Printing and Writing Inks with Formulae and Processes

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In ormation about the Book Title:

Modern Technology of Technology of Printing Printing & Writing Inks (with Formulae & Processes) 2nd Revised Edition

Author Author :

NIIR Board NIIR Board of Consultants of Consultants & Engineers

9788178330822 Code: ENI Pages: 480 Published : 2015 u s er: Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.

ISBN :


Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing or , , . , paste form, are used extensively in letterpress and . medi medium um,, compo ompose sed d of sol solvents ents,, pigm pigmen ents ts,, dyes, es, , , , , particulate matter, f luorescents, and other . www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink’s carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its appe appear aran ancce when hen dry dry. writing ink markets markets globally spurred by the rap expans on o e omes c pr n markets. .

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Backed by a strong demand from key end , newsprint, publishing and other commerc a pr nt ng, t e pr nt ng n market in India has registered strong growth over the years. The printing ink industr is fra mented with hundreds of manufacturers and a large number of . .

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Printing ink sector in India witnessed a growt o aroun 7.5 per annum ur ng the the Past ast years ears.. Prin Printted pack packag agin ing g acc account ountss for around 27% of the demand for printing Commercial

printing/promotional

for arou around nd 19% 19% of the the dema demand nd.. .

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incl includ udee book bookss and sta station tioner eryy. Wit With the the pri print sec or orecas o grow a aroun per annum, in coming years, printing ink segment is expected to grow strongly. This handbook is desi ned for use b ever one en a ed in the printing & writing ink industry and the . information required by the ink technical for e ay ‐ o‐ ay ay ormu a on o n s. www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

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details of the , ‐ scaale produc sc oducti tion on,, and giv gives guid guidan ancce on ac ev ng qua ty assessment an tota qua quality lity mana manag gemen ementt spec specifi ifica cattions ions.. The The book also describes properties and uses of the raw materials used in the formulation of printing & writing inks. .

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The major content of the book are the colour and co our matc ing, raw materia s, printing in s, ink formulations, applications problems, writin inks, project ect profil file, how to estimate, order & inks, testing of printing inks, rollers, waterborne . material suppliers, plant & machinery suppliers w t t e r otograp otograp s. s oo w eam e stone for the entrepreneurs, existing units, libr librar arie iess etc. etc. www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Table o Contents 1. INTRODUCTION

The colour of Inks of Inks The gloss of printing of printing inks The printing Process Lithographic and letterpress inks


The drying characteristics A sorption rying Oxidation drying Chemical drying Radiation induced dr in The Adhesi The Adhesive ve Nature of Printing of Printing Inks The Resistance properties of Printing of Printing Inks g t actne ctness ss Heat resistance Product resistance Weatherin Weatherin


2. THE PRINTING PROCESSES The Letterpress Process Press Configurations The Platen press Flat‐bed cylinder press Letterpress form formee prod product uction ion Ori Ori inal inal lates Line Plates Halftone plates Dup icate p ates Make‐ready: Applications www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Rotary Ink Rotary Ink Quickset Ink High‐gloss Ink o s ure‐se n Water Water‐ Washable Washable Ink Miscellaneous Job Miscellaneous Job Ink The Offset Lithographic Process The Printing unit The damping system, e o se an e Press Configurations Larger sheet‐fed presses www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Web Web offset resses Blanket‐to‐blanket press Common‐Impression drum presses Three‐cylinder presses Oithogr Oithographi aphicc platemak platemaking ing Wipe‐on Plates Dee ‐etch lates Multi‐metal plates Electrostatic imaged plates Chemical diffusion transfer plates Photodirect plates Direct image plates www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

The driographic plate Platemaking control Control in colour rintin Ink Inkduct duct pre pre‐setting and control Substrates and inks tra‐ v o et eur ng n s 25 Infra‐red radiation 25 Dry offset Dry offset of Letterst of Letterst Fundamentals of Lithography of Lithography Lithographic Problems The Gravure process e pr n ng un The inking system www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Doctor blades The impression roll Drying system Gravure cylinder preparation Conventional etchin Single bath etching Halftone Process Dou e positive system‐ a tone gravure Halftone gravure Lasergravure Press control s stems Substrates and inks Applications www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

ravure Inks The Flexographic Process The printing unit Press configurations Flexographic platemaking Photopolymer plates Plate mountin Applications Flexographic Inks Flexographic Problems, The screen printing process Screen Stencil Manufacture www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Mountin the Screen Application of the of the stencil After treatment Substrates and inks Application Copper Plate and Die Stamping Non‐Im act Printin rocesses Ink‐ jet Printing Continuous jet Continuous jet Impulse or drop on demand Electrophotography Letterpress www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Flexography Lithography set etterpress Gravure Non_Imp on_Impact act printi printing ng Substrate Selection General Paper properties Runnability rna y


2. COLOUR AND AND COLOUR MATCHING COLOUR MATCHING The Physical nature of Colour of Colour Light Sources

The eye Defective colour vision colour vision Chromatic adaptation and colour constancy Metamerism Dic Dic rosim osim Illumination quality and quality and levels The additive primaries The subtractive rimaries The CIE System Origins of colour of colour in Printed Material www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Pigments Dyes Origins of colour of colour Colour Strenghtss Substrate effects Colour Index Classificaton Graphic Reproduction T ree‐co our printing Four‐Colour printing Masking Half ‐tone dots Dot gain Dot Generation www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

The Measurement of Colour of Colour o or me ers Densitometer Optical geometry The Recording of Colour of Colour data And data And the Specification of colour of colour Colour Difference Colour Matching w Matching techniques The colour circle Procedures Oil Inks Liquid Inks Instrumental Colour match Prediction www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

. RAW RAW MATERIAL MATERIAL Pigments Yellow Yellow Pigments Diarylide Diarylide Yellows ellows Irono Ironoxide xide yellows ellows

Chrome yello Chrome yellows ws Cadmium ellows Fluorescent yello Fluorescent yellow w Orange Pigments DNA Orange DNA Orange Pyrazo Pyrazolone lone orang orangee Fast Orange 52G www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Benzimida Benzimidazol zolone one orang orangee HL Ethyl lake red C Red Pigments Naphthol Naphthol Red (Or Permanent Red Frre) Toluidine Red Permanent Red 'R' (Chlorinated Para Red) Carmine F.B. Nap t o F4R Naphtho Red LF Bordeaux FRR (F4R) FRR (F4R) Na htho htholl Red Red Naphthol Naphthol Red Light Naphthol Naphthol Red Dark www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Lithol reds Bon Red Lack red C Bon Lake Red C BON Maroon PMTA Pink PMTA Pink rhodamine rhodamine 6 G Molybdate Orange, Chrome Scarlet, Orange Chrome Calmium Red BON Ary BON Ary ami e Re , Nap t o Re FGR Quinacridone MagentaY Copper Ferrocyanide Pink Na htho htholl Red F RK Benzimidazolone Benzimidazolone Carmine HF3C Naphthol Naphthol Rubine F6B www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Benzimidazolone Benzimidazolone Carmine HF4C Rubine Red 6B Quinacridone Magenta B Naphthol Red F6RK Azo Ma enta G Anthraquinone Anthraquinone Scarlet Quina Quinacri crido done ne Violet Violet Benz Benzim imii azo azo on onee Bor Bor eaux eaux HF 3 R Green Pigments Violet Pigments Brown Pi ments Black Pigments www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

White Pigments and Extenders Pearlescent Materials Metallic Pigments General Properties of Pigments of Pigments Acid D es Basic Dyes Solvent Dyes Disperse Dyes Drying V Drying Vegetab egetable le Oils Tung oil (China wo (China wood od oil) Oiti Oitici cica ca oil oil Dehydrated castor oil Other oils www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Marine oils Non ‐dryi dryign gn oils oils News inkd oils Non‐drying veg drying vegetable etable oils Resins Shellac Manila co al Asphalts Starch and dextrin Gum arabic Synthetic resins Rosin‐modified phen phenol olic ic resin esinss www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Pigment Interactions Hard resin interactions Film‐forming properties y rocar on res ns Polystyrene resins and copolymers Silicone resins Alkylated Alkylated urea formaldehyde resins Alkylated Alkylated melamine formaldehyde resins Polyamide resins o y am e m e res ns Chlorinated rubber Vinyl Vinyl resins www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Polyvinyl alcohol Keton etonee resin esinss Acrylic resins Polyisocy olyisocyanat anates es and polyurethanes Nitrocellulose N/C Cellulose nitrateCN Ethy Ethyle le cellu cellulos losee Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) Ce u ose acetate propionate CAP Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) Chemical constitution Section V Section V:: Solvents Hydrocarbon Solvents www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Low boiling petroleum distillate‐alipatic White spirt Paraffin oil (kerosene0 g o ng pe ro eum s a es‐a p a c Hydrocarbon solvents‐ naphthenic High boiling aromatic solvents Alcohols Alcohols Glycols Ketones s ers Section VI Section VI : Plasticisers Synthetic wax Synthetic waxes es Polyethylene wax Polyethylene waxes es www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Polytetrafluoroethylene a ogena e y rocar on on wax waxes es Fatty acid Fatty acid amides Slack wax Slack wax Scale wax Scale wax Fully refined Fully refined paraffin wax paraffin wax Pettrolatum or petroleum jelly petroleum jelly y w x Ceresin wax Ceresin wax Mon onta tan n wax Montan esters Natural wax Natural waxes es Beeswax Carnauba wax Carnauba wax www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Miscellaneous natural wax natural waxes es Section VIII Section VIII : Driers Liquid Driers o a Paste Driers Chelating Ag Chelating Agents ents Antioxidants Antioxidants Surfactants Anionic Surfactants a on c sur ac an s Non‐Ionic surfactants Deodorants and Reodorants www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Pure Chemicals Defoaming Agents Lak Lakin A ent ents Tannic Acid Tannic Acid Tannic acid substitutes aw ater a s or a at on ur ng ystems Pigment Selection Epoxy acrylates Epoxy acrylates Polyester acry acryla late tess and and unsaturated polyesters Urethanc rethancee acrylate acrylatess Reactive Diluents o o n a ors Additives Additives and Inhibitors www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

4. PRINTING INKS Manufacture of Inks of Inks and varnishes and varnishes General Requirements

The manufacture of oleo of oleo‐resinous systems Deae Deaerratio ation n and and ottin The manufacture fo polyer/so polyer/solv lvent ent systems Varnish V arnish manufacture Cavitation mixer Rotor/stator mixer Liquid ink manufacture Ball mills Bead Mills Chips www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Pi ment chi manufacture Manufacture of dy of dyee‐based inks Mixing Equipment Butterfly mixers Butterfly mixers (Change pan) Rotor and stator high speed mixers. ' ' The high‐speed disperser The fixed or on‐line mixer High‐speed mixing Milling Equipment Three‐roll mills Floating‐rolling system Bead mills www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Open sieve mill Closed sieve mill Gap separation mill Tex mill D no mill STS mill Electronically controlled Electronically controlled Copra mill Boa 500 mi Bu er Brot Brot ers ers Lt Co‐ball mill Ball milling Disa Disavvanta anta es of ball of ball mills Handling, Storage and manufacture of uv of uv Inks www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Manufacture of newspaper of newspaper Inks Modern production trends Costs of production of production and related subjects Maintenance strate in the rintin ink industr On failure maintenance 'Fixed time' maintenance 'Condition based maintenance Computers and maintenance Plant control system Further lant features Manufacturing plant www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

5. INK FORMULATIONS Letterpress Ink Platen ink for absorbent papers y n er press n o uncoa e papers Quick‐set inks of cated of cated paper

Water Water‐reducible inks Process inks Newspaper Coloured Inks Rotary black Rotary black inks for newspapers ormu a : enera ‐ urpose ow m s ac Formula B : Ink rail ‐ Formula D : Keyless Inking (Indirect flexo) www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Lithoraphic Lithoraphic Inks Typical inks and V and Varnishers arnishers Inks and varnishes and varnishes for sheet‐fed paper printing ee ‐ ee a e n s Small ‐offset ‐ Ink for sheet‐fed impervious substrate printing Inks for web for web‐offset paper printing Coldset Heatset ravure n s Publication Inks Packaging inks for paper and board lables www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Metallic lable inks Paper wrapper Paper wrapper inks Carton Inks o n s Foil board laminates Inks for treated polypropylene films Coated polypropylene films Cellulose films Polyester fims a cover ngs ngs Inks for paper Speciality systems Speciality systems www ww w.entrepreneurindia.c .entrepreneurindia.co o

Metallic inks Aluminium‐based inks Pearlescent inks Sye Sye‐based inks Pi ment mented ed inks for s ecific fic substrates Paper and board Nitrocellulose coated films PV C Co‐po ymer coate i m Polyolefin films Metallic inks Screen Inks Inks for paper and board Thin film screen inks www ww w.entrepr .entrepreneurindia.co eneurindia.co

Ultra thin film screen inks Oxidation drying gloss inks Inks for Impervious surfaces e a s gns Metal containers inks for glass Inks for Plastic containers Polythene containers PVC PV C containers ex e n s Daylight fluorescent Inks Uv and Electron Beam curing Inks Inks for day offset day offset application on plastics and metal www ww w.entrepre .entrepreneurindia.co neurindia.co

Ultraviolet curable silk screen Ultraviolet curable varnish curable varnish and coatings Non‐Mipact Printing Inks for jet for jet printing T ical ink formulations Inks for the Electronics Industry Printed circuit products In s or W or Waa co coveri verings ngs Textile Transfer Inks Metal Decorating Inks. Decorationof Decorationof sheets Printing a pre‐formed container letterset Printing www ww w.entrepr .entrepreneurindia.co eneurindia.co

6. APP 6. APPLICA LICATION TION PROBLEMS oc ng n e e or ew n picking

Poor Binding and Rub Setoff Piling and Caking Trapping w Ink Not Following the Fountain Ink fl in and Mistin Ghosting, Shadow, Streaks, and Slurs Ink Drying on rollers Plate W Plate Wear ear Crystallization www ww w.entrepr .entrepreneurindia.co eneurindia.co

7. WRITING 7. WRITING INKS Manufacture of Writing Writing Inks Packing n s or wr or wr ng an oun a n ens Ferrogalo‐tannate inks

Standard W Standard Writing riting ink Iron gallate Inks : (Ink Powders and Tablets) Manufacture of Inks of Inks Tablets Action of Hydrochloric of Hydrochloric Acid Acid and Sulphuric Acid Sulphuric Acid in Inks ormu ae or ar ous ue‐ ac n s Manufacture fo iron gallo‐tannate inks Aging of writing writing www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Datin a document Dye based Fountain Pen Inks Washable Washable Inks Quick drying Inks Alkaline W Alkaline Writing riting Inks Prussian Blue Inks Ball Point Pen Inks Stamp‐Pad Inks Basic dyes Acid dyes Method of Manufacture of Manufacture Drawing Inks‐Black and Coloured www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Black Drawin Inks Coloured Drawing Inks Marking Inks Preparation of silver of silver Inks Aniline black Inks Coloured marking Inks ; Ink for Multi ulti le Co ies ur oses Hectograph Inks; Method of Preparation of Preparation Stencil Duplicating Inks Inks of Hectograph of Hectograph Carbon Papers, Carbon Papers and Inks or Carbon Papers www ww w.entrepreneurindia.co .entrepreneurindia.co

Hecto ra h arbon Pa ers Stencil Sheets Felt, Pen, Sign Pen, Fibre Tip Inks Mothod of Manufacture of Manufacture Al;cohol Al;cohol Based Inks Invisible or Sympathetic Inks Inks for S ecial Materials Inks for Plastics Ink for Marking Photographs Ink for stamping oiled stencils Inks for Glass and Porcelain


Ink for Metals Meat Stamping Ink Embossing Inks Artist Colours a) W a) Water ater Pints


8. PROJECT PROFILE 9. HOW HOW TO TO ESTIMATE, ORDER & ORDER & HANDLE INK

Ordering Ink Handlin Inks 10. TESTING OF WRITING OF WRITING & MISCELLANEOUS INKS Writing Writing In s Sedimentation Test

Clogging Test

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Stabilit Test Total Solids Iron Content Gravimetric Method Determination of Corrosion of Corrosion Stamps pad Inks Determination of Gl of Gl cerol Content Assessing the performance of stamp of stamp‐pad ink Drawing Inks Opacity or Opacity or Transparency Mold Growth


Marking Inks Stencil Inks scos ty Drying time Caution Presence of Aniline Aniline Oil Miscibility with with thinner Stability nn ng proper y Duplicating Inks


11. TESTING OF PRINTING INKS Specific Gravity

Penetration Molecular Refraction Refractive Index Covering Power and Gloss Evaporation Rate Acid Number Iodine Number


Detection of Chinawood of Chinawood Oil Detection of Rosins of Rosins and Resins Testing of Pigments of Pigments Light Resistance T e Resistance o Pigments o B ee ing Resistance to Acids to Acids and Alkalies and Alkalies Wettability Wettability and Absorption and Absorption The Testin of Finished of Finished Inks


12. ROLLERS Inks and Rollers Used 13. DIRECTORY

List of Suppliers of Suppliers fo Printing & Writing Writing Ink Machinery List of Major of Major Manuracturers Manuracturers fo Printing Inks In India Directory of Directory of Ink Ink % Allied Products Manufacturer's In India


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Printing and Writing Inks with Formulae and Processes

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