The impact of crude oil on the permeability of the soil in a non oil producing community in Enugu State was investigated using disturbed A 6 CL soil sample collected from Ibagwa Nike area of the state. The sample was divided into five 5 portions and
Todo lo relacionado a los grupos de aceites básicos para la elaboración de Aceites Lubricantes, obtención, características y aplicaciones.
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Properties of Lubricating Oil Composition of lubricating oils Lubricating oil fractions extracted from crude oil are a widely varying mixture of straight and branched chain paraffinic, napthenic aromatic hydrocarbons having boiling points ranging from about 302o to 593oC !ome specialty lubricants may have boiling point extremes of "## and $"5oC %he choice of grade of lubricating oil base is determined by the expected use General capabilities expected from an engine lubricant •
capacity to keep cold parts of an engine clean
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capacity to keep hot parts of an engine clean
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capacity to withstand temperature changes
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capacity to resist the action of oxygen
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capacity to contain wear
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capacity to preserve oil film even in the t he presence of high pressures
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capacity to neutralize acids formed during combustion or other sources thereby preventing corrosive wear
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capacity to separate contaminants
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capacity to withstand the action of water w ater which can affect additives
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capacity to pump at different temperatures
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capacity to separate insoluble elements
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capacity to resist rust, corrosive and foaming
Properties for bearings •
moderate bearing loads
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improved heat transfer behavior
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corrosion protection
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cooling
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low friction
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good low temperature viscosity
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good high temperature viscosity
Properties for gear case •
corrosion protection
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cooling
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reduces friction
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good viscosity on low temperature
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good viscosity on high temperature
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sound damping properties with cushioning effects
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antifoam properties
!urbine oil Compromise between above two re"uirements •
Generally a good "uality refined mineral oil derived from paraffanic base stock used with various additives including #P additives for highly loaded gearing
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$nti%foaming properties important
$dditives &mprovements in lubricating oil over the last twenty years have come about almost entirely from the use of additives !hese are added for three main reasons& 1. to protect the lubricant in service by limiting the chemical change and deterioration 2. To protect the mechanism from harmful combustion products and malfunctioning lubricating oil 3. To improve existing physical properties and to create new beneficial characteristics in the oil
%ypical additives are' (arium, calcium, phosphorus, !ulphur, chlorine, )inc, oxidation inhibitor*increases oil and machinery life, decreases sludge and varnish on metal parts Corrosion inhibitor *protects against chemical attac+ of alloy bearings and metal surfaces $nti wear improvers*protects rubbing surfaces operating with this film boundary lubrication 'etergent*tend to neutrali)e the deposits before formation under high temperature and pressure conditions, or as a result of using a fuel with high sulphur content 'ispersant*used to disperse or suspend the deposits forming contaminants $lkaline agents*neutrali)es acids, these form the %( of the oil and includes additives (ust inhibitors* protect against rust Pour point improvers *improves low temperature viscosity Oiliness agent*reduces friction sei)ure point and wear rates $ntifoam agents*prevents stable bubble formation )iscosity *mprovers*an additive that improves the viscosity $ntiseptic*+illed bacteria Oxidation -xidation degrades the lube oil producing sledges, varnishes and resins .resence of moisture, and some metals particularly copper tend to act as a catalyst -nce oxidation starts, deterioration of the properties of the oil is rapid
(echarging
/hen recharging no more than "0 of the wor+ing charge should be topped up due to heavy slugging that can occur due to the heavy precipitation of the sludge #+L-*.*C$!*O/ %his occurs due to water contamination' also, contamination with grease, fatty oils, varnish, paint and rust preventers containing fatty products can also promote emulsification %he presence of an emulsion can be detected by a general cloudiness of the sample !alt water emulsifies very easily and should be avoided /ater entrained in the oil supplied to a 1ournal bearing can lead to loss of oil wedge, rub and failure resh water contamination whilst not in itself dangerous can lead to rusting %he iron oxides catalyses the oil to form sludges %he additives in the oil can leach out to change the water into an electrolyte !alt water contamination is very serious as it causes tin oxide corrosion, and also leads to electrochemical attac+ on the tin matrix in the white metal %he sea water act as then electrolyte 4 ma1or problem of water within a lub oil is where the mix enters a bearing, here it is possible for the water to be flashed off collapsing the oil wedge
