CHANAKYA NATIONAL LAW U NIVERSITY
NTERNATIONAL LAW SUBJECT- PRIVATE I NTERNAT
PROJECT WORK O ON
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
AO SUBMITTED TO - DR . P.P. R AO
SUBMITTED BY OHIT SINHA R OHIT OLL NO. 601 R OLL
9TH SEMESTER
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VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
T! "#$%$&g a '#()*% !a+ (& (, %! (+% +$g&$,$*a&% a*a$* *!a//&g+ I !a # ,a*. A& a%%'% a% a& // *a&2% 3 +a%$+,a*%(#$/ *('/% "$%!(4% %! +4''(#% a& g4$a&* (, /a#& '('/. G#a%$%4 $+ a &(3/ #+'(&+ (, (&5+ +(4/ %( $&&++ (# !/' g&#(4+/ #&# 3 a&(%!# a& $%+ a*&("/g&% $+ %! 4% a& )(a&*. I a (#"!/ $& a// !43/&++ a& g#a%,4/&++ %( a*&("/g (4# '%! %( a// %!(+ "!( !a !/' 4+ %( '4% %!+ $a+7 "// a3( %! // (, +$'/$*$% a& $&%( +(%!$&g *(&*#% ,,*%$/ a& (#(# (& %$. M ,$#+% (3/$ga%$(&7 $##a3/ 3 %! #3a/ 8'#++$(&7 $+ %( (4# +43)*% %a*!# Dr %a*!# Dr.. P.P P.P.. Rao "!( !a+ g$& !$+ a/4a3/ !/' $& #$a "a ,#( %! +%a#% %( %! # &. H "a+ a/"a+ %!# %( +!(" 4+ %! #$g!% %#a* "!& " & !$+ !/'. H /&% !$+ a/4a3/ +4gg+%$(&+7 g4$a&* a& &*(4#ag&%7 $& $,,#&% a%%#+ #ga#$&g %! %('$*. H !a 3& # $& a& 'a%$&% "!$/ +4gg+%$&g %! (4%/$&+ (, %!$+ '#()*% a& *(##*%$&g (43%+. I %!a& !$ ,(# !$+ (#a// +4''(#%+ "$%! %! !/' (, "!$*! I "a+ a3/ %( '#,(# %!$+ '#()*% "(#. I "(4/ /$ %( 8%& %! %!a&+ %( 'a#&%+ ,(# %!$# +/,/++ &*(4#ag&% a& +4''(#% g$& %( a% *#$%$*a/ )4&*%4#+ 4#$&g %! a$&g %( %!$+ '#()*%. La+% 34% &(% %! /a+%7 I "(4/ /$ %( %!a& ,#$&+ "!( !/' a /(% $& ga%!#$&g $,,#&% $&,(#a%$(&7 *(//*%$&g a%a a& g4$$&g a*! (%!# ,#( %$ %( %$ $& a$&g %!$+ '#()*%. R(!$% S$&!a 9%! S+%# P/a*Da%-
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VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
TABLE OF INDEX
A. AIMS AND OB:ECTIVE-...................................................................................................; B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY<-.......................................................................................; C. SOURCES OF DATA<-........................................................................................................; D. SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS<-..........................................................................................; I.
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................6
II. MEANING OF MARRIAGE........................................................................................................7 III. FORMAL VALIDITY
OF MARRIAGE........................................................................................8
A. POSITION IN E NGLAND..........................................................................................................9 B. I.
POSITION IN AUSTRALIA ..................................................................................................10
II.
POSITION IN CANADA ......................................................................................................10
IV. V.
POSITION IN COMMON LAW COUNTRIES .............................................................................10
CAPACITY
TO MARRY........................................................................................................1
CONSENT OF PARTIES...........................................................................................................11
VI.
T!E C!OICE OF LAW R ULE..............................................................................................1"
A. DUAL DOMICILE DOCTRINE ................................................................................................1 B.
I NTENDED MATRIMONIAL HOME DOCTRINE.......................................................................1
C.
R EAL AND SUBSTANTIVE CONNECTION ..............................................................................1=
D. VALIDITY OF EITHER PARTY5S DOMICILIARY LAW.............................................................1= E.
A VARIABLE R ULE..............................................................................................................1=
VII.
MATRIMONIAL CAUSES.....................................................................................................1#
A. POLYGAMOUS MARRIAGES AND MATRIMONIAL R ELIEF.....................................................1>
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VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
I.
AT COMMON LAW...........................................................................................................1>
II.
MATRIMONIAL CAUSES ACT7 19?=..................................................................................1>
III.
R EMAINING PROBLEMS ...................................................................................................1;
B.
:URISDICTION ......................................................................................................................1;
C.
:UDICIAL SEPARATION.........................................................................................................1?
D. NULLITY OF MARRIAGE......................................................................................................1? VIII. POSITION
IN INDIA.............................................................................................................18
A. CASE LAWS IN I NDIA...........................................................................................................1@ IX. !AGUE CONVENTION $ A WORKABLE SOLUTION
OR A MYT! IN ITSELF.........................."
X. CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................." BIBLIOGRAP!Y ..............................................................................................................................""
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VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
A. AIMS AND OB:ECTIVET! a$ (, #+a#*!#7 $& ($&g %! #+a#*! "(# $+ %( g$ a 3#(a (4%/$& (, a/$$% (, a##$ag $& P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La". T! '#()*% "$// ,4#%!# a&a/ %! a#$(4+ a+'*%+ (, a/$$% (, a##$ag $& *(&%#a+% "$%! %! a#$(4+ )4$*$a/ '#*&%+ "!$*! a# #/a&% %( %! %('$*. B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
I
INTRODUCTION
D+'$% %! *!a&g+ $& +(*$% $& #*&% *a+7 %!# #a$&+ 4*! %#4%! $& %! L(# W+%34# + $*%4 $& Shaw v. Gould 1 Marriage is the very foundation of the civil society, and ‟
no part of the laws and institutions of a country can be of more vital importance to its subect than those which regulate the manner and condition of forming, and if necessary of dissolving, the marriage contract.! "n #nglish law, a marriage though a contract, is a contract sui generis. #ach legal system determines the attributes of a marriage$ at %ommon &aw in #ngland, it is in essence a consensual union of a man and a woman. ' marriage was a voluntary union for life of one man with one woman to the e(clusion of others. T!$+ *$+$(& "a+ %! ,(4&a%$(& (, %! #4/ %!a% '(/ga(4+ a##$ag+ "# &(% #*(g&$ $& E&g/a& 34% %! +$%4a%$(& !a+ 3& *!a&g a& +4*! a##$ag+ a# &(" #*(g&$ $& E&g/a&. T! Hag4 C(&,#&* (& P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La" !a+ #a,% %! Hag4 C(&&%$(& (& %! C/3#a%$(& a& R*(g&$%$(& (, %! Va/$$% (, Ma##$ag+ 19?@. F" C((& La" S%a%+ !a a('% $%7 A4+%#a/$a 3$&g %! (&/ 8*'%$(&7 !a$&g a& %! A4+%#a/$a& Ma##$ag A*% 19617 $& 19@; %( g$ +%a%4%(# ,(#* (, *(&&%$(& #/a%$&g %( %! #*(g&$%$(& (, a##$ag. T! La" *($++$(& $& %! U&$% K$&g( #*(& aga$&+% $%+ a('%$(&. I&$a& !a+ &(% a('% $%. T! *(&&%$(& %!4+ !a+ /$%%/ $#*% 4+,4/&++7 +( (, $%+ '#($+$(&+ a# 3$&g 3#$,/ $&$*a%7 !("# %( +!(" "!a% *a& 3 *a// %! $&%#&a%$(&a/ *(&+&+4+ (, ('$&$(& (& %! +43)*%. A *(&%#a*% %( a##$ag $,,#+ ,4&a&%a// ,#( a *(#*$a/ *(&%#a*%7= +$&* $% *#a%+ a +%a%4+ %!a% a,,*%+ %! 'a#%$+ %!+/+ a& %! +(*$% %( "!$*! %! 3/(&g. I% $+ +4$ g&#$+. I% $+ ,4/,$// (& %! +(/&$a%$(& (, %! a##$ag *#(&7 a& %!#a,%# %!# $+ a *!a&g $& %! 1 1@6@ L.R7 = H.L7 ;; a% @
2 )yde v. )yde7 1@66 LR 1 P D 1=0.
3 U&# %! La" R,(# M$+*//a&(4+ P#($+$(& A*% 19?07 +. 17 a& ag#&% %( a## (+ &(% !a
,,*% a+ a *(&%#a*%.
6 | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
/a" %!a% g(#&+ %! #/a%$(&+!$' 3%"& %! 'a#%$+. A+ ,a# a+ a%#$(&$a/ *a4++ a# *(&*#& %! a# &(" g&#a// %a& %( $&*/4 '%$%$(& ,(# $(#*7 &4//$% (, a##$ag7 )4$*$a/ +'a#a%$(& a& '#+4'%$(& (, a%! a& $++(/4%$(& (, a##$ag a+ "// a+ +$$/a# ,(#$g& '#(*$&g+ "!$*! a ,a// #*(g&$%$(& !#.
I.
MEANING OF M MARRIAGE
Ma##$ag $+ a *(&%#a*% 3 "!$*! a a& a& a "(a& 8'#++ %!$# *(&+&% %( *#a% %! #/a%$(&+!$' (, !4+3a& a& "$,. T!$+ *(&%#a*%7 !("#7 $,,#+ ,4&a&%a// ,#( a *(#*$a/ *(&%#a*% $& %! ,(//("$&g "a+<
A+ a g&#a/ #4/7 $% *a& (&/ 3 *(&*/4 3 a ,(#a/ '43/$* a*%. I% *a& (&/ 3 $++(/ 3 a ,(#a/ '43/$* a*%. M(# $'(#%a&%/7 $% *#a%+ a +%a%4+ "!$*! $+ %a& $&%( a**(4&% $& #/a%$(& %(7 ,(# 8a'/7 +4**++$(&7 %a87 /g$%$a* (, *!$/#&7 a& %( +( 8%&% $& #/a%$(& %( $$g#a%$(& /a"+.>
I& E&g/$+! /a"7 a a##$ag %!(4g! a *(&%#a*%7 $+ a +4$ g&#$+. Ea*! /ga/ ++% %#$&+ %! a%%#$34%+ (, a a##$ag7 a% C((& La" $& E&g/a& $% $+ $& ++&* a *(&+&+4a/ 4&$(& (, a a& a& "(a&. I& a */3#a% (# &(%(#$(4+ *a+ $& 1@667 )yde v. )yde* , $% "a+ !/ %!a% a a##$ag "a+ (/4&%a# 4&$(& ,(# /$, (, (& a& "$%! (& "(a& %( 8*/4+$(& (, (%!#+. T!$+ *$+$(& "a+ %! ,(4&a%$(& (, %! #4/ %!a% '(/ga(4+ a##$ag+ "# &(% #*(g&$ $& E&g/a&.6 E& "!& $(#*+ 3*a a+$#7 %! *(&*'% "a+ a$&%a$&7 a+ %! $++(/43$/$% (, a a##$ag $ &(% a,,*% $%+ /ga/ *!a#a*%# .? T!$+ "a+ a/+( %! '(+$%$(& $& A4+%#a/$a7 a& Ca&aa.@ 4 C!+!$# N(#%!7 P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La"7 %!$#%&%! &7 '. ?>1.
5 1@66 LR 1 P D 1=0
6 T(a %! +$%4a%$(& !a+ 3& *!a&g 4&# %!$+ a& &(" %! a# #*(g&$ ,(# a& '4#'(++.
7 +achimson v. +achimson 19=0 P 1? CA7 a a##$ag $& %! USSR a% a %$ "!& a 4&$/a%#a/
$(#* "a+ aa$/a3/ %( $%!# 'a#% "a+ #*(g&$ a+ a a/$ a##$ag $& E&g/a&. 8 Ma##$ag+ */3#a% a**(#$&g %( C!$&+7 :a'a&+7 E+$( a& :"$+! #$%+ "# a/+( #*(g&$ (&
'#((, %!a% +4*! a##$ag+ "# (&(ga(4+. Ca+%/+ Wa/#+7 Ca&a$a& C(&,/$*% (, La"+7 +$8%! &7 'a#a 16.6
? | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
I& I&$a7 a(&g H$&4+ a##$ag !a+ a/"a+ 3& #ga# a+ +a*#a&%7 "!$/+% $& M(!(a& La"7 $% $+ a *(&%#a*%. T! ,(#a/ #J4$#&% (, %! a##$ag "$// 3 g(#& 3 %! /a" (, %! *(4&%# "!# %! a##$ag $+ */3#a%. A a##$ag *a& 3 */3#a% $, %! 'a#%$+ % %! +43+%a&%$ #J4$#&% (, %! (+%$* /a" (, %! *(4&%# "!# %! a##$ag $+ */3#a%7 a& (& (, %! 'a#%$+ $+ a &a%$(&a/ (, %!a% +%a%7 (# !a3$%4a// #+$+ %!# a& a*! 'a#% +a%$+,$+ %! +43+%a&%$ #J4$#&%+ (, %! /a" a''/$*a3/ %( %! 'a#%$+ $& a**(#a&* "$%! %! *(&,/$*% (, /a" #4/+ (, %! '/a* "!# %! a##$ag $+ */3#a%.9
II.
FORMAL VALIDITY OF M MARRIAGE ORMAL V
T! %# ,(#a/$%$+5 $&*/4+ +4*! J4+%$(&+ +4*! a+ "!%!# a *$$/ *#(&7 (# a& *#(& a% a// $+ #J4$#7 %! &43# (, "$%&+++ &*++a#7 %! '#$%% !(4#+ 4#$&g "!$*! %! a##$ag *a& 3 */3#a%7 "!%!# '43/$*a%$(& (, a##$ag $+ &*++a#7 a& +( (&.1; N(" a+ a g&#a/ '#$&*$'/7 %! ,(#a/ a/$$% (, a a##$ag $+ %#$& 4&# %! 4&$*$'a/ le( loci celebrationis (& %! a% (, %! *#(& %! '#$&*$'/ (, #&($ (+ &(% a''/ 4&/++ $% "$// #,# %( a /a" %!a% "$// a/$a% %! a##$ag7 a& %! le( domicilii (, $%!# 'a#% "$// 3 $##/a&%. T!$+ #4/ $+ +$'/ a& a+ %( a''/. I% +!(4/ 3 (3$(4+ %( 'a#%$+ "$+!$&g %( a## %!a% %! +!(4/ *('/ "$%! %! /(*a/ ,(#a/$%$+.10 E&g/$+! P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ ++%7 %! #J4$#&% %!a% a a##$ag a 3 ,(#a// a/$ 3 %! '#$&*$'/ (, le( loci celebrationis $+ $'#a%$7 "!$*! a$%+ &( a/%#&a%$ %+%. I& %! *(&%$&&%a/ E4#('7 !("#7 %! %+% $+ ,a*4/%a%$< %! #J4$#&% $+ %!a% %! a##$ag +!(4/ 3 ,(#a// a/$ $%!# 3 %! le( loci celebrationis (# 3 %! '#+(&a/ /a"+ (, %! 'a#%$+. U&# %! F#&*! /a" a a##$ag "!$*! $+ +(/&$ (4%+$ F#a&* +!(4/ 3 ,(#a// a/$ $%!# 4&# %! /a" (, %! '/a* "!# $% $+ */3#a% (# 3 %! '#+(&a/ /a" (, %! 'a#%$+. T! +a $+ %! '(+$%$(& 4&# %! G#a& La". C(4&%#$+ /$ G#* a& Ma/%a /a ("& %!a% *('/$a&* "$%! %! '#+(&a/ /a" $+ &*++a# a& (3/$ga%(#7 $, %! 'a#%$+ 3/(&g %( %! O#%!((8 C!4#*!7 $& %! ,(## *a+7 a& %( R(a& 9 A#%. = (, %! Hag4 C(&&%$(& (& %! C/3#a%$(& R*(g&$%$(& (, %! Va/$$% (, Ma##$ag+7 19?@.
10
N4//$% *(&,/$*%7 aa$/a3/ a%< !%%'<&."$$'$a.(#g"$$N4//$%*(&,/$*% /a+% $+$% (& A'#$/ 07010.
@ | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
Ca%!(/$* C!4#*! $& %! /a%%# *a+. I& P(/a& a& C*! R'43/$*7 !("#7 $, a##$ag $+ ,(#a// a/$ 4&# %! '#+(&a/ /a" (, %! 'a#%$+7 %!& %! a##$ag $+ a/$7 $##+'*%$ (, %! ,a*% "!%!# $% *('/$+ "$%! %! le( loci celebrationis.11 I& C!$&a %((7 ,(# %! +43+%a&%$ *(&$%$(&+ (, a##$ag7 %! a''/$*a3/ /a"+ #/a% %( %! /a" (, %! '/a* "!# %! a##$ag %a+ '/a* (# %! '#+(&a/ /a" (, %! 'a#%$+ (# 3(%!.1 L$"$+ $& S*(%/a&7 a a##$ag "!$*! $+ +(/&$ (4%+$ S*(%/a& +!(4/ 3 ,(#a// a/$ 4&# %! /a" (, %! '/a* "!# $% $+ */3#a%.1= T!4+7 $% a&+ %!a% $, %! a##$ag $+ ,(#a// a/$ $& a**(#a&* "$%! %! /a" (, %! '/a* "!# $% %(( '/a* %!& %! a##$ag "(4/ 3 a/$ #"!#. I, %! /a" (, %! '/a* "!# %! a##$ag $+ +(/&$ /a+ ("& %!a% a a##$ag "!$*! *('/$+ "$%! %! #J4$#&%+ (, '#+(&a/ /a" (, 'a#%$+ +4*! $+ '(+$%$(& 4&# %! I%a/$a& La" $+ a/$7 %!& a a##$ag '#,(# a**(#$&g/ "$// 3 a/$. A POSITION IN E E NGLAND I& #*&% a#+7 %! C((& La" #4/+ !a 3& *(&+$#a3/ a#$ 3 +%a%4% +4*! *!a&g+ a# &(% $+*4++ a+ %! +%a%4%+ "(4/ !a &( a''/$*a%$(& (4%+$ E&g/a& (# U&$% K$&g(. A a##$ag $+ ,(#a// a/$ "!& a& (& (, %! ,(//("$&g *(&$%$(&+ a+ %( %! ,(# (, */3#a%$(& $+ *('/$ "$%! %!a% $+ %( +a<1> I.
I, %! a##$ag $+ */3#a% $& a**(#a&* "$%! %! ,(# #J4$# (# #*(g&$ a+ +4,,$*$&% 3 %! /a" (, %! *(4&%# "!# %! a##$ag "a+ */3#a%.1;
11 Pa#a+ D$"a& P4+!$ D$"a&7 a% 66.
12 Wa&g
H4$7 A R$" (, C!$&a5+ P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La" D4#$&g %! =0-a# P#$( (, R,(# a&O'&$&g-U' Ma 009 ASLI W(#$&g Pa'# S#$+ N(. 00.
13 T!
La" C($++$(& a& T! S*(%%$+! La" C($++$(&7 P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La" C!($* (, /a" #4/+$& Ma##$ag7 La" C(. N(. 16; S*(%. La" C(. N(. 10;7 = :4/ 017 19@?.
14 D$* M(##$+7 C(&,/$*% (, La"7 %!$#%&%! &. P6;1.
15 R4/ 6?1 (, C((& La" R4/+
9 | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
II.
I, %! a##$ag "a+ */3#a% $& a**(#a&* "$%! %! E&g/$+! *((& /a" $& a *(4&%#
III.
"!# %! 4+ (, %! /(*a/ ,(# $+ $'(++$3/.16 I, %! a##$ag7 3%"& 'a#%$+ (, "!( a% /a+% (& $+ U&$% K$&g( &a%$(&a/ $+ */3#a% (4%+$ %! C((&"a/%! $& a**(#a&* "$%! %! '#($+$(&+ (,7 a& %! ,(# #J4$# 37 %! F(#$g& Ma##$ag A*%+7 1@9.1?
T! /a$&g (# (#& a4%!(#$% $& E&g/a& (& %! '($&% $+ Sottomayor, otherwise De arros v. De arros ,1- "!# %! C(4#% (, A''a/ !/ %!a% %! /a" (, a *(4&%# "!# %! a##$ag $+ +(/&$ 4+% a/(& *$ a// J4+%$(&+ #/a%$&g %( %! *#(& 3 "!$*! %! a##$ag $+ a//g %( !a 3& *(&+%$%4% 34%7 a+ $& (%!# *(&%#a*%+7 +( $& %!a% a##$ag7 '#+(&a/ *a'a*$% 4+% '&+ (& %! /a" (, %! ($*$/ a& $, %! /a"+ (, a& *(4&%# '#(!$3$%+ $%+ +43)*% "$%!$& *#%a$& g# (, *(&+a&g4$&$% ,#( *(&%#a*%$&g a##$ag7 a& +%a' a a##$ag 3%"& '#+(&+ "$%!$& %! '#(!$3$% g# a+ $&*+%4(4+. I& erthiaume v. Dastous719 a *$+$(& (, %! ‟
P#$ C(4&*$/ $& a& a''a/ ,#( Ca&aa7 !/ %!a% a a##$ag "(4/ 3 #ga# a+ a/$ $, %! ,(# a('% 3 %! 'a#%$+ "a+ $& *(&,(#$% "$%! %! /a" (, %! *(4&%# "!# %! a##$ag %(( '/a*7 & $, $% "a+ &(% a '#('# ,(# (, /a" (, %! ($*$/ (, %! 'a#%$+. I& E&g/$+! La"7 %"( #34%%a3/ '#+4'%$(&+ a# #a"& '#+4$&g %! a/$$% (, a##$ag< a
T!a% $, %! 'a#%$+ g( %!#(4g! a *#(& (, a##$ag a& /$ %(g%!#7 %! "#
3
a/$/ a##$. I, %! 'a#%$+ *(!a3$% a& a# #'4% %( 3 a##$7 %! #ga# a+ a/$/ a##$ %!# 4+%7 !("#7 3 +( $&* %!a% %! a##$ag *('/$ "$%! /(*a/ ,(#.0
16 I3$7 R4/ 6?
17 I3$7 R4/ 6?;
18 1@?? = PD 17 ' ;.
19 19=0 AC ?97 ' @=
20 %ristofaro v. %ristofaro 19>@ VLR 16=.
10 | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
E. POSITION IN C COMMON L LAW C COUNTRIES $.
P(+$%$(& $& A4+%#a/$a A4+%#a/$a
a/ Ma##$ag 3 '#(8 "$// 3 #*(g&$ a+ a/$ $, %! a# a/$ 4&# the le( loci celebrationis.01 3 W!# %! a##$ag $+ '#,(# "$%!(4% %! '#+&* (, a& (#a$& '#$+%7 $% !a 3& !/ %!a% %! a##$ag "(4/ &(% 3 #*(g&$ $& A4+%#a/$a. * A4+%#a/$a& C(4#% a/+( #*(g&$ a+ a a/$ a##$ag '#,(# a**(#$&g %( #/$g$(4+ *#(&$+ (, %! 'a#%$+ & $, %! ,(#a/$%$+ '#+*#$3 3 /a" (, %! '/a* "!# %! a##$ag %(( '/a* "# &(% *('/$ "$%! $& *(&$%$(&+ '#a$/$&g a% %! %$7 "!%!# %! 'a#%$+ "# B#$%$+! +43)*% (# &(%.= $$.
P(+$%$(& $& Ca&aa
T! ,(#a/ a/$$% (, a a##$ag $+ g&#a// %#$& 3 %! le( loci celebrationis.> T! /a* (, 'a#&%a/ *(&+&%7 "!& #J4$# 3 %! le( domicilii $+ %#a% $& %! Ca&a$a& C((& La" P#($&*7 a+ $& E&g/a&7 a+ a J4+%$(& (, ,(#a/ a/$$%7 a&7 %!#,(# g(#& 3 %! /a" (, %! '/a* "!# %! a##$ag $+ */3#a%.; I, %! le( loci #*(g$&++ a+ a/$ a a##$ag 3 *(!a3$%a%$(& a& #'4%7 +4*! a##$ag "$// 3 a**'% a+ a a/$ a##$ag $& Ca&aa. I, a a##$ag7 %!(4g! $&a/$ 3 %! /8 /(*$ "!& *(&+$#7 $+ #%#(+'*%$/ a/$a% $& %! ,(#$g& *(4&%# %! a##$ag "$// #*(g&$ a+ a/$ $& Ca&aa & $, 7 3 %!&7 3(%! %! 'a#%$+ "# ($*$/ $& Ca&aa.
21 S4'#a7 &(. 10
22 +ygh v. Davies7 C(&,/$*% (, La" $& A4+%#a/$a7 +&%! &7 'a#a >.1>
23 Sa&$+ . Sevenis, 1*2/ S'SR 32.
24 %astel Wa/#+7 Ca&a$a& C(&,/$*% (, La"+7 +$8%! &7 'a#a 16. F(#3+ . F(#3+ 191 = DLR
=>. 25 H4&% . H4&% 1> DLR >=
11 | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
III.
CAPACITY TO M MARRY
E++&%$a/ a/$$% *(#+ a// J4+%$(&+ (, a/$$% (%!# %!a& ,(#a/ a/$$%. Ca'a*$% %( a## $+ a *a%g(# "$%!$& ++&%$a/ a/$$%. Ca'a*$% %( a## (4g!% +%#$*%/ %( 3 *(&,$& %( #4/+ "!$*! /a ("& %!a% a 'a#%$*4/a# */a++ (, '#+(& /a*+ a '("# %( a## "!$*! (%!# '('/ '(++++ ,(# $&+%a&*7 #4/ %!a% a '#+(& 3/(" a *#%a$& ag a &(% a##. I& '#a*%$*7 !("#7 *a'a*$% %( a## a/+( $&*/4+ *a++ "!# %! #a+(& ,(# %! $&a/$$%7 $+ %!a% +4*! a a##$ag #/a%$(&+!$' $+ (3)*%$(&a3/ $& %! + (, /a" ,(# $&+%a&*7 #4/+ '#(!$3$% a##$ag+ 3%"& #/a%$+ (, *#%a$& g#+. Ca'a*$% %( a## (+ &(%7 !("#7 *(# %! "!(/ ,$/ (, ++&%$a/ a/$$% $% (+ &(% $&*/4 %! *(&+&% (, %! 'a#%$+ (# %! &(& *(&+4a%$(& (, %! a##$ag. T!# $+ g&#a/ ag#&% %!a% %!$+ %#$&(/(g $&*/4+ a%%#+ (, /ga/ *a'a*$% +4*! a+ *(&+a&g4$&$% a& a,,$&$%7 3$ga a& /a* (, ag. C(&+$#a%$(& $+ g$& /a%# %( a /a" %( g(#& a%%#+ (, *(&+&% a& '!+$*a/ $&*a'a*$%. T! ,a*% %!a% *a'a*$% a+ a %# &*('a+++ a "$ #a&g (, a%%#+ (+ &(% &*++$%a% %! *(&*/4+$(& %!a% a// a%%#+ (, *a'a*$% +!(4/ 3 +43)*% %( %! +a *!($* (, /a" #4/- a a%%# %( "!$*! " +!a// #%4#&. A ,4#%!# '#/$$&a# '($&% "!$*! (4g!% %( 3 3(#& $& $& $+ %!a%7 '#($ %!a% a '#+(& !a+ *a'a*$% 4&# %! #/a&% /a"7 %! ,a*% %!a% ! $+7 ,(# 8a'/7 4&# ag a**(#$&g %( E&g/$+! /a" "$// &(% $&a/$a% %! a##$ag $& %! + (, E&g/$+! /a" a+ %! /a" (, %! ,(#4 a% /a+% $, %! a##$ag $+ &(% $& E&g/a&. T!# a# %"( a$& $"+ a+ %( %! /a" "!$*! +!(4/ g(#& *a'a*$% %( a##- %! 4a/ ($*$/ (*%#$&7 a& %! $&%& a%#$(&$a/ !( (*%#$&.
IV.
CONSENT OF P PARTIES
T! #4/ +%a%+ %!a% &( a##$ag $+ a/$ $, 3 %! /a" (, $%!# 'a#% + ($*$/ ! (# +! (+ ‟
&(% *(&+&% %( a## %! (%!# .6 T!# a''a#+ %( 3 &( +'*$,$* a4%!(#$% $& E&g/a& (& %! ‟
+43)*% %!(4g! (3+#a%$(& 3 %! C(4#% (, A''a/7 $& a *a+ "!# %! $++4 "a+ "!%!# aa##$ag 3 '#(8 "a+ a/$7 (3+# %!a% %! ( (, g$$&g *(&+&%7 a+ (''(+ %( %! ,a*% (, *(&+&% "(4/ 3 g(#& 3 %! /8 /(*$ */3#a%$(&$+. I% "a+ a/+( !/ %!a% %! *(&+&% $+ 26 Re )owe v. &ouis 19?0 1> DLR = >97 *$% $& D$* M(##$+7 C(&,/$*% (, La"7 %!$#%&%! &
'a#a 1>-010.
1 | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
g(#& 3 %! /a" (, %! ($*$/ (, %! 'a#%$+. ? T! J4+%$(& %!a% a#$++ $+ a+ %( "!$*! /8 ($*$/$$ !a+ %( 3 *(&+$#7 (, 3(%! 'a#%$+7 (# (, %! 'a#% "!(+ *(&+&% $+ $& J4+%$(&. T! *(&+&+4+ ++ %( 37 %!(4g! %!# $+ &( *$+$(& (& %! +43)*%7 %!a% $+ +!(4/ 3 ($*$/ (, %! '#+(& "!( $+ a//g %( !a /a* *(&+&%. I& Davison v. Sweeney7@ $% "a+ !/ %!a% a//g a3+&* (, *(&+&% "a+ a a%%# ,(# a ($*$/ (, %! 'a#% *(&*#&. I& Ca&aa7 *(&+&% $+ #ga# a+ a 'a#% (, ++&%$a/ a/$$% (, a a##$ag a& '&+ (& %! a&% &4'%$a/ ($*$/ (, %! 'a#%$+.
V.
THE C CHOICE OF L LAW R RULE
F(#a/ a/$$% $+ g(#& 3 %! /a" (, %! *(4&%# "!# %! a##$ag $+ */3#a%7 %!a% /a" $+ &(% g&#a// %!(4g!% a''#('#$a% $& %! E&g/$+! *(&,/$*% (, /a"+ %( g(#& %! ++&%$a/ a/$$%. T!$+ $+ 3*a4+ %! a##$ag a 3 */3#a% $& a *(4&%# "!$*! $& (%!# #+'*% !a+ &( *(&&*%$(& "$%! %! a##$ag (# %! 'a#%$+. N$%!# (, %! 'a#%$+ a 3 ($*$/ %!# 3,(# %! *#(& a& %! a &(% +%a3/$+! %!$# !( %!# a,%# $%. T! *!($* (, /a" #4/ (*%#$&+ a# a+ 4&#< A DUAL D DOMICILE D DOCTRINE A**(#$&g %( %! 4a/ ($*$/ (*%#$& #4/ $+ %!a% a '#+(& + ($*$/ a% %! a% (, %! ‟
a##$ag !a+ %( 3 *(&+$#. F(# a##$ag %( 3 a/$7 a*! 'a#% 4+% !a *a'a*$% 3 %! /a" (, !$+ (# !# ($*$/ %( *(&%#a*% %! a##$ag. T!$+ #4/ *(a&+ (+% $& E&g/$+! /a"7 !a+ +#a/ aa&%ag+. I& %#+ (, '#$&*$'/7 $% $+ a''#('#$a% %!a% '('/ 3 g(#& 3 %! /a" (, %!$# 8$+%$&g ($*$/. T! a$& #a%$(&a/ (, %!$+ #4/ $+ %!a% a '#+(& + +%a%4+ $+ a a%%# (, ‟
'43/$* *(&*#& %( %! *(4&%# %( "!$*! ! 3/(&g+ a% %! %$ (, a##$ag a& %!#,(# %! ($*$/$a# /a" (, a*! 'a#% !a+ a& J4a/ #$g!% %( 3 !a#. A&(%!# aa&%ag (, %!$+ (*%#$& $+ %!a% $% $+ a+ %( a''/ $& '#(+'*%$ +$%4a%$(&.
27 Wa . Wa 19>9 A// ER 9;9.
28 00; ;; D.L.R. >%! ?;? BC
1= | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
F. I NTENDED M MATRIMONIAL H HOME D DOCTRINE A& a/%#&a%$ a''#(a*! $+ %!a% %! /a" (, %! $&%& a%#$(&$a/ !(+ g(#&+ %! ++&%$a/ a/$$% (, a a##$ag.9 T!$+ '#($+ a 3a+$* '#+4'%$(& $& ,a(4# (, %! /a" (, %! *(4&%# $& "!$*! %! !4+3a& $+ ($*$/ a% %! a% (, %! a##$ag. T!$+ '#+4'%$(& *a& 3 #34%% $, a% %! %$ (, %! a##$ag %! 'a#%$+ $&%& %( +%a3/$+! a a%#$(&$a/ !( $& a $,,#&% *(4&%# a& $, %! $'/&% %!a% $&%&%$(& "$%!$& a #a+(&a3/ %$.=0 G. R EAL SUBSTANTIVE C CONNECTION EAL AND S A&(%!# '(++$3$/$% $+ %!a% %! ++&%$a/ a/$$% (, a##$ag +!(4/ 3 g(#& 3 %! /a" (, %! *(4&%# "$%! "!$*! %! a##$ag !a+ $%+ (+% a& #a/ a& +43+%a&%$a/ *(&&*%$(&. A+ "$%! %! $&%& a%#$(&$a/ !( (*%#$& %!$+ #4/ $+ %#$&g %( *(&&*% %! a##$ag "$%! %! *(4&%# %( "!$*! $% 3/(&g. N(#a//7 %! *(4&%# "$%! "!$*! a a##$ag $+ (+% */(+/ *(&&*% "$// 3 %! *(4&%# "!# %! a%#$(&$a/ !( $+ +$%4a%.=1 F4#%!#7 "!$/ %! #a/ a& +43+%a&%$a/ *(&&*%$(& %+% !a+ $%+ +4''(#%#+7 $% $+7 $& #a/$%7 a J4+%$(&- 3gg$&g %+%. T! J4+%$(& $& "!$*!7 *!($* (, /a" #4/ "$// 3+% /a %( %! a''/$*a%$(& (, %! /a" %( "!$*! %! 'a#%$+ a& a##$ag+ 3/(&g. T!$+ %+% (+ &(% a&+"# %! J4+%$(&7 34% #a%!# +$'/ #+%a%+ %! '#(3/.= H. VALIDITY OF EITHER P PARTY5S D DOMICILIARY L LAW U&# %!$+ %+% a a##$ag "(4/ 3 #ga# a+ ++&%$a// a/$ $, $% "# a/$ 4&# $%!# 'a#%5+ a&% &4'%$a/ ($*$/$a# /a". T!$+ '#('(+a/ !a+ %! aa&%ag %!a% $% "(4/ '#((% %! '(/$* $& ,a(4# (, a/$$% (, a##$ag7 34% !a+ /$%%/ /+ %( *(& $%.==
29 C!+!$# N(#%!7 P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La"7 +&%! &7 ' ?6.
30 C((7 T! L(g$* a& Lga/ Ba++ (, %! C(&,/$*% (, La"+ 19> ' >>@.
31 La"#&* . La"#&* 19@; 1 A// ER ;06.
32 Da$7 T! B#a$&g U' (, %! E++&%$a/ Va/$$% (, Ma##$ag C!($* (, La" R4/+ $& E&g/$+!
C(&,/$*% (, La"+5 33 Ha#%/7 T! P(/$* Ba+$+ (, %! E&g/$+! C(&,/$*% (, La"+ (, Ma##$ag5 19? =; MLR ;?1.
1> | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
I. A VARIABLE R R ULE ULE I& (## %( %#$& %! (+% a''#('#$a% *!($* (, /a" #4/7 (& +!(4/ 8a$& "! a 'a#%$*4/a# $'$&% 8$+%+ a& "!$*! /a" !a+ %! (+% $&%#+% $& %! a/$$% (, %! a##$ag. O& %!$+ 3a+$+7 %! ($,$ $&%& a%#$(&$a/ !( #4/ '#('(+ a3( ++ %! (# a''#('#$a% %( g(#& $&*a'a3$/$%$+ "!$*! a# $'(+ %( '#(%*% %! '43/$* $&%#+% (, *(4&%#$+7 #a%!# %!a& %! $&%#+% (, %! 'a#%$+ %( %! a##$ag.=>
VI.
MATRIMONIAL C CAUSES
Ma%#$(&$a/ *a4++ a# &(" g&#a// %a& %( $&*/4 '%$%$(& ,(# $(#*7 &4//$% (, a##$ag7 )4$*$a/ +'a#a%$(& a& '#+4'%$(& (, a%! a& $++(/4%$(& (, a##$ag a+ "// a+ +$$/a# ,(#$g& '#(*$&g+ "!$*! a ,a// #*(g&$%$(& !#. T! #4/+ #/a%$&g %( %! )4#$+$*%$(& (, %! *(4#%+ a& %( %! #*(g&$%$(& (, %! ,(#$g& $(#*+7 a&&4/&%+ a& )4$*$a/ +'a#a%$(&+ a#7 $& ++&*7 %! +a ,(# a// %!# a%#$(&$a/ *a4++7 a& %!#,(# 3 8a$& %(g%!#7 $&%$,$&g "!# a''#('#$a% a& #4/ "!$*! ( &(% a''/ %( a// %!#. I% "$// 3 +& %!a% %! (& a)(# a#a (, $,,#&* #a$&$&g *(&*#&+ %! %#$&a%$(& (, %! /a" %( 3 a''/$ 3 %! E&g/$+! C(4#%. I% $+ a/+( &*++a# %( $+*4++ a ,4#%!# '#/$$&a# $++47 &a/ "!%!# a& E&g/$+! *(4#% "$// a++4 )4#$+$*%$(& %( g#a&% a%#$(&$a/ #/$, $& %! *a+ (, a& a*%4a// (# '(%&%$a/ '(/ga(4+ a##$ag. A POLYGAMOUS M MARRIAGES AND M MATRIMONIAL R R ELIEF ELIEF $
A% C((& La"
U&%$/ 19?7 %! #4/ (, E&g/$+! La" "a+ %!a% %! 'a#%$+ %( a '(/ga(4+ a##$ag "# &(% &%$%/ %( %! #$+7 %! a)4$*a%$(&7 (# #/$, (, %! a%#$(&$a/ /a" (, E&g/a&.=; I% a&% %!a%7 $& %! *a+ (, a '(/ga(4+ a##$ag7 %! *(4#% "(4/ g#a&% a $(#*7 a *# (, &4//$% & "!# %! '%$%$(&# */a$ /a* (, *a'a*$% %( &%# a '(/ga(4+ a##$ag7=6 (# a *# (, )4$*$a/ +'a#a%$(&. I% *a& 3 #a/$7 !("#7 %!a% ,4&a&%a/ #,(# "a+ *a// ,(# a $" 34 :a,,7 T('$*+ $& C!($* (, La" 1996 '' =-?.
35 S4'#a &(. ;.
36 Ris4 v. Ris4 19;0 A// ER 9?=.
1; | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
(, %! &43# (, $$g#a&%+ ,#( )4#$+$*%$(&a/ "!# %! !a *(&%#a*% a/$ a##$ag+ $& '(/ga(4+ ,(#. A +43+%a&%$a/ &43# (, '('/7 '#a&&%/ #+$&%+ %!#(4g! &(% ($*$/ $& E&g/a&7 "# &$ a// a%#$(&$a/ #/$,. $$$.
Ma%#$(&$a/ Ca4++ A*%7 19?=
T! &%$# a3( #4/ !a 3& *!a&g &(" a& S*%$(& >?=? (, %! Ma%#$(&$a/ Ca4++ A*%7 19?= a+ $% aa$/a3/ %( %! 'a#%$+ %( a& a*%4a// '(/ga(4+ a##$ag a "$ #a&g (, a%#$(&$a/ #/$,7=@ &a/ *#+ (, $(#*7 &4//$%7 )4$*$a/ +'a#a%$(&7 '#+4'%$(& (, a%! a& $++(/4%$(& (, a##$ag7 (## ,(# ,$&a&*$a/ '#($+$(&+ $& %! *a++ (, &g/*% %( a$&%a$&7 a#$a%$(&+ (, a$&%&a&* ag#&%7 (##+ ,(# ,$&a&*$a/ #/$, (# #/a%$&g %( *!$/#& "!$*! a# a&*$//a# %( a& (, %! '#*$&g *#=9 (# (##7 (## a 4&# Pa#% I (, %! D(+%$* P#(*$&g+ a& Mag$+%#a%+ C(4#% A*% 19?@7 (## ,(# ,$&a&*$a/ #/$, a,%# a ,(#$g& $(#*7 a&&4/&% (# /ga/ +'a#a%$(&>0 a& a& */a#a%$(& 4&# Pa#% III (, %! Fa$/ La" A*% 19@6 $&(/$&g a %#$&a%$(& a+ %( a/$$% (, a a##$ag. I& $% !a+ 3& +a$ %!a% %! ,,*% (, +*%$(& >? (, %! 19?= A*% $+ %( a3(/$+! &%$#/ %! (/ #4/7 +( %!a% a// ,(#+ (, #/$, "!$*! *a& 3 */a++ a+ a%#$(&$a/ a# &(" aa$/a3/ $& %! *a+ (, '(/ga(4+ a##$ag+. $.
Ra$&$&g P#(3/+
W!# %! 'a#% %( a& a*%4a// '(/ga(4+ a##$ag 3#$&g+ '#(*$&g ,(# $(#* a//g $##%#$a3/ 3#a("& (, %! a##$ag7>1$,,$*4/%$+ a a#$+ (# a4/%#7 4&#a+(&a3/
37 A C(4#% $& E&g/a& a& Wa/+ +!a// &(% 3 '#*/4 ,#( g#a&%$&g a%#$(&$a/ #/$, (# a$&g a
*/a#a%$(& *(&*#&$&g %! a/$$% (, a a##$ag 3 #a+(& (&/ %!a% $%!# 'a#% %( %! a##$ag $+7 (# !a+ 4#$&g %! +43+%a&* (, %! a##$ag 3&7 a##$ %( (# %!a& (& '#+(&. 38 Ma%#$(&$a/ Ca4++ A*% 19?=7 S*%$(& >?.
39 %haudhary v. %haudhary7 19?6 Fa 1>@ a% 1;1.
40 Ma%#$(&$a/ a& Fa$/ P#(*$&g+ A*%7 19@>7 S*!4/ 1 'a#a 1;. =9Ma%#$(&$a/ Ca4++ A*% 19?=7
S*%$(& >?=. 41 I3$7 S*%$(& 1.
16 | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
3!a$(# (# +#%$(& a+ '#((, (, 3#a("&.> I, a "$, a//g+ %!a% !# !4+3a& !a+ *($%% a4/%# "$%! a&(%!# "$,7 +4*! a */a$ "$// 4+4a// ,a$/ 3*a4+7 $% $+ a& ++&%$a/ /&% (, a4/%# %!a% $&%#*(4#+ !a+ %a& '/a* (4%+$ %! a##$ag #/a%$(&+!$' $.. 3%"& '#+(&+ &(% a##$ %( a*! (%!#. T!$+ 3$&g +(7 $&%#*(4#+ "$%! a "$, *(4/ &(% 3 a4/%#.>= I& %#+ (, '(/$* %!$+ *(&*/4+$(& ++ #$g!% $, 3(%! %! a##$ag+ "# &%# $&%( $& '(/ga(4+ ,(#. I% !a+ 3& +a$>> %!a% $& +4*! a *a+ %!# !a+ 3& &( 3#a*! (, %! (3/$ga%$(& (, ,$/$% $'(+ 3 %! /a" g(#&$&g %! a##$ag7 ,(//(" 3 a a/$ '(/ga(4+ (&. I, a "$, $(#*+ '%$%$(& $+ 3a+ (& %! !4+3a&5+ 4&#a+(&a3/ 3!a$(# 7>; %! *(4#% "$// !a %( 8a$& a// %! *$#*4+%a&*+ (, %! a##$ag >6 a& $% 3& a/+( !/ %!a% %! %a$&g 3 %! !4+3a& (, a +*(& "$, $+ 4&#a+(&a3/ 3!a$(# %("a#+ %! ,$#+%.>? S$$/a#/7 $, a !4+3a&5+ '%$%$(& $+ 3a+ (& +#%$(& 3 %! ,$#+% "$,7 %! ,a*% %!a% ! "a+ %! a/$$% a##$ a +*(& "$, !a+ 3& !/ %( g$ %! ,$#+% "$, #a+(&a3/ g#(4& ,(# /a$&g !$.>@ :. :URISDICTION D$(#* a& :4$*$a/ S'a#a%$(& I% "a+ /a 3 %! P#$ C(4&*$/ $& &e Mesurier v. &e Mesurier, %!a% a**(#$&g %( $&%#&a%$(&a/ /a"7 %! ($*$/ ,(# %! %$ 3$&g (, %! a##$ 'a$# a,,(#+ %! (&/ )4#$+$*%$(& a& (&/ %#4 %+% (, )4#$+$*%$(& %( $++(/ %!$# a##$ag. T! ++&* (, %! #4/ $& %!$+ *a+ "a+ %!a% %!# ‟
42 I3$7 S*%$(& 1 a7 3 a& *. T!+ g#(4&+ ,(# $(#* "$// &( /(&g# 3 #/a&% $, a& "!&
Pa#% II (, %! Fa$/ La" A*%7 1996 $+ 3(4g!% $&%( ,(#*. 43 5nobrauche v. 5nobrauche 19?@ @ Fa La" 10?
44 C/$7 T! La" (, H4+3a& a& W$, $& S*(%/a&7 >%! &. 199?7 '' 109-110
45 Ma%#$(&$a/ Ca4++ A*% 19?= S*%$(& 1 3
46 Gollins v. Gollins 196> AC 6>>.
47 Poon v 6an 19?= > Fa$/ La" 161.
48 7uoraishi v. 7uoraishi 19@; FLR ?@0 CA
1? | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
+!(4/ 3 (&/ (& %+% (, )4#$+$*%$(& a& (&/ (& *(4#% *a'a3/ (, $++(/$&g a 'a#%$*4/a# a##$ag7 %! *(4#% (, %! 'a#%$+ ($*$/. T! Ma%#$(&$a/ Ca4++ A*%7 19=?7 '#($ %!a% %! C(4#% +!(4/ !a )4#$+$*%$(& %( g#a&% a $(#*7 $& '#(*$&g 3 a "$,7 &(%"$%!+%a&$&g %!a% %! !4+3a& "a+ &(% ($*$/ $& E&g/a&7 $, +! !a 3& +#% 3 !# !4+3a&7 (# %! !4+3a& !a 3& '(#% ,#( U&$% K$&g(7 a& %! !4+3a& "a+ $$a%/ 3,(# %! +#%$(& (# '(#%$(& ($*$/ $& E&g/a&.>9 T!+ &a*%&%+ "# *(&,$& %( '#(*$&g 3 a "$,. T! $ &(% 8%& %( *#(++-'%$%$(& 3 a #+'(&&% !4+3a&.;0 T! 8#*$+ (, %! E&g/$+! C(4#%+ )4#$+$*%$(& $& '#(*$&g ,(# $(#* $+ +43)*% %( #4/+ #J4$#$&g (# &a3/$&g %! *(4#% %( +%a %!(+ '#(*$&g+ $& *#%a$& *$#*4+%a&*+.;1 % N&''()* +, //(0
B,(# 19?> %! )4#$+$*%$(& (, %! B#$%$+! C(4#% %( &%#%a$& '%$%$(&+ ,(# %! &4//$% (, a##$ag+ "a+ (& (, %! (+% 8 a& $,,$*4/% J4+%$(& $& %! "!(/ (, %! E&g/$+! *(&,/$*% (, /a"+. A& &(#(4+ +$'/$,$*a%$(& (, %! /a" "a+ ,,*% 3 +*%$(& ;= (, %! D($*$/ a& Ma%#$(&$a/ P#(*$&g A*% 19?=. T!$+ '#($+ %!a% %! E&g/$+! C(4#% !a +4*! )4#$+$*%$(& %( &%#%a$& +4*! '%$%$(& $, a&7 +43)*% %( +*%$(& ;;7 (& $, $%!# 'a#% %( %! a##$ag< a 3
I+ ($*$/ $& E&g/a& (& %! a% "!& %! '#(*$&g+ a# 3g4& Wa+ !a3$%4a// #+$&% $& E&g/a& %!#(4g!(4% %! '#$( (, (& a# &$&g "$%! %!
*
a%7 (# D$+ 3,(# %!a% a% a& $%!# "a+ a% a%! ($*$/ $& E&g/a&7
!a 3&
!a3$%4a// #+$&% $& E&g/a& %!#(4g!(4% %! '#$( (, (& a# &$&g "$%! %! a% (, %! a%!. W$%!(4% %!$+ $&+$g&$,$*a&% 8*'%$(&7 %! 3a++ ,(# )4#$+$*%$(& $& &4//$% (, a##$ag a# &(" %! +a a+ $& $(#* a& )4$*$a/ +'a#a%$(&. A ($a3/ a##$ag &( /(&g# *(&,#+ %! !4+3a& + ‟
($*$/ a% %! a% (, %! a##$ag.; T! 3a++ ,(# )4#$+$*%$(& a# &(" +a "!%!# %!
49 S*%$(& 1=7 34% &(" #'a/.
50 &evett v. &evett and Smith 19;? P. 1;6
51 Fa$/ P#(*$&g R4/+7 1991
52 S*%$(& 1 (, D($*$/ a& Ma%#$(&$a/ P#(*$&g+ A*%7 19?=.
1@ | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
a##$ag $+ a//g %( 3 ($ (# ($a3/. I% $+ %!#,(# &( /(&g# &*++a# %( *(&+4/% ,(#$g& /a" $.. %! /a" (, %! !4+3a& + ($*$/ a% %! a% (, %! a##$ag.;= ‟
C2+(3 +, L4 A. D(5+/3
T! J4+%$(& (, *!($* (, /a" !a+ &# 3& '#($&&% $& %! E&g/$+! #4/+ (, %! *(&,/$*% (, /a"+ #/a%$&g %( $(#*7 "!$*! !a+ a/"a+ 3& %#a% a+ '#$a#$/ a )4#$+$*%$(&a/ J4+%$(&. E&g/$+! C(4#% "!& *$$&g "!%!# %( #*(g&$ ,(#$g& $(#* !a &# 8a$& %! g#(4& (& "!$*! %! *# "a+ g#a&% $& (## %( !a&7 "!& E&g/$+! C(4#% !a %!+/+ a++4 )4#$+$*%$(&7 %! !a &# a''/$ a& (%!# /a" %!a& %!a% (, E&g/a&. I& E&g/$+! /a" %! (&/ '(++$3/ a/%#&a%$ %( %! /8 ,(#$ "(4/ 3 %! /a" (, %! ($*$/. N( $,,#&* 3%"& %! *(4/ 8$+% 3,(# 19=@7 3*a4+ E&g/$+! *(4#%+ $ &(% 8#*$+ )4#$+$*%$(& 4&/++ %! 'a#%$+ "# ($*$/ $& E&g/a&. T! C(4#% (, A''a/ %#$& %! J4+%$(& (, $(#* 3 %! /a" "!$*! "(4/ 3 a''/$*a3/ %!#%( $, 3(%! %! 'a#%$+ "# ($*$/ $& E&g/a& a% %! %$ (, %! '#(*$&g7 $.. E&g/$+! /a".;> T! #4/ a 3 )4+%$,$ (& %! g#(4& %!a% $% "(4/ 3 !$g!/ $&*(&&$&% a& 4&+$#a3/ ,#( %! '#a*%$*a/ '($&% (, $" %( a''/ ,(#$g& /a" $& E&g/$+! $(#* +4$%. Aga$&7 %( #J4$# E&g/$+! C(4#% %( $++(/ a##$ag a& 8(%$* ,(#$g& g#(4& "(4/ 3 $+%a+%,4/ %( )4g a& 4&a**'%a3/ %( '43/$* ('$&$(&. K. :UDICIAL S SEPARATION U&/$ $(#* a vinculo matrimonii, )4$*$a/ +'a#a%$(& "a+ a # g#a&% 3 %! **/+$a+%$*a/ *(4#% 3,(# 1@;@. T!# $% "a+ *a// $(#* a mensa et thoro $(#* ,#( 3 a& 3(a#. T! '#$&*$'/ ,,*% (, a *# "a+ a& $+ &%$%/ %! '%$%$(&# %( /$ a a'a#% ,#( %! #+'(&&%7 34% &(% %( $++(/ %!$# a##$ag &(# &a3/ $%!# 'a#% %( #a##. T! # $+ +(4g!% *!$,/ 3 '#+(& "!( !a #/$g$(4+ +*#4'/+ a3(4% $(#*. I% !a+ &# 3& (43% %!a% %! E&g/$+! *(4#% "$// a''/ E&g/$+! (+%$* /a" a& &( (%!#7 & $, %! 'a#%$+ a# ($*$/ a3#(a.
53 D R&$// . D R&$//7 19>@ P. 100.
54 8enelli v. 8enelli 19>@ 6> T.L.R ;;6.
19 | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
L. NULLITY OF M MARRIAGE ;; A &4//$% *# $+ *(&*#& "$%! %! a/$$% (, %! *#a%$(& (, a a##$ag7 4&/$ $(#* "!$*! $++(/+ a a##$ag "!$*! $+ a$%%/ a/$/ *#a%. T!$+ a&+ %!a% %! *!($* (, /a" $++4+ $& &4//$% $+ ++&%$a// %! +a a+ %!(+ a/#a 8a$& $& *(&%8% (, a##$ag. T! #a+(& "! %! *!($* (, /a" ,(# &4//$% $+ (# $,,$*4/% a#a %!a& $(#* $+ %!a% %! ,,*% (, a&&4/&% a#$+ a**(#$&g %( %! 'a#%$*4/a# g#(4& $& $++4 a& %! a# $& #/a%$(& %( %! +a g#(4& & "$%!$& U&$% K$&g(. S( ,*% a($+ a a##$ag a3 $&$%$(7 $.. #&# $% ($7 "!$/+% (%!# #/ #&#+ $% ($a3/. I, (& 'a#% $+ 3/(" $&$4 ag (, a##$ag (# $+ a/#a a##$7 E&g/$+! La" #ga#+ %! a##$ag a+ ($. ;6 I& S*(%/a&7 (& %! (%!# !a&7 /a* (, *(&+&% a/+( #&#+ %! a##$ag ($ a3 $&$%$(.;? T!# a# ,4#%!# $,,#&*+ $& #/a%$(& %( %! ,,*% (, a& a&&4/&%. T! a&&4/&% (, a ($ a##$ag !a+ #%#(+'*%$ ,,*% $% */a#+ %! a##$ag &# %( !a 8$+%. H("# %! '(+$%$(& $+ $,,#&% $& E&g/a& $& *a+ (, a ($a3/ a##$ag. I% !a+ 3& +4gg+% %!a%7 a+ a&&4/&% (, a ($a3/ a##$ag a& $(#* *# 3(%! (&/ !a '#(+'*%$ ,,*%7 %! /a" (, %! ,(#4 +!(4/ 3 a''/$ %( %! ,(## a+ %( %! /a%%#.
VII.
POSITION IN I INDIA
T!# ++ %( 3 (&/ (& *$+$(& (, a& I&$a& *(4#% (& %! +43)*%7 "!# %! J4+%$(& $ &(% $#*%/ a#$+7 a& $% "a+ (3+# 3 a /a#& +$&g/ )4g %!a% ,(#a/ a/$$% "(4/ 3 g(#& 3 %! /8 /(*$ */3#a%$(&$+.;@
55
I#/a& a/+( !a+ *$ &(% %( ('% (& %( R( III< P#++ R/a+ 10 O*%(3# 0067 aa$/a3/ a% !%%'<""".)4+%$*.$&:ELRPagG(#&&%#)*%+EU$(#*'#('(+a/+. /a+% $+$% (& 10%! A4g4+%7 01;
56 Ma%#$(&$a/ Ca4++ A*% 19?=7 S*%$(& 11.
57 Fa$/ La" S*(%/a& A*%7 0067 S*%$(& $&+#%$&g +*%$(& 0A $&%( %! Ma##$ag S*(%/a& A*%
19??. 58 +oor 9ehan egum v. #ugene 6iscen4o, AIR 19>1 Ca/ ;@.
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VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
T! F(#$g& Ma##$ag A*% 19697 '#($+ %!a% a a##$ag '#,(# (4%+$ I&$a "(4/ 3 #ga# a+ a/$ $, $% "a+ '#,(# $& a**(#a&* "$%! %! /a" (, %! *(4&%# "!# %! a##$ag "a+ '#,(#7 %!4+ $'/$&g %!a% %! %+% ,(# +4*! a/$$% "a+ %! /8 /(*$ */3#a%$(&$+.;9 A+ I&$a& *(4#%+ %& %( ,(//(" %! #4/+ (, E&g/$+! /a" (& (+% $++4+ $& *(&,/$*% (, /a"+7 $% $+ '#(3a3/ %!a% I&$a& *(4#%+ "(4/ !(/7 a+ a% C((& La" $& E&g/a&7 %!a% %! ,(#a/ a/$$% (, a a##$ag "(4/ 3 g(#& 3 %! le( loci celebrationis. A CASE L LAWS IN II NDIA I& :. +arasimha Rao v. :. ;en4ata &a4shmi760 %! S4'# C(4#% (, I&$a (3+#7 I& a%%#+ (, +%a%4+ (# /ga/ *a'a*$% (, &a%4#a/ '#+(&+7 a%#$(&$a/ $+'4%+7 *4+%( (, *!$/#&7 a('%$(&7 %+%a&%a# a& $&%#+%a% +4**++$(& %*. %! '#(3/ $& %!$+ *(4&%# $+ *('/$*a% 3 %! ,a*% %!a% %!# 8$+% $,,#&% '#+(&a/ /a"+ a& &( 4&$,(# #4/ *a& 3 /a$ ("& ,(# a// *$%$&+ T! /a" %&+ %( 3 '#$a#$/ %#$& a& $&,/4&* 3 +(*$a/7 (#a/ (# #/$g$(4+ *(&+$#a%$(&+7 a& '43/$* '(/$* '/a+ a +'*$a/ a& $'(#%a&% #(/ $& +!a'$&g $%.61 S%a%4%+ &a*% $& I&$a a/+( #*(g&$+ %! '#$&*$'/ %!a% J4+%$(&+ (, *a'a*$% a# g(#& 3 %! /a" (, %! ($*$/. T! *(&$%$(&+ ,(# a a/$ a##$ag a# +% (4% $& +*%$(& ; (, %! H$&4 Ma##$ag A*% 19;;7 "!$*! a''/$+ %( H$&4+ ($*$/ $& I&$a7 & $, %! a# (4%+$ I&$a. T!$+ $+ */a# +%a%4%(# #*(g&$%$(& (, %! #4/ %!a% a// J4+%$(&+ (, *a'a*$% a# g(#& 3 %! /a" (, a '#+(&2+ ($*$/. I& I&$a7 4&# %! H$&4 Ma##$ag A*%7 19;;7 a& %"( H$&4+5 *a& '#,(# %!$# a##$ag7 '#($ %!a% %! *(&$%$(&+ /a$ ("& 4&# %! A*% a# ,4/,$//. T! I&$a& C(4#%+ "(4/ a**(# #*(g&$%$(& %( +4*! a##$ag+ & $, (& (, %! 'a#%$+ (# 3(%! %! 'a#%$+ %( %! a##$ag 59 T! F(#$g& Ma##$ag A*% 1969 A*% &(. == (, 19697 S*%$(& =
60 1991 = SCC >;17 a% >;@.
61
S4)a%a Ma&(!a#7 I&%#-'#+(&a/ La"+ $& I&$a7 aa$/a3/ !%%'<"""+(*.&$$.a*.)')+$/a&&4a/(*4&%+00=a4%4&!(4(4a3+%#Pa&/Q0E>Q0Ma&(!a# Q0#$+.', . /a+% $+$% (& A4g4+% 10 01;.
1 | P a g
a%<
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
!a &( *a'a*$% %( &%# $&%( a##$ag 4&# %!# a&%-&4'%$a/ ($*$/ (# /a" (, %!$# a%#$(&$a/ !(. T!$+ $+ a/+( %#4 $& *a+ (, M4+/$+7 C!#$+%$a&+7 Pa#+$ (# :" a##$ag+ '#,(# $& I&$a 4&# %! /a" (, %!# #+'*%$ *(4&$%$+. T!$+ $+ 3*a4+ $& I&$a7 /a" (, a##$ag $+ ++&%$a// a '#+(&a/ /a"7 $& %! +&+ %!a% %! g(#&$&g /a" (, a##$ag $+ &(% %! I&$a& La" (# %! +%a% /a" 34% %! /a" (, %! *(4&$% %( "!$*! %! 'a#%$+ 3/(&g. I& a *a+ (, Parwatawwa v. %hannawwa,<0 "!# a a& ($*$/ $& H#a3a a##$ a +*(& "$,7 "!( "a+ ($*$/ $& B(3a7 a% a %$ "!& a H$&4 *(4/ *(&%#a*% a 3$ga(4+ a##$ag $& H#a3a 34% &(% $& B(3a7 $% "a+ !/ %!a% %! J4+%$(& #/a% %( *a'a*$% "!$*! "a+ '&&% (& %! !4+3a&2+ ($*$/7 a& a+ ! "a+ &(% '#(!$3$% ,#( *(&%#a*%$&g a +*(& a##$ag 3 %! /a" (, !$+ ($*$/7 %! a##$ag "a+ a/$. I& %! *a+ (, hagwan Ghamshamdas v %harlotte 8ingg 76= a H$&4 a&7 "!(+ a##$ag !a 3& $++(/ 4&# %! H$&4 Ma##$ag A*% 19;;7 a##$ a&(%!# "(a& $& S#$ La&a "$%!$& a ," (&%!+ (, %! $++(/4%$(&7 $% "a+ !/ %!a% 4&# +*%$(& 1; (, %! H$&4 Ma##$ag A*% 19;;7 a+ $% +%(( %!&7 a '#+(& *(4/ &(% #a## "$%!$& a a# (, %! $++(/4%$(& %! a&7 %!#,(#7 /a* a *a'a*$% %( a## "!$*! "a+ g(#& 3 %! /a" (, !$+ ($*$/.
VIII.
HAGUE C CONVENTION : A WORKABLE S SOLUTION OR A M M YTH IN ITSELF
Hag4 C(&&%$(& (& %! C/3#a%$(& a& R*(g&$%$(& (, %! Va/$$% (, Ma##$ag6> %( a /a#g# 8%&% +(/+ %! '#(3/ (, *(&,/$*% (, /a"+7 a& 3#$&g+ ,(#%! %! /a" "!$*! $+ %(. T! Hag4 C(&&%$(& $& $%+ a#%$*/ ?0 J4$% */a#/ #*(g&$+ %! '#$&*$'/ (, &e(i &oci %elebrationis, "!$*! "$// %#$& %! ,(#a/ a/$$% (, a##$ag+ $& P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La". F4#%!#7 $% a/+( #(+ %! a3$g4$% (& %! '($&% %!a% "!%!# a +%a% *a& & %( &,(#* a& #*(g&$ a a##$ag *(&%#a*% (4%+$ (& %! g#(4& (, 3$&g (''(+ %( $%+ '43/$* '(/$*7 a#%$*/ ;?1 a&
62 AIR 1966 M+ 100
63 19;9 ILR 1 Ca/ >
64 A#%$*/
1> - A C(&%#a*%$&g S%a% a #,4+ %( #*(g&$+ %! a/$$% (, a a##$ag "!# +4*!#*(g&$%$(& $+ a&$,+%/ $&*('a%$3/ "$%! $%+ '43/$* '(/$* (## '43/$*.
| P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
A#%$*/ 1>? J4$% */a#/ /a+ ("& %!a% a +%a%7 'a#% %( %!$+ *(&&%$(&7 a #,4+ %( &,(#* a& #*(g&$ a a##$ag $, $% $+ (''(+ %( '43/$* '(/$* (, %!a% +%a%. B4% (& (, %! /$$%a%$(& (, %!$+ *(&&%$(& $+ %!a% $% (+ &(% *(&%a$& a& '#($+$(& (& ++&%$a/ a/$$% (, a##$ag7 "!$*! ++ %( 3 %! (+% a3$g4(4+ '($&% $& P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La" $& #/a%$(& %( a/$$% (, a##$ag+7 "!$*! +#$(4+/ 4&#$&+ %! $'(#%a&* (, %!$+ *(&&%$(&7 a+ $%+ '(+$%$(& "$%! #ga# %( ,(#a/ a/$$% $+ (# (# /++ +a $& a/(+% a// *(4&%#$+7 "$%! *#%a$& 8*'%$(&+7 34% $& *a+ (, ++&%$a/ (# a%#$a/ a/$$% (, a##$ag $% $+ # 4&*/a# a& 4&#/('. A&(%!# /$$%a%$(& %( %!$+ *(&&%$(& $+ %! &43# (, 'a#%$+ %( $%7 "!$*! a# (&/ %!# $& &43#.6; S$&* a C(&&%$(&+5 *#$3$/$% a& a''/$*a3$/$% *a& 3 )4g (&/ (& %! 3a+$+ (, &43# (, *(4&%#$+ 'a#% %( $%7 %!4+7 $& %! *a+ (, Hag4 C(&&%$(&7 /++ &43# (, 'a#%$+ +#$(4+/ 4&#a/4+ %! a''/$*a3$/$% a& &,(#*a3$/$% (, %!$+ C(&&%$(&
IX.
CONCLUSION
A *(&%#a*% %( a## ,4&a&%a// ,#( a *(#*$a/ *(&%#a*%7 +$&* *#a%+ a +%a%4+ %!a% a,,*%+ 3(%! %! 'a#%$+ %!+/+ a& %! +(*$% %( "!$*! %! 3/(&g. I% $+ ,4/,$// (& %! +(/&$a%$(& (, %! a##$ag *#(&7 a& %!#,(# %!# $+ a *!a&g $& %! /a" %!a% g(#& %! #/a%$(&+!$' 3%"& %! 'a#%$+. T!# a# a& $,,#&% +$%4a%$(&+ $& "!$*! %! 8$+%&* (, a a##$ag 4+% 3 +%a3/$+! a+ a '#/$$&a# %( /ga/ '#(*$&g+. T! a%%# a *(&*#& a& $,,#&% 'a#%+ (, %! /a". T!4+ %! $&+%$%4%$(& (, a%#$(&$a/ *a4++7 +4*! a+ a '%$%$(&# ,(# $(#* a& )4$*$a/ +'a#a%$(&7 $'/$+ %!a% %! 'a#%$+ a# #/a% %( a*! (%!# a+ !4+3a& a& "$,. Ea*! /ga/ ++% 4+% %#$& %! a%%#$34%+ (, %! *(&+&+4a/ 4&$(& 3%"& a& a& "(a&7 %! *((& ,a*%(#7 $& + (, %! E&g/$+! /a"7 (, # a##$ag7 "!$*! a# &*++a# %( *#a% %! #/a%$(&+!$' (, !4+3a& a& "$,. T! a3( '#()*% *(&*/4+ %!a% %! *a+ /a" )4+% $//4+%#a%+ %! $&*$&%a/ J4+%$(& (+ &(% a%%#a*% a *!a&$*a/ #4/. T!#,(# a*! *a+ $+ *$ (& $%+ ("& ,a*%+ a& *$#*4+%a&*+.
65 U'%$// 009 %!# "# (&/ %!# 'a#%$+.
= | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
A+ ,a# a+ )4#$+$*%$(& (, E&g/$+! C(4#% $+ *(&*#&7 %( &%#%a$& '#(*$&g+ ,(# &4//$%7 $, $%!# 'a#% "a+ !a3$%4a/ #+$&% ,(# (& a# (# ($*$/ $& E&g/a&7 (# $, $%!# (, %! 'a#%$+ $ 3,(# %!a% a% a& $%!# "a+ a% ($*$/ $& E&g/a& (# !a 3& !a3$%4a// #+$&% ,( (& a# &$&g "$%! %! a% (, %! a%!. A &4//$% *# a */a# a a##$ag $%!# ($ (# ($a3/. A+ $& %! *a+ (, *(&%#a*%7 %!# $+ '#('# /a" (, *(&%#a*%7 +( a/+( $& %! *a+ (, a/$$% (, a##$ag7 %!# +!(4/ 3 a *(&*'% (, P#('# La" (, Ma##$ag7 4&# "!$*! ,$#+%/7 %! /a" %( 3 a''/$*a3/ "$// 3 %!a% /a" "!$*! $+ +'*$,$ 3 %! 'a#%$+ $& %! a##$ag (# a% %! %$ (, %! #g$+%#a%$(& +*(&/7 $% +!(4/ 3 %! /a" "!$*! *a& 3 $&,## 3 %! *(&4*% (, %! 'a#%$+ (# a**(#$&g %( %! 'a#%$*4/a#+ ,$// 3 %! 'a#%$+ 4#$&g %! #g$+%#a%$(& (, %! a##$ag %!$#/7 +$&* $& a& *(4&%#$+ %! #g$+%#a%$(& (, a##$ag+ $+ &(% *('4/+(#7 +( a& '('/ ( &(% g( ,(# #g$+%#a%$(& (, %!# a##$ag+7 $& +4*! a *a+ $% "$// 3 %! /a" "$%! "!$*! %! 'a#%$+ !a %! (+% #a/ a& +43+%a&%$a/ *(&&*%$(&. T!$+ a & a& (, %! '#(3/+ a& "$// a/+( g$ )4$*$a# "$ '("#+ %( *$ %! a%%#7 (& %! 3a+$+ &(%$(&+ (, )4+%$* "!$*! %! ,(//(".
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS 1. A%4/ M S%a/a7 %onflict of &aws7 & E. L8$+ N8$+ B4%%#"(#%+ Wa!"a< Nag'4#7 009.
> | P a g
VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
. C!+!$#7 N(#%! Fa"*%%7 Private "nternational &aw 1>%! E.7 O8,(# U&$#+$% P#++< N" Y(#7 00@ =. V.C. G($&a#a)7 6he %onflict of &aws in "ndia, O8,(# U&$#+$% P#++< N" D/!$7 01=. M. ARTICLES 1.
Ra)a% :(+!$7 ;alidity of Marriage 'nd %onflict 5f &aws7 ILI La" R$"7 010.
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VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
