at Florida, states the relationship of socioeconomic class to electrical power consumption. According to Herrin, our electric power consumption behavior is affected by our socioeconomic status. sing different !ualities of electrical devices in order to minimi"e or ma#imi"e utility of power in order to save energy. The higher class tends to purchase and use materials that has long term lifespan compared to those in lower class that tends to use materials that is easily replaceable. Also, types of illumination devices are discussed such as $ompact Fluorescent %amp &$F%' and %ight (mitting )iodes &%()s'. Household in higher class utili"es energy efficient devices for illumination such as %()s opposed to incandescent bulbs &Herrin, *+-'.
In another study, according to aul R. (hrlich a professor opulation /tudies and rofessor of 0iological /ciences at /tanford niversity in the nited /tates, on his report The $onference on opulation and )evelopment. (hrlich states that1
An average rich-nation citizen uses 7.4 kiloatts of energy in !""#$ %he average citizen of a poor nation uses only !k&. 't as said that there ere !.( )illion people in the rich nations* hich result to an +."
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teraatts in total consumption* hilst poor nations sum to a)out 4.! %& only. %he relatively small population of rich people therefore accounts for roughly to-thirds of glo)al environmental destruction* as measured )y energy use. ,rom this perspective* the most important population pro)lem is overpopulation in the industrialized nations. &www.dieoff.org, n.d'
In addition to the statement of (hrlich, in the 2ournal entitled eres &hy /eveloping Countries &ill Consume 012 of the &orlds Energy )y (#4# by Todd
3oody, an environmental and techonology based 2ournalist in $alifornia. 3oody stated 3$energy consumption per person is predicted to rise as ell in the developing countries as they gro richer and their citizens covet cars* )etter climate control* and poer-hogging devices &www.theatlantic.com, )ecember -, *+-, par 4'.
REVIEW OF LOCAL LITERATURE In the hilippines, there are many studies in socioeconomic classification or
sometimes called stratification. According to /ocial 3eather /tations &*+-', the annual average income is classified in $lass A and 0 with hp ,546,+++.++, $lass $ &78' with hp 9+-,+++.++, $lass ) &9+8' with hp 7,+++.++, and $lass ( &-+8' with hp *+9,+++.++ annual average income. In another study conducted by :ar;eting and
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Franchise Areas, Rolando A. )anao &*++' has e#plained that electricity as a common need and a residential demand, the effects of budget and price based from purchasing power affects power consumption. In addition, )anao had also elaborated that electricity consumption is affected greatly by the si"e of the household. An average of -.58 on electricity consumption is said to rise per additional member. (lectricity as a common source of energy had been used by the ma2ority. According to )anao, since 757, electricity is commonly used in households by only 948 of the population and by 77>, it is said to be 5>8 of the households, the growth of residential electricity consumption grew at an average of 7.>8. In support to what )anao stated, the Household (nergy $onsumption /urvey &H($/' conducted last *+, despite numerous sources of energy, ?@ electricity remains 9since (##4 survey; as the most common source of energy used )y households in the 8hilippines$ .
&hilippine /tatistics Authority, *+-'.
'. In accordance to the right of each residential consumers to have electricity, the government regulates and provides guidelines in order to ensure !uality, safe, and sustainable source of energy. In Republic Act Bo. 7-9, electric power industry reform is promulgated to ensure !uality, affordable, and reliable electrification of the country, with transparent and reasonable prices to achieve greater economic efficiency &p., *++'. The different residential demand of different socioeconomic class divisions also lead to the way electricity is being utili"ed. The power consumption of different class
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varies on their ability to pay. (lectricity is being utili"ed most in illumination, according to H($/1 'n (#!!* electricity is mostly used for lighting purposes ith 74 percent of households reporting the use of electricity for such purpose$'n the (##4 round of the survey* electricity as used )y a)out 7+ percent of households$ &hilippine /tatistics Authority, *+-'
)ifferent socioeconomic classes can afford different illumination devices, this illumination varies from %ight (mitting )iodes &%()s' up to $ompact Fluorescent %amp &$F%'. )ue to the availability and affordability of $F%, it is widely used despite its high power consumption compared to %()s. According to H($/1 Regarding the types of lamps used in (#!!* Compact ,luorescent
H($/ added1 Electricity is also popularly used for recreation and space cooling$ for recreation*$ used electricity for %= vieing*$ for their radio>tape recorder>stereo*$ for their =CR>karaoke>videoke. At least one in three households ith an average monthly income of 8hp !#*###.## or more$ for their =CR>karaoke>videoke$. &hilippine /tatistics Authority, *+-'
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)espite all factors leading to the increase of electrical power consumption, )anao stated that ages of end users affects power consumption and an increase in year age results to a +.>8 increase in electricity consumption, despite the results, )anao still put age as a variable not significant enough to power consumption contribution &*+'. Also, education of electrical devices and utili"ation of efficient low power devices lowers electrical power consumption. Analysis The reviews of foreign and local literature presented above included profile of respondents, their socioeconomic classification, electricity as a common source of energy, and the utili"ation of electricity according to classes. In this paper, the researchers includes profiles of respondents in the survey, their electric power consumption, and different electrical devices used. Related studies such as the effect of age in electrical power consumption is not included, only the electrical devices being used. The research is to prove difference in power consumption in different chosen socioeconomic classes located here in $agayan de
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK The researchers use the survey=!uestionnaire method for profiling, gathering
information and listed electrical devices of each individual households for comparison. In the survey=!uestionnaire, technical data may be different for there may be different interpretations of the !uestions. The reasearchers use the /($ classification where it has nine divisions. In this method, the profiling of the respondents is to determine the socioeconomic classification where they belongs.
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This research is a result in the observation of the researcher towards average power consumption of each residential households for improvement of the designs to be done within the city.
