UNIVERSIDAD DE CANTABRIA DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA ELÉCTRICA Y ENERGÉTICA
GUION DE
"ANÁLISIS Y SIMULACIÓN DE SISTEMAS DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA"
JOSÉ RAMÓN ARANDA SIERRA Dr. Ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos
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PowerWorld Simulator
PowerWorld Simulator 1 es un software de análisis y simulación de sistemas de energía eléctrica que permite realizar estudios en régimen permanente. Está estructurado en una serie de módulos interrelacionados entre sí a través del módulo principal de cálculo de flujo de cargas. Todos los módulos comparten el mismo interfaz gráfico para el análisis de resultados, disponiéndose también de las herramientas clásicas de análisis en modo texto, comunes a otras aplicaciones software de análisis de sistemas de energía eléctrica. Adicionalmente, PowerWorld Simulator permite realizar análisis dinámicos para estudiar la evolución de un sistema eléctrico en el tiempo, pero hay que tener en cuenta que estos estudios se realizan como una sucesión de estados estacionarios, por lo que no se analiza la evolución transitoria entre cada uno. En definitiva, el campo de aplicación de PowerWorld2 es el de los estudios en régimen permanente, permitiendo hacer análisis técnicos (límites de tensión, repartos de carga, etc.) y económicos (costes de generación, análisis económico de transacciones entre agentes del mercado, etc.). Los tipos de estudios que se pueden realizar están directamente relacionados con la estructura básica del programa. Así, PowerWorld cuenta con los siguientes módulos, cada uno de los cuales permite realizar los estudios que se indican: •
Módulo de flujo de cargas. Es el módulo principal. Permite resolver sistemas de hasta 60000
buses y analizar los
resultados en modo texto o gráficamente. Adicionalmente, permite estudiar la evolución del sistema a lo largo del tiempo, resolviendo, de forma sucesiva e independiente, un flujo de cargas para cada intervalo de análisis. •
Módulo de despacho económico.
Permite realizar estudios de despacho económico de cargas para analizar los
costes de generación. Igualmente, permite realizar análisis económicos de intercambios entre las diferentes áreas de un sistema de energía eléctrica. •
Módulo de cálculo de faltas. Permite
realizar un cálculo de faltas para la ubicación y tipo de falta que se
especifique en el sistema. Los resultados se presentan en modo texto o gráficamente. •
Módulo de análisis de contingencias. Permite
realizar el análisis de contingencias, bien de forma manual,
interactuando con la representación gráfica del sistema, o bien de forma automatizada (muy útil cuando el sistema a analizar es complejo). •
Módulo de factores de distribución de transacciones.
Permite realizar estudios económicos de transacciones de
potencia entre agentes, en sistemas eléctricos liberalizados. •
Módulo de análisis de sensibilidades.
Permite hacer estudios de sensibilidad de las magnitudes eléctricas ante
cambios unitarios de la potencia inyectada en los buses del sistema. Además de los módulos indicados, es posible añadir módulos adicionales para ampliar la funcionalidad de PowerWorld Simulator. Estos módulos se adquieren por separado y los estudios que se pueden realizar con ellos son los siguientes: •
Módulo de estabilidad de tensión (PV/QV). Permite
realizar análisis de estabilidad de tensión resolviendo
múltiples flujos de carga de forma consecutiva. Esta herramienta permite obtener la curva potencia activatensión (PV) para una transacción determinada y la curva potencia reactiva-tensión (QV) para cada bus del
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PowerWorld Simulator
•
Módulo de flujo óptimo de cargas (OPF).
Permite realizar análisis de flujo óptimo de cargas, de forma que se
añaden restricciones adicionales al flujo de cargas básico con el fin de minimizar una función objetivo (coste de generación, coste de las pérdidas, número de acciones de control, etc.). •
Módulo de flujo óptimo de cargas con restricciones de seguridad (SCOPF).
Incluye el análisis de contingencias
dentro de la solución del OPF, de forma que se busca aquella solución que minimice la función objetivo y que cumpla con las restricciones de seguridad impuestas. •
Módulo de análisis de la capacidad de transporte disponible (ATC).
Permite realizar análisis que determinan la
máxima potencia activa que puede transmitirse entre dos partes de un sistema eléctrico sin que se superen los límites de operación.
2 Descripción del entorno de trabajo Cuando se ejecuta PowerWorld aparece la ventana que se muestra en la Figura 4.1 y que, inicialmente, se encuentra vacía. El nombre de la ventana puede variar en función del tipo de licencia y de los módulos opcionales que se posean. En esta ventana se observa la estructura clásica de un programa Windows con una barra de menús y un conjunto de barras de herramientas del usuario puede seleccionar el número y tipo de barras que se visualizan). Las barras de herramientas permiten acceder de forma directa a las mismas opciones que se encuentran dentro de los diferentes menús. Si se posa el ratón sobre los botones de las barras de herramientas se muestra una breve descripción de lo que hace cada botón. La estructura de menús y de las barras de herramientas cambian según el contexto en el que se encuentre el programa. Es decir, existen unos elementos comunes y otros que dependen de que el programa se encuentre en el modo de edición (Edit Mode) o en el modo de ejecución (Run Mode). El modo en el que se encuentra Powerworld se indica en la barra de estado que se encuentra en la parte inferior de la ventana.
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PowerWorld Simulator
Windows para gestionar ficheros y ventanas (File, Window y Help), y dos menús específicos relacionados con la información del caso que se está analizando y con las opciones y herramientas de análisis de Powerworld (Case Information y Options/Tools). A continuación se presentan las características más relevantes de estos menús. El primer menú típico de las aplicaciones Windows es el menú File, que se muestra en la Figura 4.2. Desde este menú se puede abrir y guardar los ficheros con los que trabaja PowerWorld. Estos ficheros son de dos tipos: •
Ficheros de caso.
Son ficheros binarios que contienen la información sobre el caso que se quiere analizar. Estos
ficheros se generan a partir de la construcción del caso en modo gráfico y tienen extensión .pwb. Adicionalmente, desde PowerWorld se pueden importar ficheros de caso creados con otras herramientas software de análisis. En concreto, se pueden abrir ficheros .raw generados con el software PSS/E (desde la versión 23 hasta la 30), ficheros .epc del software EPC de General Electric y ficheros .cdf del estándar de intercambio de datos de flujos de carga de IEEE. •
Ficheros de diagramas unifilares.
Son ficheros que almacenan el esquema unifilar (oneline) del sistema
eléctrico asociado a un caso concreto. Su extensión es .pwd. También es posible importar los ficheros de esquemas unifilares con los que trabaja el programa PSS/E hasta la versión 29 (PTI Draw File), de extensión .drw.
Además, a la hora de realizar un análisis sobre un caso de estudio, normalmente se tienen varios ficheros asociados, por ello Powerworld permite gestionarlos todos de forma común asociándolos a lo que se conoce como un proyecto. Dicho proyecto es un fichero de PowerWorld con extensión .pwp que guarda información sobre todos los ficheros, tanto de definición de casos como gráficos y auxiliares, y que se gestiona desde el menú
File. Las opciones más comunes de este menú, que son las que tienen un icono situado a la izquierda de d e su nombre, son accesibles también desde la barra de herramientas File que se muestra en la Figura 4.2.
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PowerWorld Simulator
preparar un fichero en código html con el editor que se muestra en la Figura 4.3, y que es accesible desde la opción Publish to web. El menú Window, que se muestra en la Figura 4.4, permite acceder y organizar las diferentes ventanas que se tienen abiertas durante el análisis de un caso. También permite visualizar y ocultar las barras de herramientas.
El menú Help, que se muestra en la Figura 4.5, permite acceder a la ayuda en línea y exportar los datos seleccionados desde el servidor de automatización de PowerWorld al programa Excel de Microsoft.
En cuanto a los menús específicos, el menú Case Information, que se muestra en la Figura 4.6, permite acceder a la información del caso en estudio de forma agrupada o de forma individual. Por ejemplo, con la opción Case Summary se obtiene un resumen de la información principal del caso, y con la opción Buses se puede conocer la situación de un u n bus particular del sistema.
Algunas de las opciones disponibles en el menú Case Information están también disponibles en la barra de tareas Option/Info que se muestra en la Figura 4.6. En esta misma figura se muestra la barra de tareas Case
Information que se activa cuando se elige alguna de las opciones del menú. Desde esta barra se puede formatear la información que se presenta en pantalla, ordenarla según diferentes criterios, etcétera.
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PowerWorld Simulator
Las tres primeras opciones del menú, Solution/Environment, Oneline Display y Default Drawing Values, son accesibles directamente desde la barra de herramientas Option/Info que se ha mostrado en la Figura 4.6. Además, la barra de herramientas Solution Options, que se muestra en la Figura 4.7, permite acceder de manera rápida a las opciones más comunes del submenú Solution/Environment.
Por último, las barras de herramientas Pie Chart Options y Animated Chart Options, que se muestran también en la Figura 4.7, permiten acceder de manera rápida a las opciones más comunes de configuración de la salida gráfica disponibles desde el submenú Oneline Display.
2.2 Elementos del modo de edición (Edit Mode) El modo de edición de PowerWorld se utiliza para crear un nuevo caso desde cero o para editar las características de un caso en estudio. Para acceder a este modo del software se elige dentro del menú File la opción Switch To Edit Mode, o bien se pulsa sobre el botón Edit Mode de la barra de herramientas Program que se muestra en la Figura 4.8.
Cuando PowerWorld se encuentra en este modo de operación aparecen tres nuevos menús (Edit, Insert y
Format) que permiten editar el caso, tanto en modo gráfico como en modo texto, desde los diferentes cuadros de diálogo.
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PowerWorld Simulator
seleccionar elementos del caso siguiendo diferentes criterios, por buses, áreas, zonas, etc., o bien, seleccionándolos por medio del ratón. Las opciones de este menú son también accesibles desde la barra de herramientas Edit que se muestra en la Figura 4.8. El menú Insert permite dibujar elementos sobre el diagrama unifilar y asignarles propiedades para crear un nuevo caso o para añadir elementos nuevos a uno existente. Todas las opciones disponibles en este menú, que se muestra en la Figura 4.9, están también disponibles en la barra de herramientas Insert, que se ha mostrado en la Figura 4.8, salvo las dos primeras opciones del menú, Show Insert Palette for y Auto Insert, que permiten insertar de forma rápida en el diagrama unifilar los elementos del caso con el que se está trabajando. Por último, el menú Format, que se muestra en la Figura 4.10, y su barra de herramientas asociada, que se ha mostrado en la Figura 4.8, permiten formatear las características gráficas de los elementos para modificar el tipo y grosor de la línea, color de relleno, etcétera.
2.3 Elementos del modo de ejecución (Run Mode) El modo de ejecución de PowerWorld se utiliza para resolver los diferentes tipos de estudios sobre un caso nuevo creado o uno salvado previamente. Para acceder a este modo de operación se elige dentro del menú File la opción Switch To Run Mode, o bien se pulsa sobre el botón Run Mode de la barra de herramientas Program que se ha mostrado en la Figura 4.8. Cuando el programa se encuentra en este modo de operación el número de menús nuevos que aparecen depende de los módulos adicionales que se hayan adquirido junto con la versión básica de PowerWorld. Si se dispone únicamente de la versión básica, aparece tan solo el menú Simulation, que se muestra en la Figura 4.11. Desde este menú se puede iniciar, parar y reiniciar la simulación, así como elegir el tipo de algoritmo para resolver el caso.
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PowerWorld Simulator
los datos necesarios para definir el sistema a estudiar. Estos datos se refieren a: •
La topología del sistema: el
número de buses, los elementos que los interconectan y los equipos de
compensación. •
La carga del sistema:
las características de consumo de potencia activa y reactiva y su ubicación dentro del
sistema. •
La generación del sistema:
las características de generación de potencia activa y reactiva (límites), ajustes de
tensión y su ubicación dentro del sistema. Para explicar cómo se introducen estos datos en PowerWorld se va a partir del sistema eléctrico de 9 buses tomado de la librería Matpower. Este sistema, cuyo diagrama unifilar se muestra en la Figura 4.12, tiene las características que se recogen en las Tablas 4.1 a 4,5. Todos los datos de impedancias están dados en una potencia base común de 100 MVA3.
Tabla 4.1. Características técnicas de los generadores V nom
P máx
P mín
Q máx
Q mfn
Bus
(kV)
(MW)
(MW)
(MVAr)
(MVAr)
1
18
250
10
250 2 50
-250
2
18
300
10
300 3 00
-300
3
18
270
10
270 2 70
-270
Tabla 4.2. Características técnicas de las líneas De
A
R
X
B
Límite A
Límite B
Límite C
V nom
Bus
Bus
(pu)
(pu)
(pu)
(MVA)
(MVA)
(MVA)
(kV)
4
5
0,0170
0,0920
0,158
250
275
300
345
5
6
0,0390
0,1700
0,358
150
165
180
345
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PowerWorld Simulator
Tabla 4.3. Características técnicas de los transformadores De
A
R
X
Límite A
Límite B
Límite C
Ratio
Bus
Bus
(pu)
(pu)
(MVA)
(MVA)
(MVA)
de toma
1
4
0
0,0576
250
275
300
1,000
2
8
0
0,0625
300
330
360
1,000
3
6
0
0,0586
250
275
300
1,000
Tabla 4.4. Características de la demanda Bus
P (MW)
Q (MVAr)
5
90
30
7
100
35
9
125
50
Tabla 4.5. Despacho de generación y consignas de tensión Generador
Bus
P (MW)
V (pu)
1
1
65
1,03
2
2
165
1,02
3
3
85
1,02
3.2 Creación de un caso nuevo En PowerWorld la forma más sencilla de crear un caso nuevo consiste en construir gráficamente el diagrama unifilar, introduciendo los datos de cada elemento según se van insertando en el diagrama. Para crear un caso nuevo se selecciona la opción New Case en el menú File, o se selecciona el icono correspondiente de la barra de herramientas File, con lo que se abre una nueva ventana con un archivo unifilar vacío (por defecto NewOne1.pwd). A partir de aquí, se va construyendo gráficamente el sistema utilizando los elementos disponibles en el menú
Insert o en la barra de herramientas del mismo nombre. Para facilitar la tarea de construcción del diagrama unifilar, sobre todo en sistemas con un número de buses
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PowerWorld Simulator
d) Insertar Insertar tos generadores, las cargas y los elementos de compensación: se insertan el resto de elementos del sistema en los buses correspondientes. A continuación, se va a ilustrar cómo se realiza este proceso para crear el caso descrito en el apartado 3.1 (Figura 4.12).
3.2.1 Opciones de dibujo por defecto Las opciones de dibujo por defecto están accesibles en el menú Options/Tools bajo la denominación Default
Drawing Values, o bien en la barra de herramientas Option/Info. Cuando se seleccionan aparece una ventana como la mostrada en la Figura 4.13. Como puede observarse, es posible configurar las opciones por defecto para los diferentes elementos del sistema (líneas, buses, generadores, etc.). Comenzando por los buses, si se selecciona con el ratón la pestaña Bus se obtiene la ventana con la configuración de la Figura 4.13. En esta ventana es posible definir un color para cada nivel de tensión. Para ello, cada vez que se quiere introducir un nuevo color hay que insertar un nuevo campo haciendo clic con el botón derecho del ratón y eligiendo la opción Insert. En el recuadro Nom kV se indica el valor de la tensión y en el recuadro Color el color que se quiere utilizar.
Por ejemplo, si se quieren definir dos colores, el azul para tensiones superiores a 220 kV y el negro para tensiones inferiores, la ventana de configuración quedará como se muestra en la Figura 4.14. De esta manera, todos los buses cuya tensión se encuentre entre 0 y 220 kV se dibujarán en negro y los que tengan una tensión superior se dibujarán en azul.
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PowerWorld Simulator
Pinchando en la posición deseada se abre un nuevo cuadro de diálogo para seleccionar la variable que se quiere mostrar. Por ejemplo, se puede asociar a la posición 2 el valor del módulo de la tensión y a la posición 3 el del ángulo, según se indica en la Figura 4.16.
Si la variable que se desea mostrar no aparece en el cuadro de diálogo, se puede buscar pinchando sobre el botón Find Field. De esta manera, la selección de variables queda como se indica en la Figura 4.17. El proceso se repite de forma similar para el resto de elementos del sistema. Para los generadores, las cargas y los elementos de compensación, las opciones que vienen por defecto suelen ser suficientes, por lo que no es necesario realizar modificaciones para el ejemplo que se está desarrollando.
En cambio, para las líneas sí es conveniente modificar las opciones por defecto, a fin de poder visualizar el valor numérico de los flujos de potencia. Así, seleccionando en la ventana Default Drawing Values la pestaña
Line/XFMR y repitiendo el mismo proceso que para los buses, se obtiene la configuración mostrada en la Figura 4.18. Adicionalmente, si se selecciona la pestaña Show Field Position se accede a la configuración de variables
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PowerWorld Simulator
•
Posición 6: pérdidas de potencia reactiva (MVAr Losses).
•
Posición 7: potencia activa en el extremo receptor (AC Line MW Flow).
•
Posición 8: potencia reactiva en el extremo receptor (AC Line MVAr Flow ). Por último, es importante resaltar que una vez establecidas las opciones de dibujo por defecto, conviene guardar la configuración en un fichero auxiliar, pinchando en el botón Save All to Aux File, de forma que pueda utilizarse posteriormente en la creación de otros casos.
3.2.2 Inserción de los buses del sistema Una vez fijadas las opciones de dibujo se procede a insertar los buses en el diagrama unifilar. Para insertar un bus se elige la opción Bus del menú Insert, o se pincha sobre el icono correspondiente de la barra de tareas
Insert, y se señala en la ventana del diagrama unifilar la ubicación que se desee. Al insertar el bus aparece el cuadro de diálogo mostrado en la Figura 4.20, que permite introducir los datos relacionados con dicho bus. Los datos se agrupan en pestañas y se refieren a: •
Información general. Los primeros datos a introducir son el número que define al bus y su nombre (por defecto,
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PowerWorld Simulator
el bus de balance hay que hacer clic en el cuadro System Slack Bus. Para el Bus 1 del ejemplo (considerado como bus slack), esta pestaña queda configurada tal y como se muestra en la Figura 4.20. •
Pestaña Attached Devices.
En esta pestaña se indican las características de consumo de la carga y de los
dispositivos de compensación conectados al bus. En el caso de que ya se haya definido la carga, aparece la suma total conectada al bus. Si no se ha definido, es posible indicar aquí el total, aunque por claridad se recomienda insertar la carga como elemento independiente a partir de su correspondiente ventana de opciones, como se indica más adelante. •
Pestaña Memo.
En esta pestaña aparece un recuadro de texto en blanco en el que se pueden incluir
comentarios. Una vez introducidas todas las características del bus, al pulsar el botón OK aparece sobre el diagrama unifilar la representación gráfica del bus con las opciones de dibujo configuradas previamente. Además, Powerworld crea automáticamente un registro del bus en el fichero del caso. Este registro está accesible pulsando la opción
Buses del menú Case Information, obteniéndose una ventana como la que se muestra en la Figura 4.21.
Para el resto de buses del sistema de ejemplo se procede de forma similar. Para los buses que no son de generación, se recomienda inicializar la tensión al valor 1 p.u. con ángulo 0o. Una vez finalizado, el aspecto del diagrama unifilar es similar al que se muestra en la Figura 4.22. y el aspecto del registro de buses es el que se
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PowerWorld Simulator
cambiar de dirección. Una vez fijado el final de !a línea con un doble clic aparece un cuadro de diálogo como el mostrado en la Figura 4.24, que corresponde a la línea que tiene su origen en el bus 4 y su final en el bus 9.
Los datos, al igual que para los buses, se introducen siguiendo una estructura de pestañas. Estos datos se refieren a:
•
Información general.
Indica el origen y el final de la línea, el número de circuito (se numera
automáticamente en caso de varios circuitos en paralelo) y el extremo al cual se asignan las pérdidas. Por defecto las pérdidas se asignan al extremo emisor, aunque también se pueden asignar al extremo receptor desactivando la casilla From End Metered. • Pestaña Parameters / Display. En esta pestaña se indica el estado de la línea (Status), los parámetros eléctricos en valores p.u. referidos a la potencia base del sistema, la longitud y los límites de carga.
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PowerWorld Simulator
cambiador de tomas en p.u., el ángulo de giro del transformador (Phase shift) y el tipo de control (sin control, control de tensión, control de reactiva o control del ángulo). Para que se tenga en cuenta el control a la hora de resolver el flujo de cargas es necesario activar la casilla Automatic Control Enabled.
Procediendo de la forma indicada para el resto de líneas y de transformadores del ejemplo, se obtiene el diagrama unifilar mostrado en la Figura 4.26. Como es posible que, al ir insertando los elementos, los campos con los datos asociados se monten unos sobre otros, estos se pueden ordenar pinchando sobre ellos y arrastrándolos a la ubicación deseada.
Por defecto, los objetos se ajustan en la ventana a una rejilla. Las opciones de la rejilla se pueden controlar
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PowerWorld Simulator
datos se refieren a:
•
Información general.
Indica el bus, en número y nombre, al que se ha conectado el generador, el código de
identificación (ID), el estado (conectado o desconectado), el tipo de energía primaria (Fuel Type) y el tipo de tecnología de generación (Unit Type). •
Pestaña Display Information.
En esta pestaña se controlan los parámetros gráficos del generador y su posición
respecto al bus. •
Pestaña MW and Voltage Control . En
esta pestaña se indican las características técnicas del generador y el
estado de los controles de tensión (Q-V) y frecuencia (P-f). La pestaña, como se observa en la Figura 4.28 (b) está dividida en dos zonas: o
Zona de control de potencia. En esta zona se indican el despacho de potencia activa (MW Output), los límites del generador (Min. MW Output y Max. MW Output), el estado del control de potencia (Available for AGC), el ajuste o no a los límites ( Enforce MW Limits), el factor de participación en el control P-f (Part. Factor) y el límite de rampa (MW Ramp Limit).
o
Zona de control de tensión. En esta zona se indican el despacho de reactiva (Mvar Output), ¡os límites (Min
Mvars Max Mvars), el estado del control de tensión (Available for AVR), la utilización o no de la curva de
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PowerWorld Simulator
instalado el módulo adicional de flujo óptimo de carga.
Por último, si en el sistema a resolver existen elementos de compensación en paralelo, estos se introducen de forma similar a los generadores y las cargas, pero eligiendo la opción Switched Shunt del menú Insert, o el icono correspondiente de la barra de tareas Insert. Las opciones de este elemento se comentan más adelante en el ejemplo 1. Finalmente, procediendo de forma similar para el resto de generadores y cargas del ejemplo se obtiene el
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PowerWorld Simulator
Una vez construido y validado el caso de estudio, para realizar un análisis de flujo de cargas con PowerWorld hay que pasar al modo de ejecución, haciendo clic sobre el botón Run Mode de la barra de tareas Program. En esta situación, si se pulsa el botón Play de la barra de tareas Run Mode, mostrada en la Figura 4.11, se ejecuta el flujo de cargas con las opciones por defecto. Para el ejemplo desarrollado en el apartado 3, la solución del flujo de cargas sobre el diagrama unifilar del
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PowerWorld Simulator
generadores y la respuesta de los elementos de control de potencia reactiva (Switched Shunt y LTC) y activa (AGC y Phase Shifter). •
Pestaña Island-Based AGC .
En esta pestaña se configura el tipo de control automático de la generación cuando
existen islas en el caso analizado. Por defecto el AGC para funcionamiento en isla está desactivado. •
Pestaña DC Options.
Permite seleccionar la aproximación de corriente continua a la hora de resolver el flujo de
cargas y la forma de estimar los flujos de potencia reactiva en caso de utilizarla. •
Pestaña General .
En esta pestaña, que se muestra en la Figura 4.35, se ajusta la forma en la que el algoritmo
gestiona los buses de balance (stock) cuando se modifica la topología del caso durante la simulación. También se gestiona la forma de calcular la sensibilidad de las pérdidas en los buses y la gestión de mensajes de ejecución en la ventana de log. Esta ventana está accesible pinchando en el botón Log de la barra de tareas Program y es muy útil para analizar qué está fallando cuando el algoritmo del flujo de cargas no converge a una solución. •
Pestaña Storage.
Esta pestaña sirve para ordenar que el software restaure la última solución del flujo de cargas
cuando, al modificar el caso durante la simulación, la nueva solución no converge.
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PowerWorld Simulator
obtiene seleccionando la opción Power Flow List del menú Case Information. En el caso del ejemplo desarrollado, aparece la ventana mostrada en la Figura 4.37. Esta misma información, para un bus en particular, está disponible seleccionando la opción Quick Power
Flow List, que aparece al hacer clic con el botón derecho del ratón sobre el bus en el diagrama unifilar. Por ejemplo, en la Figura 4.38 se muestran los resultados para el bus 5 del ejemplo.
Otra forma de presentar los resultados en modo texto es a través de la herramienta de creación de informes, que se muestra en la Figura 4.39. Dicha herramienta está disponible en el menú Case Information seleccionando la opción Report Writer.
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PowerWorld Simulator
Las opciones más importantes que se pueden configurar son las siguientes: •
Pestaña Display Options.
Permite configurar el nivel de detalle en la presentación de resultados entre tres
opciones, seleccionar el valor de la tensión en kV o en por unidad, configurar la forma en la que se presentan los elementos que están fuera de servicio, y configurar la forma en la que se presentan los datos de los flujos, con signo (casillas Absolute Values sin seleccionar) o sin signo (casillas marcadas).
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PowerWorld Simulator
estudiar cómo le afectan otras condiciones de funcionamiento. Por ejemplo, mientras se está ejecutando la simulación se pueden conectar y desconectar elementos. Para ello basta con hacer clic con el ratón sobre sus interruptores asociados. Si el interruptor está cerrado se indica en color rojo y si está abierto aparece en color blanco con un recuadro verde.
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análisis de faltas.
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4.2 Ejemplo 2. Flujo de cargas dinámico En este ejemplo se presenta un estudio dinámico de la variación del estado del sistema provocada por la variación temporal de la carga. Hay que tener en cuenta que PowerWorld realiza esta simulación como una sucesión de estados estacionarios, por lo que los resultados que va a proporcionar el ejemplo son una sucesión de flujos de carga actualizados según el valor temporal de la carga.
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Tabla 4.6. Perfil de variación de carga del ejemplo Hora
Multiplicador
00:00
0,85
04:00
0,75
08:00
1,00
12:00
1,15
16:00
1,05
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