HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY
A PROJECT PROJECT REPOR RE PORT T ON EXTRADITION
SUBMITTED TO:
Mr. V. P. SINGH (Faculty of PUBLIC PUBLI C INTERNA INTE RNAT TINOL LAW Submitted By: A!y L!"#! R$%% N$& ' () Seme*te#' III
Acknowledgements I! A"A# LA$RA! f%%l &y'%lf )*ly %lat%+! a' )t *),%' &% tr%&%-+ou' l%a'ur% to co&% out /)t /or0 o- t% to)c 1E2TRA3ITION4. F)r't a-+ for%&o't! I ta0% t)' oortu-)ty to ta-0 V. P. S)-* Faculty! Pu5l)c I-t%r-at)o-al La/! H)+ayatulla Nat)o-al La/ U-),%r')ty! Ra)ur for allott)-* &% 'uc to)c to /or0 o-. H% a' 5%%- ,%ry 0)-+ )- ro,)+)-* )-ut' for t)' /or0! 5y /ay of )' 'u**%'t)o-'. I /oul+ al'o l)0% to ta-0 &y +%ar coll%a*u%' a-+ fr)%-+' )- t% U-),%r')ty! /o a,% %l%+ &% /)t )+%a' a5out t)' /or0. La't! 5ut -ot t% l%a't I ta-0 t% U-),%r')ty A+&)-)'trat)o- for %6u))-* t% U-),%r')ty /)t 'uc *oo+ l)5rary a-+ I.T. fac)l)t)%'! /)tout /)c! -o +ou5t t)' /or0 /oul+ -ot a,% ta0%- t)' 'a% )- corr%ct t)&%.
A"A# LA$RA! BATCH 72II! B.A. LL.B. (HONS..
Table of Content AC$NOWLE3GEMENTS ....................................................................................................................8 TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................9
1. Objectives................................................................. ................................4 2. Research Methodolog.............................................................. ..............4 !. "ntrod#ction.............................................................. ...............................$ 4. %ains
of
&earning ................................................................... ...............' $. %ains
of
&earning
Act
1(!)....................................................................* '. +alar and Rem#neration............................................................ ...........( *. "ncome of joint famil f#nd allotted to member for his maintenance.11 ,. Concl#sion................................................................. .............................1! (. -ibliograh ............................................................. ............................1!
Objective • •
To 'tu+y /at )' E:tra+)t)o- a-+ t%r% )''u%'! To 'tu+y t% ca'%' r%lat%+ to E:tra+)t)o- )- I-+)a.
Research Methodolog T)' /or0 )' descriptive and analytical )- -atur%. S%co-+ary a-+ El%ctro-)c r%'ourc%' a,% 5%%lar*%ly u'%+ to *at%r )-for&at)o- a-+ +ata a5out t% to)c. Boo0' a-+ ot%r r%f%r%-c%' a' *u)+%+ 5y Faculty of Soc)olo*y a,% 5%%- r)&ar)ly %lful )*),)-* t)' ro;%ct a f)r& 'tructur%. W%5')t%' a-+ art)cl%' a,% al'o 5%%- r%f%rr%+. Foot-ot%' a,% 5%%- ro,)+%+ /%r%,%r -%%+%+! %)t%r to ac0-o/l%+*% t% 'ourc% or to o)-t to a art)cular ro,)')o- of la/.
"ntrod#ction T% ract)c% of %:tra+)t)o- %-a5l%' o-% 'tat% to a-+ o,%r to a-ot%r 'u'%ct%+ or co-,)ct%+ cr)&)-al' /o a,% fl%+ a5roa+.< It )' 5a'%+ uo- 5)lat%ral tr%aty la/ a-+ +o%' -ot %:)'t a' ao5l)*at)o- uo- 'tat%' )- cu'to&ary la/.8 It )' u'ual to +%r),% fro& %:)'t)-* tr%at)%' o- t% 'u5;%ct c%rta)- *%-%ral r)-c)l%'! for %:a&l% tat of +ou5l% cr)&)-al)ty! ).%. tat t% cr)&% )-,ol,%+ 'oul+ 5% a cr)&% )- 5ot t% 'tat%' co-c%r-%+!9 a-+ tat of '%c)al)ty! ).%. a %r'o- 'urr%-+%r%+ &ay 5% tr)%+ a-+ u-)'%+ o-ly for t% off%-c% for /)c %:tra+)t)o- a+ 5%%- 'ou*t a-+ *ra-t%+.= I- *%-%ral off%-c%'! off%-c%' of a ol)t)cal caract%r a,% 5%%- %:clu+%+! 5ut t)' /oul+ -ot co,%r t%rror)'t act),)t)%'.> It )' co&&o- for &a-y tr%at)%' lay)-* +o/- &ult)l% 5a'%' for t% %:%rc)'% of ;ur)'+)ct)o- to )-')'t tat 'tat%' art)%' )- /o'% t%rr)tory t% all%*%+ off%-+%r )' r%'%-t %)t%r ro'%cut% or %:tra+)t% 'uc %r'o-.? Ma-y tr%at)%' )-clu+% t% auto&at)c )-clu')o/)t)- %:)'t)-* 5)lat%ral %:tra+)t)o- tr%at)%' /)c 'tat%' art)%' to 'uc tr%at)%' of t% off%-c% + R%f%r O:for+ 3)ct)o-ary @ T%'auru'! "ul)a Ell)ot! <9 t %+-! .8?> , S%% t% ;o)-t +%clarat)o- of ;u+*%' E,%-'o- ! Tara''o,! Gu)llau&% a-+ A*u)lar Mau+'l%y! t% Loc0%r5)%
ca'% IC" R%ort'! <89!8= - S%%! Government of Denmark v .Neilsen <=D8AllER< United States Government v. Mc Caffey<=D8AllER>
. S%%! O%-a)&' I-t%r-at)o-al La/! .?<
co-c%r-%+. Ma-y 'tat%' /)ll -ot allo/ t% %:tra+)t)o- of )t' -at)o-al' to a-ot%r 'tat%! 5ut t)' u'ually )- c)rcu&'ta-c%' /%r% t% 'tat% co-c%r-%+ a' /)+% o/%r' to ro'%cut% -at)o-al' for off%-c%' co&&)tt%+ a5roa+. O-c% &u't al'o -ot% t% r%l%,a-c% of Hu&a- R)*t' la/ to t% roc%'' of E:tra+)t)o-. T% follo/)-* rat)o-al co-')+%rat)o-' a,% co-+)t)o-%+ t% la/ a-+ ract)'% to %:tra+)t)o- a T% *%-%ral +%')r% of all 'tat%' to %-'ur% tat '%r)ou' cr)&%' +o -ot *o u-u-)'%+. Fr%6u%-tly a 'tat% )- /o'% t%rr)tory a cr)&)-al a' ta0%- r%fu*% ca--ot ro'%cut% or u-)' )& ur%ly 5%cau'% of 'o&% t%c-)cal rul% of cr)&)-al la/ or for lac0 of ;ur)'+)ct)o-. T%r%for% to clo'% t% -%t rou-+ 'uc )-t%r-at)o-al off%-+%r'! )-t%r-at)o-al la/ al)%' t% &a:)& ‘aut punier aut dedere’ J t% off%-+%r &u't 5% u-)'%+ 5y t% 'tat% of r%fu*% or 'urr%-+%r%+ to t% 'tat% /)c ca- a-+ /)ll u-)' )&. 5 T% 'tat% o- /o'% t%rr)tory< t% cr)&% a' 5%%- co&&)tt%+ )' 5%'t a5l% to try t% off%-+%r 5%cau'% t% %,)+%-c% )' &or% fr%%ly a,a)la5l% t%r%! a-+ tat t% 'tat% a' t% *r%at%'t )-t%r%'t )- t% u-)'&%-t of t% off%-+%r! a-+ t% *r%at%'t fac)l)t)%' for a'c%rta)-)-* t% trut. It follo/' tat )t )' o-ly r)*t a-+ ro%r tat to t% t%rr)tor)al 'tat% 'oul+ 5% 'urr%-+%r%+ 'uc cr)&)-al' a' a,% ta0%- r%fu*% a5roa+. / S%%! t% Euro%a- Co-,%-t)o- o- t% Sur%'')o- of T%rror)'&! < t% McMull%- Ca'%!= A"IL
<! .=9=! al'o -ot% t% T)&%'! 8> "u-% <>! .< /)c 'a)+ ol)t)cal off%-c%' a' a loool% 0-o/- a' t%rror)'&. 0 S%% Ho&% Off)c% Pr%'' R%l%a'% (U$. 1 S%% t% Ha*u% Co-,%-t)o- for t% Sur%'')o- of u-la/ful S%)Kur% of A)rcraft! < (art)cl% 2 S%% t% Fr%-c E:tra+)t)o- La/ of <8! art)cl% 9(<! Ba')c La/ of t% F%+%ral R%u5l)c of G%r&a-y!
art)cl% 8! < t %+-! A+)tya Boo0' Butt%r/ort'! 1
t%rr)tory ca- co,%r for t)' uro'%! al'o ')' a-+ a)rcraft r%*)'t%r%+ /)t t% r%6u%'t)-* 'tat%4 al'o '%% Art )cl%
T%r% ar% t/o ty%' of %:tra+)t)o- tr%at)%' l)'t a-+ +ual cr)&)-al)ty tr%at)%'. << T% &o't co&&o- a-+ tra+)t)o-al )' t% l)'t tr%aty! /)c co-ta)-' a l)'t of cr)&%' for /)c a 'u'%ct /)ll 5% %:tra+)t%+. 3ual cr)&)-al)ty tr%at)%'! u'%+ ')-c% t% <'! *%-%rally allo/ for %:tra+)t)o- of a cr)&)-al 'u'%ct )f t% u-)'&%-t )' &or% ta- o-% y%ar )&r)'o-&%-t )- 5ot cou-tr)%'.<8 Occa')o-ally t% a&ou-t of t% t)&% of t% '%-t%-c% a*r%%+ uo- 5%t/%%- t% t/o cou-tr)%' )' ,ar)%+. U-+%r 5ot ty%' of tr%at)%'! )f t% co-+uct )' -ot a cr)&% )- 5ot cou-tr)%' t%- )t /)ll -ot 5% a- %:tra+)ta5l% off%-'%. A- %:tra+)t)o- tr%aty r%6u)r%' tat a cou-try '%%0)-* %:tra+)t)o- 5% a5l% to 'o/ tat<9 •
T% r%l%,a-t cr)&% )' 'uff)c)%-tly '%r)ou'.
•
T%r% %:)'t' a prima facie ca'% a*a)-'t t% )-+),)+ual 'ou*t.
•
T% %,%-t )- 6u%'t)o- 6ual)f)%' a' a cr)&% )- 5ot cou-tr)%'.
•
T% %:tra+)t%+ %r'o- ca- r%a'o-a5ly %:%ct a fa)r tr)al )- t% r%c))%-t cou-try.
•
T% l)0%ly %-alty /)ll 5% roort)o-at% to t% cr)&%.
TERRITORIAL ISSUES WITH EXTRADITION:-
W)t t% )-cr%a')-* ra)+ly a-+ fac)l)ty of )-t%r-at)o-al tra-'ort a-+ co&&u-)cat)o-'! %:tra+)t)o- 5%*a- to a''u&% ro&)-%-c% )- t% -)-%t%%-t c%-tury! altou* actually %:tra+)t)oarra-*%&%-t' +at% fro& t% %)*t%%- c%-tury. B%cau'% of t% -%*at),% or -%utral att)tu+% <= of cu'to&ary )-t%r-at)o-al la/ o- t% 'u5;%ct! %:tra+)t)o- /a' at f)r't +%alt /)t 5y 5)lat%ral tr%at)%'. T%'% tr%at)%'! )- a' &uc a' t%y aff%ct%+ t% r)*t' of r),at% c)t)K%-'! r%6u)r%+ )- t%)r tur++ %-./)0)%+)a.or*/)0)E:tra+)t)o+, tt'///.a*.*o,.au///a*+a*+.-'fPa*%E:tra+)t)o-a-+&utuala'')'ta-c%E:tra+)t)o+-R%f%r! Malcol& N Sa/ C! I-t%r-at)o-al La/! >t %+)t)o-! Ca&5r)+*% U-),%r')ty Pr%''!
alt%rat)o-' to t% la/' a-+ 'tatut%' of t% 'tat%' /)c a+ co-clu+%+ t%&. H%-c% t% *%-%ral r)-c)l% 5%ca&% %'ta5l)'%+ tat /)tout 'o&% for&al autor)ty %)t%r 5y tr%aty or 5y 'tatut%! fu*)t),% cr)&)-al' /oul+ -ot 5% 'urr%-+%r%+ -or /oul+ t%)r 'urr%-+%r 5% r%6u%'t%+.<> I''u%' of )-t%r-at)o-al la/ r%lat)-* to %:tra+)t)o- a,% ro,%- co-tro,%r')al )- ca'%' /%r% a 'tat% a' a5+uct%+ a-+ r%&o,%+ a- )-+),)+ual fro& t% t%rr)tory of a-ot%r 'tat% /)tout r%,)ou'ly r%6u%'t)-* %r&)'')o-! or follo/)-* -or&al %:tra+)t)o- roc%+ur%'. Suc a5+uct)o-' ar% u'ually )- ,)olat)o- of t% +o&%'t)c la/ of t% cou-try )- /)c t%y occur! a' )-fr)-*%&%-t' of la/' for5)++)-* 0)+-a)-*. Ma-y al'o r%*ar+ a5+uct)o- a' ,)olat)o- of )-t%r-at)o-al la/ )- art)cular of a ro)5)t)o- o- ar5)trary +%t%-t)o-. A '&all -u&5%r of cou-tr)%' a,% 5%%r%ort%+ to u'% 0)+-a)-* to c)rcu&,%-t t% for&al %:tra+)t)o- roc%'' Nota5l% or co-tro,%r')al ca'%' )-,ol,)-* a5+uct)o- of for%)*- c)t)K%-' •
Morto- So5%ll fro& M%:)co 5y t% U-)t%+ Stat%' )- <> E34i3ee#
•
A+olf E)c&a-- fro& Ar*%-t)-a 5y I'ra%l )- <?
•
I'a-* #u- fro& W%'t G%r&a-y 5y Sout $or%a )- <? >D 5$m6$*e
•
Ro--)% B)**' fro& BraK)l 5y )-+%%-+%-t 5ou-ty u-t%r' )- << t7ie8 t#!i3 #$b#!#y
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Mor+%ca) Va-u-u fro& Italy 5y I'ra%l )- <? 3u5%e!# te573i5i*3
•
Ma-u%l Nor)%*a fro& Pa-a&a 5y t% U-)t%+ Stat%' follo/)-* a US )-,a')o- )- < (altou* t)' /a' ar*ua5ly ta0)-* a- %-%&y %a+ of 'tat% a' a r)'o-%r of /ar ol)t)c)aa-+ 'ol+)%r
•
Hu&5%rto l,ar%K MacaQ- fro& M%:)co 5y t% U-)t%+ Stat%' 3ru* E-forc%&%-t A+&)-)'trat)o- )- <
+. S%%! ".G.Stra0%! I-to+uct)o- to I-t%r-at)o-al La/! .9>8! < t %+-! A+)tya Boo0' Butt%r/ort'! 1O-
t% o-% a-+ )-t%r-at)o-al cu'to&ary la/ )&o'%+ -o +uty uo- 'tat%' to 'urr%-+%r all%*%+ or co-,)ct%+ off%-+%r' to a-ot%r 'tat%! /)l% o- t% ot%r a-+ )t +)+ -ot for5)+ t% 'tat% of r%fu*%% to +%l),%r o,%r t% all%*%+ +%l)-6u%-t to t% 'tat% r%6u%'t)-* )' 'urr%-+%r4 +/ Ibid .9>9
•
M)r A)&al $a-') fro& Pa0)'ta- 5y t% CIA )- <
•
Mart)- Mu5a-*a fro& a&5)a to Gua-ta-a&o Bay 5y t% U-)t%+ Stat%' )- 88
Ma-y cla)&' a,% ar)'%- )- t% co-t%:t of %co-o&)c )''u%' /%r%5y 'o&% 'tat%'! art)cularly t% U-)t%+ Stat%'! '%%0 to aly t%)r la/' out')+% t%)r t%rr)tory
<D **"C v. !rabian !merican "il Company and !ramco Services ILR!.?<.?88! -ot% t% a5o,% ca'%' ortray tat t%r% )' a *%-%ral r%'u&t)o- a*a)-'t t% %:trat%rr)tor)al al)cat)o- of l%*)'lat)o+1 S%% U.S. v. Norie'a ILR!.<=971 t% tru% %ff%ct' +octr)-% aroac 'oul+ 5% +)'t)-*u)'%+ fro&
ot%r %a+' of ;ur)'+)ct)o- 'uc a' t% o5;%ct),% t%rr)tor)al r)-c)l%! /%r% art of t% off%-c% ta0%' lac% /)t)- t% ;ur)'+)ct)o-4 +2 S%%! A.V.Lo/%! Pu5l)c I-t%r-at)o-al La/ a-+ t% Co-fl)ct of La/'! 9ICL!<=! .>> t% US
S%r&a- A-t)tru't Act <? +) <=F.8+= ,( Ibid !.==9 . T)' aroac /a' r%aff)r&%+ )- a '%r)%' of lat%r ca'%' '%% US v. +imken ,oller &earin' Co.
9F.Su.8=(<=! US v. +(e )atc( makers of S-iterland Information Center Inc 8F.Su.=! US v. General *lectric Co.8F.Su>9
7
INTERNATIONAL STRAINS
T% r%fu'al of a cou-try to %:tra+)t% 'u'%ct' or cr)&)-al' to a-ot%r &ay l%a+ to )-t%r-at)o-al r%lat)o-' 5%)-* 'tra)-%+. Oft%-! t% cou-try to /)c %:tra+)t)o- )' r%fu'%+ /)ll accu'% t% ot%r cou-try of r%fu')-* %:tra+)t)o- for ol)t)cal r%a'o-'. So&% U.S. ol)t)cal o5'%r,%r' a-+ off)c)al' of t% 'tat% of P%--'yl,a-)a accu'%+ t% *o,%r-&%-t of Fra-c%! )-clu+)-* "ac6u%' C)rac )- art)cular! of /a-t)-* to &a0% a o)-t a5out ;u't)c% )- t% U-)t%+ Stat%'8< a-+ t% +%at %-alty 5y r%fu')-* to %:tra+)t% Ira E)-or- +%')t% t% fact' tat a)-+%%-+%-t court (rat%r ta- t% Fr%-c r%')+%-t or r)&% &)-)'t%r +%c)+%' %:tra+)t)o- ca'%' )- Fra-c% a-+ tat Fr%-c %:%cut),%' ca--ot )-t%r,%-%. E)-or- /a' %:tra+)t%+ aft%r tr%% y%ar'. T% &att%r' ar% oft%- co&l%: /%- t% cou-try fro& /)c 'u'%ct' ar% to 5% %:tra+)t%+ )' a +%&ocrat)c cou-try /)t a rul% of la/. Ty)cally! )- 'uc cou-tr)%'! t% f)-al +%c)')o- of %:tra+)t)o- l)%' /)t t% -at)o-al %:%cut),% ( r)&% &)-)'t%r ! r%')+%-t or %6u),al%-t. Ho/%,%r! 'uc cou-tr)%' ty)cally allo/ %:tra+)t)o- +%f%-+a-t' r%cour'% to t% la/! /)t &ult)l% a%al'. T%'% &ay ')*-)f)ca-tly 'lo/ +o/- t% roc%+ur%'. O- t% o-% a-+! t)' &ay l%a+ to u-/arra-t%+ )-t%r-at)o-al +)ff)cult)%'! a' t% u5l)c! ol)t)c)a-' a-+ ;our-al)'t' fro& t% r%6u%'t)-* cou-try /)ll a'0 t%)r %:%cut),% to ut r%''ur% o- t% %:%cut),% of t% cou-try fro& /)c %:tra+)t)o- )' to ta0% lac%! /)l% tat %:%cut),% &ay -ot )- fact a,% t% autor)ty to +%ort t% 'u'%ct or cr)&)-al o- t%)r o/-. O- t% ot%r a-+! c%rta)- +%lay'! or t% u-/)ll)-*-%'' of t% local ro'%cut)o- autor)t)%' to r%'%-t a *oo+ %:tra+)t)o- ca'% 5%for% t% court o- 5%alf of t% r%6u%'t)-* 'tat%! &ay o'')5ly r%'ult fro& t% u-/)ll)-*-%'' of t% cou-try' %:%cut),% to %:tra+)t%.
,+ O-% fa&ou' %:a&l% of t% Fr%-c cu'to& )- ract)c% )' t% ca'% of t% +)r%ctor Ro&a- Pola-'0).
Pola-'0) /a' co-,)ct%+ of 'tatutory ra% of a <9 y%ar ol+ )- t% U-)t%+ Stat%' )- < 5ut fl%+ to Fra-c% 5%for% '%-t%-c)-*. Fro& t%r%! a' a Fr%-c c)t)K%-! % ca--ot 5% %:tra+)t%+ to t% U-)t%+ Stat%'. T% Fr%-c *o,%r-&%-t a' o)-t%+ out tat Pola-'0) coul+ 5% ro'%cut%+ )- Fra-c% )f t% U.S. autor)t)%' 'o r%6u%'t%+. U.S. autor)t)%' +%cl)-%+ tat o'')5)l)ty
For %:a&l%! t%r% )' at r%'%-t a +)'a*r%%&%-t 5%t/%%- t% U-)t%+ Stat%' a-+ t% U-)t%+ $)-*+o& a5out t% E:tra+)t)o- Act 89 (t%:t %r% tat +)'%-'%' /)t t% -%%+ for a prima facie ca'% for %:tra+)t)o-.
It )' )&orta-t to %&a')'%! o/%,%r! tat %,%- a+ t% tr%aty 5%%- rat)f)%+ 5y t% U.S.! t% tr%aty /oul+ 't)ll 5% o-%7')+%+! 5%cau'% )t 't)ulat%' tat %:tra+)t)o- r%6u%'t' fro& t% U$ to t% U.S. &u't 'o/ a r%a'o-a5l% ca'% tat t% 'u'%ct co&&)tt%+ t% off%-'%! 5ut r%6u%'t' fro& t% U.S. to t% U$ a,% -o 'uc r%6u)r%&%-t )&o'%+ o- t%&.88 T)' ca&% to a %a+ o,%r t% %:tra+)t)o- of t% Nat/%'t Tr%% fro& t% U$ to t% U.S.! for t%)r all%*%+ rol% )- t% E-ro- frau+! /)t ,ar)ou' Br)t)' ol)t)cal l%a+%r' /%)*)-* )- to attac0 t% Br)t)' *o,%r-&%-t' a-+l)-* of t% )''u%. T% for&%r l%a+%r of t% U$' L)5%ral 3%&ocrat arty! S)r M%-K)%' Ca&5%ll! a+ ar*u%+ tat t% U.S. a+ -ot rat)f)%+ t% tr%aty r)&ar)ly +u% to t% )-flu%-c% of /at % call' t% Ir)' lo55y /)c! % 'a)+! )' oo'%+ to t% tr%aty 5%cau'% )t coul+ &a0% )t %a')%r for Br)ta)- to a,% all%*%+ IRA t%rror)'t 'u'%ct' %:tra+)t%+ fro& t% U.S. T% r%c%+%-t of t% Nat/%'t Tr%% &ay al'o 5% u'%+ to %:tra+)t%ro'%cut% P)l) Watt' )co--%ct)o- /)t t% Royal 3utc S%ll r%'%r,%' 'ca-+al. T% r%'' a' carr)%+ ,ocal cr)t)c)'&' of t% r%'%-t %:tra+)t)o- arra-*%&%-t' fro& t% U$' 5u')-%'' co&&u-)ty! 'o&% of /o& 'tat%+ tat t%y /%r% a,o)+)-* +o)-* 5u')-%'' /)t or )- t% U.S.! 5%cau'% of l%*al co-c%r-' 'uc a' t% %:tra+)t)o- tr%aty! a&o-* ot%r co-c%r-'.
INDIAN CASES WITH REGARD TO EXTRADITION
7
,am &abu Sa/ena v. State#012 T% ro,)')o- )- 6u%'t)o- )' t% S%ct)o- of t% I-+)a- E:tra+)t)o-
Act! <9. 3r.Ra& Ba5u Sa:%-a /a' a- %&loy%% u-+%r t% UP C),)l S%r,)c% a-+ /a' +%ut%+ to To-0 'tat%. To-0 /a' a- I-+)a- 'tat% a-+ )t a+ a- %:tra+)t)o- tr%aty /)t t% Br)t)' *o,%r-&%-t accor+)-* to /)c 5ot 'tat%' /%r% 5ou-+ to %:tra+)t% c%rta)- %r'o-' /o /%r% ,, tt%-./)0)%+)a.or*/)0)Tr%aty ,- AIR<>SC<>>
accu'%+ of c%rta)- '%c)f)%+ cr)&%'. 3r. Ra& Ba5u Sa:%-a /a' lat%r o- l),)-* )- Na)-)tal. It /a' co-t%-t%+ tat /)l% '%r,)-* To-0 'tat% % co&&)tt%+ cr)&%' of %:tort)o- u-+%r '%ct)o- 99 a-+ c%at)-* u-+%r '%ct)o- =8. 3r.Ra& Ba5u a*r%%+ )- +%f%-'% tat t% Br)t)' *o,%r-&%-t a+ a%:tra+)t)o- tr%aty /)t t% To-0 'tat% a-+ tat tr%aty +)+ -ot ro,)+% for cr)&%' for /)c )' %:tra+)t)o-- /a' 5%)-* cla)&%+. H%-c% % coul+ -ot 5% %:tra+)t%+ u-+%r '%ct)o- of t% E:tra+)t)o- act <9. T% Sur%&% court %l+ 1 t% act +o%' -ot +%ro*at% fro& a-y 'uc tr%aty /%- )t autor)K%' t% I-+)a- Go,%r-&%-t to *ra-t %:tra+)t)o- for 'o&% a++)t)o-al off%-c%'! t%r%5y %-lar*)-*! -ot curta)l)-*! t% o/%r of t% ot%r arty to cla)& 'urr%-+%r of cr)&)-al'. Nor +o%' t% act +%ro*at% )- t% tru% '%-'% of t% t%r& fro& t% o')t)o- of a- I-+)a- 'u5;%ct u-+%r t% tr%aty of <?.4 D(aram +e3a’s Case12
3ara& T%;a /a' a &a-a*)-* +)r%ctor of "aya-t) S))-*
Cororat)o-! co&&)tt%+ %&5%KKl%&%-t a-+ 5u-*l)-* of croc%' of ru%%'. H% fl%+ fro& o-% cou-try to a-ot%r to %'ca% )' arr%'t. W%- % /a' )- I,ory coa't t% Go,%r-&%-t of I-+)a r%6u%'t%+ t% Go,%r-&%-t of I,ory Coa't to %:tra+)t% 3ara& T%;a 'o tat roc%%+)-*' a*a)-'t )& coul+ 5% 'tart%+ )- I-+)a. T% Go,%r-&%-t of I,ory Coa't r%fu'%+ to %:tra+)t% 3ara& T%;a o- t% *rou-+ tat t%r% /a' -o %:tra+)t)o- tr%aty /)t I-+)a. Lat%r o- /%- 3ara& /a' )Lo-+o- t% I-+)a- Go,%r-&%-t r%6u%'t%+ )' %:tra+)t)o- a' I-+)a- a+ a- %:tra+)t)o- /)t E-*la-+ u-+%r /)c 5ot cou-tr)%' ar% 5ou-+ to %:tra+)t% t% accu'%+ of %ac ot%r /o ru-' a/ay aft%r co&&)tt)-* cr)&%' )- %)t%r cou-try. Co-'%6u%-tly 3ara& T%;a /a' %:tra+)t%+ to I-+)a /%r% % /a' co-,)ct%+ for %&5%KKl%&%-t a-+ 5u-*l)-* of cror%' of ru%%' of "aya-t) S))-* Cororat)o-. Naval "fficer */tradition Case12
Co&&a-+%r El);a E5ra)& ")ra+ of I-+)a- Na,y /a'
car*%+ 5y t% *o,%r-&%-t of I-+)a /)t &)'aror)at)-* R'.<9la0' of t% Na,al Pr)K% Fu-+ /)l% % /a' fu-ct)o-)-* a' t% "u+*% A+,ocat%7 G%-%ral of t% I-+)a- Na,y )- t% %arly <?. T% &att%r /a' r%f%rr%+ to t% C%-tral Bur%au of I-,%'t)*at)o- )- <??. ")ra+ a+ t% r%'o-')5)l)ty of a+&)-)'t%r)-* R'. la0' of r)K% fu-+. A- %: 'a)lor &a+% a- co&la)-t tat % a+ -ot r%c%),%+ )' 'ar% of t% r)K% &o-%y. O- %-6u)ry t% &)'+%%+ of ")ra+ a+ co&% )- to l)*t. ")ra+ a+ fl%+ fro& I-+)a. T% C.B.I a+ co&% )- touc /)t t% I-t%rol /)c a+ )& arr%'t%+ )- Ar)l <8 )- N%/ #or0. I- "uly <8 %:tra+)t)o- or+%r' /%r% a''%+ a*a)-'t )& t%r%5y acc%t)-* I-+)a- *o,%r-&%-t' l%a' )- t)' r%*ar+.
Naran' &rot(ers */tradition Case12
I- Octo5%r <? t% I-+)a- Go,%r-&%-t 'ucc%''fully
co-clu+%+ %:tra+)t)o- roc%%+)-* )- Lo-+o- a*a)-'t Ma-&oar Nara-* a-+ )' 5rot%r O& Pra0a' Nara-* /o /%r% /a-t%+ )- I-+)a o- car*%' of c%at)-*! for*%ry a-+ '&u**l)-* )co--%ct)o- /)t t/o 'tol%- a-t)6u% )llar' 0-o/- a' A&)- )llar' )- a ,)lla*% )- $uru0'%tra )Harya-a. T% Lo-+a- &a*)'trat% %l+ tat t% ca'% /a' a r)&a fac)% ca'% for t%)r tr)al a-+ allo/%+ t% %:tra+)t)o- al)cat)o- of t% Go,%r-&%-t of I-+)a. T% )llar' /%r% al'o r%co,%r%+ fro& a local /ar%ou'% )- Lo-+o-.
Concl#sion E:tra+)t)o- )' t% off)c)al roc%'' 5y /)c o-% -at)o- or 'tat% r%6u%'t' a-+ o5ta)-' fro& a-ot%r -at)o- or 'tat% t% 'urr%-+%r of a 'u'%ct%+ or co-,)ct%+ cr)&)-al. B%t/%%- -at)o- 'tat%'! %:tra+)t)o- )' r%*ulat%+ 5y tr%at)%'. B%t/%%- 'u57-at)o-al r%*)o-' (for %:a&l%! t% )-+),)+ual 'tat%' of t% U.S.! /%r% %:tra+)t)o- )' r%6u)r%+ 5y la/ )t )' &or% accurat%ly 0-o/- a' r%-+)t)oAr)'totl% 'a)+ &a- )' *r%*ar)ou'! )f % ca- 'tay alo-% % &u't %)t%r 5% a *o+ or a 5%a't. I- t% 'a&% /ay 'tat% )' *r%*ar)ou' )- -atur%. It &u't +%%-+ o- )t' f%llo/ 'tat%' to 'ur,),%. A' 'a)+ 5%for% tat &a-y t%-')o-' a,% 5%%- cr%at%+ )- r%*ar+ to %:tra+)t)o- of -at)o-al'! %'%c)ally ol)t)cally o/%rful -at)o-al'! to a-ot%r 'tat% for ro'%cut)o-. E,%ry 'tat% )' +%%-+%-t oa-ot%r for 'o&% r%a'o- or a-ot%r. A5+uct)-* a -at)o-al fro& t%)r 'tat% for uro'%' of co&&)tt)-* a cr)&% )- a-ot%r 'tat% )' ,)olat)o- of rul%' of cu'to&ary )-t%r-at)o-al la/. E,%- t% US a' 'oft%- )t' o')t)o- )- A-t)tru't la/' )- 4aker !ir-ays ,. Sabena.T% 'u5;%ct of %,%ry 'tat% )' )t' 'u5;%ct'. It )' a &att%r of fact tat t% 'tat% )' +uty 5ou-+ to rot%ct )t' 'u5;%ct &att%r or )t' -at)o-al'. T% co-'%-'u' )- )-t%r-at)o-al la/ )' tat a 'tat% +o%' -ot a,% a-y o5l)*at)o- to 'urr%-+%r aall%*%+ cr)&)-al to a for%)*- 'tat%! a' o-% r)-c)l% of 'o,%r%)*-ty )' tat %,%ry 'tat% a' l%*al autor)ty o,%r t% %ol% /)t)- )t' 5or+%r'. No cou-try )- t% /orl+ a' a- %:tra+)t)o- tr%aty /)t all ot%r cou-tr)%' for %:a&l%! t% U-)t%+ Stat%' lac0' %:tra+)t)o- tr%at)%' /)t o,%r f)fty -at)o-'! )-clu+)-* t% P%ol%' R%u5l)c of C)-a! Na&)5)a! a-+ Nort $or%a.
-ibliograh
A.V.LOWE ! Pu5l)c I-t%r-at)o-al La/ a-+ t% Co-fl)ct of La/'! 9ICL!<=! .>> ".G.STRA$E! I-to+uct)o- to I-t%r-at)o-al La/! .9>8! <t %+-! A+)tya Boo0'
Butt%r/ort'
MALCOLM N SHAW C! I-t%r-at)o-al La/! >t %+)t)o-! Ca&5r)+*% U-),%r')ty Pr%''
