Project Report - Fault Detection by Vibration Analysis

Iavn} Mf}fk}ocl b Yobra}ocl Alan{o{ ci Gakòlf

K@AT]FR 1 OL]RCMVK]OCL

Bàra}o Yomyatff}`‟{ Kcnnfhf ci Flholffrolh. Ecnàtvr

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Yobra}ocl{ ircg a gc}cr cr gakòlf kcl}aol yo}an olicrga}ocl abcv} }`f ctfra}ocl {}a}f alm kclmo}ocl ci }`f gakòlf, Alan{o{ alm ka}fhcrozolh ci yarocv{ yobra}ocl ta}}frl{ trcyomf{ v{ xo}` a yo{van rfifrflkf }c kro}okan {o}va}ocl{ xòk` ga magahf }`f {{}fg, B alanzolh yobra}ocl{ anclh xo}` kvrrfl}. xf trctc{f }c mfyfnct al fnfk}rclok kcl}rcn {{}fg katabnf ci trfmok}olh iavn}{ xòk` ol }vrl xonn `fnt {ayf yanvabnf rf{cvrkf{, Fnfk}roko} o{ gc{} xomfn v{fm }c tcxfr vt attnoalkf{ ircg @cgf{ }c Olmv{}rof{, Cvr {tfkoan ol}frf{} o{ cl Olmv{}roan fqvotgfl}{ xòk` arf tcxfrfm b al Fnfk}rokan Gc}cr5 {vk` a{ Kcgtrf{{cr. Bncxfr. KLK Gakòlf. Gonnolh Gakòlf. f}k, Tcxfr cv}tv} ircg gc}cr o{ kcvtnfm }c }`f {ài} ci gakòlf, Kcvtnolh kcgtclfl}{ olknvmf {ài}{. hfar{. bfn}{. inah{ alm bfarolh{. f{{fl}oann }ral{ifrrolh flfrh, Fyfl }`cvh` }`f{f kcgtclfl}{ arf mf{ohlfm icr òh` tfricrgalkf alm rohomo}. xo}` }ogf }`f {}ar} }c mfyfnct inax{, @oh` irfqvflk ci ctfra}ocl kav{f{ bfarolh{ alm kcgtclfl}{ }c rfak` }`f flm ci }`for trcmvk} noif, @flkf xo}` olkrfa{olh v{f cr ahf. bfhol }c yobra}f gcrf mo{}olk}n cr trcmvkolh ablcrgan gcyfgfl}{ xòk` rfmvkf{ cyfrann fiiokoflk, [vk` yobra}ocl{ arf kav{fm b ogbanalkf{ ol }`f rc}a}olh tar}{. vlfyfl irok}ocl. gf{òlh ) xfar alm }far ci hfar }ff}` cr bfarolh{. rc}cr. f}k, Ol kcl}olvcv{ trcmvk}ocl nolf{. }`frf o{ lffm ci 144& vt}ogf ci ann gakòlf{, ]ramo}oclan gaol}flalkf gf}`cm{ arf Trfyfl}oyf ol la}vrf }à} o{ kcgtclfl}{ arf rftnakfm cl a iopfm {k`fmvnf }`cvh` }`f xcrf cv} cr lc}, An{c alc}`fr xa ci gaol}flalkf o{ kannfm a{ Rfak}oyf gaol}flalkf. ol xòk` kcgtclfl}{ arf rftaorfm cln ai}fr }`f arf brcefl mcxl, Ior{} gf}`cm kal olkrfa{f fptfl{f{ }cxarm{ gaol}flalkf. bfkav{f tar}{ arf anxa{ rftnakfm ai}fr kfr}aol tfrocm, ]`f {fkclm clf kal kav{f ‖Omnf Tfrocm’ x`fl gakòlf {}ct{ xcreolh mvf }c ganivlk}oclfm tar}, ]`frf o{ f} alc}`fr gaol}flalkf attrcak` elcxl a{ Trfmok}oyf gaol}flalkf. xòk` kal bf akòfyfm b Yobra}ocl Alan{o{, Ol yobra}ocl alan{o{. yobra}ocl{ ci gakòlf a{{fgbn cr a {tfkoiok tar} arf rfkcrmfm v{olh {fl{cr{ {vk` a{ Akkfnfrcgf}fr, ]`f{f rfkcrmfm yobra}ocl{ arf alan{fm }c f{}oga}f icr `cx gcrf }ogf }`f tar} cr gakòlf kcvnm xcre xo}`cv} al o{{vf{, Xf kal àyf a yo{vanoza}ocl alm f{}oga}ocl abcv} xcreolh {}a}f ci }`f gakòlf b gfal{ ci yobra}ocl{, ]`frficrf trfmok}oyf gaol}flalkf v{olh yobra}ocl alan{o{ trcyomf{ }`f kclmo}ocl ci kcgtclfl}{ ol ctfra}olh gakòlf{, Oi al iavn} ckkvr{ ol kcgtclfl}. kcl}olvcv{ yobra}ocl alan{o{ kal mf}fk} tc{{obnf iavn}. alm rf{tfk}oyf kcrrfk}oyf ak}ocl kal bf }aefl }c efft {{}fg ol ctfra}ocl, @flkf yobra}ocl alan{o{ trcyomf{ ia{}fr. kcl}olvcv{ alm fiiokofl} iavn} trfmok}ocl, X`fl }ò{ }fk`loqvf o{ v{fm ol {fl{o}oyf attnoka}ocl rfqvorolh 144& vt}ogf. xonn kfr}aoln trcyf }c bf fiiokofl} alm gc{} ogtcr}al}n iaon trcci,


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Xà} o{ yobra}ocl3 Ol o}{ {ogtnf{} icrg. yobra}ocl kal bf kcl{omfrfm }c bf }`f c{konna}ocl{ # rftf}o}oyf gc}ocl ci al cbjfk} arcvlm al fqvonobrovg tc{o}ocl, ]`f fqvonobrovg tc{o}ocl o{ }`f tc{o}ocl xòk` al cbjfk} xonn a}}aol x`fl }`f icrkf ak}olh cl o} o{ zfrc, ]ò{ }tf ci yobra}ocl o{ kannfm a{ ‖x`cnf bcm gc}ocl’ o,f, ann tar}{ ci }`f bcm arf gcyolh }chf}`fr ol }`f {agf morfk}ocl a} al tcol} ci }ogf, Gc{} flholffrolh gakòlf{ ) {}rvk}vrf{ fptfroflkf yobra}ocl }c {cgf mfhrff ) }`for mf{ohl hflfrann rfqvorf{ kcl{omfra}ocl ci }`for c{konna}cr bfàyocvr, ]`f yobra}ocl ci al cbjfk} o{ anxa{ kav{fm b al fpko}a}ocl icrkf xòk` ga bf fp}frlann attnofm }c }à} cbjfk} cr o} ga crohola}f ol{omf }`f cbjfk}, ]`f yobra}ocl # c{konna}cr gc}ocl ci }`f {{}fg ga bf cbjfk}oclabnf cr mf{orabnf. mftflmolh cl }`f tvrtc{f ci }`f gakòlf, ]`f cbjfk}oyf ci }`f mf{ohlfr o{ }c kcl}rcn cr gologozf }`f yobra}ocl x`fl o} o{ cbjfk}oclabnf ) }c v}onozf ) flàlkf o} x`fl o} o{ mf{orabnf, ]`f cbjfk}oclabnf yobra}ocl ol a mfyokf ga kav{f ia}ohvf iaonvrf. }`f ncc{flolh ci tar}{. ganivlk}oclolh . ogbanalkf{ ol }`f rc}a}olh tar}{. vlfyfl irok}ocl. gf{òlh. xfar alm }far ci hfar }ff}` cr bfarolh{. rc}cr cr fyfl}van iaonvrf ci gfkàlokan {{}fg, Yobra}ocl{ ga bf mfiolfm a{ }`f c{konna}cr cr kknok gc}ocl ci a {cnom bcm. abcv} {cgf fqvonobrovg tcol} x`fl fpko}fm b al attrctroa}f icrkf, Yobra}ocl{ arf kàrak}frozfm b }xc {tfkoiok ifa}vrf{, ]`f{f arf : o/]`f agtno}vmf ci yobra}ocl M oo/]`f irfqvflk ci yobra}ocl x`frf i7 1#] ]`f agtno}vmf }fnn{ v{ `cx bam o} o{ yobra}olh, ]`f irfqvflk }fnn{ v{ xà} o{ yobra}olh,


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1,1 Kna{{oioka}ocl Ci Yobra}ocl

Yobra}ocl kal bf kna{{oiofm ol yarocv{ xa{, ]ò{ kna{{oioka}ocl mftflm{ cl }`f bfàyocvr ci }`f t`{okan {{}fg vlmfr {}vm a{ xfnn a{ }`f la}vrf ci }`f mlagok icrkf{ ak}olh cl }`f {{}fg ) }`f rf{tcl{f ci }`f {{}fg }c }`f{f ncam{, C{konna}cr {{}fg{ kal bf kàrak}frozfm a{ nolfar cr lclnolfar, Kna{{oioka}ocl ci yobra}ocl kal an{c bf ba{fm cl }`f la}vrf ) bfàyocvr ci }`f oltv} }c }`f {{}fg ) }`f kcrrf{tclmolh rf{tcl{f, ]`frf arf }xc hflfran kna{{f{ ci yobra}ocl ol }ò{ rfharm a{ irff ) icrkfm yobra}ocl, Irff yobra}ocl }aef tnakf x`fl a {{}fg c{konna}f{ vlmfr }`f ak}ocl ci icrkf ol`frfl} ol }`f {{}fg o}{fni ) x`fl ai}fr al olo}oan mo{}vrbalkf. }`f {{}fg o{ nfi} }c yobra}f cl o}{ cxl ) lc fp}frlan icrkf ak}{ cl }`f {{}fg, Oi }`f {{}fg o{ fpko}fm b al fp}frlan icrkf. }`f rf{vn}olh yobra}ocl o{ kannfm icrkfm yobra}ocl, f,h, }`f c{konna}ocl{ }à} aro{f{ ol gakòlf{ {vk` a{ rc}a}olh {ài}{ mvf }c vlbanalkf o{ icrkfm yobra}ocl, X`fl }`f fpko}a}ocl o{ c{konna}cr. }`f {{}fg o{ icrkfm }c yobra}f a} }`f fpko}a}ocl irfqvflk, Oi }`f irfqvflk kcolkomf{ xo}` clf ci }`f la}vran irfqvflkof{ ci }`f {{}fg. a kclmo}ocl ci rf{clalkf ckkvr{ ) }`f {{}fg vlmfrhcf{ malhfrcv{ narhf c{konna}ocl{, Yobra}ocl o{ an{c kna{{oiofm a{ mf}frgolo{}ok cr ralmcg, Oi }`f gahlo}vmf ci }`f fpko}a}ocl ak}olh cl a yobra}cr {{}fg yarof{ ol akkcrmalkf xo}` a trf{krobfm ivlk}ocl a} al hoyfl }ogf. }`f fpko}a}ocl ci mf}frgolo{}ok, ]`f rf{vn}olh yobra}ocl o{ elcxl a{ mf}frgolo{}ok yobra}ocl, Ol {cgf ka{f{. }`f fpko}a}ocl o{ lcl'mf}frgolo{}ok cr ralmcg. o,f, }`f yanvf ci fpko}a}ocl a} al hoyfl }ogf kallc} bf trfmok}fm, ]ò{ mfiolf{ al kna{{ ci yobra}ocl kannfm a{ ralmcg yobra}ocl{,


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1,2 [cvrkf{ Ci Yobra}ocl :

Yobra}ocl{ rf{vn}{ ircg mlagok icrkf{ xòk` trcmvkf a {frof{ ci gc}ocl{ xo}òl }`f {{}fg, ]`f{f gc}ocl{ ga bf nolfar cr lclnolfar cr kcgbola}ocl ci bc}` ci }`f{f, Gakòlfr yobra}ocl{ kal bf gfa{vrfm alm alanzfm }c trcyomf a kc{} fiifk}oyf Trfmok}oyf gf}`cm ci moahlc{olh }`f kav{f icr mfyfnctgfl} ci iaonvrf kclmo}ocl{, ]tokan gakòlfr iavn}{ xòk` ga bf mo{kcyfrfm b yobra}ocl alan{o{ arf : 1/ Ab{flkf ci nvbroka}ocl 2/ Bfl} {ài}{ ;/ Magahfm cr go{anohlfm mroyf{ =/ Magahfm bfarolh{ 6/ Fkkfl}roko} 9/ Irf}}olh kcrrc{ocl 8/ Olkcrrfk} a{{fgbn 0/ Ol{fkvrf kcgtclfl}{ ?/ Gfkàlokan {nakelf{{ 14/ Cl{f} ci kayo}a}ocl{ 11/ Trf{flkf ci {cnom bcmof{ 12/ [}a}ok cr mlagok vlbanalkf 1;/ Xcrl bfarolh{ 1=/ Xarl cr magahfm hfar{

Hfar :

A hfar x`ffn o{ a x`ffn xo}` }ff}` arcvlm o}{ korkvgifrflkf .}`f tvrtc{f ci }`f }ff}` bfolh }c gf{` xo}` {ogonar }ff}` cl alc}`fr gfkàlokan mfyokf'' tc{{obn alc}`fr hfar x`ffn”{c }à} icrkf kal bf }ral{go}}fm bf}xffl }`f }xc mfyokf{ ol a morfk}ocl }alhfl}oan }c }`for {vriakf{, A lcl'}cc}`fm x`ffn kal }ral{go} {cgf }alhfl}oan icrkf bv} xonn {not oi }`f icrkf o{ narhf5 }ff}` trfyfl} {nottahf alm anncx }`f }ral{go{{ocl ci narhf icrkf{, Hfar{ arf an{c {cgf}ogf{ kann }cc}`fm x`ffn{ cr kchhfm x`ffn{, ]`f }ff}` arf an{c {cgf}ogf{ kannfm kch{, ]`f {gannfr hfar ol a taor o{ ci}fl kannfm }`f tolocl5 }`f narhf{. fo}`fr }`f hfar. cr }`f x`ffn,


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A hfar kal gf{` xo}` al mfyokf àyolh }ff}` kcgta}obnf xo}` }`f hfar‟{ }ff}`, [vk` mfyokf{ olknvmf rake{ alm c}`fr lcl'rc}a}olh mfyokf{5 `cxfyfr. }`f gc{} kcggcl {o}va}ocl o{ icr a hfar }c bf ol gf{` xo}` alc}`fr hfar, Ol }ò{ xa. rc}a}oclan gc}ocl kal bf }ral{ifrrfm ircg clf ncka}ocl }c alc}`fr, Xònf hfar{ arf {cgf}ogf{ v{fm {ogtn icr }ò{ rfa{cl ”}c }ral{go} rc}a}ocl }c alc}`fr {ài}”tfràt{ }`for gc{} ogtcr}al} ifa}vrf o{ }à}. oi }`f hfar{ arf ci vlfqvan {ozf{. a gfkàlokan amyal}ahf o{ an{c akòfyfm. {c }à} }`f rc}a}oclan {tffm. alm }crqvf. ci }`f {fkclm hfar arf moiifrfl} ircg }à} ci }`f ior{}, Ol }ò{ xa. hfar{ trcyomf a gfal{ ci olkrfa{olh cr mfkrfa{olh a rc}a}oclan {tffm. cr a }crqvf, ]ò{ o{ a òh`n v{fivn trctfr},

]tf{ Ci Hfar{:

Icnncxolh arf moiifrfl} }tf{ ci hfar{. 1, [tvr hfar{ 2, @fnokan hfar{ ;, Mcvbnf @fnokan hfar{ =, Bfyfn hfar{ 6, Krcxl hfar 9, @tcom hfar{ 8, Xcrg hfar 0, [fk}cr hfar ?, Rake alm tolocl

Hfar Gf{` Irfqvflk:

Fak` hfar à{ 92 }ff}`{, @flkf }cc}` gf{` irfqvflk o{ 92 @z alm o}{ {fkclm alm }òrm àrgclok{ arf 12=. 109 f}k, ]`f {tffm ci gakòlf o{ 1=;4 rtg, @flkf }`f hfar gf{` irfqvflk7 rt{* hfar }ff}` 7 (1=;4#94/*92 71=04 @z


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1,; No}fra}vrf [vryf:

Trfmok}oyf gaol}flalkf b v{olh yobra}ocl alan{o{ o{ }`f gc{} rfnoabnf alm {fkvrf attrcak` }cxarm{ }`f gaol}flalkf, Gvk` ci }`f rf{fark` xcre o{ hcolh cl }ò{ iofnm mvf }c olkrfa{fm olmv{}roanoza}ocl, Ol tatfr U1W }`f trctc{fm v{f ci yobra}ocl alan{o{ icr {}rvk}vran `fan}` galahfgfl} b kcl{omfrolh }xc lcl'{}a}oclar {ohlan{ alm attnolh xayfnf} }fk`loqvf{ cl}c o}, Tatfr U2W mf{krobf{ moahlc{o{ ci flholf iavn}{ v{olh yobra}ocl alan{o{ b v{olh xayfnf} takef}{ alm lfvran lf}xcre{, Tatfr U;W fnabcra}f{ v{f ci yobra}ocl }f{}olh alm alan{o{ ol olkrfa{olh tfricrgalkf ci rfkcliohvrabnf ]vrl'gonnolh Gakòlf ]ccn v{olh II] alm }`f àyf v{fm akkfnfrcgf}fr icr {ohlan kat}vrolh anclh xo}` icrkf mf}fk}cr alm ànn fiifk} kvrrfl} {fl{cr }c tnc} }`f kvrrfl}'yobra}ocl trcionf ci }à} gakòlf, Tatfr U=W mf{krobf{ v{f ci yobra}ocl gclo}crolh alan{o{ }fk`loqvf icr fnfk}rok gc}cr ga{{ vlbanalkf ol tcxfr tnal}{ alm `flkf trcyomf al fiifk}oyf {cnv}ocl icr banalkolh o}, Tatfr U6W {`cx{ v{f ar}oiokoan lfvran lf}xcre icr iavn} ta}}frl kna{{oioka}ocl ci }vrbolf'hflfra}cr {f} v{olh xayfnf} }ral{icrg alm ivzz nchok icr ogtrcyolh tfricrgalkf ci hflfra}cr, Tatfr U9W mf{krobf{ v{f alan{o{ ci lco{f alm yobra}ocl icr a lfx tvrf fnfk}rokan yfòknf }c trcyomf al fkc'iroflmn {cnv}ocl icr ogtrcyolh }`f tfricrgalkf ci }ral{tcr} {{}fg, Tatfr U8W {`cx{ v{f ci mlagok xayfnf} alan{o{ icr gc}cr Iavn} moahlc{o{ ba{fm cl }`f yobra}ocl {ohlan }f{}olh alm alan{o{ v{olh Nabyofx {ci}xarf icr {ogvna}olh alm a ma}a akqvo{o}ocl karm, Tatfr U0W fnabcra}f{ kclmo}ocl gclo}crolh ci olmvk}ocl gc}cr{ v{olh xayfnf} ba{fm alan{o{ ci yobra}ocl {ohlan{ v{olh a tofzcfnfk}rok akkfnfrcgf}fr {fl{cr, Tatfr U?W {`cx{ attnoka}ocl ci xayfnf} alan{o{ ol iavn} mf}fk}ocl ci kfnn t`clf gc}cr v{olh yobra}ocl alan{o{ b a GFG[ akkfnfrcgf}fr, Ol Tatfr U14W }`f trctc{fm }`f v{fm ci xayfnf} }fk`loqvf{ icr }`f kcl}olvcv{ alan{o{ ci gc}cr{ v{olh gannf} anhcro}`g, Ol tatfr U11W {`cx{ fnfk}rokan iavn} mf}fk}ocl ol }`rff tà{f {qvorrfn kahf olmvk}ocl gc}cr b yobra}ocl alan{o{ v{olh gfg{ akkfnfrcgf}fr, TatfrU12W mf{krobf{ {}a}ok alm mlagok yobra}ocl alan{f{ ci {xo}k`fm rfnvk}alkf gc}cr{ olknvmolh bfarolh{. `cv{olh. rc}cr mlagok{. alm attnofm ncam{, Tatfr U1;W {`cx{ iavn} mf}fk}ocl ci hfarbcp xo}` yobra}ocl {ohlan alan{o{ b a nolfar kcgbola}ocl ci amat}oyf xayfnf}{, Tatfr U16W attnoka}ocl ci xayfnf} alm Icvrofr }ral{icrg{ icr yobra}ocl alan{o{ ci gc}cr, Tatfr U19W {`cx{ yobra}ocl iavn} mf}fk}ocl alm moahlc{o{ ol aorkrai} tcxfr tnal} v{olh gcmfn'ba{fm }fk`loqvf{ anclh xo}` ivzz lfvran lf}xcre{, Tatfr U18W {`cx{ yobra}ocl iavn} mf}fk}ocl alm moahlc{o{ gf}`cm icr tcxfr {{}fg hflfra}cr ba{fm cl xayfnf} irak}an lf}xcre, Anclh xo}` }ò{ a bcce U10W kcyfr{ }`f gajcr olicrga}ocl kcl}fl}{ rfna}fm {cvrkf{ alm kav{f{ ci yobra}ocl{ ol gfkàlokan {{}fg{,


An{c bcce U1?W cl}aol{ amyalkfm

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olicrga}ocl abcv} yarocv{ }fk`loqvf{ ci gaol}flalkf alm ol}frrfna}ocl bf}xffl {`cke alm yobra}ocl alm `cx }c gologozf }`fg, Xf an{c àm yo{o}fm yarocv{ olmv{}rof{ lfarb Ecnàtvr {vk` a{ Trf{oiab Olmoa Kcrt, Galvhrat` N}m. Hàmhf'Ta}on Olmv{}rof{ N}m. [,B, Rf{`fnnfr{ Ty}, N}m, alm Mvmàlf Lv}bcn}{, B yo{o}olh }`c{f olmv{}rof{ xf hc} }c elcx abcv} }`f }ramo}oclan gaol}flalkf gf}`cm{ }`f arf ogtnfgfl}olh ol }`frf ma }c ma trak}okf{, ]`c{f gf}`cm{ arf trfyfl}oyf ol la}vrf }à} o{ kcgtclfl}{ arf rftnakfm cl a iopfm {k`fmvnf }`cvh` }`f xcrl cr lc}, An{c alc}`fr xa o{ kannfm rfak}oyf gaol}flalkf ol xòk` kcgtclfl}{ arf rftaorfm cln ai}fr }`f àyf brcefl mcxl, ]`f{f gf}`cm{ arf lc} omfan bv} v{fm yfr kcggcln }`rcvh`cv} }`f `fay olmv{}r {fk}cr, Bc}` ci }`f{f gf}`cm{ }flm }c gvk` òh`fr kc{}{ alm nf{{ rfnoabono} ci {{}fg, ]`frficrf xf mfkomfm }c v{f trfmok}oyf gaol}flalkf, Trfmok}oyf gaol}flalkf v{olh yobra}ocl alan{o{ trcyomf{ }`f kclmo}ocl ci kcgtclfl}{ ol ctfra}olh gakòlf{, Oi al iavn} ckkvr{ ol kcgtclfl} mvf }c ia{} trckf{{olh alm alan{o{ }`f iavn} kal bf mf}fk}fm alm rf{tfk}oyf kcrrfk}oyf ak}ocl kal bf }aefl }c efft {{}fg ol ctfra}ocl alm @flkf yobra}ocl alan{o{ trcyomf{ ia{}fr . fiiokofl} iavn} mf}fk}ocl alm x`fl v{fm ol olmv{}rof{ kal trcyomf `vhf kc{} {ayolh xo}`cv} lffm ci ol}frrvt}ocl ol ctfra}ocl ci al ci {{}fg, Xf arf hcolh }c v{f xayfnf} alan{o{ xòk` xonn trcyomf trfko{f kcl}rcn b rf{cnyolh fak` alm fyfr irfqvflk alm }`fl kcgtarolh o} xo}` {}almarm ta}}frl,


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K@AT]FR 2 Trctc{fm xcre


?


2,1 Bncke Moahrag

Icr mf}fk}olh iavn} ol al gakòlf }`f yobra}ocl{ ci }à} gakòlf arf ior{}n rfkcrmfm b }`f gfal{ ci akkfnfrcgf}fr alm al ARG kcl}rcnnfr fo}`fr v{olh VAR] cr [M karm, ]`c{f rfkcrmfm yobra}ocl{ arf }`fl alan{fm cl TK b v{olh {ci}xarf GA]NAB,Ef{ alm mo{tna arf v{fm }c trcyomf v{fr ol}friakf,Gaol aog ci cvr trcjfk} o{ }c trcyomf trfmok}oyf gaol}flalkf attrcak` icr gakòlf{,

Ef{ alm Mo{tna

GGA 8;91N Gakòlf vlmfr ]f{}

; apo{ GFG[ Akkfnfrcgf} fr

F}`frlf} gcmvnf Gokrckcl}rcnnfr (ARG/

[froan Ol}friakf

T K

[M Karm Ol}friakf

Ioh ,2,1, Bncke moahrag ci {{}fg

Bncke moahrag kcl{o{}{ ci : 1/ Akkfnfrcgf}fr

Akkfnfrcgf}fr o{ v{fm }c gfa{vrf }ol yobra}ocl{ alm gcyfgfl}{ ci al cbjfk}, A tofzcfnfk}rok {fl{cr kal bf v{fm }c kcnnfk} olo}oan yobra}ocl {ohlan, Icr ol}friakolh xo}` kcl}rcnnfr. GFG[ akkfnfrcgf}fr o{ trfifrrfm xòk` trcyomf{ moho}an cv}tv}, Ma}a ircg {fl{cr xonn bf oltv} }c }`f {{}fg,


14


2, Gokrckcl}rcnnfr (ARG/ alm TK'

]ò{ o{ }`f gaol trckf{{olh tar} ci }`f {{}fg, Ol'bon} AMK ci ARG kcl}rcnnfr o{ v{fm }c {agtnf }`f oltv} ma}a ircg akkfnfrcgf}fr, [agtnolh ra}f ci AMK o{ 1G{t{ alm rf{cnv}ocl o{12 bo}, ;,TK

‛

TK o{ v{fm }c alanzf }`f yobra}ocl ta}}frl b v{olh GA]NAB {ci}xarf, O} xonn ior{}n attn xayfnf} cl oltv} yobra}ocl ta}}frl alm cb}aol ncx alm òh` irfqvflk kcgtclfl}{, ]`fl tcxfr {tfk}ran mfl{o} ci }`f xayfnf} mfkcgtc{o}ocl o{ }aefl xonn bf v{fm }c hf} cr rf{cnv}f }`f tar}okvnar arfa ci irfqvflkof{ ol}frf{} ol yobra}ocl ta}}frl, =, Ef{ alm Mo{tna'

]ò{ v{fr ol}friakf xonn trcyomf abono} }c {f}vt }`f mfyokf alm {ff rfan }ogf cv}tv} rf{vn}{,

6, [M karm#lf}xcre ol}friakf'

[M karm o{ v{fm }c {}crf }`f yobra}ocl ta}}frl cl}c o}, O} v{f{ a IA];2 ionf {{}fg icr {}crolh }`f ma}a, An{c o} xonn {}crf }`f {}almarm yobra}ocl ta}}frl ci gakòlf xòk` o{ trcyomfm b }`f galviak}vrfr,

9,F}`frlf} gcmvnf '

Al [}almanclf F}`frlf} kcl}rcnnfr FLK20J94 xo}` [TO ol}friakf o{ trcyomfm icr iv}vrf mfyfnctgfl} xòk` xonn iakono}a}f rfgc}f akkf{{ }c }`f yobra}ocl ta}}frl ci gakòlf,


11


2,2

Xcre incx

Tà{f O' [}vmolh Yobra}ocl Ta}}frl{ ) Ga}nab [ogvna}ocl{

Ol }ò{ tà{f. xf xonn cb}aol yobra}ocl ta}}frl{ ircg }`f gakòlf vlmfr cb{frya}ocl, Icr }ò{ tar}. xf xonn hf} {}ar}fm xo}` {ogtnf tofzcfnfk}rok kr{}an akkfnfrcgf}fr alm rfkcrm }`f {ohlan, OlbGa}nab {ci}xarf. xonn mfyfnct anhcro}`g }c mf}fk} yobra}ocl ckkvrrflkf{ mfyfnctolh a xf ma}aba{f ci ann al tc{{obnf ta}}frl{, B kro}okan attnolh xayfnf} }ral{icrga}ocl{. xf xonn mfkcgtc{f {ohlan kcgtclfl}{ icr bf}}fr {}vm ci {tfkoiok tar}{, T[M ci tar}okvnar nfyfn ci Xayfnf} mfkcgtc{o}ocl kal bf kankvna}fm }c ickv{ cl a tar}okvnar irfqvflk {ohlan tcr}ocl, Xf xonn gaef a ma}aba{f mfiololh Lcrgan alm Ablcrgan yobra}ocl ta}}frl{ icr na}fr kcgtaro{cl{ xo}` rfan }ogf oltv},

Tà{f OO' @armxarf F{}oga}ocl

]ò{ tà{f o{ kro}okan }cxarm{ mf{ohlolh ak}van àrmxarf alm f{}oga}olh kc{}, Xf xonn k`cc{f a gokrckcl}rcnnfr ircg ARG iagon àyolh òh`fr {agtnolh ra}f {c a{ }c kcnnfk} ann irfqvflk kcgtclfl}{, ]`fl }ò{ yobra}ocl ta}}frl o{ {}crfm cl }`f Gokrc[M karm, ]`fl }`f anhcro}`g o{ mfyfnctfm ol GA]NAB,]à} anhcro}`g o{ attnofm }c kcgtarf }`f yobra}ocl ta}}frl{ cl [M karm alm ircg }à} }`f iavn} o{ mf}fk}fm,A{ a iv}vrf {kctf F}`frlf} kcllfk}oyo} o{ trcyomfm,

Tà{f OOO' @armxarf Mfyfnctgfl}

Ol }ò{ {}ahf. xf xonn trftarf korkvo} nacv} alm TKB icr gcvl}olh }`f korkvo}, Clkf bcarm o{ rfam. kcmf icr gokrckcl}rcnnfr xonn bf mfyfnctfm xòk` xonn rf{fgbnf anhcro}`g mfyfnctfm ol Ga}nab, Icr ARG kcl}rcnnfr{. xf xonn bf v{olh Efon OMF icr mfyfnctolh alm fyanva}olh }`f kcmf,

Tà{f OY' ]f{}olh ) Ct}ogoza}ocl

@frf. }`f mrai} {{}fg xonn bf {vbjfk}fm }c yarocv{ }f{}{ }c {ff oi o} iakono}a}f{ mf{ohl cbjfk}oyf{, Al mfbvhholh. iopf{ alm ct}ogoza}ocl xonn bf karrofm cv},


12


K@AT]FR ; @ARMXARF MFYFNCTGFL]


1;


;,1 Akkfnfrcgf}fr Akkfnfrcgf}fr o{ a }ral{mvkfr }à} gfa{vrf{ akkfnfra}ocl, O} Gfa{vrf{ rfna}oyf ‖xfoh`}’ fptfroflkfm b }f{} ga{{, Tofzcfnfk}rok kr{}an o{ ba{ok akkfnfrcgf}fr, GFG[ akkfnfrcgf}fr{ arf ayaonabnf xòk` trcyomf{ bf}}fr rf{cnv}ocl, GFG[ akkfnfrcgf}fr{ arf ayaonabnf ol Gvn}o'Apo{ gcmfn{ 2 cr ;/,]`f kal morfk}n trcyomf moho}an [TO cv}tv} cr Alanch cv}tv},

Ioh, ;,1,1 Tofzcfnfk}rok Akkfnfrcgf}fr

]`f abcyf o{ ci Tofzfcfnfk}rok Akkfnfrcgf}fr xòk` xa{ olo}oann v{fm }c kat}vrf }`f {ohlan, ]`f tofzc'fnfk}rok akkfnfrcgf}fr kal bf kcl{omfrfm }`f trogo}oyf yobra}ocl }ral{mvkfr icr gakòlf yobra}ocl gfa{vrfgfl},]`f {fo{gok ga{{ o{ knagtfm }c }`f ba{f b al apoan bcn} bfarolh mcxl cl a korkvnar {trolh, ]`f tofzc'fnfk}rok fnfgfl} o{ {qvffzfm bf}xffl }`f ga{{ alm }`f ba{f, X`fl a tofzc'fnfk}rok ga}froan fptfroflkf{ a icrkf. o} hflfra}f{ al fnfk}rok kàrhf bf}xffl o}{ {vriakf{, ]`frf arf gal {vk` ga}froan{. xo}` qvar}z bfolh clf ci }`f gc{} kcggcln v{fm, ]`f cv}tv} ci }`f akkfnfrcgf}fr o{ tnvhhfm }c Gokrct`clf Oltv} ci TK‟{ {cvlm karm,

Cv}tv} o{ ba{okann ycn}ahf xòk` yarof{ ol akkcrmalkf xo}` yobra}ocl ta}}frl ci gakòlf, [cvlm rfkcrmolh }ccn {vk` a{ Hcnm Xayf o{ v{fm }c rfkcrm }ò{ ta}}frl, Rfkcrmfm {ohlan o{ {}crfm ol XAY icrga} xòk` kal bf fa{on ogtcr}fm ol GA]NAB, ]`f tofzcfnfk}rok {fl{cr o{ a {olhnf apo{ yobra}ocl }ral{mvkfr, Gvn}otnf apo{ akkfnfrcgf}fr{ arf ayaonabnf ol GFG[ }tf alm }`f trcyomf fa{ ol}fhra}ocl xo}` a gokrckcl}rcnnfr, ]`for {fl{o}oyo} kal bf k`c{fl akkcrmolh }c }`f attnoka}ocl, GGA8;91N xa{ k`c{fl xòk` o{ a ; apo{ alanch cv}tv} GFG[ akkfnfrcgf}fr, 4


1=


GFG[ Akkfnfrcgf}fr GGA8;91N

GGA8;91N o{ a ]`rff apo{ Ncx'h akkfnfrcgf}fr Gcmvnf xòk` hoyf{ {fnfk}abnf akkfnfra}ocl ralhf ircg ±1,6h cr ±9h,]`f GGA8;91N o{ a ncx tcxfr. ncx trcionf katako}oyf gokrc gakòlfm akkfnfrcgf}fr ifa}vrolh {ohlan kclmo}oclolhU22W. a 1'tcnf ncx ta{{ ion}fr. }fgtfra}vrf kcgtfl{a}ocl. alm h'[fnfk} xòk` anncx{ icr }`f {fnfk}ocl bf}xffl 2 {fl{o}oyo}of{, Zfrc'h cii{f} alm {fl{o}oyo} arf iak}cr {f} alm rfqvorf lc fp}frlan mfyokf{, ]`f GGA8;91N olknvmf{ a [nfft Gcmf }à} gaef{ o} omfan icr àlm`fnm ba}}fr tcxfrfm fnfk}rclok{, Ifa}vrf{

• ;gg p 6gg p 1,4gg NHA'1= Takeahf • Ncx Kvrrfl} Kcl{vgt}ocl: =44 A • [nfft Gcmf: ; A • Ncx Ycn}ahf Ctfra}ocl: 2,2 Y ‛ ;,9 Y • @oh` [fl{o}oyo} (044 gY#h D 1,6h/ • [fnfk}abnf [fl{o}oyo} ±1,6h. ±9h/ • Ia{} ]vrl Cl ]ogf (4,6 g{ Flabnf Rf{tcl{f ]ogf/


16


Ol}frlan Bncke Moahrag

Ioh,;,1,2 Bncke Moahrag ci GFG[ Akkfnfrcgf}fr

[tfkoioka}ocl{: • [vttn ycn}ahf (Ymm/: 2,2Y }c ;,9Y D 944 A • [nfft gcmf kvrrfl}: ; A • [fl{o}oyo}: 1,6h : 044 gY#h 9h : 249 gY# h • [}a}ok Akkfnfra}ocl: PCV]._CV] D '1h : 4,06Y. D 4h : 1,96Y. D %1h: 2,6=Y • Balmxom}`: PCV]. _CV]: =44@z • Cv}tv} Ogtfmalkf: ;2E Gapogvg Ra}olh{ :

]abnf,;,1, Ra}olh ci Akkfrcgf}fr


19


;,2 ARG Gokrckcl}rcnnfr Gokrckcl}rcnnfr o{ v{fm }c }aef oltv} ircg }`f akkfnfrcgf}fr alm }`fl {}crf o} cl}c }`f [M karm ol}friakfm }c o} , []G ;2 I144RB0 o{ a ARG Kcr}fp G; ba{fm ;2 bo} gokrckcl}rcnnfr, Ifa}vrf{ : ▤ Kcrf: ARG ;2'bo} Kcr}fp™'G; KTV ‛ 2= G@z gapogvg irfqvflk.1,26 MGOT[#G@z M`r{}clf 2,1/ tfricrgalkf ‛ [olhnf'kknf gvn}otnoka}ocl alm àrmxarf moyo{ocl ▤ Gfgcrof{ ‛ 19 }c 120 Eb}f{ ci Ina{` gfgcr ‛ = }c 0 Eb}f{ ci [RAG ▤ Kncke. rf{f} alm {vttn galahfgfl} ‛ 2,4 }c ;,9 Y attnoka}ocl {vttn alm O#C{ ‛ TCR. TMR alm trchraggabnf ycn}ahf mf}fk}cr TYM/ ‛ ='}c'2= G@z kr{}an c{konna}cr ‛ Ol}frlan 0 G@z iak}cr'}roggfm RK ‛ Ol}frlan =4 e@z RK ‛ TNN icr KTV kncke ‛ ;2 e@z c{konna}cr icr R]K xo}` kanobra}ocl ▤ Ncx tcxfr ‛ [nfft. [}ct alm [}almb gcmf{ ▤ Mfbvh gcmf ‛ [froan xorf mfbvh [XM/ alm J]AH ol}friakf{ ▤ MGA ‛ 8'kàllfn MGA kcl}rcnnfr ‛ Tfrot`fran{ {vttcr}fm: }ogfr{. AMK. [TO{. O2K{. V[AR]{ alm MAK{ ▤AMK ‛1 Ø 12'bo}. 1,2 ξ{ A#M kclyfr}fr ‛vt }c 19 kàllfn{ ‛ Kclyfr{ocl ralhf: 4 }c ;,9 Y


18


[]G;2I144RB]9B Bncke moahrag

Ioh,;,2,1 Bncke Moahrag ci []G;2I144RB]9B


10


[]G;2YNMO[KCYFR_ ]`f []G;2 o{ ayaonabnf a{ al fyanva}ocl bcarm. []G;2YNmo{kcyfr, ]`f []G;2 yanvf nolf Mo{kcyfr fyanva}ocl bcarm `fnt{ cv mo{kcyfr }`f []G;2 yanvf nolf ifa}vrf{ alm }c mfyfnct alm {àrf cvr attnoka}ocl{, O} o{ ba{fm cl al []G;2I144RB]9B alm olknvmf{ []'Nole fgbfmmfm mfbvh }ccn ol}friakf. NFM{ alm tv{` bv}}cl{, Ifa}vrf{ :

▤ []G;2I144RB]9B gokrckcl}rcnnfr. 120 EB Ina{`. 0 EB RAG ol 9='tol NQIT ▤ Cl'bcarm []'Nole xo}` {fnfk}ocl gcmf {xo}k` }c v{f }`f eo} a{ a {}alm'anclf []'Nole xo}` [XM kcllfk}cr icr trchraggolh alm mfbvhholh/ ▤ ]xc rfm NFM{5 NM1 icr V[B kcggvloka}ocl. NM2 icr ;,; ycn}{ tcxfr cl ▤ Mf{ohlfm }c bf tcxfrfm b V[B cr al fp}frlan {vttn ci 6 Y cr ;,; Y ▤ Kal {vttn }arhf} attnoka}ocl xo}` 6 ycn}{ alm ; ycn}{ ▤ ]xc v{fr NFM{. NM; alm NM= hrffl alm bnvf/ ▤ ]xc tv{` bv}}cl{ V{fr alm Rf{f}/ ▤ Fp}fl{ocl `famfr icr ann QIT9= O#C{ icr qvoke kcllfk}ocl }c trc}c}tolh bcarm cr fa{ trcbolh


1?


Bncke Moahrag ci []G;2YNMO[KCYFR_

Ioh ;,2,2 []G;2 YN Mo{kcyfr Bncke Moahrag


24


Ioh, ;,2,; ]ct Yofx ci []G ;2 YN Mo{kcyfr

@famfr Kcllfk}cr{ Ganf `famfr{ T1. T2 alm T; kal kcllfk} }`f []G;2 yanvf nolf Mo{kcyfr }c a {}almarm trc}c}tolh#xrattolh bcarm, Ann HTOC{ ci []G;2I144RB]9B arf ayaonabnf cl o}, T1. T2 alm T; kal an{c bf v{fm }c trcbf al c{konnc{kctf. nchokan alanzfr cr ycn}gf}fr,


21


]abnf;,2,1 : T1 `famfr Tolcv}


22


]abnf,;,2,2,T2 @famfr Tolcv}


2;



2=


]abnf;,2,;, Tcr} ; @famfr Tolcv}


26


;,; [M Karm : [fkvrf Moho}an [M/ o{ a lcl'ycna}onf gfgcr karm icr v{f ol tcr}abnf mfyokf{, O} o{ v{fm }c {}crf }`f yobra}ocl ta}}frl ci gakòlf, [M karm kal bf ctfra}fm xo}` 1/[TO bv{ gcmf 2/ Clf'bo} [M ;/Icvr'bo} [M Cv} ci abcyf ol}friakf{ [TO ol}friakf o{ trfifrrfm x`fl ol}friakolh xo}` gokrckcl}rcnnfr,[M karm ctfra}f{ cl ;,;Y {vttn,

[M karm xonn bf v{olh a IA];2 ionf {{}fg }c {}crf }`f yobra}ocl ta}}frl cl}c o}, Ionf Anncka}ocl ]abnf IA]/ o{ ba{ok kcgtv}fr ionf {{}fg arkò}fk}vrf,, IA] ionf {{}fg{ arf

kcggcln icvlm cl ina{` gfgcr karm{. moho}an kagfra{. alm gal c}`fr tcr}abnf mfyokf{ bfkav{f ci }`for rfna}oyf {ogtnoko}, ]`f lagf crohola}f{ ircg }`f v{ahf ci a }abnf xòk` kfl}ranozf{ }`f olicrga}ocl abcv} xòk` arfa{ bfnclh }c ionf{. arf irff cr tc{{obn vlv{abnf. alm x`frf fak` ionf o{ {}crfm cl }`f mo{e, ]c nogo} }`f {ozf ci }`f }abnf. mo{e {takf o{ anncka}fm }c ionf{ ol kcl}ohvcv{ hrcvt{ ci àrmxarf {fk}cr{ kannfm knv{}fr{, ]ò{ gaef{ o} a v{fivn icrga} icr {cnom'{}a}f gfgcr karm{ alm a kclyflofl} xa }c {àrf ma}a bf}xffl ctfra}olh {{}fg{,


29


;,= F}`frlf} Gcmvnf : F}`frlf} kcl}rcnnfr FLK20J94 o{ a [}almanclf F}`frlf} kcl}rcnnfr xo}` [TO ol}friakf, O} à{ icnncxolh ifa}vrf{ : 

OFFF 042,;, Kcgta}obnf F}`frlf} Kcl}rcnnfr



Ivnn Kcgta}obnf xo}` 14#144#1444Ba{f'] Lf}xcre{



Ol}fhra}fm GAK alm 14Ba{f'] T@_



[vttcr}{ Clf 14Ba{f'] Tcr} xo}` Av}cga}ok Tcnaro} Mf}fk}ocl alm Kcrrfk}ocl



[vttcr}{ Ivnn alm @ani'Mvtnfp gcmf{



Trchraggabnf Av}cga}ok Rf}ral{go} cl Kcnno{ocl



Trchraggabnf Tammolh alm KRK Hflfra}ocl





Trchraggabnf Av}cga}ok Rfjfk}ocl ci Frrclfcv{ Takef}{ [TO Ol}friakf xo}` Kncke [tffm{ Vt }c 24 G@z

Ioh,;,= ]_TOKAN FLK20J94'BA[FM OL]FRIAKF

Kcgtv}fr:

Kcgtv}fr o{ v{fm }c kcnnfk} yobra}ocl ta}}frl rfkcrmfm cl [M karm cr {}crf }`f yobra}ocl ta}}frl b {froan kcggvloka}ocl, GA]NAB kcgtv}olh flyorclgfl} {ci}xarf o{ v{fm cl TK icr alanzolh {ohlan{, V{olh xayfnf} mfkcgtc{o}ocl }fk`loqvf{ yarocv{ irfqvflk kcgtclfl}{ ci a {ohlan arf rf{cnyfm, Attnolh tcxfr {tfk}ran mfl{o} }c tar}okvnar nfyfn ci xayfnf} mfkcgtc{o}ocl xonn trcyomf tcxfr rfna}fm }c }à} irfqvflk,


28


;,6 Tcxfr [vttn 6Y [vttn [tfkoioka}ocl{ : 

Cv}tv} Ycn}ahf{' 6Y MK



Oltv} Ycn}ahf' 8 }c 12Y MK



Rfhvna}cr OK{' NG8046 icr 6Y,



Kvrrfl} {cvrkolh' gap 644gA a} 6Y

Ioh,;,6,1, 6Y tcxfr {vttn

;,; Y [vttn [tfkoioka}ocl{ :



Cv}tv} Ycn}ahf{' ;,;Y Oltv} Ycn}ahf' 8 }c 12Y MK



Rfhvna}cr OK{' NG1118 icr ;,;Y



Kvrrfl} {cvrkolh' Gapogvg 044gA a} ;,;Y



Ioh;,6,2, ;,;Y tcxfr {vttn


20


NG8046 Tc{o}oyf Nolfar Rfhvna}cr Ifa}vrf{ •

Cv}tv} Kvrrfl} vt }c 1A

•

Cv}tv} Ycn}ahf ci 6 Y

•

]`frgan Cyfrncam Trc}fk}ocl

•

Ncam alm Nolf Rfhvna}ocl

•

Rottnf Rfjfk}ocl

•

[`cr} Korkvo} Trc}fk}ocl

NG1118 ;,;Y Ncx Mrct Cv} Rfhvna}cr Ifa}vrf{: 

Ncx Mrct Cv}



Kvrrfl} Nogo}olh alm ]`frgan Trc}fk}ocl



Ncam alm Nolf Rfhvna}ocl



Cv}tv} kvrrfl} vt }c 044 gA



Cv}tv} Ycn}ahf ;,; Y


2?


NKM MO[TNA_

Ifa}vrf{:       

 

19 kàr p2 nolf NKM Bake noh`} iakono} 0 ma}a nolf ol}friakf ; kcl}rcn nolf r{. r#x. flabnf/ Tcxfr fiiokofl} Broh`} alm fyfl bake noh`}olh Nclh noif fptfk}alk. gcrf }àl 144.444 `cvr{ [ogtnf }c mroyf, Lffm{ %6 ycn}{ cln Broh`}lf{{ kal bf fa{on amjv{}fm

8=@K2=6 Ck}an ; [}a}f Bviifr Ifa}vrf{: 

]tokan trctaha}ocl mfna: 1; l{



Xomf tcxfr {vttn ralhf: 2‛9Y



Ncx qvof{kfl} kvrrfl}: 04 ¶A gapogvg 8= @K/



;'[]A]F cv}tv}{ icr kcllfk}ocl }c bv{ crofl}fm {{}fg{



@oh` cv}tv} mroyf: 9 gA gologvg/


;4


KT2142 [olhnf Kòt V[B }c VAR] Bromhf MB'? KCG tcr} o{ cgo}}fm cl }cma‟{ kcgtv}fr{, V[B tcr} o{ fa{on ayaonabnf xòk` o{ v{fm }c kcllfk} gc{} ci }`f tfrot`fran mfyokf{, @flkf KT2142. a V[B }c VAR] bromhf à{ bffl v{fm }c trcyomf fa{ kcllfk}oyo} xo}`cv} lffm ci MB'? tcr}, Ifa}vrf{:   

      

Ol}fhra}fm V[B }ral{kfoyfr5 lc fp}frlan rf{o{}cr{ rfqvorfm Ol}fhra}fm kncke5 lc fp}frlan kr{}an rfqvorfm Ol}fhra}fm 142='B}f FFTRCG icr yflmcr OM. trcmvk} OM. {froan lvgbfr. tcxfr mf{krot}cr. rfnfa{f lvgbfr. alm trcmvk} mf{krot}ocl {}rolh{ Cl'kòt tcxfr'cl rf{f} korkvo} Cl'kòt ycn}ahf rfhvna}cr: ;,; Y cv}tv} [fni'tcxfrfm: ;,4 }c ;,9 Y V[B bv{ tcxfrfm: =,4 }c 6,26 Y ]fgtfra}vrf Ralhf: ‛=4 }c %06 ´K Xcre{ xo}` Fpo{}olh KCG Tcr} TK Attnoka}ocl{ Rcan}'Irff Mo{}robv}ocl Nokfl{f


;1


;,9 [k`fga}ok


;2


;,8 TKB Nacv}


;;



;=



;6


K@AT]FR = YOBRA]OCL ALAN_[O[


;9


=,1 Xayfnf} Alan{o{ Gc{} ci }`f {ohlan{ arf rftrf{fl}fm ol }`f }ogf mcgaol, Gcrf olicrga}ocl abcv} }`f {ohlan{ kal bf cb}aolfm b attnolh {ohlan alan{o{. o,f, }`f }ogf {ohlan{ arf }ral{icrgfm v{olh al alan{o{ ivlk}ocl, Ol irfqvflk mcgaol alan{o{ }ogf mcgaol {ohlan o{ kclyfr}fm ol}c irfqvflk mcgaol b v{olh attrctroa}f alan{o{ ivlk}ocl, ]`f Icvrofr }ral{icrg cln rf}rofyf{ }`f hncban irfqvflk kcl}fl} ci a {ohlan `flkf }ogf olicrga}ocl o{ nc{} , Alan{o{ ivlk}ocl{ icr Icvrofr arf {olf alm kc{olf ivlk}ocl{ xòk` arf lc} nckanozfm `flkf o} kallc} bf v{fm icr alanzolh {àrt {toef{, ]`frficrf. }`f Icvrofr }ral{icrg o{ cln v{fivn icr {}a}oclar alm t{fvmc'{}a}oclar {ohlan{, ]`f Icvrofr }ral{icrg mcf{ lc} hoyf {a}o{iak}cr rf{vn}{ icr {ohlan{ }à} arf òh`n lcl'{}a}oclar. lco{. atfrocmok. f}k, ]ò{ o{ cyfrkcgf b }`f {`cr} }ogf Icvrofr }ral{icrg []I]/ xòk` kankvna}f{ }`f Icvrofr }ral{icrg ci a xolmcxfm tar} ci }`f {ohlan alm {òi}{ }`f xolmcx cyfr }`f {ohlan, ]`f {`cr} }ogf Icvrofr }ral{icrg hoyf{ }`f }ogf'irfqvflk kcl}fl} ci a {ohlan xo}` a kcl{}al} irfqvflk alm }ogf rf{cnv}ocl mvf }c }`f iopfm xolmcx nflh}`, ]ò{ o{ ci}fl lc} }`f gc{} mf{orfm rf{cnv}ocl, A xayfnf} o{ a {`cr} c{konna}olh ivlk}ocl xòk` kcl}aol{ bc}` }`f alan{o{ ivlk}ocl alm }`f xolmcx, ]ogf olicrga}ocl o{ cb}aolfm b {òi}olh }`f xayfnf} cyfr }`f {ohlan, ]`f irfqvflkof{ arf kàlhfm b kcl}rak}ocl alm mona}a}ocl ci }`f xayfnf} ivlk}ocl, ]`f xayfnf} }ral{icrg rf}rofyf{ }`f }ogf'irfqvflk kcl}fl} olicrga}ocl xo}` al ogtrcyfm rf{cnv}ocl kcgtarfm }c }`f []I], ]`f xolmcx {ozf ci xayfnf} }ral{icrg o{ yaroabnf `flkf trcyomf gvn}o'rf{cnv}ocl katabono}of{ , Xayfnf} }ral{icrg trcyomf{ {ogvn}alfcv{ }ogf alm irfqvflk rftrf{fl}a}ocl, O} à{ oliolo}f {f} ci ba{o{ ivlk}ocl{ alm àlmnf{ irfqvflk ncharo}`gokann,

Mo{krf}f Xayfnf} ]ral{icrg: A Rfan cr kcgtnfp yanvfm alanzolh ivlk}ocl

(}/ o{ kna{{oiofm a{ a xayfnf} oi }`f icnncxolh

ga}`fga}okan kro}froa arf {a}o{iofm: o, A xayfnf} gv{} àyf iolo}f flfrh 

F 7 ∥   m}

> ∜

]`f flfrh F fqvan{ }`f ol}fhra}fm {qvarfm gahlo}vmf ci }`f alanzolh ivlk}ocl

(}/ alm

gv{} bf nf{{ }àl oliolo},


;8


oo, Amgo{{obono} Kclmo}ocl

 ̈    > ∜ 

 7 ∥ 

]`f gfal ci }`f xayfnf}

(}/ gv{} fqvan zfrc,

ooo, Icr kcgtnfp xayfnf}{ }`f Icvrofr }ral{icrg

(i/ gv{} bf bc}` rfan alm yalo{` icr

lfha}oyf irfqvflkof{, ]`f mo{krf}f xayfnf} }ral{icrg MX]/ v{f{ ion}fr bale{ }c tfricrg }`f xayfnf} alan{o{, ]`f mo{krf}f xayfnf} }ral{icrg mfkcgtc{f{ }`f {ohlan ol}c xayfnf} kcfiiokofl}{ ircg xòk` }`f croholan {ohlan kal bf rfkcl{}rvk}fm ahaol, ]`f xayfnf} kcfiiokofl}{ rftrf{fl} }`f {ohlan ol yarocv{ irfqvflk balm{, Ol MX]. a }ogf irfqvflk rftrf{fl}a}ocl ci a moho}an {ohlan o{ cb}aolfm v{olh moho}an ion}frolh }fk`loqvf{, Ol }ò{ ka{f. ion}fr{ ci moiifrfl} kv}cii irfqvflkof{ arf v{fm }c alanzf }`f {ohlan a} moiifrfl} {kanf{, ]`f {ohlan o{ ta{{fm }`rcvh` a {frof{ ci òh` ta{{ ion}fr{ }c alanzf }`f òh` irfqvflkof{. alm o} o{ ta{{fm }`rcvh` a {frof{ ci ncx ta{{ ion}fr{ }c alanzf }`f ncx irfqvflkof{, @flkf }`f {ohlan [/ o{ mfkcgtc{fm ol}c }xc }tf{ ci kcgtclfl}{ ' attrcpoga}ocl A/ alm mf}aon M/, ]`f attrcpoga}ocl o{ }`f òh`'{kanf. ncx'irfqvflk kcgtclfl} ci }`f {ohlan, ]`f mf}aon o{ }`f ncx'{kanf. òh`'irfqvflk kcgtclfl}{, ]`f mfkcgtc{o}ocl trckf{{ kal bf o}fra}fm. xo}` {vkkf{{oyf attrcpoga}ocl{ bfolh mfkcgtc{fm ol }vrl. {c }à} clf {ohlan o{ brcefl mcxl ol}c gal ncxfr rf{cnv}ocl kcgtclfl}{, ]ò{ o{ kannfm }`f xayfnf} mfkcgtc{o}ocl }rff xòk` o{ {`cxl ol }`f Ioh, bfncx, A{ mfkcgtc{o}ocl{ arf mclf cl òh`fr nfyfn{. ncxfr irfqvflk kcgtclfl}{ arf ion}frfm cv} trchrf{{oyfn,

Ioh,=,1,1, Xayfnf} Kcfiiokofl}{


;0


A{ ol Ioh=,1,1. }`f ncx' alm òh`'ta{{ ion}fr{ {tno} }`f irfqvflk kcl}fl} ci }`f {ohlan ol àni, O} }`frficrf {ffg{ nchokan }c tfricrg a mcxl'{agtnolh xo}` a iak}cr }xc }c aycom rfmvlmalk, [olkf }`f alan{o{ trckf{{ o{ o}fra}oyf. ol }`fcr o} kal bf kcl}olvfm olmfiolo}fn, Ol rfano}. }`f mfkcgtc{o}ocl kal trckffm cln vl}on }`f olmoyomvan mf}aon{ kcl{o{} ci a {olhnf {agtnf cr topfn, Ol trak}okf. a {vo}abnf lvgbfr ci nfyfn{ kal bf {fnfk}fm ba{fm cl }`f la}vrf ci }`f {ohlan. cr cl a {vo}abnf kro}frocl {vk` a{ fl}rctU0W,

Ioh,=,1,2, Mfkcgtc{o}ocl ]rff  Gannf} Anhcro}`g/ U0W

@aar xayfnf} kal bf v{fm icr alanzolh {ohlan à{ icnncxolh ivlk}ocl:

(}/ 7 1

oi p  U4. 4,6W

7 −1

oi p U4,6. 1W

74

}/ 7 1 74

c}`frxo{f oi p  U4 1W oi p  U4 1W

]`f @aar xayfnf} o{ an{c elcxl a{ }`f ior{} crmfr Mavbfkòf{ xayfnf}. xòk` xayfnf} ivlk}ocl rf{fgbnf{ a {}ft ivlk}ocl, O} o{ {ggf}rok alm cr}`chclan, Anhcro}`g ci àar xayfnf} o{ ia{} alm trcyomf{ fpak} rfkcl{}rvk}ocl, @aar kal bf v{fm icr bc}` kcl}olvcv{ alm mo{krf}f xayfnf} }ral{icrg, O} o{ {ogtnf alm ba{ok xayfnf} xo}` {kanolh ivlk}ocl alm katabnf ci bc}` cr}`chclan alm bo'cr}`chclan alan{o{,

Ioh,=,1,;, ]`f @aar Xayfnf} Ba{o{ Ivlk}ocl


;?


XAYFNF] ]CCNBCP: GA]NAB o{ a }fk`lokan kcgtv}olh flyorclgfl}, O} o{ v{fm }c krfa}f anhcro}`g{ . alanzf alm trckf{{ }`f yarocv{ {ohlan{ . }f{} alm {ogvna}f }`f trckf{{f{ alm anhcro}`g{, GA]NAB kcl}aol{ gal {f} ci }ccnbcpf{ {vk` a{ kcggvloka}ocl }ccnbcp. afrcmlagok{ }ccnbcp f}k, Xayfnf} }ccnbcp o{ a hratòkan }ccn xo}` kcggalm'nolf ivlk}ocl{ icr mfyfnctolh xayfnf}'ba{fm anhcro}`g{ icr }`f alan{o{. {l}`f{o{. mflco{olh. alm kcgtrf{{ocl ci {ohlan{ alm ogahf{, Xayfnf} alan{o{ trcyomf{ gcrf trfko{f olicrga}ocl abcv} {ohlan ma}a }àl c}`fr {ohlan alan{o{ }fk`loqvf{. {vk` a{ Icvrofr, Xayfnf} ]ccnbcp {vttcr}{ }`f ol}frak}oyf fptncra}ocl ci xayfnf} trctfr}of{ alm attnoka}ocl{, O} o{ v{fivn icr {tffk` alm avmoc trckf{{olh. ogahf alm yomfc trckf{{olh. bocgfmokan ogaholh. alm clf'mogfl{oclan 1'M/ alm }xc'mogfl{oclan 2'M/ attnoka}ocl{ ol kcggvloka}ocl{ alm hfct`{ok{U24W,

Ef Ifa}vrf{

▪ [}almarm xayfnf} iagonof{. olknvmolh Mavbfkòf{ xayfnf} ion}fr{. kcgtnfp Gcrnf} alm Hav{{oal. rfan rfyfr{f bocr}`chclan. alm mo{krf}f Gffr ▪ Xayfnf} alm {ohlan trckf{{olh v}ono}of{. olknvmolh a ivlk}ocl }c kclyfr} {kanf }c irfqvflk ▪ Gf}`cm{ icr ammolh xayfnf} iagonof{ ▪ Noi}olh gf}`cm{ icr kcl{}rvk}olh xayfnf}{ ▪ Kv{}cgozabnf trf{fl}a}ocl alm yo{vanoza}ocl ci ma}a ▪ Ol}frak}oyf }ccn{ icr kcl}olvcv{ alm mo{krf}f xayfnf} alan{o{ ▪ Xayfnf} takef}{. ogtnfgfl}fm a{ GA]NAB cbjfk}{ ▪ Clf'mogfl{oclan gvn}o{ohlan alan{o{. kcgtrf{{ocl. alm mf'lco{olh ▪ Gvn}o{kanf trolkotan kcgtclfl} alan{o{ ▪ Gvn}oyaroa}f mf'lco{olh


=4


=,2 Tcxfr [tfk}ran Mfl{o} (T[M/ :

Tcxfr [tfk}ran Mfl{o} T[M/ o{ v{fm }c iolm tcxfr mo{}robv}ocl cyfr irfqvflk kcgtclfl}{ trf{fl} ol }`f }f{} {ohlan, T[M o{ cb}aolfm b gvn}otnoka}ocl ci {tfk}ran mfl{o} alm al attrctroa}f iak}cr, Xfnk`‟{ gf}`cm o{ v{fm }c iolm }`f T[M, ]ò{ gf}`cm trcyomf{ lco{f rfmvk}ocl ol {tfk}ran mfl{o} xòk` o{ kav{fm mvf }c ogtfrifk} alm iolo}f ma}a,

Ol }`f Xfnk` gf}`cm: ]`f {ohlan o{ {tno} vt ol}c cyfrnattolh {fhgfl}{: ]`f croholan ma}a {fhgfl} o{ {tno} vt ol}c N ma}a {fhgfl}{ ci nflh}` G. cyfrnattolh b M tcol}{, 1, M 7 G # 2. }`f cyfrnat o{ {aom }c bf 64& 2,]`f cyfrnattolh {fhgfl}{ arf }`fl xolmcxfm: Ai}fr }`f ma}a o{ {tno} vt ol}c cyfrnattolh {fhgfl}{. }`f olmoyomvan N ma}a {fhgfl}{ àyf a xolmcx attnofm }c }`fg ol }`f }ogf mcgaol/, Ai}fr mcolh }`f abcyf. }`f tfrocmchrag o{ kankvna}fm b kcgtv}olh }`f mo{krf}f Icvrofr }ral{icrg. alm }`fl kcgtv}olh }`f {qvarfm gahlo}vmf ci }`f rf{vn}, ]`f olmoyomvan tfrocmchrag{ arf }`fl }ogf'ayfrahfm. xòk` rfmvkf{ }`f yaroalkf ci }`f olmoyomvan tcxfr gfa{vrfgfl}{, ]`f flm rf{vn} o{ al arra ci tcxfr gfa{vrfgfl}{ yfr{f{ lcrganozfm irfqvflk, Xfnk` gf}`cm rfmvkf{ lco{f ol f{}oga}fm tcxfr {tfk}ra ol fpkàlhf xo}` rfmvkolh irfqvflk rf{cnv}ocl bv} o} o{ mf{orabnf ol gc{} ci }`f ka{f{ a{ lco{f o{ rfmvkfm,


=1


K@AT]FR 6 [CI]XARF MFYFNCTGFL]


=2


6,1 Incx Kàr}

O{ Rf{f}

[]AR]

Trf{{fm 3

Olo}oanozf @armxarf

Flabnf Akkfnfrcgf}fr

GCMF [FNFK] 3

Olo}oanozf [M Karm Ionf

Olo}oanozf [froan

Olo}oanozf F}`frlf}

[{}fg

Kcggvloka}ocl

Gcmvnf

[agtnf P. _ alm Z

[agtnf P. _ alm Z

[agtnf P. _ alm Z

kàllfn{

kàllfn{

kàllfn{

[}crf {agtnfm

[flm {agtnfm yanvf{

[flm {agtnfm yanvf{

yanvf{ cl [M Karm

cyfr [froan Tcr}

cyfr F}`frlf}

[ohlan Alan{o{ xo}`

[froan#F}`frl

[`cx trcbabnf iavn}

GA]NAB cl TK

'f} Ol}frrvt}

cl NKM alm {cvlm

Ckkvrrfm 3

Bvzzfr

Kcggalm 3

FLM


=;


6,2 EFON ]`f Efon o{ al OMF trcmvk} ircg ARG, O} olknvmf{ K#K%% kcgtonfr{. mfbvhhfr{. ol}fhra}fm flyorclgfl}{. R]C[. {ogvna}ocl gcmfn{ olknvmf{ {vttcr} icr fyanva}ocl bcarm{ icr ARG. Kcr}fp'G. Kcr}fp'R. 0461. K199 alm 261 trckf{{cr iagonof{, O} o{ al ol}fhra}fm mfyfnctgfl} flyorclgfl} v{fm icr krfa}olh. kcgtonolh alm {ogvna}olh kcmf ci trcjfk}, #*Iavn} Mf}fk}ocl b Yobra}ocl Alan{o{ v{olh GFG[ Akkfnfrcgf}fr alm Xayfnf}{ Iolan _far Trcjfk} b Kàyal Troalea H, Manayo Eo{`cr B, H`fxaro [agffr Y, ci Fnfk}rclok{ ) ]fnfkcggvloka}ocl Mftar}gfl}. Bàra}o Yomatff}`({ Kcnnfhf ci Flholffrolh. Ecnàtvr, Vlmfr Hvomalkf Ci Trci, Gr{, J, E, Ta}on @CM. Fnfk}rclok{ ) ]fnfkccgvloka}ocl mftar}gfl},#* #*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*# ##tcr}{f}vt,k #*]ò{ ivlk}ocl {f}{ vt ann }`f tol{ ci }`f kcl}rcnnfr ol rfqvorfm kcliohvra}ocl, O} an{c flabnf{ rfqvorfm tfrot`frna{ cl []G;2 #* ##Olknvmf{ +olknvmf "{}g;2i14p,`" +olknvmf "tolkcli,`" HTOCSOlo}]tfMfi HTOCSOlo}[}rvk}vrf5 V[AR]SOlo}]tfMfi V[AR]SOlo}[}rvk}vrf5 LYOKSOlo}]tfMfi LYOKSOlo}[}rvk}vrf5

## Ivr}`fr kcmf O{ cgo}}fm ol }ò{ clnolf kct ci rftcr}


==


K@AT]FR 9 RF[VN][


=6


[ohlan{ arf rfkcrmfm ircg akkfnfrcgf}fr, [ohlan{ ci yarocv{ kclmo}ocl{ ci hfar arf rfkcrmfm, Xayfnf} ]ral{icrga}ocl o{ attnofm cl rfkcrmfm {ohlan }c alanzf }`f {ohlan, [ohlan{ arf {agtnfm a} ra}f ==144 {agtnf{#{fkclm,[ohlana{ arf rfkcrmfm icr {tal ci clf golv}f, ]`f {ohlan o{ {`cxl ol ioh, bfncx:


=9


Ioh,[`cx{ 12 nfyfn mfkcgtc{o}ocl ci rfkcrmfm {ohlan v{olh Xayfnf} ]ccnbcp ircg GA]NAB,Xayfnf} }ccnbcp o{ v{fm }c alanzf }`f {ohlan alm tfricrg yarocv{ ctfra}ocl{ cl}c o} v{olh xayfnf} }fk`loqvf{ {vk` a{ ion}frolh alm mf'lco{olh,B v{olh xayfnf} }ccnbcp o} kal bf {ffl }à} ?}` nfyfn ci mf}aonfm kcfiiokofl}{ trcyomf{ attrctroa}f rf{cnv}ocl ci òh` irfqvflk {ohlan{ trf{fl} ol }`f rfkcrmfm {ohlan alm 14 }` nfyfn ci attrcpoga}fm kcfiiokofl}{ trcyomf{ ncx irfqvflk kcgtclfl}{ ol rfkcrmfm {ohlan{, Ioh, bfncx {`cx{ ? }` nfyfn mf}aonfm alm 14}` nfyfn attrcpoga}fm kcfiiokofl}{,

Cl p apo{ : lc ci {agtnf{ Cl  apo{ : agtno}vmf


=8


Tcxfr [tfk}ran Mfl{o} ci Xayfnf} kcfiiokofl}{ arf }aefl ol crmfr }c iolm tcxfr mo{}robv}ocl a} yarocv{ irfqvflkof{,Xfnk`‟{ gf}`cm o{ v{fm }c iolm tcxfr {tfk}ran mfl{o} ci mfkcgtc{fm {ohlan,Ioh,bfncx {`cx{ tcxfr {tfk}ran mfl{o} ci rf{tfk}fm xayfnf} kcfiiokofl}{

Ioh,9,1 xayfnf} Mfkcgtc{o}ocl alm xfnk` tcxfr {tfk}ran mfl{o}

Tcxfr {tfk}ran mfl{o} o{ a tnc} ci arra ci tcxfr gfa{vrfgfl}{ yfr{f{ lcrganozfm irfqvflk, Xayfnf} alan{o{ o{ attnofm cl ann }`f {ohlan{ rfcrmfm alm hrat` ci olmoyomvan Tcxfr {tfk}ran mfl{o}of{ arf tnc}}fm {ogvn}alfcv{n icr kcgtaro{cl,


=0


T[M ci Xayfnf} kcfii, Ci Nvbroka}fm Hfar :

Ioh,9,2 T[M ci Xayfnf} kcfii, Ci Hccm Nvbroka}fm Hfar

Irfqvflk @z/:1=2;,28 @z Agtno}vmf mB#Ram#{agtnf/ : ;1,8;

T[M ci Xayfnf} kcfii, Ci Brcefl }cc}` Hfar :

Ioh,9,; T[M ci Xayfnf} kcfii, Ci Brcefl }cc}` Hfar

Irfqvflk @z/:1;86,48 @z Agtno}vmf mB#Ram#{agtnf/ : ;8,06


=?


T[M ci Xayfnf} kcfii, Ci Krakefm }cc}` Hfar :

Ioh,9,= T[M ci Xayfnf} kcfii, Ci Krakefm Hfar

Irfqvflk @z/:1;?6,?8 @z Agtno}vmf mB#Ram#{agtnf/ : =1,1?

T[M ci Xayfnf} kcfii, Ci Xarlfm cv} Hfar :

Ioh,9,6 T[M ci Xayfnf} kcfii, Ci Xarlfm cv} Hfar

Irfqvflk @z/:1;89,82 @z Agtno}vmf mB#Ram#{agtnf/ : ;6,2? Ircg ioh, o} kal bf {ffl }à} agtno}vmf ci òh` irfqvflk kcgtclfl} o{ olkrfa{fm ircg hccm nvbroka}fm hfar }c brcefl hfar mra{}okann, @flkf Iavn} kal bf mf}fk}fm b kcgtaro{cl,


64


[}a}o{}okan Alan{o{ :

Al mo{}robv}ocl kal bf kàrak}frozfm b a lvgbfr ci ifa}vrf{ {vk` a{ }`f gfal. }`f yaroalkf. }`f {efxlf{{. f}k,/. alm }`f gcgfl}{ ci a ivlk}ocl mf{krobf }`f la}vrf ci o}{ mo{}robv}ocl,

]tf ci Hfar

Gfal

[}almarm Mfyoa}ocl

Yaroalkf

evr}c{o{

[efxlf{{

Hccm

'1,?604f'446

4,482?

4,446;

14,=649

'4,1=0;

Brcefl]ff}`

'1,0249f'446

4,48==

4,4466

8,=;92

4,2;20

Krakefm

'2,4208f'446

4,46=6

4,44;4

?,=0?0

'4,496=

Xarlfm

'2,;90=f'446

4,11;;

4,4120

9,06;9

'4,1=4=

]abnf 9,1 [}a}o{}okan Taragf}fr{

[}almarm Mfyoa}ocl :

[}almarm mfyoa}ocl o{ a xomfn v{fm gfa{vrf ci yaroabono} cr moyfr{o} v{fm ol {}a}o{}ok{ alm trcbabono} }`fcr, O} {`cx{ `cx gvk` yaroa}ocl cr "mo{tfr{ocl" fpo{}{ ircg }`f ayfrahf gfal. cr fptfk}fm yanvf/, Yaroalkf :

Yaroalkf o{ }`f {fkclm kfl}ran gcgfl} abcv} }`f gfal o{ }`f yaroalkf, O}{ tc{o}oyf {qvarf rcc} o{ }`f {}almarm mfyoa}ocl ϋ, Oi a ralmcg yaroabnf P à{ }`f fptfk}fm yanvf gfal/ξ 7 FUPW. }`fl }`f yaroalkf ci P o{ hoyfl b YARUP W 7      ]`f yaroalkf ci a ralmcg yaroabnf cr mo{}robv}ocl o{ }`f fptfk}a}ocl. cr gfal. ci }`f {qvarfm mfyoa}ocl ci }à} yaroabnf ircg o}{ fptfk}fm yanvf cr gfal, ]`v{ }`f yaroalkf o{ a gfa{vrf ci }`f agcvl} ci yaroa}ocl ci }`f yanvf{ ci }à} yaroabnf. }aeolh akkcvl} ci ann tc{{obnf yanvf{ alm }`for trcbabono}of{ cr xfoh`}olh{


61


[efxlf{{ :

]`f }òrm kfl}ran gcgfl} {efxlf{{ o{ a gfa{vrf ci }`f a{ggf}r ci }`f ma}a arcvlm }`f {agtnf gfal, Oi {efxlf{{ o{ lfha}oyf. }`f ma}a arf {trfam cv} gcrf }c }`f nfi} ci }`f gfal }àl }c }`f roh`}, Oi {efxlf{{ o{ tc{o}oyf. }`f ma}a arf {trfam cv} gcrf }c }`f roh`}, ]`f {efxlf{{ ci }`f lcrgan mo{}robv}ocl cr al tfrifk}n {ggf}rok mo{}robv}ocl/ o{ zfrc, ]`f {efxlf{{ ci a mo{}robv}ocl o{ mfiolfm a{



_7

  

x`frf ¶ o{ }`f gfal ci p.

o{ }`f {}almarm mfyoa}ocl ci p. alm F(}/ rftrf{fl}{ }`f fptfk}fm

yanvf ci }`f qval}o} }, Evr}c{o{ :

Evr}c{o{ o{ a gfa{vrf ci `cx cv}nofr'trclf a mo{}robv}ocl o{, ]`f evr}c{o{ ci }`f lcrgan mo{}robv}ocl o{ ;, Mo{}robv}ocl{ }à} arf gcrf cv}nofr'trclf }àl }`f lcrgan mo{}robv}ocl àyf evr}c{o{ hrfa}fr }àl ;5 mo{}robv}ocl{ }à} arf nf{{ cv}nofr'trclf àyf evr}c{o{ nf{{ }àl ;, ]`f evr}c{o{ ci a mo{}robv}ocl o{ mfiolfm a{



e7

  

Evr}c{o{ o{ }`f icvr}` kfl}ran gcgfl},


62


K@AT]FR 8 IFA]VRF[ CI TRCJFK]


6;




ATTNOKA]OCL[

1/ Trckf{{ Olmv{}r Gc{} trckf{{ tnal} o{ no}}frfm xo}` rc}a}olh gakòlfr {vk` a{ ial{. tvgt{. kclyfcr{. hfarbcpf{. gc}cr{. kfl}roivhf{. gopfr{ f}k, Oi al clf ci }`f{f mfyokf{ {}ar}{ }c mf}frocra}f ol o}{ tfricrgalkf o} kal aiifk} trcmvk} qvano} alm kav{f nc{{ ci trcmvk}ocl. cr tfràt{ }c}an knc{f mcxl ci }`f trcmvk}ocl nolf, Gclo}crolh ci ann }`f{f kro}okan kcgtclfl}{ kal xarl flholffr{ ci al oggolfl} trcbnfg{,

2/ Tf}rck`fgokan{ ]`f {{}fg kal bf v{fm }c gclo}cr yobra}ocl nfyfn{ cl tvgt{. gc}cr{. ial{ alm ann c}`fr }tf{ ci rc}a}olh gakòlfr v{fm ol tf}rck`fgokan olmv{}r, ]`f{f yobra}ocl {fl{cr{ xonn ctfra}f ol flyorclgfl}{ ci olinaggabnf ha{f{. ivgf{. k`fgokan{. tcxmfr{. mv{} f}k,

;/ Tcxfr Hflfra}ocl ]`f v{f ci xolm }vrbolf{ }c hflfra}f fnfk}roko} à{ olkrfa{fm kcl{omfrabn cyfr rfkfl} far{5 gal ci }`fg bfolh tnakfm ol rfgc}f arfa{ ol tar}okvnar. cv} a} {fa, Bfkav{f ci òh` tflan}of{ icr lcl'trcmvk}ocl. }`f rc}a}olh tar}{ ci }`f{f hflfra}cr{ lffm }c bf kcl}olvcv{n gclo}crfm }c xarl ci bfarolh alm kcgtclfl} xfar {c }à} rfgfmoan ak}ocl kal bf }aefl }c aycom iaonvrf{,

=/ V}ono}of{ Yobra}ocl {fl{cr{ arf v{fm }c gclo}cr }`f yobra}ocl nfyfn{ ci ann }tf{ ci rc}a}olh gakòlfr olknvmolh ial{. tvgt{. gc}cr{. f}k, ol tcxfr hflfra}ocl {}a}ocl{. ha{ trckf{{olh tnal} alm xa}fr }rfa}gfl} iakono}of{, ]`f olicrga}ocl ha}`frfm b Gaol}flalkf Flholffr{ anncx{ }`fg }c tnal fiiokofl}n icr rftaor cr rftnakfgfl} ci {v{tfk} kcgtclfl}{,


6=


6/ Gf}an Olmv{}r Yobra}ocl gclo}crolh o{ v{fm fp}fl{oyfn ol }`f galviak}vrf alm kclyfr{ocl ci gf}an{. gaoln ol {}ffn alm anvgolvg, ]`f ogtcr}al} tnal} }à} o{ gclo}crfm olknvmf{ {}rot rcnn bfarolh{. tvgt{. ial{ alm kccnolh }cxfr{ x`frf {fl{cr{ arf v{fm xòk` xonn ctfra}f ol a {vk` flyorclgfl}{,

9/ Tàrgakfv}okan{ V{f ci yobra}ocl {fl{cr{ ol }`f tàrgakfv}okan olmv{}r o{ }tokann ol Knfal Rccg Galviak}vrolh Kfnn{ icr mrvh{, A@V Aor @almnolh Vlo}{/ kcl}rcn }`f aor incx icr }`f mrvh galviak}vrolh kfnn{ alm bfkav{f akkf{{ }c }`f gc}cr alm ial kallc} bf haolfm. akkfnfrcgf}fr{ tfricrg }`f }a{e,



AMYAL]AHF[



Bf}}fr attrcak` }cxarm{ gaol}flalkf



Trcyomf{ kclmo}ocl ci kcgtclfl} ol ctfra}olh gakòlf{



Ia{}fr. kcl}olvcv{ alm fiiokofl} iavn} trfmok}ocl



Omfl}oi xfar alm }far



Mf}fk} ctfra}olh {tffm



NOGO]A]OCL[



Balmxom}` ci Akkfnfrcgf}fr o{ nogo}fm



Ma}aba{f ci {ohlan o{ rfqvorfm icr trfmok}ocl



Fp}frlan kclmo}ocl{ ga trcmvkf ian{f mf}fk}ocl


66


K@AT]FR 0 IV]VRF [KCTF ) KCLKNV[OCL


69


Iv}vrf [kctf 1, Gvn}otnf Akkfnfrcgf}fr [fl{cr{ Gvn}otnf akkfnfrcgf}fr{ kal bf gcvl}fm cl yarocv{ tar}{ ci a gakòlf }c kcnnfk} tar} {tfkoiok yobra}ocl {ohlan, ]ò{ xonn flabnf gcrf kro}okan alan{o{ }`v{ `fntolh }c trfmok} iavn} ol a tar}okvnar tar},

2, Kfl}ranozfm Ma}aba{f ) Rfgc}f Gclo}crolh A kfl}ranozfm ma}aba{f ci yobra}ocl {ohlan{ kal bf {f}vt x`frf {ohlan ircg gakòlf vlmfr }f{} xonn bf rfkfoyfm, ]`fl o} xonn bf alanzfm xo}` rf{tfk} }c trfyocv{ {ohlan{ ol ma}aba{f, Ol ka{f ci trcbabnf iavn}. {vtfryo{cr kal bf lc}oiofm abcv} }`f {agf,

;, Cl bcarm {ohlan trckf{{olh Xo}` a tcxfrivn M[T gokrckcl}rcnnfr. o} o{ tc{{obnf }c alanzf }`f kat}vrfm {ohlan roh`} cl }`f {agf àrmxarf tna}icrg, ]ò{ xonn flabnf tcr}abnf alm rfan }ogf alan{o{ ci {ohlan alm gclo}crolh ci kclmo}ocl,

=, Akkfnfrcgf}fr xo}` òh` {fl{o}oyo} Akkfnfrcgf}fr xo}` gcrf balmxom}` alm {fl{o}oyo} kal bf v{fm }c kat}vrf xomf ralhf ci yobra}ocl {ohlan{,


68


Kclknv{ocl{ 

]ò{ trcjfk} trctc{f{ a lfx trfmok}oyf gaol}flalkf attrcak` icr iavn} mf}fk}ocl



Xayfnf} alan{o{ o{ a {kanabnf xa }c alanzf yobra}ocl {ohlan



Yobra}ocl akqvo{o}ocl {{}fg xa{ mfyfnctfm xo}` []G;2 ARG Kcr}fp kcl}rcnnfr alm akkfnfrcgf}fr



Xo}` yobra}ocl alan{o{ v{olh xayfnf}{. iavn}{ ol hfar{ xfrf kna{{oiofm ba{fm cl yobra}ocl ta}}frl,


60


K@AT]FR ? RFIFRFLKF[


6?


U1W An'Bamcvr. G, [vlar. N, K`fmfm. ‖Yobra}ocl alan{o{ ci rc}a}olh gakòlfr v{olh }ogf‛ irfqvflk alan{o{ alm xayfnf} }fk`loqvf{’. Gfkàlokan [{}fg{ alm [ohlan Trckf{{olh 26 2411/ 240; ‛2141, U2W,K`fl Alv. Joa Jomf. Mao Ponoalh. Z`v Z`clhevo. ‖Flholf Iavn} Moahlc{o{ Ba{fm cl Xayfnf}{ takef} alm Lfvran Lf}xcre{’. 2414 Ol}frla}oclan Kclifrflkf cl Ct}cfnfk}rclok{ alm Ogahf Trckf{{olh U;W Pvpoac Ial. Kàlhcv Pv. Zòjolh Zàlh. Pol Jol. ‖Yobra}ocl ]f{}olh alm Alan{o{ Ci a Rfkcliohvrabnf ]vrl'gonnolh Gakòlf ]ccn’. 2414 Ol}frla}oclan Kclifrflkf cl Moho}an Galviak}vrolh ) Av}cga}ocl U=W[,Hctola}` . ‖[}vm Cl Fnfk}rok Gc}cr Ga{{ Vlbanalkf Ba{fm Cl Yobra}ocl Gclo}crolh Alan{o{ ]fk`loqvf’. 241C Ol}frla}oclan Kclifrflkf cl Gfkàlokan alm Fnfk}rokan ]fk`lcnch OKGF] 2414/, U6W_al No. Bac`f _alh. Zòal Xalh. Pv`vo Xalh. ‖Iavn} Ta}}frl Kna{{oioka}ocl ci ]vrbolf' hflfra}cr [f} Ba{fm cl Ar}oiokoan Lfvran Lf}xcre’. 2414 Ol}frla}oclan Kclifrflkf cl Kcgtv}fr Attnoka}ocl alm [{}fg Gcmfnolh OKKA[G 2414/ U9W @f Ny'Kàlh. Zvc [`v'Hvalh. @f Rclh. K`fl Rvo'Iflh. ‖Alan{o{ ci Lco{f alm Yobra}ocl Icr a Lfx Tvrf Fnfk}rokan Yfòknf’. 2414 ;rm Ol}frla}oclan Kclifrflkf cl Amyalkfm Kcgtv}fr ]`fcr alm Flholffrolh OKA K]F/, U8W Xv Zàcpoa. No Ifl. _al [`vjval. Xalh Bol. ‖Gc}cr Iavn} Moahlc{o{ ba{fm cl }`f Yobra}ocl [ohlan ]f{}olh alm Alan{o{’. 244? ]òrm Ol}frla}oclan [gtc{ovg cl Ol}fnnohfl} Olicrga}ocl ]fk`lcnch Attnoka}ocl, U0W Jffyalalm [,. Abraàg ], Ga}`fx. ‖Kclmo}ocl Gclo}crolh ci Olmvk}ocl Gc}cr{ V{olh Xayfnf} Ba{fm Alan{o{ ci Yobra}ocl [ohlan{’. 2440 [fkclm Ol}frla}oclan Kclifrflkf cl Iv}vrf Hflfra}ocl Kcggvloka}ocl alm Lf}xcreolh [gtc{oa, U?W àlh No. Nvc Iflhnol. ‖Attnoka}ocl ci Xayfnf} Alan{o{ ol Iavn} Mf}fk}ocl ci Kfnn T`clf Yobra}ocl Gc}cr’. 244? Ol}frla}oclan A{oa Kclifrflkf cl Olicrga}ok{ ol Kcl}rcn. Av}cga}ocl alm Rcbc}ok{ U14W Iflh Ny . @aonoal Mv ‖Iavn} kàrak}fro{}ok{ fp}rak}ocl ci gc}cr‟{ yobra}cr {ohlan ba{fm cl xayfnf} }ral{icrg’ Xcrnm Kclhrf{{ cl Ol}fnnohfl} Kcl}rcn alm Av}cga}ocl. Jvlf 244= U11WGr,Garv}ò H,[ ) Mr,E,Talmvralha Yo}}an. ‖Fnfk}rokan Iavn} Mf}fk}ocl ol ]`rff Tà{f [qvorrfn Kahf Olmvk}ocl Gc}cr b Yobra}ocl Alan{o{ v{olh GFG[ Akkfnfrcgf}fr’. OFFF TFM[ 2446,

U11WE, L, [roloya{. ‖[}a}ok alm Mlagok Yobra}ocl Alan{f{ ci [xo}k`fm Rfnvk}alkf Gc}cr{ Olknvmolh Bfarolh{. @cv{olh. Rc}cr Mlagok{. alm Attnofm Ncam{’. OFFF


94


]RAL[AK]OCL[ CL GAHLF]OK[. YCN, =4. LC, =. JVN_ 244=

U1;W @al'Pol K`fl. Golh J, Zvc ‖Iavn} Mf}fk}ocl Ci Hfarbcp Xo}` Yobra}ocl [ohlan Alan{o{ B A Nolfar Kcgbola}ocl Ci Amat}oyf Xayfnf}{’. 244? U16W L, Rc. T, Tvreao} alm E,Bà}}akàra. ‖Attnoka}ocl ci Xayfnf} alm Icvrofr ]ral{icrg{ icr Yobra}ocl Alan{o{ ci Gc}cr’. OFFF Olmokcl 2446 Kclifrflkf. K`fllao. Olmoa. 11'1; Mfk, 2446, U19W Zòxfo ]alh. Hvalhjoal Xalh „Yobra}ocl Iavn} Mf}fk}ocl alm Moahlc{o{ ol Aorkrai} Tcxfr Tnal} V{olh Gcmfn'ba{fm ]fk`loqvf’. 244?

U18W Ealh [àlnol1. Noalh Bac{`f1. Ial Iflh1. [`fl [clh`va‖Yobra}ocl Iavn} Mf}fk}ocl alm Moahlc{o{ Gf}`cm ci Tcxfr [{}fg Hflfra}cr Ba{fm cl Xayfnf} Irak}an Lf}xcre’. 2448

U10WAnce [olà. ‖Yobr}ocl ci Gfkàlokan [{}fg{’. Kagbromhf Trf{{,

U1?WAnnal H, Tofr{cn. ]`cga{ N, Tafz. ‖ @arro{‟ [`cke alm Yobra}ocl @almbcce’. GkHrax @onn Fmvka}ocl,

U24W Xayfnf} ]ccnbcp galvan ircg Ga}`Xcre{ Olk, U21W Jc`l Trceo{ alm M, Galcnaeo{ ‖Moho}an [ohlan Trckf{{olh ‛ trolkotan{ anhcro}`g{ alm attoka}ocl{ ’ ;rm fmo}ocl U22W Lfp Rcbc}ok{ GGA8;91N gcmvnf nab galvan

U2;W R`mc ]fk`lcnchof{ NO[_;44AN GFG[ hrc{kctf v{fr galvan,


91


K@AT]FR 14 MA]A[@FF][


92



9;



9=



96



99



98



90



9?



84



81



82



8;



8=



86



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88

Project Report - Fault Detection by Vibration Analysis

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