TO DO(pr es.) es.) PRESENT SIMPLE-auxiliary verb – TO
PAST SIMPLE- auxiliary verb-TO DO( past- did)
S+ V1 I eat she/he eats INT. DO/DOES + S+V1? Do you eat? Does she eat? NEG. S + DON’T/DOESN’T + DON’T/DOESN’T + V1 You don’t eat. She doesn’t eat.
AF. S + V2 (sau v+ed pt vb regulate) I ate We watched TV. INT. DID+ S+ V1? Did you eat? Did she watch TV? NEG. S + DID NOT (DIDN’T) +V1 She didn’t eat. We didn’t watch TV.
AF.
rd
OBS!!! For the 3 person singular (he, she, it) we add an - s or -es to to
the verb. We add -es to the verbs ending in s, sh, ch, x, o e.g watches, taxes, pushes, goes, does WE USE THE PRESENT SIMPLE: a) f o r p e r m a n e n t s t a t e s , r ep ep e a t e d a c t i o n s a n d d a i l y routines :
He works in a bank (permanent state) He takes the train to work every morning. (daily routine/repeated action) b ) f o r g e n e r a l t r u t h s a n d l a w s o f n a t u r e :
The sun sets in the west. c ) f o r t i m e t a b l e s a n d p r o g r a m m e s :
The plane from Paris arrives at 8. d ) t o g i v e i n s t r u c t i o n s a n d d i r e c t i o n s :
You sprinkle some cheese on the pizza and then you bake it. The present simple is used with the following time expressions: expressions: usually, often, always, sometimes, every day/week/year/month, day/week/year/month, in the morning/afternoon/ evening, at night, at the week-end, on Monday, etc. You can always call me if you need help. She goes on holiday twice a year.
OBS!!! For the irregular verbs we use the second form of the verb; to ED ; the regular verbs we add – ED
When we add this termination, there are some changes that occur: - vbs. ending in one vowel and one consonant, and have 1 syllable, double the final consonant: stop-stopped - some vbs. ending in Y, change it into I: try-tried - vbs ending in – in – e receive only a – a – d : love-loved WE USE THE PAST SIMPLE: a) for an action which happened at a definite time in the p a s t ; t h e t i m e i s s t a t e d , a l r e ad ad y k n o w n o r i m p l i e d :
They went camping last month. (When did they go camping? Last month) b ) f o r a c t i o n s t h e h a p p e n e d i m m e d i a t e ly ly o n e a f t er er t h e other in the past:
She paid the driver then she got out of the taxi. c ) f o r p a s t h a b i t s a n d s t a t e s w h i c h a r e n o w f i n i s h ed , i n s u c h c a s e s w e c a n al al s o u s e t h e e x p r e s s i o n u s e d t o ( o b i s n u i a m s a ) He used to go fishing when he was young.
The past simple is used with the following time expressions: yesterday, then, when, how long ago, last night/ week/ month/ year/ Monday, three days/weeks / months/ years ago, in 1998, etc. I had an important meeting last week. I visited Paris two years ago.
PRESENT CONTINUOS – auxiliary vb. TO BE (pres.)
PAST CONTINUOUS-auxiliary vb. TO BE (past)
AF. S + TO BE ( present) + V-ing I am working now. She is doing her homework. INT. TO BE (present) + S + V-ing? Are you working? Is she eating? NEG. S + TO BE(present) + NOT + V-ing She is not (isn’t) working. We are not (aren’t) talking.
AF. S + WAS (pers. 1, 3, sg.)/ WERE + V-ing I was working. You were eating. INT. WAS/ WERE + S + V-ing? Were you working? Was she reading? NEG. S + WAS/WERE + NOT + V-ing. I was not (wasn’t) working. They were not (weren’t) running.
OBS!!! When we add – ing to the main verb, some changes occur:
-
the verbs ending in silent -e drop their – e : live – living the vbs ending in – y simply receive – ing: try – trying the vbs formed of one syllable and ending in one vowel and one consonant, double the final consonant: get – getting WE USE THE PRESENT CONTINUOS :
a) for actions taking place now, at the moment of speaking: He is reading the newspaper at the moment. b) for temporary actions; actions that are going on around now, but not at the actual moment of speaking: I’m looking for a new job these days. (not at the moment of speaking) c) with adverbs such as: always, constantly, continually; for actions which happen very often, to express annoyance, irritation or anger: You are constantly interrupting me when I talk. (irritation /annoyance) d) for actions that we have already arranged to do in the near future: They are moving into their new house next week. e) for changing or developing situations: More and more companies are becoming successful. The present continuous is used with the following time expressions:
OBS!!! When we add – ing to the main verb, some changes occur:
-
the verbs ending in silent -e drop their – e : live – living the vbs ending in – y simply receive – ing: try – trying the vbs formed of one syllable and ending in one vowel and one consonant, double the final consonant: get – getting WE USE THE PAST CONTINUOUS :
a) for an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past: At seven o’clock yesterday evening they were having dinner. ( continuous action in the past) b) for a past a ction which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past continuous for the action in progress (longer action) and the past simple for the action that interrupted it ( shorter action) He was preparing dinner when he cut his finger. c) for two or more simultaneous actions: She was talking on her phone while she was driving to work. d) to describe something: The birds were singing and the sun was shining. The past continuous is used with the following time expressions:
now, at the moment, at present, these days, nowadays, today; while, whereas, when as, all morning/evening/ day.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE-auxiliary vb. TO HAVE (present)
AF. S + HAVE/ HAS (3 rd per.sg.) +V3 (or v-ed pt vb regulate) I have eaten a lot lately. She has never tasted Italian food. INT. HAVE/HAS + S + V3? Have you eaten a lot? Has she tasted Italian food? NEG. S + HAVE/ HAS + NOT + V3 I have not (haven’t) eaten a lot. She has not (hasn’t) tasted Italian food. OBS!!! For the regular verbs we use the third form or the past participle, while for the regular ones we add – ed to the verb.
When we add this termination, there are some changes that occur: - vbs. ending in one vowel and one consonant, and have 1 syllable, double the final consonant: stop-stopped - some vbs. ending in Y, change it into I: try-tried - vbs ending in – e receive only a – d : love- loved
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS- auxiliary vb. TO HAVE (pres)
AF. S + HAVE/ HAS (3 rd pers, sing.) + BEEN + V-ing I have been working…….. She has been eating…… INT. HAVE / HAS + S + BEEN + V-ing? Have you been reading….? Has he been driving….? NEG. S + HAS/ HAVE + NOT + BEEN+ V-ing I have not (haven’t) been reading… He has not (hasn’t been) reading… OBS!!! When we add – ing to the main verb, some changes occur:
-
the verbs ending in silent -e drop their – e : live – living the vbs ending in – y simply receive – ing: try – trying the vbs formed of one syllable and ending in one vowel and one consonant, double the final consonant: get – getting WE USE THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
WE USE THE PRESENT PERFECT:
a) for an action that started in the past and continues up to the present or close to the present, especially with state verbs such as be, have, like, know, etc. Rachel has had the dog for three years. ( she still has it) b) for an action which has recently finished: She has just washed her hair. c) for an action which happened at un unstated time in the past. The exact time is not mentioned because it is unstated or unimportant; the accent is placed on the action not on the time: She has bought a sailing boat. (it is not important when she bought it, but the fact that now she has a boat d) for something experienced for the first time: This is the first time I have tasted Italian food. We use the present perfect simple with the following time expressions: for, since, already, yet, just, always, ever, never, so far, still, lately, recently
a) to put the accent on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with time expressions such as: for, since, all morning/ day/ afternoon She has been talking on the phone all day long. ( emphasis on the duration) b) for an action which started in the past and continues in the present too: I have been working for this company for three years. (I started 3 years ago and I still work for this company. NOTE: With the verbs li ve, work , teach and feel , we can use the present perfect simple or continuous, with no difference in meaning. We use the present perfect continuous with the following time expressions: for, since, how long, lately, recently, all day/ morning, week, etc.
EXPRESSING THE FUTURE 1. FUTURE SIMPLE AF. S + WILL + V1 I will go to the cinema next week. INT. WILL +S +V1? Will you go to the cinema next week? NEG. S + WILL + NOT+ V1 I will not (won’t) go to the theatre next week. We use the future simple:
a) in decisions or actions that will take place not in the near future and of which we are not sure to happen: I will probably spend my summer holiday in Spain. (I am not sure of it) b) for on-the –spot decisions (decizii luate pe loc) I’ll help you with these bags. (I see that they are heavy.) c) for promises ( usually with the verbs promise, swear, guarantee, etc.), threats, warnings, requests, hopes and offers: I don’t understand this exercise. Will you help me please? (request) Of course! I will explain it to you. (offer) Time expressions : tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/month/year, etc., in two/three days/weeks, years 2. TO BE GOING TO FUTURE
AF. S+ TO BE (present) + GOING TO +V1 I think that it is going to rain. INT. TO BE (present) + S+ GOING TO+ V1? Are you going to buy a big house? NEG. S + TO BE (present) + NOT+ GOING TO+ V1 I am not going to buy a b ig house because I don’t have money. We use TO BE GOING TO future:
a) for plans, intentions or ambitions that we have for the future: I am going to become a famous violinist one day. b) in predictions when there is evidence that something will happen in the near future Look at those clouds! It is going to rain. c) to express something that we intend to do: I am going to have a great party next week.
3. FUTURE CONTINUOS
AF. S+ WILL+ BE+ V-ing This time next week, I will be attending an important meeting. INT. WILL + S+ BE + Ving? Will you be attending an important meeting this time tomorrow? NEG. S+ WILL + NOT + BE+ V-ing I will not be attending a meeting this time next week. We use the future continuous:
a) for an action which will be in progress at a stated future time This time, next month I will be cruising round the islands.
Time expressions : this time next week/month/year, etc.
4. FUTURE PERFECT AF. S + WILL+ HAVE+ V3 (or V-ed for the regular vbs) She will have delivered all the newspapers by 8. INT. WILL + S+ HAVE + V3 (or V-ed for the regular vbs)? Will you have delivered all the newspapers by 8? NEG. S+ WILL+ NOT + HAVE + V3 (or V-ed for the regular vbs) I will not (won’t) have delivered all the newspapers by 8. We use future perfect:
a) for an action which will be finished before a stated future time: The film will have already finished by the time we get to the cinema. b) the future perfect is used with the following time expressions: before, by, by then, by the time, until/till She will have finished the report by tomorrow. OBS!!! UNTILL/ TILL are used only in negative sentences: She won’t have completed the report until/till 5 o’clock.
OBS!!! or timetables: 1. PRESENT SIMPLE- we use present simple to express the future when we refer to programmes The train arrives at 7. 30.
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS - we use the present continuous for actions we have decided or ar ran ged to do in th e near f utu re : I am flying to Paris tomorrow. 3. SHALL I/ WE………
to make an offer : Shall I do the washing-up for you? to make a suggestion: Shall we go out for dinner tonight?
4 After some time expressions we are not allowed to use the future even if in Romanian we can use it: AS SOON AS, WHEN, IF, AFTER, UNTIL, BEFORE, BY THE TIME Cand vei ajunge acasa ma vei suna? When you get home, will you call me?
