PROSES PEREKAHAN HIDROLIK BATUAN (HYDRAULIC FRACTURING ) FRACTURING
PADA SUMUR X LAPANGAN Y
PT. BUKIT APIT BUMI PERSADA INDONESIA
PROPOSAL TUGAS AKHIR
OLEH
RADEN MOHAMMAD YOGIE WAHYUDIEN
NIM : 101101026
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN
AKADEMI MINYAK DAN GAS BALONGAN
INDRAMAYU
2014
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PROSES PEREKAHAN HIDROLIK BATUAN (HYDRAULIC FRACTURING ) FRACTURING
PADA SUMUR X LAPANGAN Y
PT. BUKIT APIT BUMI PERSADA INDONESIA
PROPOSAL TUGAS AKHIR
OLEH
RADEN MOHAMMAD YOGIE WAHYUDIEN
NIM : 101101026
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN
AKADEMI MINYAK DAN GAS BALONGAN
INDRAMAYU
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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
PROSES PEREKAHAN HIDROLIK BATUAN (HYDRAULIC FRACTURING)
PADA SUMUR X LAPANGAN Y
PT. BUKIT APIT BUMI PERSADA INDONESIA
Oleh
Raden Mohammad Yogie Wahyudien
NIM
: 101101026
Disahkan,
Indramayu, 27 Maret 2014
Dosen Pembimbing
Dosen Pembimbing
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RIWAYAT HIDUP
PERSONAL Nama
: Raden Mohammad Yogie Wahyudien
Tempat/Tgl Tempat/Tg l Lahir
: Karawang, 21 Mei 1993
Jenis kelamin
: Laki-Laki
Tinggi dan Berat Badan
: 165 cm dan 62 kg
Status
: Belum Menikah
Agama
: Islam
Alamat
: 1. Dusun Babakan Babakan Hoe RT/RW RT/RW 003/006 Desa Lemahmakmur Kec. Tempuran Kab. Karawang 41385 2. Jl. Jend. Sudirman no 23 Indramayu 45212
E-mail
:
[email protected]
Hobby
: Bermain Musik, Futsal, Nonton Film
Telepon
: (0267) 7000169
No Handphone
: 085718828897
LATAR BELAKANG PENDIDIKAN PENDIDIKAN PENDIDIKAN FORMAL
SD Negeri Lemahmakmur 1
1999-2005
SMP Negeri 2 Telagasari
2005-2008
SMA Negeri 1 Telagasari
2008- 2011
Diploma III Akademi Minyak dan Gas Balongan
2011-Sekarang 2011-Sekar ang
Program Studi Teknik Perminyakan
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PENDIDIKAN PENDIDIKAN NON FORMAL
Pengurus OSIS Seksi Bidang Pendahuluan Bela Negara
2005 - 2008
SMPN 2 TELAGASARI Pemain Pemain Terompet (Horn Line) Drum Band GITA
PESONA TANJUNG
2006 - 2008
SMPN 2 TELAGASARI
Pengurus Gerakan Pramuka Penegak Gugus Depan
2009 - 2011
SMAN 1 TELAGASARI Ambalan SI JALAK HARUPATRD DEWI SARTIKA Bagian Kegiatan Operasional (GIATOP) Pendekar Pencak Silat Persatuan Setia Hati Terate
2009 – 2009 – 2011 2011
(PSHT) Sabuk Merah Muda Tingkatan kedua.
Backing Vocal Ekskul Nasyid Al-Ikhwan Al-Ik hwan SMAN 1
2009 – 2009 – 2011 2011
TELAGASARI.
Ketua Gerakan Pramuka Dewan Kerja Ranting
2011 – 2011 – Sekarang Sekarang
Telagasari Ambalan (Syekh Quro)
Pengurus Himpunan Mahasiswa Jurusan
2012 - Sekarang
Teknik Perminyakan (IMHATEP) Akamigas Balongan Indramayu
Pengurus Organisasi Organisas i Seni dan Musik Akamigas
2012 - Sekarang
Balongan Indramayu
PENGALAMAN KERJA / PRAKTIKUM / PRAKTEK KERJA LAPANGAN / SEMINAR 1. Praktikum Geologi Dasar I Tanggal
: 10 Oktober 2011 sampai dengan 16 Oktober 2011
Tempat
: Gedung Serba Guna Akamigas Balongan Indramayu.
2. Praktikum Kimia Dasar I Tanggal
: 4 Desember 2011 sampai dengan 12 Desember 2011
Tempat
: Laboratorium Laboratorium Kimia Akamigas Balongan Indramayu
3. Praktikum Fisika Dasar I
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4. Praktikum Kimia Dasar II Tanggal
: 8 April 2012 sampai dengan 17 April 2012
Tempat
: Laboratorium Laboratorium Kimia Dasar Balongan Indramayu
5. Tim Independent PEMILUKADA PEMILUKADA Jawa Barat 2013 Tanggal
: 24 Februari 2013
Tempat
: Telagasari Kabupaten Karawang
6. Praktikum Analisa Fluida Reservoir Tanggal
: 26 Mei s/d 4 Juni 2013
Tempat
: Laboratorium Analisa Fluida Reservoir
7. Introducing Of PDSI PDSI Drilling Equipment Tanggal
: 26 Mei 2012
Tempat
: Hotel Wiwi Perkasa Indramayu
8. How To Make A Curriculum Vitae Tanggal
: 26 Mei 2012
Tempat
: Hotel Wiwi Perkasa Indramayu
9. Energy Sustainability Sustainability For National Glory , OGIP 2012 Tanggal
: 16 Februari 2013
Tempat
: Sheraton Hotel ballroom Yogyakarta
10. State And Condition Of Hydrocarbons Exploration In Eastern I ndonesian Tanggal
: 23 – 23 – 24 24 November 2012
Tempat
: Universitas Padjadjaran, Padjadjaran, Jatinangor
11. Increasing Oil Production to Montain National Energy Growth , Petrogas Day 2012 Tanggal
: 16 Maret 2012
Tempat
: Universitas Indonesia, Depok
12. Coalbed Methane And Geothermal energy Tanggal
: 30 November 2013
Tempat
: Gedung Serbaguna PGRI Indramayu
13. Kerja Praktek ”Proses Pemboran dan Pengolahan Sumur Coalbed Methane (CBM) PT. Dart Energy
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Demikian
Daftar Riwayat Hidup ini saya buat dengan sebenar
benarnya. Hormat Saya
Rd Moch Yogie Wahyudien
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Tuhan YME yang telah melimpahkan segala rahmat dan hidayah-NYA sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan laporan tugas akhir ini dengan judul “PROSES “ PROSES PEREKAHAN HIDROLIK BATUAN (HYDRAULIC FRACTURING) FRACTURING) PADA SUMUR X LAPANGAN Y PT. BUKIT APIT BUMI PERSADA INDONESIA” INDONESIA”, Laporan tugas akhir ini diajukan untuk memenuhi syarat untuk menyelesaikan tugas akhir. Saya selaku penulis berterima kasih kepada :
1. Ayah serta Ibuku yang telah memberikan dukungan dalam bentuk apapun, baik dukungan moral, rohani & materi 2. Bapak Drs. H. Nahdudin Islamy selaku Direktur Akamigas Balongan, Indramayu 3. Bapak Guntur Setiawan, Setiawan, S.T, M.T selaku dosen pembimbing pembimbing pada pada tugas akhir 4. Bapak Winarto Winart o S.T selaku dosen pembimbing pada tugas akhir 5.
Teman-teman satu almamater almamater Teknik Perminyakan Perminyakan Akamigas
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Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penulisan ini masih banyak terdapat kekurangan baik dilihat dari segi menyajikan data maupun penulisannya. Kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat penulis harapkan demi penulisan selanjutnya yang lebih baik.
Indramayu,
Maret 2014
Penulis
Rd. Moch Yogie W
101101026
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DAFTAR ISI
Cover Cover ................................. .................................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ....................... ...... ii Lembar Pengesahan .................................................................................. iii Riwayat Riwayat Hidup ................................. .................................................. ................................. ................................. .......................... ......... iv Kata Pengantar .............. ................... .......... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... .......... ix Daftar Daftar Isi .................................. .................................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ................. x Daftar Gambar ............................................................................................ xii BAB I PENDAHULUAN PENDAHULUAN .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ............. ... 1 1.1 Pendahuluan ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................... .............. ..... 1 1.2 Tema Tugas Akhir ............... ................... .......... .................. ................... ................... .................. ........... 2 1.3 Tujuan Tugas Tugas Akhir Akhir................... .......... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................... .............. ..... 3 1.3.1
Tujuan Yang Bersifat Umum .................. ......... ................... ................... .............. ..... 3
1.3.2
Tujuan Yang Bersifat Khusus ................... .......... ................... ................... ........... .. 3
1.4 Manfaat Tugas Akhir ................ ................... ......... ................... ................... ................... .............. ..... 4 1.4.1
Manfaat Bagi Mahasiswa ........... .................. ......... ................... .................. ........ 4
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2.2 Mekanisme Perekahan Batuan .................. ........ ................... ................... ................... .............. ..... 8 2.2.1
Penentuan Harga PF, Pf , Ppf , Ph .................................. ..................................... ... 12
2.3 Fluida Perekah ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... .......... 13 2.3.1
Pemilihan Fluida Perekah ................. ................... .......... ................... .......... 14
2.3.2
Jenis Fluida Perekah ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................ ....... 14
2.3.3
Pengontrolan Sifat –Sifat Fisik Fluida Perekah ............ ......... ... 18
2.4 P r o p p i n g A g e n t ( (P r o p p a n t ) ................................. .................................................. ....................... ...... 21 2.4.1
Fungsi P r o p p i n g A g e n t ................................. ................................................. .................. 21
2.4.2 Pengendapan P r o p p i n g A g e n t ................................ ...................................... ...... 22 2.4.3
................................................. .................. 26 P r o p p i n g A g e n t S p a c er e r .................................
2.4.4
Pemilihan Jenis, Ukuran & Konsentrasi P r o p p i n g ................................................ ................................. ............................... ............... 27 A g e n t ...............................
2.5 Pemilihan Sumur Untuk Distimulasi Hydraulic Fracturing ...... 30
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN .......................................................... 33
3.1 Metode Observasi ................... .......... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................... .............. ..... 33 3.2 Metode Wawancara ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ............. .... 33 3.3 Metode Studi Kepustakaan Kepustakaan ............... ...... .................. ................... ................... ................... ............. ... 33
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Grafik Fungsi Rekah Batuan ................................................. 10 Gambar 2.2 2.2 Jenis Arah Rekahan Batuan ................... ......... ................... ................... ................... ........... .. 11 Gambar 2.3 Arah Rekahan Batuan Terhadap Gaya Yang Diderita ......... 11 Gambar 2.4 Grafik Korelasi Proppant Vs Kapasitas Alir Alir ........... . ................... .............. ..... 24 Gambar 2.5 Partial ................................................ .................... .... 25 Partial Mon oLayer Sys tem ................................ Gambar 2.6 Multilayer System ................................ ................................................. .................................. ................. 25 Gambar 2.7 Grafik Penentuan Ukuran Sand Propp ............................ 28 Propp ant ............................ Gambar 2.8 Grafik Jenis Sand Proppant
. 29
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang
Dalam suatu sumur produksi, lazimnya sangat banyak ditemukan permasalahan yang dapat menghambat proses pengangkatan fluida dari dalam sumur ke permukaan (proses produksi minyak) yang di karenakan masalah teknis (alat) maupun non teknis (reservoir ( reservoir ). ). Dalam hal ini, diperlukan suatu pengerjaan stimulasi atau perangsangan pada sumur tersebut agar tetap dapat memproduksikan memproduksikan fluida terus – menerus. – menerus.
Adapun tujuan dari stimulasi ini ialah tidak lain untuk meningkatkan meningkatkan produktivitas sumur itu sendiri. Ada beberapa jenis stimulasi yang dapat dilakukan, namun pada kali ini jenis stimulasi yang dipilih ialah dengan cara
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Faktor-faktor tersebut merupakan faktor utama dipilihnya perekahan hidrolik batuan untuk merangsang produktivitas sumur produksi. Adapun keadaan sumur tersebut setelah dilakukan stimulasi jenis perekahan hidrolik (hydraulic fracturing ) batuan ini ialah :
Meningkatkan permeabilitas permeabilitas sumur (fluida (fluida relatif relatif mudah untuk mengalir ke dalam lubang sumur).
Memperbaiki zona damage akibat damage akibat proses produksi sebelumnya.
Mengurangi fines atau produksi produksi pasir yang yang dapat merusak merusak peralatan produksi.
Proses pengerjaan perekahan hidrolik batuan ini di harapkan untuk dapat mendongkrak produktivitas sumur itu kembali. Sehingga sumur tersebut masih dapat diproduksikan dan tidak meninggalkannya.
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1.3.1
Tujuan Yang Bersifat Umum Diketahuinya gambaran mengenai pelaksanaan pekerjaan di
perusahaan atau di industri tempat tugas akhir berlangsung.
Menerapkan ilmu pengetahuan yang diperoleh selama menjalani perkuliahan.
Untuk meningkatkan meningkatk an keahlian dan daya kreativitas kreativit as mahasiswa.
Melatih kemampuan dan kepekaan mahasiswa untuk mencari
solusi masalah yang dihadapi didalam dunia industri atau dunia kerja. 1.3.2
Tujuan Yang Bersifat Khusus
Menambah wawasan tentang proses stimulasi stimulas i pada sumur.
Menambah pengetahuan pengetahu an tentang proses perekahan hidrolik batuan (hydraulic fracturing ) dan membandingkan secara teoritis dengan
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1.4.2
Manfaat Bagi Akamigas Akamigas Balongan
Terbinanya suatu jaringan kerjasama dengan institusi tempat tugas akhir dalam upaya meningkatkan keterkaitan dan kesepadanan antara substansi akademik dengan kegiatan manajemen maupun operasional operasional institusi tempat t empat tugas akhir.
Meningkatkan Meningkatk an
kapasitas kapas itas
dan d an
kualitas kuali tas
pendidikan
dengan
melibatkan tenaga terampil dari lapangan dalam kegiatan tugas akhir
Tersusunnya kurikulum kurikulum yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan kebutuhan nyata di lapangan.
1.4.3
Manfaat Bagi Perusahaan
Dapat memanfatkan tenaga mahasiswa untuk membantu kegiatan
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Proses pengambilan pengambilan data yang bersangkutan bersangkutan saat proses perekahan hidrolik (hydrauli ( hydraulic c fracturing ). ).
Dapat mengetahui Standard Operation Procedure Procedure (SOP) dari proses perekahan hidrolik batuan ( hydraulic fracturing ) secara langsung dengan cara pengamatan.
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BAB II DASAR TEORI
2.1 Prinsip Dasar
Hydraulic fracturing ialah ialah cabang dari proses stimulasi sumur dengan tujuan memperbesar pemeabilitas batuan dan mulai populer sekitar tahun 1948 dan sejak tahun 1980 keatas mulai meningkat kembali karena penggunaan pada formasi yang permeabilitas yang besar. Pada saat ini
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rekahan. Bila semua proppant telah dipompakan kedalam sumur, maka pemompaan dihentikan. Meskipun pemompaan dihentikan, proppant akan tetap berada pada rekahan. Dengan demikian didalam rekahan batuan terisi proppant yang yang permeabilitasnya permeabilitasnya lebih baik dari permeabilitas batuan formasi. Sebagai pemilihan sumur untuk di lakukan hydraulic fracturing ialah sumur dengan karakteristik “Damage “Damage Ratio” Ratio” yang kecil.
Damage Ratio Ratio adalah perbandingan antara permeabilitas nyata terhadap permeabilitas semula. Permeabilitas absolut asli diperoleh dari data
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2.2 Mekanisme Perekahan Batuan
Untuk dapat merekahan batuan reservoir , batuan tersebut harus diberi tekanan hidrolik sampai melebihi kekuatan dan gaya - gaya yang mempertahankan keutuhan dari batuan itu. Ada dua gaya utama yang mempertahankan keutuhan batuan untuk tidak rekah, yaitu gaya vertikal dan horizontal.
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4. Keseragaman lapisan. Lapisan – – lapisan yang terbentuk dari batuan yang mempunyai sifat – – sifat fisik yang seragam akan semakin mudah untuk direkahkan. 5. Diameter
lubang
sumur.
Sumur
dengan
diameter d iameter
besar b esar
akan
memperbesar proses perekahan batuan. Hal ini karena lapisan batuan sudah mengalami damage yang damage yang cukup besar.
Untuk merekahan batuan reservoir , disamping harus melawan gaya gaya yang mempertahankan keutuhan batuan juga harus melawan tekanan
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V
= Poisson’s ratio (tanpa ratio (tanpa dimensi)
St
= Tensile strength batuan strength batuan (Psi)
Besarnya tekanan di permukaan yang diperlukan untuk perekahan
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Bentuk kurva tekanan di permukaan selama dilakukan perekahan hidrolik adalah seperti pada gambar berikut ini
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Pada umumnya ketahanan terhadap gaya vertikal lebih kecil daripada gaya horizontal sehingga rekahan yang terjadi umumnya berarah vertikal.
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Δ Pf = Gradien kehilangan tekanan karena adanya gesekan (Psi/1000 ft)
D
= Panjang pipa alir (ft)
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Pada umumnya, harga Ppf ini relatif kecil, sehingga terkadang terkadang dapat diabaikan perhitungannya. Adapun perhitungan untuk tekanan hidrostatik ialah sbb :
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