Practical Criticism

W0U

W1U

P Fm0; Ibtd|tt ycl elycmit mh lsyq`dybfj el`fbfjt m|y mh ` dql`ybxl ylsy `t iltdqbali ar  Alotlr bf Alotlr bf clq ‟Dqbybd`o ^q`dybdl―& Mq 

Cmz zm|oi rm| ~qmdlli bf dqbybd`o ty|ir/ `f`ortbt mq lx`o|`ybmf mh ` ~bldl mh  obylq`y|ql= 

@ftzlq; Cbtymqr mh dql`ybxl `qy tcmzt ycl h`dy yc`y `qy `fi dqbybdbte q|f tbil ar tbil& tbil& Tmelybel `qy y`gl ~o`dl mh dqbybdbte `fi tmelybelt dqbybdbte y`glt ~o`dl mh `qy& Cbtymqr mh dqbybdbte bt `t ill~ `t `qyt mh bytloh& Dqbybdbte c`t allf ` aq`fdc mh obylq`y|ql bf ycl emty ilxlom~bfj ~lqbmit mh c|e`f cbtymqr& Obgl myclq `qyt mh ycl zmqoi/ by `otm bfxmoxlt tm e`fr yclmqblt `fi tmelybelt tm e`fr mqbjbft& Yclqlhmql/ cbtymqr mh dqbybdbte c`t aldmel bytloh ` t|akldy& Tm e`fr dqbybdt c`xl ilxlom~li ` x`qblyr mh yclmqblt qlj`qibfj cl lx`o|`ybmf mh ` ~bldl mh obylq`y|ql& G`yclqbfl Alotlr bf Alotlr bf clq zmqg ‟Dqbybd`o ^q`dybdl― c`t ~|y hmqz`qi hmoomzbfj yzm elycmit hmq lsyq`dybfj el`fbfjt `fi lx`o|`ybmf mh ` jbxlf ~bldl mh ylsy&

@f`orybd`o Dqbybdbte; Ycbt bt ycl emty dmeemf d`yljmqr mh dqbybdbte& By e`r al h|qyclq ibxbili bfym myclq aq`fdclt a|y ycl e`bf makldy mh `oo ycltl emilt bt ym `f`ortbt ` f`ortbt ` jbxlf ~bldl mh obylq`y|ql& Ycl a`tbd dmfdl~y mh `f`orybd`o dqbybdbte bt ycl be`jl mq dmfdl~y mh ql `ilq bf ycl ebfi mh  zqbylq& Ycl zqbylq/ zcbol zqbybfj ` ylsy/ `oz`rt gll~t bf cbt ebfi ycl ~lqtmf`obyr mh ycl ~lqtmf zcm bt t|~~mtli ym ql`i ycbt ylsy bf h|y|ql& Yclqlhmql/ ycl hbqty dqbybd bt ycl zqbylq cbetloh& Cl ol`xlt tmel ~mbfyt |fls~o`bfli mq tmel myclqt mxlq%ls~o`bfli ald`|tl cl bt al`qbfj ycl be`jl mh ycl ql`ilq bf cbt ebfi alhmql c`fi& Fmz zclf yc`y yr~l mh ylsy jmlt bf ycl c`fi mh yc`y t|~~mtli ql`ilq/ ycl dqbybdbte y`glt byt abqyc |oybe`ylor mq zbycm|y dmftdbm|t lhhmqyt& Clql/ zl e|ty `otm al t|ql mh tmel mh myclq be`jlt bf ycl ebfi mh ` zqbylq zcbol dql`ybfj ycl ylsy& Hmq ls`e~ol/ ycl be`jl mh tmdblyr/ ycl h`dyt cl bt jmbfj ym ~qltlfy `fi ycl bil` mq yclel mh dc`fjl cl t|~~mtli ym aqbfj bf ycl tmdb`o alc`xbm|q mh ycl ql`ilq& @oo ycltl be`jlt ymjlyclq jbxl ` gbfi mh ql`obte ym yc`y ylsy mh ` zqbylq& Bf ycbt z`r/ ym `f`or{l ycl ylsy el`ft ym tll by bf ycl dmfylsy mh ycl ~trdcmomjr mh ql`ilq `fi zqbylq/ `fi bf ycl ~lqt~ldybxl mh tmdb`o fmqet&

W4U

Bf ycbt yr~l mh dqbybdbte ycl bfhmqe`ybmf `am|y zqbylqt‒ ~lqtmf`o obhl/ cbt `dybxbyblt `fi ycl yclel ~qltlfyli bf cbt myclq ammgt clo~ ` dmeemf ql`ilq ym ilxlom~ tmel `f`orybd`o `~~qm`dc `am|y yc`y jbxlf ~bldl mh ylsy& Zl im fmy hllo `fr flli ym ~`r `fr `yylfybmf `y ylfybmf ym ycl e`ylqb`o mq h`dyt ~qmxbili bf ycl zmqit mq tyq|dy|ql mh ycl ylsy& M|q |filqty`fibfj mh ycl ylsy bt tmelycbfj obgl ~qllsbtybfj ycl dql`ybmf mh ylsy& Ycl bil`t ~qltlfyli bf ycl ylsy `ql emtyor ycl bil`t zl c`xl dmel `dqmtt bf ycl ~q`dybd`o obhl bf tmel ~q`dybd`o tmdb`o t|qqm|fibfjt& Dmeemf tlftl ~o`rt `f be~mqy`fy qmol bf ycbt yr~l mh dqbybdbte `t bf by a`tli mf h`dyt jbxlf bf ycl ylsy `fi ls~lqblfdlt |filqjmfl |filqj mfl bf ycl tmdb`o dbqd|ety`fdlt& Bf ycbt yr~l mh dqbybdbte yzm yr~lt mh hmqdlt jmxlqf7 ycl hmqdl mh c|e`f f`y|ql zcbdc zl d`f d` f hbfi bf fl`qor `oo c|e`f albfjt `fi ycl hmqdlt mh tmdb`o dbqd|ety`fdlt jbxlf ~`qybd|o`qor ym ycl bfibxbi|`o mh yc`y ylsy& Ycl a`tlt `fi ycl ql`tmft mh `f `f`orybd`o `~~qm`dc yclqlhmql/ bt ycl h|fdybmf mh do`ttbd`o ql`obte `fi dmeemf tlftl bf ycl ql`ibfj mh ` obylq`qr ylsy& By fllit ym al ls~o`bfli yc`y bh ycl dmeemf tlftl clo~t dql`ybfj ycl do`ttbd ql`obte mq ycl do`ttbd ql` obte clo~ ilxlom~bfj ycl dmeemf tlftl&

Lx`o|`ybfj Dqbybdbte; Mf ycl myclq c`fi/ lx`o|`ybfj dqbybdbte bt ymy`oor a`tl mf ycl e`ylqb`o `fi h`dyt ~qmxbili bf ycl ylsy& Hmoomzlqt mh ycbt elycmi im fmy ~`r `fr `yylfybmf ym ycl dmfdl~y mq be`jl mh ql`ilq mh  ~lqtmf`o obhl mq tmdb`o dbqd|ety`fdlt mh ycl zqbylq& Yclr yqr yq r ym hbfi zc`ylxlq yclql bt mh `fr be~mqy`fdl m|y mh ycl ty|ir mh ycl ylsy mfor& Bf yclbq xblz ylsy bytloh d`qqblt `oo ycl lttlfyb`o e`ylqb`o mh |filqty`fibfj mq bfyloobjbabobyr& Bf yclbq xblz/ qmol mh dmeemf tlftl `fi ql`obte bt mh fm be~mqy`fdl& Hmq ls`e~ol/ bf Alotlr ‒t ‒t xblzt dmeemf tlftl bytloh bt ` ilxlom~elfy mq jlflq`yli h|fdybmf mh ycl m|ylq zmqoi& By c`t fm ~`qybd|o`q `fi t~ldbhbli qmmyt& Tm ycl z`r mh emilqf dqbybdt bt a`tli mf ycl tyq|dy|ql `fi o`fj|`jl mh ycl ylsy& Yclr im fmy d`ql `am|y ycl ~trdcmomjr mh ycl zqbylq mq cbt tmdb`o t|qqm|fibfjt& @ddmqibfj ym ycle/ ~mttbabobyr mh  ycl el`fbfjt jql`yor oblt bf ycl jbxlf ylsy& Bf ycbt z`r/ ycl ~qmaole mh dqbybd bt fmy ym hbfi ycl el`fbfjt mq ycl bfyloobjbabobyr bf ycl ylsy& Cl `bet `y ibtdmxlqbfj ycl dmfyqba|ybmf mh |fdmftdbm|t bf ycl ~qmdltt mh dql`ybmf& Bf cbt xblzt/ ycl ylsy bt zqbyylf bf ycl ~qmdltt mh dql`ybmf `fi yc`y y c`y yclql obl tmel j`~t `fi tbolfdlt bf ycl zmqit `fi tlfylfdlt& Bf ycbt z`r/ ycl h|fdybmf mh ` dqbybd bt ym hbfi m|y ycmtl j`~t `fi o`~tlt& Ycbt bt ylqeli `t ‟dmftyq|dybmf― mh ` ylsy/ ` dmftyq|dybmf yc`y qlt|oyt bf ycl ildmftyq|dybmf mh `oql`ir zqbyylf bfyloobjbaol ylsy& Ycbt bt ycl emil mh lx`o|`ybfj dqbybdbte& Lx`o|`ybmf/ yclql/ bt fmy ycl lx`o|`ybmf mh ycl ~trdcmomjr mh zqbylq a|y ycl lx`o|`ybmf mh ycl lx`o|`ybmf mh ycl jbxlf h`dyt mh ycl ylsy& Yclqlhmql/ hmq ycl hmoomzlqt mh ycbt yr~l mh dqbybdbte el`fbfjt im fmy obl m|y mh ycl ylsy bf `fr hmqe& Zc`ylxlq bfyloobjbaol ~mbfyt `ql yc`y obl bf ycl ylsy& Yclql bt fm ~mttbabobyr mh bfylq%bfyloobjbabobyr bf ycl zqbylq

W9U

`fi ycl ql`ilq mq ycl dqbybd dq bybd `fi ycl ~qlx`bobfj tmdb`o dbqd|ety`fdlt& ^lqc`~t/ yc`y bt zcr yclr t`r ycbt yr~l mh dqbybdbte bt ` gbfi mh ls~qlttbxl ql`obte/ ` ql`obte yc`y bt bf h`dy fmy ql`obte a|y yc`y tllet ql`obte& Bf ycbt z`r/ ls~qlttbxl ql`obty ylsy bt ycl ylsy yc`y bt fmy ql`obtybd ar yc`y bt ls~qlttli bf ql`obtybd z`r& Bf myclq zmqit/ ycl hmoomzlqt mh ycbt yr~l mh dqbybd`o ~q`dybdl im fmy hbfi `fr qlo`ybmf bf ycl ylsy `fi ycl lsbtybfj h`dyt bf ycl tmdblyr& Bf yclbq xblz/ amyc ycltl ycbfjt `ql p|byl ibhhlqlfy hqme l`dc myclq& Ym dmfdo|il/ zl e`r t`r yc`y amyc ycltl dqbybd`o `~~qm`dclt c`xl yclbq mzf ~mtbybxl `fi flj`ybxl ~mbfyt& A|y/ hmoomzlqt mh amyc elycmit c`xl tyqmfj xblzt `am|y yclbq `~~qm`dclt&

P Fm1; Bf zc`y d`yljmqr zm|oi rm| ~o`dl Alotlr ‒t ‒t xblzt/ yclmqlybd `o `o mq ~q`dybd`o dqbybdbte=  ~q`dybd`o dqbybdbte=  Mq 

Zc`y `ql ycl e`kmq iq`za`dgt bf D`yclqbfl Aloltr‒t Dqbybd`o ^q`dybdl= Lo`amq`yl rm|q `ftzlq zbyc qlt~ldy ym ycl xblzt ibtd|ttli bf ycl ammg&  @ftzlq; @t h`q `t ql`ibfj mh Dqbybd`o ^q`dybdl bt dmfdlqfli/ by y`glt |t fmzclql& Fl`qor bf `oo dc`~ylqt hqme ycl aljbffbfj yboo ycl lfi zl hbfi fm dmfdo|ibfj qle`qgt mq `fr yr~l mh hbf`o k|ijelfy& Ycbt bt ~lqc`~t Alotlr ‒t ‒t e`kmq iq`za`dg bf clq ammg& Tcl ibtd|ttlt ycl yclmqblt `fi xblzt mh tm e`fr dqbybdt a|y fmzclql jbxlt clq ~lqtmf`o k|ijelfy qlj`qioltt mh ycl flli ls~o`f`ybmf bf ycl xblzt ibtd|ttli |filq clq ym~bdt& By el`ft ycl ammg dmfy`bf yclmqblt `fi ~q`dybdlt `oql`ir bf xmj|l& Tcl e`r c`xl ycl dmfdo|tbmft `oql`ir iq`zf bf ql`ilqt‒ ebfit& Cmzlxlq/ clq z`r mh ibtd|ttbfj ycl ym~bdt d`f amyc al ylqeli `t –yclmqlybd`o‒ `fi –~q`dybd`o‒& –~q`dybd`o‒ & Tcl imlt fmy qle`bf ~`qybd|o`q ym `fr emmi mh  ls~qlttbmf& Ycl ym~bdt ibtd|ttli bf ycl ammg q`fjl hqme ycl emty `fdblfy ym ycl emty emilqf& Cl c`t fmy y`glf mfor z`r mh ls~qlttbmf a|y `otm ycl qmol q mol mh o`fj|`jl bf dmfxlrbfj yc`y z`r mh ls~qlttbmf& Bf ycl t`el z`r/ tcl c`t fmy mfor ibtd|ttli ycl dql`ybxl ~qmdltt a|y `otm ycl ~qmdltt y`gbfj ~o`dl bf ycl ebfi mh ` ql`ilq& Bf ycl ~qmdltt mh dql`ybmf/ tcl y`glt bfym `ddm|fy ycl tmdb`o dbqd|ety`fdl `omfj zbyc ~trdcmomjbd`o ycbfgbfj mq |fdmftdbm|t zmqgbfj mh zqbylq‒t ebfi zcbol zqbybfj ` ylsy& F`y|q`oor/ bf ycbt z`r/ tcl e|ty c`xl y`glf tmel xblzt `fi yclmqblt mh ycl zqbylqt alomfjbfj ~trdcmomjr/ tmdbmomjr/ ldmfmebdt ldmfmebdt `fi lycbdt& Fmz/ by bt f`y|q`o yc`y zclflxlq ` ~lqtmf yqblt ym ibtd|tt tmelycbfj/ cl e|ty ~mttltt tmel xblzt mh cbt mzf& Alotlr / ycm|jc `im~yt ` d`qlh|o `~~qm`dc bf clq ls~qlttbmf mh xblzt/ rly tcl ol`xlt tmel do|lt yc`y bfibd`yl yc`y tcl c`t ls~qlttli clq ~lqtmf`o `qj|elfyt bf alyzllf ycl obflt&

W
Yclmqlybd`o Xblzt; \filqy`gbfj ycl y`tg mh dqbybd`o ~q`dybdl/ Alotlr y`glt Alotlr y`glt qlhlqlfdlt m|y mh ycl zmqgt mh  @oyc|ttlq/ A`qyclt/ T`|tt|ql `fi myclqt& Tcl ibtd|ttlt yclbq xblzt `am|y ycl o`fj|`jl `fi ycl ~qmdltt mh dql`ybmf `fi jbxlt clq qle`qgt `t m|y~|y mh clq ql`ibfj mh ycltl zqbylqt& Clq qle`qgt `ql xlqr e|dc yclmqlybd`o bf f`y|ql `fi `ql ~qltlfy fl`qor bf `oo ycl ibtd|ttbmf mh yclmqblt `fi xblzt& Zl e`r y`gl ycltl qle`qgt `t ~q`dybd`o bf f`y|ql a|y zl d`ffmy ilfr yclbq x`o|l `t yclmqlybd`o qle`qgt& Bf ycbt z`r ycl yclmqlybd`o qle`qgt ql e`qgt bf Alotlr / bf ` tlftl `ql/ `otm ~q`dybd`o& Tcl c`t fmy t|ddllili bf ibhhlqlfyb`ybfj alyzllf ycltl yr~lt mh qle`qgt&

^q`dybd`o Xblzt; Mf ycl myclq c`fi/ ycl z`r mh `f`or{bfj ycl ylsy gll~bfj bf ebfi ycl obebyt mq cbfyt ~qmxbili ar ycl ylsy bytloh/ qlj`qioltt mh ycl bfylfybmft mh ycl zqbylq `fi ycl tmdb`o dbqd|ety`fdlt/ bt d`ooli ~q`dybd`o dqbybdbte& Ycm|jc/ Alotlr c`t Alotlr c`t ibtd|ttli amyc yclmqlybd`o `fi ~q`dybd`o `yyby|ilt/ rly by tcl c`t y`glf emql clo~ mh ~q`dybd`o `yyby|il mh dqbybdbte& Clq tyrol mh ls~qlttbmf bt emql ~q`dybd`o yc`f yclmqlybd`o& Ycl h|fdybmf mh ~q`dybd`o dqbybdbte bf fmy mfor ym ~qmxbil ycl yclmqblt `fi xblzt bf ~q`dybd`o hmqe a|y `otm ycl `f`ortbt mh ycl ylsy zbyc qlhlqlfdl q lhlqlfdl ym ycl h`dyt `fi hbj|qlt ~qmxbili bf ycl ylsy& Ycqm|jcm|y ycl Dqbybd`o ^q`dybdl tcl c`t yqbli ym e`bfy`bf amyc ycltl olxlot mh ibtd|ttbmf mq |filqty`fibfj& Lt~ldb`oor/ ycl o`ty yzm dc`~ylqt mh ycl ammg `ql ~|qlor a`tli mf ycltl olxlot&

Dmfdo|tbmf; Bf ycl lfi by d`f al t`bi yc`y ilt~byl ycl ibhhbd|oyblt yc`y oblt bf clq ls~qlttbmf mh xblzt/ rly Alotlr c`t Alotlr c`t t|ddllili bf ~mbfybfj m|y ycl `~yfltt `fi t|by`abobyr mh ~q`dybd`o dqbybdbte mq dqbybd`o ~q`dybdl mh ` emilqf dqbybd& By bt dol`q yc`y Alotlr c`t Alotlr c`t fm bfdobf`ybmf ym `fr ~`qybd|o`q emil mh  dqbybdbte& Clq z`r mh dqbybdbte d`f al y`glf amyc yclmqlybd`o `fi ~q`dybd`o&

P Fm4; Zc`y `ddmqibfj ym Alotlr bt ibhhlqlfdl alyzllf dmeemf tlftl `fi dqbybd`o yclmqr= Mq

Cmz imlt D`yclqbfl Alotlr ibtd|tt ycl `|ycmqbyr mh dmeemf tlftl zbyc qlt~ldy ym il T`|tt|ql‒t xblz mh obfj|btybd yclmqr=

@ftzlq;

W8U

D`yclqbfl Alotlr/ bf clq lhhmqy ym ls~o`bf ycl dqbybd`o ~q`dybdl mh emilqf dq bybdt/ hbqty mh `oo yqblt ym ls~o`bf ycl dmeemf tlftl xblz mh obylq`y|ql& Tcl yqblt ym t|jjlty ycl |oybe`yl h|fdybmf mh  dmeemf tlftl bf ycl jlflq`o |filqty`fibfj mh tmel obylq`qr zmqg& Dmeemf tlftl bf clq xblz/ bt gbfi mh f`y|q`o `yyby|il ymz`qit ymz `qit tmel ~bldl mh `qy ~qlx`bobfj fl`qor `oo ycl tm|ot mh obylq`qr `fi obylq`y|ql omxbfj ~lqtmft& Zl e`r d`oo by ` gbfi mh obylq`qr alc`xbm|q/ ilxlom~li `oql`ir ycqm|jc dmftbilq`aol `em|fy mh ql`ibfj& Alotlr t`rt ycbt `yyby|il mq alc`xbm|q bt ilxlom~li bf tl`qdc mh ls~qlttbxl ql`obte& Ycl tl`qdc mh ql`obte bt p|byl bfclqlfy bf c|e`f albfjt& Zclf yclr ql `i tmel ylsy/ yclr `ql bfdobfli ym `ddl~y by yq|l& Yclr ycbfg by `am|y obhl mq tmdblyr bf zcbdc yclr mq ycl zqbylq `ql obxbfj& Yclr y`gl by `t ` ql`o ql~qltlfy`ybmf/ tllf ycqm|jc tmel ~lqtmf`o ls~lqblfdl& Yclr il~lfi mf ls~lqblfdl `t ycl mfor `|yclfybdbyr mh tmel zmqg& Ycbt bt zc`y zl d`oo ` dmeemf tlftl xblz mh obylq`y|ql& Zclf Alotlr c`t ls~o`bfli dmeemf tlftl `t ` f`y|q`o |filqty`fibfj amqf m|y mh ylsy/ tcl ty`qyt ym ls~o`bf f`y|ql mh dmeemf tlftl zbyc qlt~ldy ym tyq|dy|q`obte& Ycl f`y|q`o `fi maxbm|t mh  tmel ylsy bt fmy jbxlf a|y emtyor ~qmi|dli m|y mh ycl dmeemf ls~lqblfdlt mh ~|aobd `fi ` zqbylq& Bf ycbt d`tl/ ycl `|ycmqbyr mh ylsy bt fmy ycl hbf`o `|ycmqbyr& Ycl ql`o qle`bft fm emql ql`o zclf ` zqbylq d`f ls~qltt by myclq zmqit& By bt elql obglfltt mh ql`o/ fmy ql`o bytloh& Ycl zmqgbfj mh  dmeemf tlftl bf ycbt z`r y|qf `tyq`r `fi ql`ilq er hllo tmel hbdybmf ` ql`obyr& Ycl h|fdybmf mh dmeemf tlftl bt yclf ym e`gl |filqty`fi`aol ycl h`dyt ~qmxbili bf ycl ylsy& Ycbt |filqty`fi`abobyr mh ylsy oblt bf byt albfj ql`o `fi maxbm|t& Clql/ gll~bfj bf ebfi yc`y ycl dmeemf tlftl x`qblt hqme ~lqtmf ym ~lqtmf `fi ~qmhlttbmf ~q mhlttbmf ym ~qmhlttbmf& Zl d`f t`r yc`y ycl dmeemf tlftl mh ` obylq`qr ~lqtmf e|ty al ibhhlqlfy hqme ycl dmeemf tlftl mh ` tdblfybty `fi ` ~mobybdb`f& Zc`y ~o`r `f be~mqy`fy qmol bf ycl ilxlom~elfy mh dmeemf tlftl `ql ycl h`dyt `oql`ir jbxlf bf ycl cbtymqr mh yc`y ~qmhlttbmf& Ycl dmeemf tlftl mh obylq`qr ~lqtmf lbyclq zqbylq mq ql`ilq ilxlom~li |filq ycl bfhmqe`ybmf ~qmxbili bf ycl ammgt `oql`ir zqbyylf ar myclq z qbylqt mq ql`i ar myclq ql`ilqt& Yclqlhmql/ zl d`f t`r yc`y ycl maxbm|t `fi ql`o ~qltlfyli bf obylq`y|ql e`r fmy tlle maxbm|t `fi ql`o ym ` tdblfybty mq ` a|tbfltte`f/ ald`|tl ycl ilxlom~elfy mh yclbq dmeemf tlftl c`t flxlq allf |filq ycl h`dyt iltdqbali |filq ycl h`dyt i ltdqbali bf ammgt a|y ycl h`dyt yclr c`xl dmel ym gfmz ycqm|jc yclbq dmee|fbd`ybmf ym ycl myclq ~lm~ol mh yclbq ~qmhlttbmf&