Committee: CEN/TC 122 - Ergonomics Project reference
Title
prEN ISO 9241-100
Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) - Part 100: Introduction to standards related to software-ergonomics
prEN ISO 24502
Ergonomics - Accessible design - Specification of age-related relative luminance in visual signs and displays (ISO/DIS 24502:2009)
prEN ISO 28802
Ergonomics of the Physical Environment - The assessment of environments by means of an environmental survey involving physical measurements of the environment and subjective responses of people
Committee: CEN / TC 169 - Light and lighting EN 1837:1999
Safety of machinery - Integral lighting of machines
EN 12665:2002
Light and lighting - Basic terms and criteria for specifying lighting requirements
EN 12464-1:2002
Light and lighting - Lighting of work places - Part 1: Indoor work places
EN 1838:1999
Lighting applications - Emergency lighting
CR 14380:2003
Lighting applications - Tunnel lighting
EN 13032-1:2004
Light and lighting - Measurement and presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires - Part 1: Measurement and file format
CEN/TR 13201-1:2004
Road lighting - Part 1: Selection of lighting classes
EN 13201-2:2003
Road lighting - Part 2: Performance requirements
EN 13201-4:2003
Road lighting - Part 4: Methods of measuring lighting performance
EN 14255-1:2005
Measurement and assessment of personal exposures to incoherent optical radiation - Part 1: Ultraviolet radiation emitted by artificial sources in the workplace
EN 14255-2:2005
Measurement and assessment of personal exposures to incoherent optical radiation - Part 2: Visible and infrared radiation emitted by artificial sources in the workplace
EN 12464-2:2007
Light and lighting - Lighting of work places - Part 2: Outdoor work places
EN 13032-2:2004
Light and lighting - Measurement and presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires - Part 2: Presentation of data for indoor and outdoor work places
EN 13032-3:2007
Light and lighting - Measurement and presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires - Part 3: Presentation of data for emergency lighting of work places
EN 13201-3:2003
Road lighting - Part 3: Calculation of performance
EN 14255-4:2006
Measurement and assessment of personal exposures to incoherent optical radiation - Part 4: Terminology and quantities used in UV-, visible and IR-exposure measurements
EN 15193:2007
Energy performance of buildings - Energy requirements for lighting
EN 14255-3:2008
Measurement and assessment of personal exposures to incoherent optical radiation - Part 3: UV-Radiation emitted by the sun
EN 12193:2007
Light and lighting - Sports lighting
EN 130321:2004/AC:2005
Light and lighting - Measurement and presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires - Part 1: Measurement and file format
EN 132013:2003/AC:2007
Road lighting - Part 3: Calculation of performance
EN 130322:2004/AC:2007
Light and lighting - Measurement and presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires - Part 2: Presentation of data for indoor and outdoor work places
prEN 12464-1
Light and lighting - Lighting of work places — Part 1: Indoor work places
prEN 12665
Light and lighting - Basic terms and criteria for specifying lighting requirements
EN 1837:1999+A1:2009
Safety of machinery - Integral lighting of machines
ISO ISO/FDIS 8995-2 - Lighting of work places - Part 2: Outdoor ISO 8995-2:2005 specifies lighting requirements for outdoor work places, which meet the needs for visual comfort and performance. All usual visual tasks are considered. ISO 8995-2:2005 does not specify lighting requirements with respect to the safety and health of workers at work, although the lighting requirements, as specified in this standard, usually fulfil safety needs. ISO 8995-2:2005 neither provides specific solutions, nor restricts the designer.s freedom from exploring new techniques nor restricts the use of innovative equipment. ISO 8995-3:2006 (CIE S 016/E:2005) - Lighting of work places -- Part 3: Lighting requirements for safety and security of outdoor work places ISO 8995-3:2006 specifies the lighting requirements which will contribute to the visual needs for safety and security within outdoor work places ISO 30061:2007 (CIE S 020/E:2007) -Emergency lighting ISO 30061:2007 specifies the luminous requirements for emergency lighting systems installed in premises or locations where such systems are required. It is principally applicable to locations where the public or workers have access. ISO 8995-1:2002 (CIE S 008/E:2001) - Lighting of work places -- Part 1: Indoor
CIE - TECHNICAL REPORTS AND GUIDES Pub. CIE Nº 01-1980 13.3-1995 15:2004 16-1970 17.4-1987 18.2-1983 19.21-1981 19.22-1981 23-1973 31-1976 32-1977 33-1977 34-1977 38-1977 39.2-1983 40-1978 41-1978 42-1978 43-1979 44-1979 45-1979 46-1979 47-1979 48-1980 49-1981 51.2-1999 52-1982 53-1982 54.2-2001 55-1983 56-1983 57-1983 58-1983 59-1984 60-1984 61-1984
Título Guide lines for minimizing urban sky glow near astronomical observatories (Jointpublication IAU/CIE) Method of measuring and specifying colour rendering of light sources New edition (including Disk D008) Colorimetry, 3rd ed. Daylight International lighting vocabulary, 4th ed. (Joint publication IEC/CIE) The basis of physical photometry, 2nd ed. An analytic model for describing the influence of lighting parameters upon visual performance, 2nd ed., Vol.1.: Technical foundations An analytic model for describing the influence of lighting parameters upon visual performance, 2nd ed., Vol.2.: Summary and application guidelines International recommendations for motorway lighting Glare and uniformity in road lighting installations Lighting in situations requiring special treatment (in road lighting) Depreciation of installation and their maintenance (in road lighting) Road lighting lantern and installation data: photometrics, classification and performance Radiometric and photometric characteristics of materials and their measurement Recommendations for surface colours for visual signalling, 2nd ed. Calculations for interior lighting: Basic method Light as a true visual quantity: Principles of measurement Lighting for tennis Photometry of floodlights Absolute methods for reflection measurements Lighting for ice sports A review of publications on properties and reflection values of material reflection standards Road lighting for wet conditions Light signals for road traffic control Guide on the emergency lighting of building interiors A method for assessing the quality of daylight simulators for colorimetry (with supplement 1-1999) Calculations for interior lighting: Applied method Methods of characterizing the performance of radiometers and photometers Retroreflection: Definition and measurement Discomfort glare in the interior working environment Proceedings of the CIE Session in Amsterdam Lighting for football Lighting for sports halls Polarization: Definitions and nomenclature, instrument polarization Vision and the visual display unit work station Tunnel entrance lighting: A survey of fundamentals for determining the luminance in the threshold zone
Observações
62-1984 63-1984 64-1984 65-1985 66-1984 67-1986 69-1987 70-1987 72-1987 73-1988 74-1988 75-1988 76-1988 77-1988 78-1988 79-1988 80-1989 81-1989 82-1989 83-1989 84-1989 85-1989 86-1990 87-1990 88:2004 (2nd edition) 89-1991 90-1991 93-1992 94-1993 95-1992 96-1992 97-2005 98-1992 99-1992 100-1992 101-1993 102-1993 103-1993 104-1993 105-1993 106-1993 107-1994
Lighting for swimming pools The spectroradiometric measurement of light sources Determination of the spectral responsivity of optical radiation detectors Electrically calibrated thermal detectors of optical radiation (absolute radiometers) Road surfaces and lighting (joint technical report CIE/PIARC) Guide for the photometric specification and measurement of sports lighting installations Methods of characterizing illuminance meters and luminance meters: Performance, characteristics and specifications The measurement of absolute luminous intensity distributions Guide to the properties and uses of retroreflectors at night Visual aspects of road markings (joint technical report CIE/PIARC; French translation: Aspects visuels des marquages routiers is available from PIARC) Roadsigns Spectral luminous efficiency functions based upon brightness matching for monochromatic point sources, 2° and 10° fields Intercomparison on measurement of (total) spectral radiance factor of luminescent specimens Electric light sources: State of the art - 1987 Brightness-luminance relations: Classified bibliography A guide for the design of road traffic lights Special metamerism índex: Change in observer Mesopic photometry: History, special problems and practical solutions CIE History 1913-1988 Guide for the lighting of sports events for colour television and film systems Measurement of luminous flux Solar spectral irradiance CIE 1988 2° spectral luminous efficiency function for photopic vision Colorimetry of self-luminous displays - A bibliography Guide for the lighting of road tunnels and underpasses Technical Collection 1990 Sunscreen testing (UV.B) Road lighting as an accident countermeasure Guide for floodlighting Contrast and visibility Electric light sources - State of the art - 1991 Maintenance of indoor electric lighting systems Personal dosimetry of UV radiation Lighting education Fundamentals of the visual task of night driving Parametric effects in colour-difference evaluation Recommended file format for electronic transfer of luminaire photometric data Technical Collection 1993 Daytime running lights (DRL) Spectroradiometry of pulsed optical radiation sources CIE Collection in photobiology and photochemistry (1993) Review of the official recommendations of the CIE for the colours of signal lights
108-1994 109-1994 110-1994 111-1994 112-1994 113-1995 114-1994 115-1995 116-1995 117-1995 118-1995 119-1995 121-1996 121-SP1-2009 122-1996 123-1997 124-1997 125-1997 126-1997 127:2007 128-1998 129-1998 130-1998 132-1999 133-1999 134-1999 135-1999 136-2000 137-2000 138-2000 139-2001 140-2000 141-2001 142-2001 143-2001 144:2001 145:2002 146:2002/147:2002 146 147 148:2002 149:2002 150:2003 151:2003
Guide to recommended practice of daylight measurement (including disk) A method of predicting corresponding colours under different chromatic and illuminance adaptations Spatial distribution of daylight - Luminance distributions of various reference skies Variable message signs Glare evaluation system for use within outdoor sports and area lighting Maintained night-time visibility of retroreflective road signs CIE Collection in photometry and radiometry Recommendations for the lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic Industrial colour difference evaluation Discomfort glare in interior lighting CIE Collection in colour and vision Proceedings of the 23rd Session of the CIE, New Delhi 1995, Vol. 1 The photometry and goniophotometry of luminaires The photometry and goniophotometry of luminaires Supplement 1: Luminaires for Emergency Lighting The relationship between digital and colorimetric data for computer-controlled CRT displays Low vision (also available on CD-Rom) CIE Collection in colour and vision, 1997 Standard erythema dose Guidelines for minimizing sky glow Measurement of LEDs (2nd ed) Guide to the lighting for open-cast mines Guide for lighting exterior work areas Practical methods for the measurement of reflectance and transmittance Design methods for lighting of roads Proceedings of the CIE Session 1999 in Warsaw (also available on CD-ROM) CIE Collection in photobiology and photochemistry, 1999 CIE Collection in vision and colour and in physical measurement of light and radiation, 1999 Guide to the lighting of urban areas The conspicuity of traffic signs in complex backgrounds CIE Collection in Photobiology and Photochemistry, 2000 The influence of daylight and artificial light on diurnal and seasonal variations in humans - a bibliography (also available as disk) Road lighting calculations Testing of supplementary systems of photometry Improvement to industrial colour difference evaluation International recommendations for colour vision requirements for transport Road surface and road marking reflection characteristics The correlation of models for vision and visual performance CIE Collection on Glare 2002 2002 CIE equations for disability glare 2002 Glare from small, large and complex sources Action spectroscopy of skin with tunable lasers The use of tungsten filament lamps as secondary standard sources Guide on the limitation of the effects of obtrusive light from outdoor lighting installations Spectral weighting of solar ultraviolet radiation
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Proceedings of the 25th Session of the CIE, San Diego, USA, 25 June - 2 July 2003 Report on an intercomparison of measurements of the luminous flux of high-pressure sodium lamps Maintenance of outdoor lighting systems Ultraviolet air disinfection Guidelines for the evaluation of gamut mapping algorithms Control of damage to museum objects by optical radiation Ocular lighting effects on human physiology and behaviour (with Erratum 1) A colour appearance model for colour management systems: CIECAM02 A review of chromatic adaptation transforms Lighting design methods for obstructed interiors Chromatic adaptation under mixed illumination condition when comparing softcopy and hardcopy images The effects of fluorescence in the characterization of imaging media Hollow light guide technology and applications CIE 10 degree photopic photometric observer Cognitive colour Recommended practice for tabulating spectral data for use in colour computations Criteria for the evaluation of extended-gamut colour encodings Practical design guidelines for the lighting of sport events for colour television and filming Fundamental chromaticity diagram with physiological axes Part 1 Test cases to assess the accuracy of lighting computer programs UV protection and clothing Tubular daylight guidance systems Action spectrum for the production of previtamin D3 in human skin A framework for the measurement of visual appearance Geometric tolerances for colour measurements Colour rendering of white LED light sources Proceedings of the 26th Session of the CIE, Beijing 2007 Methods for characterising tristimulus colorimeters for measuring the colour of light Road transport lighting for developing countries Hand protection by disposable gloves against occupational UV exposure Calibration methods and photoluminescent standards for total radiance factor measurements Definition of the cut-off of vehicle headlights Indoor Daylight Illuminants Reappraisal of Colour Matching and Grassmann's Laws UV-A Protection and Sunscreens UV-C Photocarcinogenesis Risks from Germicidal Lamps Performance Assessment Method for Vehicle Headlighting Systems Calculation of Tunnel Lighting Criteria
Calculation and Presentation of Unified Glare Rating Tables for Indoor LIghiting Luminaires CIE 190:2010 ISBN 978 3 901906 87 9 This report has been prepared to assist luminaire suppliers and lighting designers in the production of UGR tables for luminaires in preset arrays at 1:1 spacing to height ratio. This data is needed for the verification of conformity to the limiting UGR by the UGR tabular method specified in clause 6.2 of the Standard ISO 8995-1:2002(E)/CIE S 008/E:2001 “Lighting of Workplaces – Part 1: Indoor”. The limiting UGR values are recommended in clause 5 of this standard. The report makes use of the basic UGR equation, described in CIE 117-1995, gives tables of preset values for the standard conditions and in step by step describes the calculation process needed to generate the uncorrected UGR table. The process is further demonstrated by a worked example of UGR calculation for a disymmetric distribution luminaire in a room 2H x 4H. The report also gives the uncorrected UGR table for this luminaire which can be used to validate software designed for the production of the UGR table. The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 29 pages with 4 figures and 8 tables, and is readily available at the National Committees of the CIE or via the website of the Central Bureau of the CIE (www.cie.co.at)
Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic CIE 115-2001 ISBN 978 3 901906 86 2 This report is a revision and update of CIE 115-1995 “Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic”. Since it was issued in 1995 power consumption and environmental aspects have become more important and at the same time, the improved performance of luminaires and lamps, and especially the introduction of electronic control gear, has made it possible to introduce adaptive lighting for roads for motorised traffic, conflict areas and areas for pedestrians. A structured model has been developed for the selection of the appropriate lighting classes (M, C, or P), based on the luminance or illuminance concept, taking into account the different parameters relevant for the given visual tasks. Applying for example time dependent variables like traffic volume or weather conditions, the model offers the possibility to use adaptive lighting systems. The publication replaces CIE 115-1995 "Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic". The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 43 pages with 1 figure and 18 tables, and is readily available at the National Committees of the CIE or via the website of the Central Bureau of the CIE (www.cie.co.at).
Calculation of Tunnel Lighting Quality Criteria CIE 189:2010 ISBN 978 3 901906 85 5 Experience of making road tunnel lighting designs in accordance with publication CIE 88:2004 has shown that there are some aspects of calculation of the different lighting criteria where more specific guidance to the designers is necessary. This document explains how the tunnel environment differs significantly from the open road situation. In particular, the presence of walls along the traffic road involves reflection effects between different surfaces. The variation of luminance level along the tunnel, the changes in the lighting installation along the entrance section of the tunnel and the use of different lighting systems in different parts of the tunnel introduce more complexity in the lighting calculations. The report gives guidance on determining the method for calculating the relevant lighting quality criteria for tunnel situations. The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 18 pages with 4 figures, and is readily available at the National Committees of the CIE or via the website of the Central Bureau of the CIE (www.cie.co.at).
Performance Assessment Method for Vehicle Headlighting Systems
CIE 188:2010 ISBN 978 3 901906 84 8 This report has been produced to meet the need for a standardised, accurate and reliable method of assessing the photometric performance of vehicle headlights. It considers the requirements of headlight performance in terms of road scene illumination and limitation of glare, and the assessment of performance in terms of lane guidance and the detection of pedestrians and objects. The work undertaken to define the assessment method is summarised along with the results of the validation testing. A standardised photometric assessment method and calculation procedure for use by manufacturers and assessment organisations is provided. The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 86 pages with 85 figures and 8 tables, and is readily available at the National Committees of the CIE or via the website of the Central Bureau of the CIE (www.cie.co.at).
UV-C Photocarcinogenesis Risks from Germicidal Lamps CIE 187:2010 ISBN 978 3 901906 81 7 Increasingly, UV-C (100 nm – 280 nm) mediated air disinfection (principally 254 nm radiant energy from low-pressure mercury lamps) is being used as a building environmental control to provide human protection from transmission of airborne pathogens such as tuberculosis bacteria, influenza viruses and other aerosolized agents. Some uses of UV-C energy require direct exposure of the volume room air in a horizontal plane directly above the heads of occupants. In these settings there is the potential of reflected or scattered UV-C radiation that could result in human exposure. Known side effects of overexposure to UV-C radiation include transient corneal and conjunctival irritation (photokeratoconjunctivitis) and skin irritation (erythema), which disappear within a 24 – 48 hour period, not currently known to produce lasting biological damage. The ACGIH and ICNIRP threshold limit for 8 hour continuous exposure to UV-C radiation at 254 nm is 6 mJ·cm-2 (60 J·m-2), and proper installation of well engineered UV-C systems meet this criteria. However, there have been incidents of poor installations resulting in accidental UV-C overexposures. General statements that all UVR is carcinogenic have raised safety concerns of open air UV-C systems. Although, from basic biophysical principles, UV-C radiation is carcinogenic for the same reason that it is an effective germicidal agent, the attenuation provided by the stratum corneum and epithelial tissues of the skin greatly reduces the risk relative to UV-B radiation. UV germicidal irradiation can be safely and effectively used for upper air disinfection without a significant risk for long term delayed effects such as skin cancer.
UV-A PROTECTION AND SUNSCREENS CIE 186:2010 ISBN 978 3 901 906 80 0 Technical Committee TC 6-24 was formed in 1992 due to the importance of the deleterious effects associated with exposure to UV-A radiation and because of a lack of existing guidance/regulations on tests for UV-A protection. The objective was to arrive at an international consensus on such tests. By 1997 the committee had identified one in vivo method worth pursuing, i.e. Persistent Pigment Darkening, and several in vitro methods that had not yet been validated. It was not possible to reach a consensus at that time, however. In the meantime the development of methods to assess UV-A protection continued and is still on-going, especially on in vitro methods. Furthermore, the computer-aided calculation of sunscreen performance - referred to as in silico - became more sophisticated and useful. Rather than trying to find a consensus on sunscreen testing the objective of the reactivated TC 6-24 has now been reduced to giving, in the form of a Technical Report, a comprehensive overview as well as an assessment and ranking of the UV-A methods currently under discussion. This report starts with the general principles of UV protection and an overview of UV-A and broad-spectrum UV filters. Then a description and assessment of in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro and in silico methods is given.
Reappraisal of Colour Matching and Grassmann's Laws CIE 185:2009 ISBN 978 3 901906 78 7 The laws of additivity and proportionality of colour matches, Grassmann’s laws, are the basis of all colour theory, but are not axiomatically true. The extent of departure of human vision from Grassmann’s laws has been periodically examined. One exploration, by W. A. Thornton, found considerable failure of transformability of primaries - a symptom of Grassmann additivity failure. In the 14 years since Thornton’s finding, several groups have formed to replicate and understand Thornton’s results and the limitations of Grassmann’s laws. CIE TC 1-56 is the latest of these. During the ten years of this committee’s existence, statistical simulations indicated that replicate matches by the same observer (not
present in Thornton’s data) are required to suppress random errors, and accordingly three laboratories generated intraobserver matching results in three different luminance domains. Two of the studies, respectively conducted at 300 cd•m-2 and 30 cd•m-2, confirm Grassmann additivity, but the third study shows failure of additivity at 3 cd•m-2. In addition, Maxwell and maximum-saturation colour matches have long been known to be inconsistent even at high luminance levels and with intra-observer match replication to suppress noise. A practical consequence of the failure of additivity could be problems observed in cross-media colour matching, although cross-media studies also have other well known sources of imprecision when the colour-matching is asymmetric. Some suggestions are made for a covering theory of Grassmann’s laws that might accommodate both Maxwell and maximum-saturation match data while still maintaining consistency with high-luminance success in experiments such as reported recently. Further investigations are indicated for a successor to TC 1-56. The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 20 pages with 3 figures, and is readily available at the National Committees of the CIE or via the website of the Central Bureau of the CIE (www.cie.co.at).
Indoor Daylight Illuminants CIE 184:2009 ISBN 978 3 901906 74 9 The CIE recommended daylight illuminants in 1967. These daylight illuminants contained ultraviolet radiation in proportions as found in natural outdoor daylight. Indoors this daylight is filtered by the transmission of the window glass; therefore it became necessary to define spectral power distributions also for the indoor daylight phases. The TC recommends adoption of two indoor daylight illuminants ID50 and ID65, that correspond to the phases of daylight of about 5000 K and 6500 K correlated colour temperature. Tables of the spectra are provided at 5 nm intervals from 300 nm to 780 nm, along with the rationale for their development and detailed comparison with existing daylight illuminants. The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 22 pages with 9 figures.
Definition of the Cut-Off of Vehicle Headlights CIE 183:2008 ISBN 978 3 901906 64 0 A precise objective definition of low-beam visual cut-off is necessary, since a requirement for correct aiming of these beams is specified within all the existing regulations. At present, aiming of low-beam headlamps is performed visually in Europe and USA (since 1997), using the cut-off line in the beam pattern. A good definition of a visual cut-off is required to allow uniformity in interpretations. This report provides a survey of studies into low beam visual cut-off that have been carried out in Europe and North America. Based on these studies, a recommendation is made for the definition and measurement of the cut-off line of a low-beam headlamp by photometric means. The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 19 pages with 6 figures.
Calibration Methods and Photoluminescent Standards for Total Radiance Factor Measurements CIE 182:2007 ISBN 978 3 901906 62 6 This technical report provides the recommendations of the CIE concerning total radiance factor measurements of photoluminescent samples. The scope is limited here to photoluminescent samples whose fluorescence is excited by ultraviolet or visible radiation only. These recommendations include procedures for both one-monochromator and twomonochromator methods. Detailed information is provided on the influence of various measurement parameters, such as the illuminant, instrument geometry, polarization, reflectance standard and photoluminescent standard. The report includes a survey of currently available photoluminescent material standards and calibration laboratories. The Research Note is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 54 pages with 9 figures and 5 tables.
Hand Protection by Disposable Gloves against Occupational UV Exposure
CIE 181:2007 ISBN 978 3 901906 63 3 A number of applications in industry, research and medicine involve occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from a variety of lamps and lasers. While solar UVR exposure has been extensively studied, there is little information on methods to evaluate the efficiency of personal protective equipment (PPE) against exposure to artificial UVR sources. Various test methods and instrumentation for measuring the spectral attenuation of disposable gloves are discussed. Factors affecting the UVR transmission through disposable gloves are investigated, and a method of assessing the level of protection provided by the glove when protecting against monochromatic or broad-band UVR sources is discussed. Application-specific examples are provided, and areas where research and standardisation efforts are still needed are discussed. The Research Note is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 36 pages with 34 figures and 8 tables.
Road Transport Lighting for Developing Countries CIE 180:2007 ISBN 978 3 901906 61 9 The great majority of the deaths from road accidents happen in the less-motorised developing regions of the world, particularly Asia - and the absolute numbers are growing. As in the highly motorised countries of the world, a significant proportion of accidents occur at night. This report deals with the part that better lighting and visibility can play in reducing the toll of death and injury; it is addressed to those involved in road safety work, not to lighting specialists. Its basic intentions are to guide, inform and encourage. The report starts by explaining the basic "language of light" and defining the terms and quantities it uses. The nighttime value of simple road markings and signs is then explained, stressing the importance of retroreflective materials. This leads to the role of vehicle lighting, with particular emphasis on the need for individual drivers to take responsibility for cleaning and aiming. A chapter on fixed roadway lighting deals with the basic design of simple installations and explains the many different factors that need to be considered. Because of its importance, maintenance is considered in a separate chapter. Finally, there is some general lighting-related material for use in road safety campaigns. A consistent message of the report is that it is worth doing something rather than nothing, as long as it is done intelligently and with an understanding of the basic principles involved. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 47 pages with 36 figures and 12 tables, and can be downloaded free of charge here.
Methods for characterising tristimulus colorimeters for measuring the colour of light CIE 179:2007 ISBN 978 3 901906 60 2 The purpose of this technical report is to provide an objective means for evaluating the properties of tristimulus colorimeter heads that are to be used to measure the colour of light sources. Several properties that determine the performance of tristimulus colorimeters can be quantified by numerical assessments. There are some properties, however, which have not been possible to quantify, where only a qualitative description is possible. Several sources of measurement error are also described. The report is intended to serve as a guide for a potential user who wishes to make colour measurements of sources using a tristimulus colorimeter, and for manufacturers or users of instruments who need to specify or assess the quality of these instruments. The factors that make up the evaluation may also serve as a guide to manufacturers in the development of improved colorimetric instruments. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 19 pages with 4 figures.
Proceedings of the 26th Session of the CIE in Beijing, China, 4-11 July 2007 CIE 178:2007 ISBN 978 3 901906 59 6 This CD-ROM contains on over 1850 pages the texts of the Invited Papers, Presented Papers and Posters presented at the Session, as well as the introductions to the Workshops. The proceedings are organized in three files: • Proceedings Volume 1 Part 1.pdf This file corresponds to the first printed volume of the printed proceedings. Links to the text of the papers have been inserted in the contents list. By clicking on the title the paper will be opened. Papers having an extended version in Volume 2 are marked. • Proceedings Volume 1 Part 2.pdf
This file corresponds to the second printed volume of the proceedings, again showing links to the papers. The content list in both files show the content of both files, but the links are only operational when relating to a paper contained in the same file. • Proceedings Volume 2.pdf This file contains the official reports, etc. of the 26th CIE Session in Beijing and the extended papers. In the content list the titles are also operational as links. A separate directory includes the photos of the Session.
Colour Rendering of White LED Light Sources CIE 177:2007 ISBN 978 3 901906 57 2 The Committee recommends the development of a new colour rendering index (or a set of new colour rendering indices) by a Division 1 Technical Committee. This index (or these indices) shall not replace the current CIE colour rendering index immediately. The usage of the new index or indices should provide information supplementary to the current CIE CRI, and replacement of CRI will be considered after successful integration of the new index. The new supplementary colour rendering index (or set of supplementary colour rendering indices) should be applicable to all types of light sources and not only to white LED light sources. Possibilities for an improved description of colour rendering are summarized in the Appendix of this Technical Report. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 14 pages with 1 figure.
Geometric Tolerances for Colour Measurements CIE 176:2006 ISBN 978 3 901906 53 4 In this publication the recommendations of the CIE Division 2 "Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation" are given on the definition of geometries for the measurement of the colour of materials and the tolerances around those fundamental definitions that are required to provide an expected level of accuracy and reproducibility. This publication documents, for the first time, definitive definitions of the geometric requirements for instrumental colour measurements. It further defines three levels of tolerances which will provide three ranges of accuracy and reproducibility so as to clearly define what is required for the highest level of inter-laboratory agreement and what will be acceptable for industrial or commercial applications of basic colorimetry. The terms and symbols used in this report are intended to be consistent with the existing standards in the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) and in particular with ISO standards 5-1 and 5-4. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 24 pages with 5 figures.
A Framework for the Measurement of Visual Appearance CIE 175:2006 ISBN 978 3 901906 52 7 Visual appearance can be one of the most critical parameters affecting customer choice and it needs, therefore, to be quantifiable to ensure uniformity and reproducibility. A starting point in assessing the appearance of a consumer product might be the measurement of its colour. A description of its total appearance, however, cannot be achieved by the definition of colour alone; other attributes of the material from which it is fabricated contribute to the overall appearance. Starting from a definition of soft metrology and a description of measurement scales, this report describes a framework on which a set of measurements could be made to provide correlates of visual appearance. It will be shown that the interactions between the various components of the framework are complex, that physical parameters relating to objects are influenced, at the perception stage, by the physiological response of the human visual system and, in addition by the psychological aspects of human learning, pattern, culture and tradition. The result might be to conclude that an attempt to measure appearance may be too bold a step to take. Thus, a subframework is considered in terms of what can now be measured, and what might be measured after further investigation and research. By dealing with the optical properties of materials it is seen that there are, perhaps, four headings under which possible measures might be made: colour, gloss, translucency and texture. It is recognised that these measures are not necessarily independent; colour may influence gloss, colour will certainly influence translucency, and texture is probably a function of all three of the other measures. Colour measurement, colorimetry, is based on the measurement of spectral reflectance, and is an established science that is possible using commercial instrumentation available at reasonable cost. Two shortcomings are identified. First, there are a number of modern materials where colour measurements made using a single pair of illumination/viewing angles is not sufficient to describe the perceived colorimetric effect. Thus, measurement at more illumination/viewing
angle combinations is required. Second, the traditional, CIE recommended colorimetric parameters, while providing correlates of visual percepts, are not able to predict the absolute appearance of a coloured sample: colour appearance models are now able to do this. The measurement of gloss is an established methodology but there is some doubt as to the scientific basis for making the measurements using the present method and attempts are being made to define alternative approaches. The extension of gloss measurement, which is essentially a measurement made at a specific angle depending on the apparent gloss of the sample, to investigate the shape of the gloss peak, should provide more information. Translucency is a subjective term that relates to a scale of values going from total opacity to total transparency. This whole subject area needs investigation to find a rigorous measurement solution that will probably be industry specific. Texture is a harder variable to measure. The advent of digital imaging systems makes the acquisition of images of materials relatively easy, assuming due consideration is given to the resolution of the image capturing device, be it a camera or a scanner. Characterising these images to give accurate CIE based colorimetry is now possible and the application of suitable analysis software should be able to provide measurement scales that relate to the perceived texture. The idea of establishing a series of 'standard' textures has been suggested. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 92 pages with 41 figures and 4 tables.
Action Spectrum for the Production of Previtamin D3 in Human Skin CIE 174:2006 ISBN 978 3 901906 50 3 Ultraviolet radiation has been shown to have the beneficial effect of contributing to the production of vitamin D3 (hereafter referred to as "Vitamin D") in humans. This was first observed in the 1800's, when sunlight exposure was correlated to the prevention of rickets. These effects were duplicated with artificial sources, and subsequent studies isolated the spectral region that was responsible for this effect. The purpose of this report is to discuss these studies of the effectiveness of optical radiation on the production of vitamin D in human skin, and to develop a standardized action spectrum for vitamin D synthesis in human skin. Implications for determining exposures that would be needed for an individual to meet the recommended daily intake for vitamin D are also discussed. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 16 pages with 5 figures and 1 table.
Tubular Daylight Guidance Systems CIE 173:2006 ISBN 978 3 901906 49 7 Tubular daylight guidance systems are linear devices that channel daylight into the core of a building. They consist of a light transport section with, at the outer end, some device for collecting natural light and, at the inner end, a means of distribution of light within the interior. Collectors may be either mechanical devices that actively focus and direct daylight (usually sunlight), or be passive devices that accept sunlight and skylight from part or whole sky hemisphere. The transport element is usually a tube lined with highly reflective or prismatic material or may contain lenses or other devices to redirect the light. Light is distributed in an interior by output components, commonly diffusers made of opal or prismatic material. The major emphasis of this Report is on passive zenithal systems, the most commercially successful type of daylight guidance being installed in many parts of the world. The Report includes a contextual review of the technology of all generic types of daylight guidance system. The major part of the report is concerned with photometry of components and systems, design methods, maintenance issues in both design and use, energy aspects, cost and benefits, human factors and architectural issues in the context of passive zenithal systems. The report includes case studies showing good practice.The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 73 pages with 44 figures and 5 tables.
UV Protection and Clothing CIE 172:2006 ISBN 978 3 901906 48 0 Clothing can provide substantial protection against solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and quantifying the amount of protection can have useful applications to recreational, occupational and medical situations. Various test methods for measurement of UVR transmittance through fabrics are discussed. The measured transmittances can be used to calculate the erythemally weighted UVR transmitted by the fabric and thus the amount of protection provided. Factors affecting the UVR transmission of fabrics are also detailed. Currently existing standard documents are discussed, and then the document outlines a recommended test method for the determination of the UVR transmitted by fabrics and details a rating scheme using Ultraviolet Protection Factors (UPFs) to quantify the protection. Areas where research and standardisation efforts are still needed are discussed.
The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 52 pages with 8 figures and 10 tables.
Test Cases to Assess the Accuracy of Lighting Computer Programs CIE 171:2006 ISBN 978 3 901906 47 3 The objective of this report is to help lighting program users and developers assess the accuracy of lighting computer programs and to identify their weaknesses. A validation approach is therefore presented based on the concept of separately testing the different aspects of light propagation. To apply this approach, a suite of test cases has been designed where each test case highlights a given aspect of the lighting simulation domain and is associated with the related reference data. Two types of reference data are used: data based on analytical calculation and data based on experimental measurements. The first is associated with theoretical scenarios that avoid uncertainties in the reference values. The second type is obtained through experimental measurements, where the scenario and the protocol are defined in a manner that minimizes the uncertainties associated with the measurements. A set of recommendations is also presented in order to achieve reliable experimental data for validation purposes. These recommendations address the choice and description of the scenarios, to the experimental protocol precautions, to the estimation of the error sources and to the presentation of the reference data. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 97 pages with 27 figures and 65 tables.
Fundamental Chromaticity Diagram with Physiological Axes - Part 1 CIE 170-1:2006 ISBN 978 3 901906 46 6 CIE established, in 1991, the Technical Committee TC 1-36 with the following Terms of Reference: "Establish a fundamental chromaticity diagram of which the co-ordinates correspond to physiologically significant axes". Part I of the report is limited to the choice of a set of colour matching functions and estimates of cone fundamentals for the normal observer, ranging in viewing angle from 1° to 10°. The report starts with the choice of the 10° Colour Matching Functions (CMFs) of Stiles and Burch (1959). Then, following the ideas put forward by Stockman and Sharpe (2000), by application of König's hypothesis, and using the most modern data on the spectral sensitivity functions of dichromats, it is followed by the derivation of the spectral sensitivity functions of the long-wave sensitive (L-), medium-wave sensitive (M-) and short-wave sensitive (S-) cones, measured in the corneal plane for a 10° viewing field, the so called "cone fundamentals". Next, by correcting these functions for the absorption of the ocular media and the macular pigment, and taking into account the optical densities of the cone visual pigments, all for a 10° viewing field, the low density absorbance functions of these pigments were derived. Using these low density absorbance functions one can derive, taking the absorption of the ocular media and the macula, and taking into account the densities of the visual pigments for a 2° viewing field, the 2° cone fundamentals. Using the same procedure one can derive cone fundamentals for every viewing angle between 1° and 10°. Effects of age can also be incorporated by application of the relationship of the absorption of the lens as a function of age. Tables are given, with intervals of 5 nm, of • 10° cone fundamentals, both in terms of energy and quanta; • optical density of the macular pigment; • optical density of lens and other ocular media; • the photopigment low density absorbance spectra; • 2° cone fundamentals, both in terms of energy and quanta; • maximal optical density of the macular pigment as a function of field size; • the optical density of lens and other ocular media as a function of age; • the maximal values of the optical density of the visual pigments as a function of field size. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 53 pages with 10 figures and 12 tables.
Practical Design Guidelines for the Lighting of Sport Events for Colour Television and Filming CIE 169:2005 ISBN 978 3 901906 44 2
This technical report gives practical guidance to those concerned with the designing and planning of sports facilities where lighting is required to meet the needs of colour television and filming. The report should be read in conjunction with CIE 83-1989, which defines the quantitative lighting requirements. This report is arranged in three main sections: • Firstly, there is general guidance on sports lighting design including luminaires and lamp types, calculation methods, and electrical installation. • The second section lists 51 sports with specific advice on the lighting of each. • The third section gives references to relevant standards and in particular publications in which new sports lighting installations may be described. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 79 pages with 90 figures and 1 table.
Criteria for the Evaluation of Extended-Gamut Colour Encodings CIE 168-2005 ISBN 978 3 901906 42 8 The CIE TC 8-05 terms of reference include defining a "minimal set of standard colour spaces that addresses a wide range of imaging applications". One set of applications that was identified by the committee required the use of extended-gamut colour encodings. This document defines a set of objective metrics for evaluating the characteristics of output-referred extended-gamut colour encodings. Detailed metrics have been developed to evaluate a number of important attributes of extended-gamut colour encodings. These criteria include: • gamut volume characteristics, • colour quantization characteristics, • hue constancy when applying non-linear tone scale modifications to RGB colour values, • complexity of transformation required to and from typical standard spaces (sRGB, ICC PCS, etc.). The relative importance of the individual metrics will vary on an application-by-application basis. As a result, the committee concluded that the actual evaluation of candidate colour encodings for use in particular applications should be left to other standards bodies that are more closely aligned with the relevant industry segments, and therefore would be better able to define the appropriate application-dependent requirements. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 68 pages with 61 figures and 18 tables.
Recommended Practice for Tabulating Spectral Data for Use in Colour Computations CIE 167:2005 ISBN 978 3 901906 41 1 This technical report describes several difficulties resulting from incompatibility of tables of spectral data used for computations, such as colour computations, with automatic digital computers, and provides guidance in tabulating spectral data to facilitate such applications. The recommended practices, with regard to spectral ranges, spectral intervals, etc., are based on the experience of members of the committee, who were experts in the field of colour measurement and computation. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 21 pages with 3 figures and 12 tables.
Cognitive Colour CIE 166:2005 ISBN 978 3 901906 40 4 This report surveys cognitive aspects of colour in terms of behavioural, neuropsychological, and neurophysiological data. Colour is usually defined as a colour stimulus or as perceived colour. In this report the concept of cognitive colour has been discussed in relation to colour categorization, colour coding, colour naming, the Stroop effect, spatial organization of coloured visual objects, visual search, and colour memory. The results show that there are aspects of colour that the CIE definitions of psychophysical and perceived colour do not cover, although it gives notes to some of them. These phenomena could be referred to as "cognitive colour" and they point to the need for a new formal definition of colour in the CIE terminology. Cognitive colour is very important in certain specific tasks. A common property of these tasks is the importance of the economy of cognition of the human brain. It means that perceived colours are represented and stored in a compressed form i.e. as "cognitive colours". This accelerates complex tasks like visual attention, visual search, figural organization, figural segregation, etc. For these tasks, colour appearance models alone, including the calculations recommended for assessing colour appearance and colour differences, may be limited for predicting how an observer will behave in these
complex tasks. We must define cognitive colours by the boundaries of a continuous perceived colour set, or by a "representative item" of this set, and assign a name to the cognitive colour. The final report from the CIE Reportership "Cognitive Aspects of Colour" was published with the title "Cognitive Color" in Color Research and Application, 29(1), pp. 7-19, 2004 and has been reprinted with the kind permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc. The report is written in English, with a summary in French and German. It consists of 24 pages with 14 coloured figures.
CIE 10 Degree Photopic Photometric Observer CIE 165:2005 ISBN 978 3 901906 39 8 The V(λ) function accepted in 1924 is valid for photopic vision. It was long recognized that for para-foveal vision this function does not describe luminance perception correctly. In 1964 the CIE accepted a large field colorimetric observer, but this system had no photometric counterpart. Subsequent research has shown that y10(λ) function can be used as the spectral luminous efficiency function of a 10° photometric observer. The present report provides guidance when and how this large field photometric observer could be used, especially if luminance has to be determined para-foveally. Based on the detailed evaluation of the available literature data TC 1-59 came to the conclusion that the adoption of a 10° photopic photometric observer [V10(λ)] can be recommended to the CIE and that this system should be based according to the original recommendations of the CIE Colorimetric Committee - on the y10(λ) function of the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 23 pages with 3 tables.
Hollow Light Guide Technology and Applications CIE 164:2005 ISBN 978 3 901906 38 1 CIE initiated a Technical Committee "Hollow Light Guides" for the purpose of developing new terminology and dissemination of information in the field of illumination with hollow light guides. This report is a first step in that direction, representing the state of the art at the time of its substantial completion in 1999. It includes a brief history of the field of hollow light guides, reviews the different solutions and describes the basic physics behind them. The pros and cons of each of the solutions are summarized and the terminology is given. System design and the photometry of hollow light guides are detailed. Finally, a review of four example projects is given. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 37 pages with 13 figures and 6 tables.
The Effects of Fluorescence in the Characterization of Imaging Media CIE 163:2004 ISBN 978 3 901906 35 0 The addition of fluorescence to either the inks or the substrate greatly increases the level of uncertainty in instrumental readings of the optical properties of printed images. CIE 76-1988 "Intercomparison on measurement of (total) spectral radiance factor of luminescent specimens" shows that even research and standards laboratories experience a degradation in their reproducibility of up to one order of magnitude (10x), in the readings of total spectral radiance factor of strongly coloured, fluorescent materials. There are no recent studies of this magnitude or reliability but it is the opinion of the Reporter who prepared CIE 163:2004 that the state-of-the-art has significantly advanced in the 15 years since the approval of CIE 76-1988. This report contains results from a study of the measurement of total spectral radiance factor of digital halftone printing over a range of substrates exhibiting various levels of fluorescence. Colorimetric properties were computed for CIE Illuminant D50 when the UV component was included and when the UV component was excluded from the measurement source. The results indicate and quantify that the fluorescence of the substrate can be measured in both solid ink areas and halftone ink area with the effect being far larger in the latter. The magnitude of the CIELAB colour differences indicate that a significant lack of reproducibility may be experienced between two imaging centers who attempt to apply colour management principles to their individual measurements of the same image printed on fluorescent substrates or between two laboratories who attempt to quantify the colour differences between images printed on fluorescent stock and measured using instruments with different sources. The preliminary reports of CIE TC 1-44 "Practical daylight simulators for colorimetry" have shown that significant variability exists among instruments claiming daylight simulations and an even greater difference between instruments with UV-rich pulsed xenon lamps and those with UV-poor incandescent lamps.
The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 20 pages with 16 figures and 9 tables.
Chromatic Adaptation under Mixed Illumination Condition when Comparing Softcopy and Hardcopy Images CIE 162:2010 ISBN 978 3 901 906 82 4 The chromatic adaptation transforms (CATs) used in most colour appearance models (CAMs) assume that observers are fully adapted to a given set of viewing conditions. Unfortunately, the condition of complete chromatic adaptation usually does not occur in the consumer market and in more casual industrial use. Instead, these users tend to view softcopy in a room with sufficient ambient illumination to allow comfortable viewing and examination of hardcopy imaging. Further, users often desire to compare hardcopy and softcopy images using rapid successive binocular observations. The focus of this report is to determine how colour imaging experts can best accommodate the desires and practices of these more casual observers. It shows that accounting for mixed and incomplete chromatic adaptation produces more accurate results in colour appearance than not accounting for them. It includes a mathematical model for chromatic adaptation and provides appropriate parameters for the chromatic adaptation model under such viewing conditions. This publication corrects and replaces CIE 162:2004 "Chromatic Adaptation under Mixed Illumination Condition when Comparing Softcopy and Hardcopy Images". To view Erratum 1 please follow this link.
Lighting Design Methods for Obstructed Interiors CIE 161:2004 ISBN 978 3 901906 32 9 Traditional lighting calculation methods assume a clear room volume allowance for the influence of room contents. Objects located between light source and task will act to block direct light and will result in some light being absorbed by the object and some reflected from its surface. This may cause both local and general reductions in planar illuminance over a whole installation. This report draws together design related material on the subject. It is intended as specialist reference for use in conjunction with relevant design guidance. It contains information on the magnitudes of likely losses in different types of building interior and design guidance to ameliorate the effects of these light losses. A major part of the report is concerned with calculation methods for obstructed interior lit by general lighting systems. Modifications to traditional lighting design calculation methods to acknowledge the influence of room contents, above and below the working plane are described. Advice on the application of computer programs for lighting design and analysis to solution of problems involving obstructed interiors is given. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 32 pages with 8 figures and 7 tables.
A Review of Chromatic Adaptation Transforms CIE 160:2004 ISBN 978 3 901906 30 5 This report reviews a number of studies on chromatic adaptation. Four different experimental techniques are first described and their pros and cons are analysed. Eight experimental data sets commonly used to evaluate chromatic adaptation transforms are detailed. Thirteen chromatic adaptation transforms are also described and their equations are given in full. Finally, various studies for testing different transformations are reviewed. The results show that there are four possible candidates for future CIE recommendation, CMCCAT2000, CMCCAT97, CAT02 and CIECAT94. Overall four formulae give quite similar performances and the TC members have not found it possible to agree on which if any of the four should be recommended. The Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 36 pages with 7 figures and 3 tables.
A Colour Appearance Model for Colour Management Systems: CIECAM02 CIE 159:2004 ISBN 978 3 901906 29 9 A colour appearance model provides a viewing condition specific method for transforming tristimulus values to and/or
from perceptual attribute correlates. This document outlines a specific colour appearance model, CIECAM02, which may be useful for colour management applications. This model is based on CIECAM97s colour appearance model and consists of a chromatic adaptation transform and equations for computing a set of perceptual attribute correlates. The evolution and application of this colour appearance model are presented. This report replaces CIE 131-1998, The CIE 1997 interim colour appearance model (simple version) CIECAM97s. The Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 22 pages with 1 figure and 7 tables.
Ocular Lighting Effects on Human Physiology and Behaviour CIE 158:2009 ISBN 978 3 901906 76 3 The nonvisual biological and behavioural effects of light in animals and humans are mediated by specific neuroanatomical pathways. Controlled empirical studies have shown that light can be used to treat some clinical disorders and may have broader, nonclinical applications for problems of shift work and jet lag. Studies are testing how lighting may be incorporated into architectural designs that are optimal for vision as well as physiological and behavioural stimulation. This publication corrects and replaces CIE 158:2004 "Ocular Lighting Effects on Human Physiology and Behaviour".
Control of Damage to Museum Objects by Optical Radiation CIE 157:2004 ISBN 978 3 901906 27 5 The report comprises three parts. The first part reviews the scientific principles that govern the processes of radiationinduced damage to museum objects with the aim of providing fundamental information for museum conservators and research workers. The second part reviews current knowledge and recent research to provide a commentary on the efforts of researchers to better understand how these processes may be retarded or eliminated in the museum environment. The final part gives the committee's recommendations for lighting in museums in the form of a practical procedure that covers setting up a new display and monitoring the lighting during the life of the display. This procedure takes account of the research findings that have been reviewed as well as recommendations published by other organisations, and is modelled on current practice in several of the world's leading museum institutions. The Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 35 pages with 6 figures and 8 tables.
Guidelines for the Evaluation of Gamut Mapping Algorithms CIE 156:2004 ISBN 978 3 901906 26 8 This technical report provides guidelines for the evaluation of the cross-device and cross-media colour image reproduction performance of gamut mapping algorithms (GMAs). The guidelines cover numerous aspects of GMA evaluation including test images, media, viewing conditions, measurement, gamut boundary calculation, gamut mapping algorithms, colour spaces and experimental method. Also provided are example workflows that show how the general principles are applied and a checklist for determining compliance with the guidelines. The results of GMA evaluation carried out in accordance with these guidelines will then serve as the basis for recommending either one gamut mapping algorithm, or a set of algorithms and rules for use in specific applications. The Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 30 pages with 4 figures and 2 tables.
Ultraviolet Air Disinfection CIE 155:2003 ISBN 978 3 901906 25 1 In the 1870s, using solar radiation as the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) source, studies were initiated to understand the molecular changes in living organisms produced by UVR absorption. In the 20th century, with the invention of electric mercury-vapor arc lamps, a controllable, economical source of germicidal, short wavelength, 253,7 nm UVR became available. Systematic study of UVR impacts on biological systems across several disciplines began, using germicidal UVR lamps. UVR impacts on biological systems have been studied to provide understanding for protection of human beings from hazardous exposure and the capacity of UVR to stem the spread of infectious diseases by inactivating microorganisms in food, water and air. Since global incidents of bioterrorism have escalated from the late 20th century
into the 21st, mitigation of biological threats in congregate settings within buildings has taken on further significance for UVR air and surface disinfection and decontamination. Additionally, multi-drug resistant strains of airborne infectious agents have been increasing. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most prominent. With 2 billion persons infected and 2 million dying per year, it is the single largest adult killer among infectious diseases. A greater understanding of the potential of UVR air disinfection is needed. This report summarises the present state of knowledge of UVR air disinfection and provides recommendations for future work in research, standardization and testing procedures. The Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 69 pages with 33 figures and 3 tables.
The Maintenance of Outdoor Lighting Systems CIE 154:2003 ISBN 978 3 901906 24 4 During the life of a lighting installation, the light available progressively decreases. The reduction rates are a function of environmental, operating and age conditions. In lighting design we must take account of this fall by the use of a maintenance factor and plan suitable maintenance schedules to limit the decay. This guide provides information on suggested maintenance factors and the selection of suitable equipment. It describes the parameters influencing the depreciation process and develops the procedure for estimating the economic maintenance cycles for outdoor electric lighting installations and gives advice on servicing techniques. The Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 21 pages with 1 figure and 4 tables.
Report on an Intercomparison of the Measurements of the Luminous Flux of High-Pressure Sodium Lamps CIE 153:2003 ISBN 978 3 901906 23 7 This report summarizes the results of an international intercomparison of measurements of the luminous flux of highpressure sodium discharge lamps. Thirteen laboratories from nine different countries took part in the intercomparison, both lamp manufacturers and national standards laboratories being represented. In view of the complex spectral power distribution of the radiation from this type of lamp, the results of intercomparison show an acceptable level of agreement for lighting applications, nine of the thirteen participants reporting results within ± 2% of the mean level. The Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 7 pages with 1 figure and 1 table.
Proceedings of the 25th Session of the CIE, San Diego,USA, 25 June - 2 July 2003 CIE 152:2003 (CD-ROM) ISBN 978 3 901906 21 3 • Vol. I (Part 1 and 2): This volume contains on over 700 pages the texts of the Invited Papers, Presented Papers and Posters presented at the Session, as well as the introductions to the Workshops. • Vol. II: The second volume of the Proceedings contains the text of the Welcome Addresses, Officers Reports, as well as a list of participants. It presents an overview on the technical work achieved during the quadrennium in the form of Quadrennial Reports, minutes of the Divisional Meetings and Workshop Reports. A CD-ROM containing the full Proceedings (Vol. I and II) in pdf format is now available. It additionally contains a longer version of some of the papers included in Vol. I, as well as some pictures taken at the Session in the form of a slide show and movie presentation. You can order the CD-ROM alone, or as a set together with the printed version of Vol. I. The Proceedings is available at the CIE National Committees or the CIE Central Bureau in Vienna.
Spectral Weighting of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation CIE 151:2003 ISBN 978 3 901906 20 6 Solar radiation has long been correlated with many beneficial and harmful biological effects. Excessive ultraviolet radiation exposure has been identified as a contributor to several short- and long-term health problems, including
erythema, photokeratitis, cataract, and skin cancer. The photobiological effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation at causing a biological effect varies with wavelength, and the variation of a given effectiveness function with wavelength is referred to as the "action spectrum" for that type of effect. When the spectral distribution of sunlight or of an artificial light source is weighted by an action spectrum, the result is the "effective irradiance" of that light source for causing the biological effect. Comparison of the effective irradiances of light sources is a valuable tool for risk assessment. Outdoor solar radiation is the most common source of chronic ultraviolet radiation exposure for the general public. This document lists the effective solar irradiances for various environmental conditions and types of photobiological effects. These effective irradiances at a horizontal ground surface (i.e. the global ultraviolet irradiance) were determined with the use of a multiple scattering model for ultraviolet radiation spectral irradiance. The Technical Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 32 pages with 3 figures and 3 tables.
Guide on the Limitation of the Effects of Obtrusive Light from Outdoor Lighting Installations CIE 150:2003 ISBN 978 3 901906 19 0 The purpose of this Guide is to help formulate guidelines for assessing the environmental impacts of outdoor lighting and to give recommended limits for relevant lighting parameters to contain the obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting within tolerable levels. As the obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting are best controlled initially by appropriate design, the guidance given is primarily applicable to new installations; however, some advice is also provided on remedial measures which may be taken for existing installations. This Guide refers to the potentially adverse effects of outdoor lighting on both natural and man-made environments for people in most aspects of daily life, from residents, sightseers, transport users to environmentalists and astronomers. (Astronomers also see CIE 126-1997) The daytime appearance of the lighting installation is important. The size and nature of the lighting support structures may be intrusive by day although this subject is not addressed in this Guide. The Technical Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 43 pages with 14 figures and 10 tables.
The Use of Tungsten Filament Lamps as Secondary Standard Sources CIE 149:2002 ISBN 978 3 901906 18 3 This publication deals with the selection and operation of tungsten filament lamps intended for use as secondary standard sources. Secondary standard sources are required to be stable and reproducible. The best performance is obtained from incandescent tungsten filament lamps that have been designed and constructed specifically for this application. The requirements for such lamps and the principles underlying their design, construction and operation are summarized in this report. An indication is given of the levels of performance that can reasonably be expected at the present state of the art.Because the special, hand-made lamps required for this purpose are only available from a small number of specialist manufacturers, a list of all the known suppliers has also been included. The Technical Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 26 pages with 8 figures and 4 tables.
Action Spectroscopy of Skin with Tunable Lasers CIE 148:2002 ISBN 978 3 901906 17 6 In order to determine action spectra with high accuracy, improved experimental methods are needed. This concerns the irradiation sources as well as quantitative measurements of the skin reactions. We reevaluated action spectra for erythema and pigmentation in humans with a tunable, highly monochromatic irradiation source and with an instrumental measurement of skin reactions. The irradiation system consisted of an excimer laser pumped dye laser and an ultraviolet fiber optic system. The skin colour after irradiation was determined with a colorimeter using the CIELUV system. By applying laser a very high spectral resolution in action spectra could be obtained. For example, the maximum of the erythema action spectrum in the ultraviolet-B range was measured at 298,5 nm and an additional maximum was found at 362 nm in the ultraviolet-A region. Our results suggest a photochemical mechanism boundary at 330 nm. The erythema and pigmentation curves are compared with spectra from the literature determined with conventional irradiation sources (lamps and monochromators), with the current standard erythema curve of the CIE, as well as with other photobiological action spectra; especially with spectra for UV damage and tumor induction in the UV-A.
The research note is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 14 pages with 3 figures and 1 table.
Erythema Reference Action Spectrum and Standard Erythema Dose Joint ISO/CIE Standard ISO 17166:1999/CIE S 007-1998 The CIE undertook a major review of its official recommendations on photobiological effects, their dose relationships and measurement. Based on these investigations the present standard describes present day knowledge of the erythemal effect. The problem of dosimetry in skin photobiology lies in the fact that the ability of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to elicit erythema in human skin depends strongly on wavelength, encompassing a range of four orders of magnitude between 250 nm and 400 nm. Thus a statement that a subject received an exposure dose of 1 J. cm -2 (10 4J. m -2) of UV radiation conveys nothing about the consequences of that exposure in terms of erythema. If the radiation source was a UVA fluorescent lamp, no erythemal response would be seen apart from in people exhibiting severe, abnormal pathological photosensitivity. The same dose delivered from an unfiltered mercury arc lamp or fluorescent sun-lamp would result in marked violaceous erythema in most white skinned individuals. Consequently, photobiologists have long recognised the need to express the exposure as an erythemally-weighted quantity. Recently the term minimal erythema dose (MED) has been used widely as a 'measure' of erythemal radiation. This is unreasonable because the MED is not a standard measure of anything but, on the contrary, encompasses the variable nature of individual sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. Variables which affect the MED include optical and radiometric characteristics of the source; determinants of the exposure such as dose increment and field size; nature of the skin such as pigmentation, previous light exposure, and anatomical site; and observational factors such as definition of the end point, time of reading after exposure, and ambient illumination. To avoid further confusing misuse of the term MED, we propose that this term be reserved solely for observational studies in humans and other animals, and that a new term, the standard erythema dose (SED) be used as a standardized measure of erythemogenic UV radiation. This Standard specifies the erythema reference action spectrum s er (lambda), and the Standard Erythema Dose. This Standard has been approved by the CIE and supersedes the recommendations made in Publication CIE 106/4 1993 (reprint from CIE-Journal 6/1 17-22 1987) A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin. It has been approved by ISO as a joint ISO/CIE standard. This Standard may be obtained from the CIE National Committees or the Central Bureau of the CIE. A French (ISO 17166:1999/CIE S007/F-1998) and a German (CIE S007/G-1998) version is also available.
CIE Collection on Glare 2000 CIE 146:2002 & CIE 147:2002 ISBN 978 3 901906 15 2 This volume contains two Technical Reports prepared by Technical Committees within Division 1 and Division 3. The Technical Collection is written in English, with short summaries in French and German.
CIE 146:2002 CIE Equations for Disability Glare Three disability glare equations have been defined to extend the classic Stiles-Holladay equation to take account of the effect of age, the effect of ocular pigmentation and to extend the angular domain over which the equations are valid. They all describe the veiling luminance L veil (in cd/m²) due to a point glare source at an angle Theta (in degrees) to the line of sight that gives rise to an illuminance E glare (in lx) in the plane of the observer's eye, and they do so with adequate accuracy within their respective validity domains. The CIE Age-adjusted Stiles-Holladay Disability Glare equation has a restricted validity domain of 1° < Theta < 30° that is extended in the low angular region by the CIE Small Angle Disability Glare equation to the domain of 0,1° < Theta < 30°. The CIE General Disability Glare equation further increases the validity domain to the range of 0,1° < Theta < 100° and also includes an eye pigmentation factor p which plays a role at glare angles greater than 30°. They all include age A (in years) as a factor. The technical report consists of 14 pages with 8 figures.
CIE 147:2002 Glare from Small, Large and Complex Sources The UGR, while valid for "normal" sources between 0,005 m² and 1,5 m² assesses "small" sources (<0,005 m²) too severely and is too tolerant for "large" sources (>1,5 m²). This Technical Report gives formulations and recommendations for small and large sources which agree with research results and practical experience. For "complex" sources, such as specular luminaires, it gives a more realistic glare assessment than that based on
average luminance over the full luminaire area. The technical report consists of 13 pages with 3 figures and 2 tables. This report is dedicated to the memory of the late Professor Heinrich D. Einhorn. The following members of TC 3-01 "Discomfort Glare from Small and Large Sources" took part in the preparation of the report (past members in brackets):
The Correlation of Models for Vision and Visual Performance CIE 145:2002 ISBN 978 3 901906 14 5 In the framework of a research project on vision models, the visual performance data of different authors have been compared with respect to their relation to background luminance, contrast and size of the critical object. Rea and Ouellette presented a model based on their own data on "Reaction Time", that allows the calculation of Visual Performance (VP) according to their definition for given visual task conditions. However, their definition of VP differed from those used in all of the other studies considered here. As part of this research project a model for VP was developed, based on the very comprehensive study of H. C. Weston in 1945. He used, as performance criteria, the speed with which the form of a target could be detected and a term comprising accuracy of recognition. Investigations of Muck and Bodmann, using similar criteria, composed of search time and accuracy, have been compared with the Weston model and showed good agreement. Likewise, the data of Simonson and Brozek, McNelis, Smith and Rea, and Loe and Waters have been examined. The differences between the Rea and Weston models can be attributed to the different criteria used for measurements of Visual Performance. In Rea's case, the inverse of the time needed to see a target varying in size and contrast was used as a measure; in Weston's case it was a composite of visual acuity, time and errors made. The differences observed are mainly due to the sensitivity to contrast: Rea's model does not show significant dependency on contrast but Weston's does. It became evident that a strong relationship between visual acuity and performance exists. The influence of age on visual acuity was found to be of major importance to Visual Performance also. The technical report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 45 pages with 30 figures and 16 tables.
Road Surface and Road Marking Reflection Characteristics CIE 144:2001 ISBN 978 3 901906 12 1 The purpose of this technical report is to provide the technical basis for the application of reflection characteristics of road surfaces and road markings in road lighting, daylight and vehicle headlamp illumination. The technical report describes relevant conventions and the influence of measurement angles. For road lighting and daylight the technical report further details reflection tables, a description system, and the classification and luminance of road surfaces and road markings. Recommendations are given for in situ measurement of characteristics relating to the lightness and the retroreflection of surfaces, some thoughts are provided for characteristics relating to the specularity of road surfaces and road markings. The technical report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 35 pages with 16 figures and 16 tables.
International Recommendations for Colour Vision Requirements for Transport CIE 143-2001 ISBN 978 3 901906 09 1 This technical report details the official CIE Recommendations for requirements of colour vision that are necessary to ensure safe and reliable recognition of coloured signal lights and other colour coded visual information devices. The aim of the report is to encourage international harmonisation in colour vision requirements in maritime, air, rail and road transport, and the use of valid methods for the assessment of colour vision. The recommendations take into account the complexity of the colour codes used, the observation conditions likely to be encountered and the importance of colour recognition to safety in the various transport modes. The report summarises the studies that document the kind of difficulties experienced by persons with defective colour vision and the studies that show defective colour vision is a risk factor. The report defines three colour vision standards: • normal colour vision, • defective colour vision A where those with a mild colour vision deficiency can demonstrate their ability to see and recognise coloured signal lights, and
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defective colour vision B where those with defective colour vision can demonstrate their ability to recognise surface colour codes at a short distance, such as those used on colour coded computer screens. The report also recommends test procedures for the assessment of colour vision. Detailed information on the recommende colour vision tests is given in an appendix. The Technical Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 47 pages, with 10 figures and 2 tables.
Improvement to Industrial Colour-Difference Evaluation CIE 142-2001 ISBN 978 3 901906 08 4 In this Technical Report recommended practice for industrial colour-difference evaluation is presented. The recommended model is an extension of the CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) colour-difference model with corrections for variation in colour-difference perception dependent on lightness, chroma, hue and chroma-hue interaction. The corrections for the chroma dependence of chroma and hue differences in the CIE94 model have been retained and supplemented by several additional corrections based on new experimental data and analysis. Reference conditions define material and viewing environment characteristics to which the colour-difference model applies. Factors are introduced to correct for the parametric effects of various conditions of use. The Technical Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 15 pages with 2 tables.
Testing of Supplementary Systems of Photometry CIE 141-2001 ISBN 978 3 901906 05 3 This report contains the most recent versions of 10 photometric systems (4 for 2° and 6 for 10° fields) which have been proposed to CIE Division 1 as methods of assessing the relative brightness of lights across the entire range of human visual sensitivity. To provide quantitative tests of these systems, each system has been applied to several sets of data submitted by independent laboratories employing different stimulus sets and different experimental procedures for heterochromatic brightness matching (HCBM). Furthermore, each system was applied to data obtained in HCBM experiments performed by 6 research groups using the same coloured samples under very similar experimental conditions. These numerical tests were primarily intended to see the equality of equivalent luminances for brightnessmatched stimuli but not to test the absolute level of scaling for brightness. This report describes the results of these quantitative tests; it makes no recommendation for a new CIE system. The Technical Report consists of 82 pages with 94 figures and 9 tables.
Road Lighting Calculations CIE 140-2000 ISBN 978 3 901906 54 1 The purpose of this report is to update and to replace CIE 30.2-1982 Calculation and measurement of illuminance and luminance in road lighting. It gives the methods which CIE 115-1995 and CIE 136-2000 require for their recommendations. It includes the calculation of luminance, illuminance, and their associated measures of uniformity, as well as disability glare. The conventions adopted for luminance and illuminance grids are also included. The complete Technical Report consists of 33 pages with 17 figures and 6 tables.
The Influence of Daylight and Artificial Light on Diurnal and Seasonal Variations in Humans - a Bibliography CIE 139-2001 ISBN 978 3 901906 04 6 In recent years, the study of the psychobiological effects of light has come forth as an important subfield of lighting research. This final report of TC 6-16 consists of an alphabetically ordered bibliography with 1100 entries and a basic list of 120 key words. The bibliography deals with the impact of light, both natural and artificial, upon the biological clock. The effects cited include physiological variations between day and night, during the menstrual cycle, and during the different seasons of the year. Also included are psychological variations in emotional tone and alertness, as well as pre-menstrual tension and seasonal affective disorder. The selection of references has been restricted almost exclusively to research on humans. The bibliography covers the following topics:
• The Biological Clock • Melatonin and Cortisol • Shift Work and Jet Lag • Seasonality in Hormones • Seasonal Affective Disorder • Light Therapy • Other Kinds of Seasonality • Premenstrual Syndrome • Windowless Environments • Lighting Characteristics • Individual and Group Differences • Confounding Factors The printed Bibliography consists of 68 pages. Alternatively to the printed list, the data are also available as a database on disk, in Microsoft® Access 97 format, so that people having this program installed on their computer can easily make queries and use all the search functions provided in this program.
CIE Collection in Photobiology and Photochemistry CIE 138-2000 ISBN 978 3 901906 02 2 This volume contains short Technical Reports prepared by various Technical Committees within Division 6.
138/1 Blue Light Photochemical Retinal Hazard The results of studies of acute photochemical retinal injury, frequently referred to as the "blue light hazard (BLH)" are described in this technical report. The BLH results from a photochemical injury to the human retina and is termed by ophthalmologists "photoretinitis." The studies were performed by a number of scientists, these works provided the basis for threshold limit values (TLV) and the BLH action spectrum recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) in the 1970's, and more recently, after completion of the work of TC 614, by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The potential for photoretinitis resulting from viewing the sun, tungsten-halogen lamps, high intensity discharge lamps, xenon short-arc lamps, welding arcs, etc., is provided in this report. Means and methods to evaluate potential BLH were studied by the CIE committee and one technique employing the ACGIH TLV is proposed for general use. Both national and international standards for eye protectors exist. The recognized international standard (ISO 4850: Personal Eye Protectors for Welding and Related Techniques - Filters - Utilization and Transmittance Requirements) is followed internationally. It is concluded that actual specifications for maximal blue-light transmittance may be a desirable addition to future editions of eye protection standards. The following members and consulting experts of TC 6-14 "The Blue-Light Hazard" took part in the preparation of the report:
138/2 Action Spectrum for Photocarcinogenesis (Non - Melanoma Skin Cancers) Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is recognized as a major cause of non-melanoma skin cancer in man. Skin cancer occurs most frequently in the most heavily exposed areas and correlates with degree of outdoor exposure. Describing the relationship of exposure (dose) to risk (skin cancer) requires the availability of a biological hazard function or action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis. This is true for estimating risks from sunlight under a variety of conditions, and from optical radiation from artificial sources. As classically defined and executed in other systems, directly determining an action spectrum involves monochromatic radiation; very few data points for photocarcinogenesis would ever be available using that approach. However, using a variety of sources capable of repeatedly exposing relatively large surface areas, candidate weighting functions can be tested, and response curves can be fitted to sizeable data bases. This committee report proposes the adoption of an action spectrum (weighting function) derived from experimental laboratory data and modified to estimate the non-melanoma tumor response in human skin. On a log-linear plot, the weighting function follows the calculated SCUP-h curve from 280 nm to 340 nm, and then a straight interpolation line from 340 nm to 400 nm (at effectiveness 3,94 · 10-4). The experimental data are sufficient for estimating effectiveness down to about 250 nm, but experimental data are not sufficient for specifying effectiveness above 400 nm.
138/3 Standardized Protocols for Photocarcinogenesis Safety Testing Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is recognized as a major cause of non-melanoma skin cancer in man. Skin cancer occurs most frequently in the most heavily exposed areas and correlates with degree of outdoor exposure. The incidence of skin cancer is also increased by contact with photosensitizing drugs and chemicals such as psoralens, coal tars and
petroleum stocks. Other substances which do not act as photosensitizers, such as immunosuppressants taken by organ transplant recipients, also increase the risk of skin cancer. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires on a caseby-case basis that the risk of enhanced photocarcinogenesis is assessed for many classes of drugs. Health Canada's Therapeutic Products Programme has issued a Notice of Intent to regulate pharmaceutical products which may enhance carcinogenicity of the skin induced by ultraviolet radiation. Other national regulatory agencies review such data when they exist, but their own requirements emphasize batteries of short-term in vitro and in vivo tests. While they may support drug development strategies, short term tests have yet to be validated as predictors of the ability of drugs or chemicals to enhance photocarcinogenesis. Published protocols now describe study designs and procedures capable of determining whether test agents enhance the rate of formation of UVR-induced skin tumors.
138/4 A Proposed Global UV Index Increasing public concern over declining ozone levels and the resultant ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the earth has brought about a need to communicate daily information to the public in a credible and understandable manner. Several dozen countries have implemented a wide variety of UV index programs, utilizing different scales and methods of communication. This has created confusion for several years. A single scale for communicating UV dose rate to the public has been proposed and endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). This scale may also be useful for communication within the scientific community. The scale is addressed and summarized here. A definition of the Global UV Index is recommended, for addition to the CIE International Lighting Vocabulary. The complete Technical Collection consists of 54 pages with 10 figures and 8 tables.
The Conspicuity of Traffic Signs in Complex Backgrounds CIE 137-2000 ISBN 978 3 901906 00 8 The purpose of this technical report is to summarise and review the literature concerned with the visual conspicuity of traffic signs in complex road environments and to make recommendations that will guide authorities in the design of traffic signs so that the signs will be noticed by drivers. The report covers the topics of what is meant by visual conspicuity, how it has been measured and the factors that influence it. Recommendations are made, based on current knowledge, on what the traffic engineer can do to increase the conspicuity of road traffic signs during the day and at night-time. This publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It contains 40 pages.
Guide to the Lighting of Urban Areas CIE 136-2000 ISBN 978 3 900734 98 5 The purpose of this guide is to supplement the lighting recommendations and standards for roads and areas of public use as detailed in the Publication CIE 115-1995. It replaces CIE 92-1992 Guide to the lighting of urban areas. The recommendations cover the effect of light on night time crime and suggests lighting requirements for residential roads and community areas, industrial roads, central business districts and malls, pedestrian paths and access facilities and cycle tracks. In addition to proposing levels of luminance and illuminance the recommendations consider aspects such as modelling of people and structures within the environment, the effects of glare and sparkle, suitability of light sources as far as colour appearance and colour rendering are concerned, the effect of the lighting on the environment and the general aesthetics of the lighting equipment used. This publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It contains 38 pages with 5 figures and 11 tables.
CIE Collection 1999: Vision and Colour, Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation CIE 135-1999 ISBN 978 3 900734 97 8 This volume contains short Technical Reports and Research Notes prepared by various Technical Committees and Reporters within CIE Division 1 and 2. 135/1 Disability glare> On the basis of a preceding theoretical analysis of experimental data on disability glare published in CIE Collection (Vos and Van den Berg, 1997), resulting in a complete glare equation covering the full 0° to 100° glare angle range, three simplified glare equations are presented, each of them defined for a more restricted glare angle domain. This
ensemble of three equations together is recommended to define a CIE Standard Glare Observer; the most simple one, the Age Adapted Stiles-Holladay Equation, will suffice for most circumstances of daily practice. This report was prepared by J.J. Vos, The Netherlands (TC 1-18 Chairman) 135/2 Colour rendering, closing remarks The CIE "Test method to calculate a colour rendering index" has a long and complicated history. After first publishing a method in 1965 and updating it in 1974, it was soon realised that further amendments would be necessary. A TC worked on the subject in the 1980s, but had to be closed without any definite recommendation due to disagreements among the TC Members. A second trial was started after the 1991 Quadrennial Meeting. This TC worked - under various chairmen - for about six years, but again it had to be closed without producing a definite recommendation, although this time TC Members agreed in a number of questions. This report summarizes those items where TC Members could agree and highlights also those questions where no consensus could be reached. To the latter category two groups of questions belong: items where it is hoped that CIE will come up very soon with further recommendations that should be incorporated in a colour rendering calculation (e.g. new chromatic adaptation transformation) and items where a political decision of the lamp manufacturers is needed, as a change in the calculation method necessarily will favour one lamp spectrum compared to that of an other. The present closing remarks document summarizes the items discussed by the TC during the past decade, states those items where a consensus could be formed and pinpoints questions where further research is needed to reach consensus. 135/3 Virtual metamers for assessing the quality of simulators of CIE illuminant D50 (Supplement 1-1999 to CIE 51-1981) CIE 51-1981 describes a method of assessing the quality of simulators of CIE illuminants D55, D65, and D75 (various phases of daylight), for colour measuring instruments, visual appraisal and matching of colours. The spectral power distribution of the simulator is measured and the departure from the ideal distribution is computed, in terms of chromaticity differences between virtual metameric pairs that match under the ideal CIE illuminant. CIE illuminant D50 is simulated for use in photography and colour printing. This supplement provides the virtual metamers needed to apply the method of assessment to D50 simulators. 135/4 Some recent developments in colour-difference evaluation A compressed overview is given of developments in colour-difference evaluation that trace back to the early beginnings by MacAdam. The correlation of colorimetric measures of coloured samples with judgements on small colour differences follows normal statistics, but in a three-dimensional space. A wide diversity of experimental conditions in investigations of the colour-difference effect made comparisons of different studies troublesome. Some external influential factors could be identified. Recently developed data sets resulted from much better control of experimental conditions. They form a new basis for deriving colour difference formulae. The CIE is the international body to encourage field research for optimising new colour-difference formulae. The various stages for recommending formulae and exchanging extensive investigation documents make a close link between practitioners and theorists, however, in general industrialists have a faster response. Nonetheless, the CIE still remains the mother-body for international discussion and agreement. Recent developments in colour-difference evaluation show an acceleration of the work of CIE TCs. Their studies first improved the CIELAB-formula, and second now try to fill the gap between the CIE94 and the older CMC(l:c) solutions. A new idea is introduced to optimise the formalism of a formula not at the components of differential terms, but at the co-ordinates which keeps the vector definition of colour-difference as in the CIELABformula. An international discussion is proposed on this aspect as a forthcoming step to further improvement of colourdifference evaluation. 135/5 Visual adaptation to complex luminance distribution One of the most important and difficult tasks in evaluation of perceived brightness in everyday circumstances is to assess what level the visual system adapts to. Especially, this is an inevitable process when putting the new photometric system into practice. In the present report, several studies are reviewed, and tasks and problems of the prospective TC are discussed. Although many studies of brightness perception are potentially related to the matter of adaptation level, we can find no literature in which the issue is discussed explicitly. All what we can do now is to encourage investigators to carry out research concerning the level of visual adaptation not only in experimental conditions but also in natural and complex environments. 135/6 45°/0° Spectral reflectance factors of pressed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powder (Reprint of NIST Technical Note 1413) Pressed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powder is used for 45°/0° reflectance factor standards. The radiometric and spectrophotometric measurement community such as the Council for Optical Radiation Measurements (CORM) has demonstrated the need for such a standard and its application to quality control and quality assessment. This publication briefly describes the instrumentation used for the 45°/0° spectral reflectance factor measurements of pressed PTFE powder from 380 nm to 770 nm. Also, the variations of 45°/0° reflectance factor with sample preparation and materials
are discussed. The expanded uncertainty at a coverage factor of two for the 45°/0° reflectance factors of pressed PTFE powder ranges from 0,009 to 0,017. The publication contains also abridged abstracts of CIE Publications prepared within Division 1 and 2. These reports are written in English, with short summaries in French and German. The publication contains 78 pages.
CIE Collection in Photobiology and Photochemistry, 1999 CIE 134-1999 ISBN 978 3 900734 94 7 This volume contains short Technical Reports prepared by various Technical Committees within CIE Division 6. 134/1 TC 6-26 report: Standardization of the Terms UV-A1, UV-A2 and UV-B The terms UV-A, UV-B and UV-C were introduced in the 1930's by CIE Committee 41 on Ultraviolet Radiation as a short-hand notation for photobiological spectral bands. It was never intended that the bands were exclusive for different effects. The bands have been in widespread use in different medical fields and scientific research. UV-A and UV-B were divided at 315 nm by the CIE. In recent decades, some photodermatologists and others have used different dividing lines such as 320 nm without recognizing the importance of maintaining an international standardized terminology. Because the terminology is used in many fields, this report recommends that the 315 nm division between UV-A and UV-B be maintained. However, recent research has clearly shown a difference in the photobiological interaction of long and short wavelength UV-A radiation with DNA. This led to a further division of UV-A into UV-A1 and UV-A2 with a dividing line at approximately 340 nm. While this division may be of value, the committee does not recommend officially to split UV-A into these two sub-bands at this time. Further research may justify a dividing line different from 340 nm in the future. 134/2 TC 6-30 report: UV Protection of the Eye This report provides a review on the current methods for UV dosimetry for the human cornea. The contents include a human action spectrum, the dosimeters, the methodology for calibration and the calculation of cumulative exposures. Based on the existing data, the levels of protection for the UV-A band and the UV-B band are recommended. A set of guidelines for ocular protection is proposed to assist medical practitioners in providing eye protection for patients. 134/3 TC 6-38 report: Recommendation on Photobiological Safety of Lamps. A review of Standards There are well known optical radiation hazards associated with some lamps and lamp systems. However, serious concerns about optical radiation hazards from lamps are rare except with regard to very special applications. Aside from solaria and germicidal lamps the lighting community has seldom had to be concerned with photobiological hazards of lamps. In most general illumination and industrial applications the ultraviolet radiation (UV), visible light and infrared energies emitted by artificial sources are not hazardous. However, in some unusual situations, potentially hazardous levels are accessible, and excessive light and infrared radiation are typically filtered or baffled to reduce discomfort. The natural aversion response of the eye to bright light, as well as thermal discomfort sensed by the skin normally will limit potentially hazardous exposure. In some applications, questions have been posed as to whether human exposure may be potentially hazardous. For example, heat lamps used for treating plastics; the use of some arc lamps in research laboratories; the use of very high intensity flash lamps in photography; infrared lamps used in surveillance and in heat treating; in some diagnostic medical applications and testing; and even in printing and photocopying. CIE TC 6-38 investigates in the present Technical Report the potential photobiological hazards, reviews the world wide activity in the field of producing a photobiological lamp safety standard, and recommends that the CIE prepare a lamp safety standard using as the basis, the North American IESNA standards. The philosophy embodied in those standards have addressed the concerns of occupational health and safety professionals and have been worked out and tested over a number of years. Most major lamp companies have participated in the IESNA development effort, and it is in consonance with ICNIRP guidelines. Requirements for lamp types, including labelling would be developed by IEC TC/34. The publication contains also a list of CIE Publications prepared within Division 6. These reports are written in English, with short summaries in French and German. The publication contains 55 pages, with 5 figures and 14 tables.
Proceedings of the 24th Session of the CIE - Warsaw, Poland, 24 - 30 June, 1999 CIE 133-1999 ISBN 978 3 900734 93 0 Vol. I (Part 1 and 2):This volume contains on over 700 pages the texts of the Invited Papers, Presented Papers, Presented Posters and Displayed Posters received at the Organising Committee by the deadline for inclusion in the Proceedings, as well as the introductions to the Workshops. Vol. II: The second volume of the Proceedings contains on 164 pages the text of the Welcome Addresses, Officers Reports, Reports from the Closing Ceremony, as well as a list of participants. It presents an overview on the technical work achieved during the quadrennium in the form of Quadrennial Reports, minutes of the Divisional Meetings and Workshop Reports. The Proceedings are also available on a CD-ROM containing all the papers in a searchable form.
Design Methods for Lighting of Roads CIE 132-1999 ISBN 978 3 900734 92 3 Several recommendations and technical reports have been published over the past years by the CIE to provide calculation methods for designing road lighting installations, which satisfy certain quality criteria. These quality criteria are intended to ensure the safety, comfort and personal security of road users. These documents are often referred to in the national codes and recommendations of industrialised countries. The calculation methods necessitate the use of a computer. Experience shows that the high degree of accuracy obtained with the recommended methods of calculation is not always necessary, at least during the first stage of design. In some countries simplified methods have been developed which show similarities. They do not require a computer for application by the user. The aim of this report is to describe these and similar design methods for lighting installations for all categories of roads. The method to be used depends on the required accuracy and the type of data available to the designer. This publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It contains 56 pages, with 33 figures and 16 tables.
Practical Methods for the Measurement of Reflectance and Transmittance CIE 130-1999 ISBN 978 3 900734 88 6 The characteristics of materials related to their reflection and transmission properties are defined in accordance with the International Lighting Vocabulary and other relevant CIE publications. The parameters affecting these characteristics and the principles of measurement involved, which are the same whether the measurement is made in terms of spectral or weighted (e.g. luminous) characteristics, are specified. Methods, using an integrating sphere, are recommended for the measurement of: • reflectance for directional and hemispherical incidence of radiation, • diffuse reflectance, • transmittance for directional and hemispherical incidence of radiation, • diffuse transmittance. Specific methods are also recommended for the measurement of • regular reflectance, • regular transmittance, • radiance/luminance factor (radiance/luminance coefficient q ). The absorptance can either be measured directly or calculated from the measured values of reflectance and transmittance. Both procedures are described. The principal measurement errors are examined and, where possible, methods for their elimination indicated. The publication contains 66 pages, 28 figures and 1 table.
Guide for lighting exterior work areas CIE 129-1998 ISBN 978 3 900734 87 9 The present document updates and replaces Publication CIE 68-1986 Guide to the lighting of exterior working areas. The values published are based on illuminance concept. Further to the average maintained illuminance and minimum to average ratio, the minimum to maximum ratio was introduced. Glare is limited by Glare Rating (GR). The values are "maintained" and determined to achieve efficient working conditions, safe movement and traffic and safety/security of people and property. Work areas are divided into twelve sections and listed in the Application Tables. Attention is focused on design values. Other topics, as colour quality, maintenance, environmental aspects, design and
measurement are only mentioned in this paper, detailed recommendations or standards are to be sought for in relevant CIE and ISO publications. The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It contains 20 pages.
CIE Guide to the Lighting for Open-Cast Mines CIE 128-1998 ISBN 978 3 900734 86 2 Open-cast mines cover a large area and continually change their shape as mining proceeds. Effective illumination is required to achieve production and safe operation of various machinery at different work areas. Mobile mining machinery is equipped with luminaires powered by on board generators. Movable lighting towers are used in the mine faces for general lighting. Deep, compact pits and permanent facilities such as stockpiles, conveyors and processing plant, can be lit from fixed lighting arrangements. Illuminance levels are provided for each work area to meet the visibility requirements of equipment operators and other workers. Luminaires must have a high degree of protection against ingress of dust and moisture due to the atmosphere prevalent in open-cast mines. Luminaire design and installation must facilitate ease of maintenance. Strict adherence to agreedupon maintenance schedules is important for prevention of undue loss of light with time and to avoid capital investment in higher initial lighting levels thus saving energy. Lighting quality parameters like average illuminance, uniformity and glare limitation have been described. Further guidance can be obtained from existing CIE publications. Requirements for areas typical of open-cast mines have been given. The report is written in English with a short summary in French and German. It contains 30 pages.
Measurement of LEDs CIE 127-2007 ISBN 978 3 901 906 58 9 This report is an update of the previously published CIE Technical Report CIE 127-1997. There are significant differences between LEDs and other light sources which made it necessary for the CIE to introduce new quantities for their characterization with precisely defined measurement conditions. New quantities introduced here are "Averaged LED Intensity" and "Partial LED Flux". The report describes in detail the measurement conditions for ALI (Averaged LED Intensity), Total and Partial LED Flux and Spectral Power Distribution. It is shown that measurements by substitution method using LED standards can be simpler; however it is important to compare similar coloured LEDs or use colour correction on the measurement results. The standard LEDs need to be calibrated by National Metrology Laboratories or a laboratory traceable to National Metrology Laboratories. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 38 pages with 15 figures.
Guidelines for minimizing sky glow CIE 126-1997 ISBN 978 3 900734 83 1 In most countries of the world, astronomical observations are disturbed by the light from outdoor lighting installations. Part of the light is scattered in the atmosphere and forms a luminous halo. The phenomenon is called 'sky glow'. This Technical Report gives general guidance for lighting designers and policy makers on the reduction of the sky glow. The report discusses briefly the theoretical aspects of sky glow and it gives recommendations about maximum permissible values for lighting installations in relation to the needs of astronomical observations - casual sky viewing included. These values must be regarded as limiting values. Lighting designers should do all possible to meet the lowest specifications for the design unless the specific installation requires relaxation. Other uses of the open air areas at night will usually result in less stringent sky-glow requirements. Practical implementation of the general guidance is left to National Regulations. Other aspects of light obtrusion are covered in detail by CIE TC 5-12 "Obtrusive light". The report is written in English with a short summary in French and German. It contains 20 pages.
Standard Erythema Dose, a Review CIE 125-1997 ISBN 978 3 900734 81 7 The problem of dosimetry in skin photobiology lies in the fact that the ability of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to elicit erythema in human skin depends strongly on wavelength, encompassing a range of four orders of magnitude between
250 nm and 400 nm. A CIE erythema action spectrum was proposed in 1987 but no erythemal quantity and radiometric equivalence was agreed till up to now. The term minimal erythema dose (MED) has been used widely as a 'measure' of erythemal radiation. This is unreasonable because the MED is not a standard measure of anything but, on the contrary, encompasses the variable nature of individual sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. Variables which affect the MED include optical and radiometric characteristics of the source; determinants of the exposure such as dose increment and field size; nature of the skin such as pigmentation, previous light exposure, and anatomical site; and observational factors such as definition of the end point, time of reading after exposure, and ambient illumination. To avoid further confusing misuse of the term MED, we propose that this term be reserved solely for observational studies in humans and other animals, and that a new term, the standard erythema dose (SED) be used as a standardised measure of erythemogenic UV radiation. The present report proposes also its numerical value: 1 SED is equivalent to an erythemal effective radiant exposure of 100 Jm-2. The Technical Report provides the background of this proposal, the definitions are summarised in an accompanying standard.This publication contains 7 pages and is written in English with a summary in French and German.
CIE Collection in Colour and Vision 1997 CIE 124-1997 ISBN 978 3 9000734 79 4 This volume contains short Technical Reports, Research Notes and Meeting Reports prepared by various Technical Committees and Reporters within CIE Division 1.
124/1 TC 1-31 Report: Colour notations and colour order systems ISO/TC 187 requested the CIE to address some issues related to the question of international standardisation of a colour-order system and to report its conclusions. In response to that request, CIE TC1-31 Colour Notations and Colour-Order Systems was formed by Division 1 of the CIE. Main conclusions reached in the Technical Committee are: a) CIE started work on the definition of new terms pertaining to visual perception. b) There is no known way to establish congruence between colour-order systems based on different underlying principles. The essential differences among systems would be clarified by the adoption of appropriate terminology. c) The committee finds no theoretical or other basis for regarding one system as better than all others. The systems satisfy different artistic, intellectual, scientific, or practical needs. d) All of the major colour-order systems have been found useful, helpful, and broadly applicable in art and industry. e) The CIE does not at the present time support the international standardisation of a colour-order system.
124/2 TC 1-18 Chairman's Report On the course of the disability glare function and its attribution to components of ocular scatter Recent investigations have strengthened doubts on the validity of the StilesHolladay glare formula for large glare angles. Calculations partly based on an earlier theoretical analysis turned out to be helpful to understand the deviations from StilesHolladay and to extrapolate the glare function, in its dependence on age and pigmentation, into the large angle domain. A trend towards a 1/Theta rather than a 1/Theta**2 fall off predominates. This document is intended as a background study for a planned definition of a CIE standard glare observer. This report was prepared by J.J. Vos, The Netherlands (TC 1-18 Chairman) and T.J.T.P van den Berg
124/3 Next step in industrial colour difference evaluation Report on a colour difference research meeting This report summarises results of a meeting held on May 15, 1996 at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) Munsell Colour Science Lab (MCSL). The meeting dealt with colour difference research oriented towards industrial applications. Since the number of research groups is so small (worldwide five laboratories deal with the subject), it was hoped that the work could move along at a faster pace than what has been accomplished in the past. Task of the meeting was to clarify the next step forward beyond the CIE TC 1-29 recommendation to provide the pathway for continuing to improve colour difference evaluation for industry.
Low Vision - Lighting Needs for the Partially Sighted CIE 123-1997 ISBN 978 3 900734 78 7 The report brings together a wide range of material from various specialists to produce, for the first time, a comprehensive annotated review of the subject. It also draws conclusions from the various studies and it is hoped that it will provide the basis for further research. It is intended for all those that have dealings with the visually handicapped and the provision of lighting regardless of their professional discipline.
It summarises the features of the major diseases causing partial sight. It also reviews some studies that have been undertaken into the effects of light on refraction, accommodation and ocular movement, and of its effects on visual functions such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual field and colour vision. A section is devoted to the lighting aspects of visual aids, such as neutral and selective absorbing glasses, light amplification systems, high power additions, magnifiers, telescopes, closed circuit television systems, etc. Finally, detailed recommendations are made for the adaptation of a range of lighting environments to the needs of the partially sighted. The publication contains 157 pages, and is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. This report is also available as a CD-ROM.
The Relationship Between Digital and Colorimetric Data for Computer-Controlled CRT Displays CIE 122-1996 ISBN 978 3 900734 77 0 This technical report describes instrumentation and accuracy requirements appropriate for the measurement of the spectral and colorimetric characteristics of computer-controlled CRT displays. The relationship between digital and both spectral and colorimetric data is described based on the generic signal processing and electronics of this technology. A practical methodology is described to characterise the colorimetric properties of a computer-controlled CRT. A worked example supplements the described methodology. This Technical Report is written in English with a short summary in French and German. It contains 30 pages, with 4 figures and 7 tables.
The Photometry and Goniophotometry of Luminaires - Supplement 1: Luminaires for Emergency Lighting CIE 121-SP1:2009 ISBN 978 3 901906 77 0 This report provides information regarding the photometric measurements of emergency lighting luminaires. It is the intention of this document to provide measurement methods for testing the compliance of emergency luminaires with the photometric requirements of IEC safety standards IEC 60598-2-22 and IEC 61347-2-7 issued by IEC/TC34 "Lamps and related equipment". Photometric methods for the measurement of other photometric parameters currently in use are also provided, but the measurement of safety signs is not included. Measurement procedures relate to the editions in use at the date of publication of this report and may vary for future editions. It is the responsibility of the laboratory to check for current applicable procedures. The concept of emergency ballast lumen factor applies only to emergency luminaires equipped with classical discharge lamps and for which a reference ballast has been normalised. For LED luminaires mostly absolute values apply, not related to the luminous flux of the LEDs alone. The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 19 pages with 1 table. This publication is a supplement to CIE 121:1996.
The Photometry and Goniophotometry of Luminaires CIE 121-1996 ISBN 978 3 900734 74 7 74 9 This technical report provides general requirements for the photometry of lamps and luminaires of most types and includes the following information: • standard test conditions under which the tests should be carried out, with acceptable practical tolerances; • selection procedures for lamps and luminaires; • procedures for measurement of the photometric characteristics of lamps and luminaires and assessment of the possible sources of error; • correction factors and service conversion factors; • presentation of test results. The report is considered to be sufficiently comprehensive to form a practical guide for industrial laboratories and contains sufficient information to replace publication CIE 24-1973 Photometry of indoor type luminaires and CIE 271973 Photometry of luminaires for street lighting. CIE will publish supplementary reports covering these types of luminaires more specifically. This Technical Report is written in English with a short summary in French and German. It contains 53 pages, with 5 figures and 3 tables.
The Photometry and Goniophotometry of Luminaires CIE 121-1996 ISBN 978 3 900734 74 7 74 9 This technical report provides general requirements for the photometry of lamps and luminaires of most types and includes the following information: • standard test conditions under which the tests should be carried out, with acceptable practical tolerances; • selection procedures for lamps and luminaires; • procedures for measurement of the photometric characteristics of lamps and luminaires and assessment of the possible sources of error; • correction factors and service conversion factors; • presentation of test results. The report is considered to be sufficiently comprehensive to form a practical guide for industrial laboratories and contains sufficient information to replace publication CIE 24-1973 Photometry of indoor type luminaires and CIE 271973 Photometry of luminaires for street lighting. CIE will publish supplementary reports covering these types of luminaires more specifically. This Technical Report is written in English with a short summary in French and German. It contains 53 pages, with 5 figures and 3 tables.
Proceedings of the 23rd Session of the CIE New Delhi, India, 1-8 November 1995 CIE 119-1995 ISBN 978 3 900734 72 5 This volume contains on over 540 pages the texts of the Introductory Paper by Dr. Venkatavaradan on "Lighting and civilisation", all the Divisional Quadrennial Reports, the Presented Papers, Presented Posters and Poster Displays received at the Organising Committee by the deadline for inclusion in the Proceedings, as well as the introductions to the Workshops.
CIE Collection in Colour and Vision CIE 118-1994 ISBN 978 3 900734 71 8 This volume contains short Technical Reports, Research Notes and Reporters' Reports prepared by various Technical Committees and Reporters within Division 1. In part they were published in the "CIE Journal" in 1986.
118/1 Evaluation of the attribute of appearance called gloss This Research Note was originally published in CIE-Journal, Vol.5, No.2, 41-56, 1986. This technical report discusses current concept of gloss as an appearance phenomenon and as a measured attribute of materials. First the general attributes of appearance are described, followed by a description of gloss attributes. The interaction of light and materials that is responsible for gloss sensations is briefly covered. Definitions are given for terms related to gloss perception and to the light-reflection properties of materials associated with gloss. The general design characteristics of specular glossmeters are described and standard procedures for gloss measurement are tabulated according to gloss-scale geometry and according to country of usage. Material standards for specular-gloss scale calibration are discussed.
118/2 Models of heterochromatic brightness matching This Research Note was originally published in CIE-Journal, Vol.5, No.2, 57-59, 1986. The report describes a method to compare the brightness of two stimuli seen foveally at photopic luminance levels as unrelated colours. The report, based on the research of Cowan and Ware, was published as an interim method.
118/3 Brightness-luminance relations The Reporter's Report covers the period 1993-1994 and summarises results from 13 (partly older) papers. This report was prepared by F.J.J. Blommaert, Netherlands
118/4 CIE Guidelines for co-ordinated research on evaluation of colour appearance models for reflection print and self-luminous display image comparisons This Communication was published in Colour Research & Applications 19/I, 48-58, 1994. The goal of CIE TC 1-27, Specification of Colour Appearance for Reflective Media and Self-Luminous Display
Comparisons, is to gather as much data from as many different sources as possible for the evaluation of colorimetric and colour appearance models used to create visual matches for self-luminous display (softcopy) and reflection print (hardcopy) image comparisons. Visual results will be compared to predicted results expressed in terms of standard colorimetric CIELAB and CIELUV equations, modifications of CIELAB and CIELUV equations, and the more current colour appearance models proposed by Dr. Robert W. G. Hunt and Dr. Yoshinobu Nayatani and coworkers. We hope to determine which approach, i.e. a standard colorimetric one, a modified colorimetric one or a colour appearance one, is the best for predicting perceptual results of image comparisons between hardcopy reflective and softcopy self-luminous media. A similar effort was undertaken by Dr. Alan Robertson in the area of Colour-Difference Evaluation. Dr. Robertson's efforts were successful in that many different data sets were generated and people began thinking about colourdifference evaluation in new ways. Our Technical Committee efforts will be viewed as successful if a variety of data sets are received allowing us to evaluate results with traditional and non-traditional colour science models. These guidelines will outline experimental set-up procedures, psychophysical experimental methods for the visual assessments, colour measurement procedures, data analysis and colour specification requirements for the evaluation of a common image produced on a self-luminous display and a reflection print. The experimental design defines the reflection print image as the reference colour original and the self-luminous display image must be designed to visually match that reflection print original. These guidelines have been developed in the hopes that other colour scientists, particularly those working in the area of hardcopy (reflection prints) and softcopy (self-luminous displays) matching can conduct coordinated research according to any of the prescribed techniques to generate data that may serve as input to the CIE TC 1-27 evaluation of various colour science models for these applications.
118/5 Testing colour appearance models: Guidelines for co-ordinated research (to be also published in Color Res. & Appl.) These guidelines provide an overview of the many issues involved in generating visual data that can be used to evaluate the performance of colour-apperance models. The three main sections of these guidelines outline the parameters that must be evaluated and controlled in experimental setups for colour-appearance experiments, suggested psychophysical techniques for gathering the data, and some suggested techniques for data analysis. Experimental parameters addressed include models to be tested, illumination conditions, background and surround conditions, types of stimuli to be used, and issues relating to viewing technique. The psychophysical techniques of magnitude estimation, matching, and direct model testing (paired comparison) are described. Data analysis techniques for the evaluation of colour-appearance scales, corresponding-colours data, and model performance scales are suggested.
118/6 Report on color difference literature This Reporter's Report covers the period 1991-1992 and summarises results from 14 papers published. This report was prepared by T Maier,USA
118/7 CIE Guidelines for co-ordinated future work on industrial colour-difference evaluation (to be also published in Color Res. & Appl.) Recent results of research work on colour-difference evaluation are reviewed in reports of two CIE Technical Committees, however, a global solution of the problem is still lacking. Therefore, guidelines for planning new research work are included in those reports. Here, these guidelines are explained and extended to stimulate new studies in a coordinated way which could improve modelling of colour-difference evaluation for industrial application. This report was prepared by K. Witt, Germany The publication contains also abstracts of 20 CIE Publications dealing with colour and vision. The Technical Collection is written in English, with short summaries in French and German. It consists of 65 pages.
Discomfort Glare in Interior Lighting CIE 117-1995 ISBN 978 3 900734 70 1 The task of the CIE Technical Committee TC 3-13 was to produce a practical discomfort glare evaluation system. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR) formula described in this technical report, combines features of the Einhorn and the Hopkinson formulae and incorporates the Guth position index. It may be regarded as being composed of the best parts of the major formulae in terms of practicability and of familiarity with the results of glare prediction. The formula recognises the effects on the glare index of observer position and direction of view. The report also describes, in the appendices, a tabular method, which uses reference values and standard conditions, allowing the production of simple tables, similar to those for utilisation factors, for use in luminaire data sheets. A rough estimate of discomfort glare is given by the luminance limiting curve (UGR curve) method. The appendices also show how the curves can be constructed and used. The report recommends a practical CIE discomfort glare evaluation system for use in the next edition of the CIE Guide
on Interior Lighting. The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It contains 39 pages, with 16 figures and 18 tables.
Industrial Colour-Difference Evaluation CIE 116-1995 ISBN 978 3 900734 60 2 Many industries employ colouring processes to provide products designed to enhance colour uniformity, colour recognition or aesthetic appeal. The producer must deliver a product of the desired colour with its variation controlled to an extent appropriate for the product's use and the customer's expectations. Colour measurement and colour-difference evaluation are essential tools to help manufacturers accomplish these goals with efficient colour production processes. Colour-difference evaluation models have been, and continue to be, developed. The CIE, through its technical committees, has periodically established recommended practices for colour-difference evaluation to promote uniformity of industrial practice. The last CIE recommendation on this subject was made in 1978. Accumulated research since then indicates it is now possible to identify a model with improved agreement with visual colour-difference judgements. Recommended practice for industrial colour-difference evaluation is presented. The recommended model is an extension of the CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) colour-difference model with correction for chroma-dependent variation in colourdifference perception. Reference conditions define material and viewing environment characteristics to which the colour-difference model applies. Factors are introduced to correct for the parametric effects of various conditions of use. Guidelines for further research on colour-difference perception are given. This Technical Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German, and contains 20 pages.
Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic CIE 115-1995 ISBN 978 3 900734 59 6 The purpose of this report is to update CIE 12.2, Recommendations for the lighting of roads for motorized traffic and to add recommendations for the lighting of conflict areas and roads frequented by pedestrians and other users. CIE 12.2 was issued in 1977 and since that time much experience, worldwide, has been gained in the application of the luminance concept for the lighting of roads for motor traffic. This experience is reflected in this revision. Conflict areas, where there is an increased potential for accidents to occur, are given detailed treatment. A classification system for these areas is introduced and recommendations are made in terms of the luminance of the road surface, but alternative recommendations in terms of illuminance on the road are given for applications where it is impracticable to use the luminance concept. Recommendations for the lighting of pedestrian areas are given in terms of illuminance and to aid selection of the appropriate level a classification system for these areas is introduced. Two relatively new concepts, those of Small Target Visibility and semi-cylindrical Illuminance, are discussed. In conformity with the most recent CIE practice, recommendations are based on maintained lighting levels and lighting quality. In essence this implies that performance must not fall below the prescribed limits, which are minima, for the life of the installation. The Technical Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It contains 25 pages and 7 tables.
CIE Collection in Photometry and Radiometry CIE 114-1994 ISBN 978 3 900734 58 9 This volume contains short Technical Reports, Research Notes and Reporters' Reports prepared by various Technical Committees and Reporters within Division 2. In part they were published in the "CIE Journal" between 1987 and 1988.
114/1 Survey of reference materials for testing the performance of spectrophotometers and colorimeters This Research Note was originally published in CIE-Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, 23-31, 1987. A list of reference materials for testing the performance of spectrophotometers and colorimeters are given. Particular attention is paid to materials for the measurement of regular transmittance and for regular (specular) and diffuse reflectance. Materials for the calibration of wavelength scales and the measurement of stray light are also included. No examples were found of reference materials for the measurement of diffuse transmittance. Information on type of materials, suppliers, sizes available and calibration details is supplied.
114/2 International intercomparison on transmittance measurement
Report of results and conclusions. This Research Note was originally published in CIE-Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1, 21-28, 1988. Between 1978 and 1982, CIE TC 2-09 conducted an international intercomparison to assess the accuracy of transmittance measurements. Sixteen laboratories, including eleven national standardizing laboratories, took part in the intercomparison. Twelve sets of filters were used, each consisting of nine glass filters. The filters were selected so that the repeatability, linearity, wavelength accuracy, and stray light of the measurements could be characterized.
114/3 Intercomparison of luminous flux measurements on HPMV lamps The results are given of an intercomparison of measurements of the luminous flux of a group of HPMV lamps, carried out among 21 commercial and national laboratories located in 14 different countries. The results reported by 16 of the laboratories lay within approx. +/- 1,5% of the mean level and all but two of the laboratories were within +/- 3% of the mean level. The consistency of the measurements can be regarded as fully adequate for most lighting applications.
Maintained Night-Time Visibility of Retroreflective Road Signs CIE 113-1995 ISBN 978 3 900734 56 5 The visual information provided by road signs gives the motorist fundamental instructions governing the selection of routes, safety at intersections, warning of physical obstructions, and delineation of a safe path for travel. Signs are the primary means of communication from the road authorities to the motorist about roadway conditions. Signs must govern safe and comfortable travel both in daytime and at night. Official traffic control devices are made visible at night by providing a retroreflective surface, retroreflective buttons, or, in some cases by separate illumination. This preserves the essential visual cues necessary for night-time operation: the discrimination of the sign from the night-time surroundings by its unique colour, shape and legend. Once many such devices have been installed and have been in service for a number of years, degradation of this important system will occur. A continual maintenance effort by authorities is required to ensure timely replacement. Although replacement of stolen signs, vandalised signs or those rendered obsolete by changing regulation is accomplished from reports by police and by routine daytime inspections, the loss of night-time visual performance from the effects of natural weathering is often difficult to discern in daytime and eventually will lead to the gradual degradation of the remaining signs. The night-time effectiveness may then become seriously impaired. This report covers those retroreflective signs dependent on headlamp illumination and provides information on the replacement point for retroreflective signs degraded from the effects of weathering. Because of the very large number of retroreflective road signs and the driver's dependence on their functionality, research has identified a number of factors concerning the maintenance of the visual effectiveness of retroreflective signs. The research includes a number of important elements: the determination of the minimum retroreflectance which can provide an adequately functional level of night-time performance; the prediction of this end point to provide a means of scheduling replacement; means of inspection and providing an inventory; and, ultimately, a systematic method for obtaining the maximum value for each annual expenditure. The principles described in this report may be applied to other signing applications such as signs employed on railways and waterways. This Technical Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It contains 62 pages, 22 figures and 22 tables.
Glare Evaluation System for Use within Outdoor and Area Lighting CIE 112-1994 ISBN 978 3 900734 55 8 This technical report describes a practical glare evaluation system for outdoor sports- and area lighting. The system can be used both for checking the glare situation of existing installations, provided suitable measuring instrumentation is available, and for predicting the degree of glare at the design stage for new installations, but the validity of the system is restricted to viewing directions below eye level. For the main categories of these applications, general glare rating limits are specified. The report concerns glare and glare restriction in, or very close to, the lighted area and not the effect of spill light outside this area. The quality of most lighting installations can be expressed in terms of average lighting levels, uniformities and glare restriction. There has not, until now, been a generally accepted glare evaluation system for outdoor areas. The glare concepts, "threshold increment TI" and "glare control mark G" , commonly used in road lighting for motorised traffic, cannot be applied directly for area lighting. This is because the direction of view of observers is variable and not fixed; the lighting points are not necessarily positioned in regular line arrays; and the mounting heights and lighting levels are often outside the ranges for which the road lighting concepts have validity.
The degree to which a lighting installation causes glare depends upon the luminous intensity distribution and aiming of the luminaires, their number, their arrangement and mounting height and on the brightness of the illuminated area. This report describes and recommends for practical use, a glare evaluation system that takes into account all the above factors. The system is based on extensive field tests and has shown its applicability in different installations of adequate uniformity due to common specifications. It is assumed that the problem of intolerable glare experienced, when looking up and straight into a luminaire, is kept to a minimum by paying careful attention to the siting of the luminaires relative to the main directions of view. CIE reports on the lighting of the various kinds of floodlighting application fields give guidance in this respect. Before a glare evaluation concept can be employed as a practical aid in lighting design, it is necessary to agree on standard observer positions and viewing directions. Standard positions and directions are specified with the intention of getting information on both the highest degree of glare and on the size of the area with a relatively high degree of glare. For the ain categories of outdoor area lighting installations, general glare restriction limits are specified. The Technical Report contains 14 pages, with 6 figures and 3 tables.
Variable Message Signs CIE 111-1994 ISBN 978 3 900734 54 1 This technical report draws together research findings and practical experience of the visual performance of variable message signs which might affect their use in road traffic management. Variable message signs are divided into three categories of light emitting, light reflecting and hybrid signs. The qualities of the observer and the sign which might affect the sign's performance are discussed together with practical issues concerned with the installation of the sign. Light emitting signs and light reflecting signs are then discussed in detail and some views are presented as to how the visual performance of the signs can be maximised. The use of variable message signs has increased due to increased public demand for uptodate information. The most flexible of the variable message signs use a matrix format upon which characters and symbols are formed by showing appropriate patterns of matrix elements. The use and siting of a variable message sign have requirements different to that of a conventional sign. Despite the increase in the use of variable message signs there are no clear guidelines for their design. The objective of this report is to gather the information base about the application of such signs to provide a sound background for their future application. The report is written in English, with a short summary in English, French and German. It contains 60 pages, with 13 figures and 11 tables.
Spatial Distribution of Daylight - Luminance Distributions of Various Reference Skies CIE 110-1994 ISBN 978 3 900734 52 7 The terms of reference of TC 3-09 were "to study standard reference skies between the two skies already standardized, clear sky and overcast sky, and to propose a method of composing average and mean skies". Accordingly, this technical report reviews studies on various sky luminances and specification of reference skies, with a method of composing average sky and mean sky as an appendix. Several reference skies including the average sky and mean sky are given, definitions and various studies on these sky luminances are introduced, with a bibliography, in three appendices. Although several kinds of average and mean skies have been proposed in Europe, USA and Japan since 1981, their definitions and the methods of composing them were not standardized. Also the two CIE Standard skies (Clear sky and overcast sky) are reviewed in the present publication, thus CIE 22-1973 is now outdated and withdrawn. The standardization of reference skies between the two standard skies was left to a new technical committee, TC 3-15 (Standardization of intermediate sky luminance), which was formed at the CIE Venice Session in June 1987. In this report a references sky means a clearly defined sky to be used for daylighting design and calculation. For example, one reference sky is the uniform sky which has been used for a number of theoretical applications and for certain design purposes. The skies treated in this report do not include direct sunlight, though the BRE average sky developed by Littlefair consists of two components, direct sunlight and the sky. In order to estimate annual energy consumption of electrical lighting, the effect of direct sunlight should be taken into consideration in calculating illuminance on the interior working plane, whether this is done for every weather condition or for a certain average condition. Hence, each standard sky luminance has to be combined with a standard direct sunlight illuminance. These items are to be decided in another technical committee in future, but a proposal is tentatively shown. The report is written in English, with a short summary in English, French and German. It contains contains 33 pages, 10 figures and 2 tables.
A Method of Predicting Corresponding Colours under Different Chromatic and Illuminance Adaptations CIE 109-1994 ISBN 978 3 900734 51 0 The technical report CIE 109-1994 describes a method for predicting various effects of chromatic adaptation over a wide range of adapting illuminant and illuminance conditions. These effects are estimated using corresponding colours. The computational procedure and applicable conditions are also included. The method should only be used for object colour samples. This method was previously proposed for study by the CIE in 1986 and is presented here with the purpose of incorporating recent extensions. In addition, the procedures are given for excluding systematic errors found in the experimental determinations of corresponding colours. The corresponding colours are defined as a pair of samples that would elicit the same colour appearance when one sample is viewed under one illumination condition, and the other under a different illumination condition; corresponding colours are always expressed in terms of two sets of tristimulus values. This is an asymmetric colour matching situation, where "asymmetry" is caused by different illumination conditions. The mathematical model for predicting the corresponding colours is known as a chromatic adaptation transform. The present method is not a CIE recommendation. It is always to be expected that the method reported by the CIE will be tested by future observation, experimentation, and theoretical study. The chromatic adaptation transform presented in this report will also be tested by future studies, including those since 1986. This technical report contains 18 pages, with 3 figures and 2 tables. At the time of publishing above technical report, CIE-CB publishes two computer programs for personal computers running under DOS or MS-WINDOWS* on its disk D007 Rel. 1.0-1994. Both versions of the program enable the calculation of the corresponding colour. The test and reference illuminant chromaticities and illuminances as well as the luminance factor of the background can be userdefined. D007 is available as 3,5" or a CD-ROM, to be used under DOS/WINDOWS operating system.
Guide to Recommended Practice of Daylight Measurement CIE 108-1994 ISBN 978 3 900734 50 3 The CIE designated the year 1991 "International Daylighting Measurement Year", as the first year of the "International Daylighting Measurement Programme", referred to as the IDMP. The objective of this programme is for participants worldwide to measure daylight availability parameters under a common set of guidelines. There are two categories of IDMP measuring stations: the General Class, in which illuminances and irradiances are the principal quantities measured; and the Research Class, in which the stations also record sky luminance distributions as well as other meteorological quantities. This guide describes the measurement and instrumentation requirements of both classes of stations, provides guidelines and recommendations on data quality control, archiving and dissemination. The guide was prepared as part of the activities of CIE TC 3-07. This guide is dedicated to the late Prof. Jürgen Krochmann, a pioneer and leader in daylighting research. A disk to be used on a PC with DOS operating system will be available within short at the CIE Central Bureau as CIE D006. The publication contains 54 pages, with 6 figures and 18 tables.
Review of the Official Recommendations of the CIE for the Colours of Signal Lights CIE 107-1994 ISBN 978 3 900734 49 7 This Technical Report reviews the CIE international recommendations for the colours of signal lights. The CIE recommendations for signal colours were first adopted in 1951 and were revised in 1975. They have not since been subject to critical review in the light of new experimental evidence and changed technology. Published and unpublished reports of experiments on the recognition of signal colours were compiled and analysed. The data from those reports were brought on to a common base for dim signals, moderately bright signals and bright signals under conditions simulating both night and day observation. Some of the experiments included subjects with defective colour vision. Consideration of the data by the Committee and its expert advisors has lead to a number of recommendations for changes to the internationally accepted colour domains for signal colours, notably: 1. Restriction of the yellow boundary of red, abandonment of the restricted purple boundary of red and redefinition of the recommended red in signal systems used by persons with defective colour vision; 2. Substantial re-definition of the colour domain for yellow including the definition of special domains for yellow signals of high and low illuminance;
3. 4. 5. 6.
Restriction of the boundaries of the colour domain for green; Amendment of the colour domain for white including the definition of a preferred domain and a secondary domain that can be used when there is little chance of confusion with white lights; Restricting the green and white boundaries of blue to enhance recognition as well as defining a more desaturated blue that can be used when there is little chance of confusion with white and a special domain to be used for low illuminance blue signals; Recommending the abandonment of violet as a signal colour.
Based on this report CIE will publish an International Standard on "Colours of Signal Lights". The publication contains 42 pages, 14 figures and 6 tables.
CIE Collection in Photobiology and Photochemistry CIE 106-1993 ISBN 978 3 900734 46 6 This volume contains short Technical Reports, Research Notes and Reporters' Reports prepared by various Technical Committees and Reporters within Division 6. In part they were published in the "CIE Journal" between 1986 and 1988.
106/1 Determining ultraviolet action spectra Background information on photobiological action spectra is provided as a general introduction to the five previously published research notes that appeared in the CIE Journal and are now conveniently republished as a CIE COLLECTION in Photobiology and Photochemistry. This note also provides current information on international guidance related to exposure to ultraviolet radiation, which supersedes earlier CIE recommendations regarding action spectra for photokeratitis and photoconjunctivitis. This Research Note was prepared by D. Sliney, USA, Division 6 Director
106/2 Photokeratitis This Research Note was originally published in CIE-Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1, 19-23, 1986.Ultraviolet radiation may cause photokeratitis, a painful inflammation of the cornea of the eye. The spectral responsivity for photokeratitis - the action spectrum - follows a characteristic curve, the maximum of which lies at 288 nm according to Coga and Kinsey, at 270 nm according to Pitts et al. The threshold dose is between 50 and 100 J/m2. The threshold exposure times are evaluated, within the range of validity of Bunsen-Roscoe law, for some sources. The data obtained by various authors are compared and the discrepancies are discussed.
106/3 Photoconjunctivitis This Research Note was originally published in CIE-Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1, 24-28, 1986. Ultraviolet radiation can cause photoconjunctivitis, a painful inflammation of the conjunctiva, the tissue coating the eyelid and part of the eyeball. The spectral responsivity of photoconjunctivitis - the action spectrum - follows a characteristic curve, whose maximum lies, according to Schulze, at 260 nm, and resembles closely the absorption spectrum of DNA damage . The threshold radiant exposure (threshold dose) is about 50 J/m2. The opinion expressed by several authors, that the same action spectrum should exist for photoconjunctivitis and photokeratitis, cannot be shared by CIE Division 6, since the cornea and the conjunctiva of the human eye are different from both anatomical and histological standpoints.
106/4 A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin This Research Note was originally published in CIE-Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, 17-22, 1987.Erythemal action spectra have been the subject of experimental and theoretical interest for over 50 years. CIE considered the adoption of the so-called standard erythemal curve based on the results of the work by Coblentz in 1934. Although apparently never "officially" adopted by the CIE this curve is frequently cited and used in comparative studies of the erythemal efficacy of light sources. There are apparently substantial differences between the data determined recently and those represented by the "standard erythemal curve". CIE Division 6 proposed a reference action spectrum based on a statistical analysis of the results of minimum erythemal dose (MED) studies. The data contained in the action spectrum should be used only as spectral weighting factors to indicate the approximate relative erythemal efficacy of a light source (between 250 and 400 nm). The proposed action spectrum takes safety aspects of radiation into account. Apart from this, Division 6 considers adopting a "photobiologically realistic" action spectrum.
106/5 Photobiological effects in plant growth This Research Note was originally published in CIE-Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2, 5159, 1987.This report is concerned with the effect of optical radiation on plants and the possibilities of optimising the use of electric light sources in controlled plant growth facilities.
A wider range of practical experimental work in this area is reviewed in the article and its references. What becomes clear is the absence of direct correlation between photosynthesis intensity and plant productivity. The report concludes that the principles that have been established need to be extended by a search for the optical radiation parameters for all "photobiological receptors", i.e., plants.
106/6 Malignant melanoma and fluorescent lighting This Research Note was originally published in CIE-Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1, 29-33, 1988. An epidemiological study carried out in Australia in 1982 suggested a link between malignant melanoma (a form of skin cancer) and occupational exposure to fluorescent lighting. This research note, produced by CIE Technical Committee 6-09, reviews the work that has been carried out since then which attempted to check this association. The conclusion is that the available evidence does not support the existence of any substantial association between melanoma risk and exposure to fluorescent lighting. However, it is impossible to exclude the existence of a risk and further research is warranted. In view of the well known link between exposure from short UV radiation and several skin disorders among which is perhaps melanoma, the Committee evaluated the yearly doses of UV radiation (in erythemal value) received from fluorescent lighting. These doses are normally not above a few percent of the doses received from the sun. It may be prudent to keep the UV output of the lamps low enough so that such a condition is likely to be always realized.
106/7 On the quantification of environmental exposures Limitations of the concept of risk-to-benefit ratio Scientific knowledge on risks and benefits of optical radiations has increased markedly during the past decades. The ideal to integrate all our knowledge on effects of light and UV radiation into one risk-to-benefit ratio to characterize a radiation is, however, remote. With increasing knowledge, the complications appear to increase and the final solution seems far away. With several benefits and even more risks, each in a few variants, there is a need for a multitude of risk-to-benefit ratios. The best we can hope to achieve in the foreseeable future are separate analyses, each for one benefit and one risk. For many risk-benefit combinations, we need much more knowledge than the action spectra. The most obvious requirements are dose-effect relationships, descriptions of the way in which multiple exposures cooperate in causing the final effect and, in some cases, interactions of radiations with different wavelengths. In short, we need more photobiology. This Report was prepared by J. C. van der Leun, Netherlands.
106/8 Terminology of photosynthetically active radiation for plants This report provides guidelines for terminology to be utilized in describing electromagnetic radiation regulating photosynthesis by plants. These guidelines have been developed because scientists in different plant societies have evolved varied terminology and wavelengths for the radiation reported in plant research. The guidelines state that photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for plants should be reported as the total photon exposure in the 400-700 nm waveband. Instantaneous measurements made with a flat or hemispherical sensor should be reported as photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in mol.m-2.s-1, whereas instantaneous measurements made with a spherical sensor should be reported as spherical photosynthetic photon flux density (SPPFD) and reported also as mol.m-2.s-1. Integrated photon exposures made with a flat or hemispherical sensor should be reported as the exposure of photosynthetically active photons (PAP) as mol.m-2 and with spherical sensors as the exposure of spherical photosynthetically active photons (SPAP) also as mol.m-2. The Technical Collection consists of over 50 pages. The publication contains also abstracts of the following CIE Publications dealing with Photobiology and Photochemistry: CIE 89/2 Photobiological Effects of Sunlamps. In CIE Technical Collection 1990 CIE 89/3 On the deterioration of exhibited museum objects by optical radiation. In CIE Technical Collection 1990 CIE 90 Sunscreen Testing (UV.B) (1991) CIE 98 Personal Dosimetry of UV radiation (1992) CIE 103/3 Reference Action Spectra for Ultraviolet Induced Erythema and Pigmentation of Different Human Skin Types. In CIE Technical Collection 1993 CIE 103/4 Biologically effective emissions and hazard potential of desk-top luminaires incorporating tungsten halogen lamps. In CIE Technical Collection 1993
Spectroradiometric Measurement of Pulsed Optical Radiation CIE 105-1993 ISBN 978 3 900734 44 2 This technical report describes principles of measurement for the determination of the spectral and temporal characteristics of pulsed optical radiation sources. It contains detailed information on the characteristics of the individual elements of the apparatus required for accurate and precise measurement, a discussion on sources of error and a section on terminology, much of which is specific to this area of application. Finally, as an example of the application of the principles discussed, the details of a practical method of measuring the spectral energy distribution of a single flash from a pulsed xenon flash source are described in an appendix. The report contains 27 pages, 6 figures and 1 table.
Automobile Daytime Running Lights (DRL) CIE 104-1993 ISBN 978 3 900734 43 5 Lack of vehicle conspicuity is a large road safety problem judging both from accident statistics in the world, from accident-in-depth studies, and from road user explanations of collisions. One way to increase vehicle conspicuity also in daytime conditions is to equip the front of the vehicles with lights. In this report lights with this purpose are called Daytime Running Lights (DRL). Initially the variables that will influence vehicle daytime front conspicuity are analyzed. The results of various experimental studies are summarized. It is concluded that lights are an effective measure provided they have certain technical characteristics concerning intensity, light distribution, colour, number etc. Accident statistics from Finland, Sweden, Norway, USA where comparisons of vehicles with and without DRL have been carried out support the concept. The reduction of the daytime collisions due to DRL is estimated to be in the size of 10 percent. The reduction of daytime collisions between cars and unprotected road users is even larger. There are also some negative effects of DRL. However, these are judged to be of minor importance in comparison with the advantages. Several countries have legislation for motorcycles to drive with the low beam turned on also during daytime. Some countries have legislation requiring low beam or special DRL for all vehicles during daytime (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark). Canada has corresponding legislation for all new vehicles. The Economic Commission for Europe has produced a regulation for DRL. USA and some other countries do not require but allow DRL. The European Community has lately shown some interest in DRL as a road safety measure. However, except for the standard low beam as a DRL, the lighting specifications of DRL in most of these legislations, standards and regulations differ from each other. Finally the report analyses what kind of lighting specifications should be required of a special DRL, what kind of standard vehicle lights could be accepted as DRL, and what special DRL-solutions could be recommended for motorcycles to improve vehicle conspicuity in an optimal way. For automobiles the recommendations for special DRL are two white lights each with a central intensity of 400-1200 cd and with a specified light distribution. The report contains 20 pages with 1 figure.
CIE Technical Collection 1993 CIE 103-1993 ISBN 978 3 900734 42 8 This volume contains short Technical Reports, Research Notes and Reporters' Reports prepared by our Divisions, Technical Committees and Reporters in 1992/1993:
103/1 Colour Appearance Analysis Traditional colorimetry in itself is unable to define the appearance of a colour. What are required are measures that accurately correlate with the perceived hue, saturation, chroma, colourfulness, lightness and brightness of the coloured samples when seen under specified viewing conditions. The Committee has selected two models that adequately predict the appearance of simple coloured stimuli under a light source whose chromaticity is not far from the Planckian locus and with a colour temperature between those of typical daylight and tungsten light. Four newly formed Technical Committees will follow up the present work: • TC 1-27: Specification of Colour Appearance for Reflective Media and Self Luminous Display Comparisons • TC 1-32: Prediction of Corresponding Colours • TC 1-33: Colour Rendering • TC 1-34: Testing of Colour Appearance Models
103/2 Industrial Lighting and Safety at Work The task of TC 3-05 "Industrial Lighting and Safety at Work" was to collect information about national rules and recommendations, to analyse the factors of lighting influencing safety at work and to give guidance on techniques for the achievement of those parameters. As a first step TC 3-05 circulated a questionnaire in two parts: • part A asking for national rules and • part B for existing research work on industrial lighting and accidents caused by bad lighting. Part A was responded to by 14 countries, but part B could not be answered because of lack of information. This report summarizes the results of the questionnaire part A and gives guidelines to encourage national research into lighting and accidents.
103/3 Reference Action Spectra for Ultraviolet Induced Erythema and Pigmentation of Different Human Skin Types Increasing public awareness of acute cutaneous UV reactions created the need to evaluate UV induced erythema and pigmentation for any UV sources without carrying out time consuming and expensive experiments. A practical method is to convolute the spectral power distribution of the UV source with an action spectrum. For white people with sensitive skin as well as for people with normal skin reactions action spectra for erythema and pigmentation are expressed as sets of exponential equations. When displayed on a log-linear scale each of the four action spectra consists of three straight lines. These action spectra together with their threshold doses can be used easily to evaluate mathematically the photobiological effects of erythema and pigmentation for different skin types. This can save time and money if natural respectively artificial UV emitting sources have to be compared.
103/4 Biologically Effective Emissions and Hazard Potential of Desk-Top Luminaires Incorporating Tungsten Halogen Lamps The contents of this report represent the combined efforts of the members of TC 6-18 in respect of investigations, both dosimetric and dermatological, concerning the potentially hazardous emissions of tungsten halogen lamps. The results of these investigations are presented as measurement data for a number of desk-top luminaires using tungsten halogen lamps and an • analysis of potential hazards to the unprotected skin and eyes and • details of a dermatological study of the induction of erythema in humans
103/5 The Economics of Interior Lighting Maintenance
Mathematical curve fitting has been carried out on the deterioration functions given in CIE 97 for lamp lumen maintenance factor, lamp survival and luminaire maintenance factor, modified exponential functions of the form y = u+(1-u)e-pt proving a good fit in all cases. Formulae have been developed for the annual cost of operating (ACO) lighting systems designed using each of four different types of maintenance programme (a) bulk relamping and bulk cleaning, (b) bulk plus spot relamping and bulk cleaning, (c) spot relamping and bulk cleaning, (d) spot relamping and simultaneous spot cleaning. Where bulk relamping or bulk luminaire cleaning is involved, the maintenance periods which result in the lowest ACO are all shown to be equal to (r-D)1/2, where r is the ratio of the cost of that particular maintenance exercise to the other annual costs of operating the system and D is the initial rate of deterioration of lamp or luminaire output. Illustrative costings, optimised where appropriate, are computed for each type of maintenance programme for two different types of installation to show that no one programme will invariably lead to the lowest annual cost.
103/6 Clarification of Maintained Illuminance and Associated Terms Divisions 3 and 5 have identified a need for clarification of various terms used in CIE reports which are currently being drafted. With the approval of the Board of Administration some definitions are recommended. Any comments should be sent to TC 7-06 care of the Central Bureau. Normally, lighting level is specified as the average illuminance over a surface or as the average luminance of a surface. The lighting level provided by a lighting installation will decrease gradually throughout the life of the installation. Thus, the basis of CIE recommendations, for example, CIE 97 "Maintenance of Lighting Systems", is the "maintained average illuminance over a surface" or the "maintained average luminance of a surface". The Technical Collection contains also abstracts of CIE Technical Reports published since 1991. It consists of 68 pages with 12 figures and 11 tables.
Recommended File Format for Electronic Transfer of Luminaire Photometric Data CIE 102-1993 ISBN 978 3 900734 40 4 This Research Note was originally published in CIE-Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, 23-31, 1987. In order to calculate the light striking a surface or leaving that surface from one or a group of man made and installed luminaires, it is necessary to know the light intensity distribution at all spherical angles from each luminaire that contributes light to that surface. The advent of personal micro-computers has made it possible for each technical person to perform his own calculations using a suitable application program. It is common practice to record the light intensity at a large number of spherical angles from a specific luminaire (photometric data set) onto magnetic media, such as a computer disk. While the standardization of the size, shape and other technical features between disks and computers has been done by others, it is necessary for the computer program reading data from the disk to know the sequence of data being transmitted about the luminaire, light source, and angles at which the data has been recorded. This is termed the "file format". While many countries, and companies within countries, have already adopted a specific file format it is necessary to have an international file format so that the photometric data set specific to a particular country can be translated (by computer program) into the international file format; or that a photometric data set received in the international file format, can be translated (by computer program) into the specific file format used in a particular country or a specific application program developed by an individual or company. The CIE Recommended File Format is not intended to be used for manual calculations to determine the specific light intensity at a specific angle, but rather to be easily read, without error, into a computer program, either for translation into another format, or for calculation of the results of a lighting installation. The publication contains 28 pages, with 4 figures.
Parametric Effects in Colour-Difference Evaluation CIE 101-1993 ISBN 978 3 900734 38 1 The variability in correlating visual colour discrimination with colorimetric measures may be understood better if parameters that affect the correlation are quantified. A review is given of known parametric effects of a human and physical nature, and advice is given for a tentative modification of colour-difference evaluation techniques based on characterized parametric effects. >p> Human factors such as variability in and between observers are very important random factors, and may be a major source of uncertainty. Some physical changes in the presentation of colourdiscrimination tasks are shown to produce significant shifts of colour-difference sensitivity. In some cases these changes have been quantified, however, these results were carried out using quite different experimental techniques (such as colour matching using a visual colorimeter or judgements of constant stimuli using physical samples) and are based upon very limited numbers of colour centres and observations. Hence, more research is needed for a full understanding of their influence. The report contains 18 pages, 1 figure and 3 tables.
Fundamentals of the Visual Task of Night Driving CIE 100-1992 ISBN 978 3 900734 37 4 This report presents the principal fundamental information known about the visual task of driving at night and provides insights as to how these principals may be used to make roadways safer and improve traffic flow at night. The first chapter describes the visual task of driving and establishes the elements in the perceptual process, such as visual attention, detection, recognition, decision making and visually guided responses. It then discusses how night driving differs from daylight operations. It deals with questions of fine and coarse spatial vision, vision near detection, threshold and colour vision in night driving situations. Chapter two identifies and critically evaluates how the night driver acquires information from the roadway scene and discusses what are the important cues needed for vehicular operation. The third chapter discusses the required sight distances for carrying out the three major subtasks in driving: positional task: • maintenance of lateral position and of correct heading, situational task: • avoidance of hazards and executing proper manoeuvers, navigational task: • route selection and following.
Chapter four discusses visibility models and their potential uses. The final chapter suggests methods for improving road design for nighttime conditions. Design elements discussed include public and vehicular lighting, the use of retroreflective materials and the use of self-luminous signals. The report contains 70 pages, 9 figures and 8 tables, and a detailed bibliography.
Lighting Education (1983-1989) CIE 99-1992 ISBN 978 3 900734 36 7 The CIE has dealt several times with the subject of lighting education. The results of the work between 1983 and 1989 are summarized in this report. It is based on the information obtained from 18 CIE-member countries and makes an attempt to picture the situation on lighting education (for 3 countries revised in 1991 and 1992 respectively). It can be concluded that the present education of architects and electrical engineers provides insufficient knowledge, even for traditional designing requirements (the design according to the various standards by means of calculation) but even less for compliance with the modern requirements of lighting design (the design based on both the traditional requirements and aesthetics together with ergonomics). For lighting design to take account of these elements, an education of another character must be offered. It may be supposed that improvements in lighting design and the education of lighting designers can be achieved only gradually, but meanwhile it is necessary to improve the level of lighting teaching both for architects and electrical engineers, since, in the majority of countries, most lighting design will still be their responsibility for some considerable time to come. It would be of great help if lighting teachers were supported by better publications on modern lighting design, containing not only information but illustrations of good lighting design. Therefore the CIE should concentrate on lighting information work in addition to the most important question which is lighting design. Four proposals are made to improve the situation: 1. The awareness of the importance of good lighting must be increased; 2. It is recommended to the National Committees to contact national Energy and Environmental boards to develop lighting education schemes (eventually sponsored by these boards) controlled and certified by the National Committees. These developments require "train the trainer" sessions; 3. Where financial regulations make it possible, funds and scholarships for lighting research and education should be established and encouraged; 4. National Committees should offer their expertise for postgraduate education. The publication contains 26 pages.
Personal Dosimetry of UV Radiation CIE 1xx-2xxx 98-1992: Personal Dosimetry of UV Radiation ISBN 978 3 900734 35 0 Natural and artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can induce both beneficial and detrimental effects in man. Humans are exposed not only to natural UVR, but also may be exposed either intentionally or unintentionally to artificial UVR sources (tanning equipments, workplaces, etc.). Normally people do not maintain a fixed position with respect to the UVR source, and so measurements using a stationary detector can be of limited value. Consequently the exposure dose of radiation can best be determined by means of personal monitoring. A practicable personal dosimeter for UVR is a polysulphone film, which after exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the spectral range 250 to 330 nm, shows an increase in absorbance at 330 nm. In evaluating actinic radiant exposure, the action spectrum of the photobiological effect under consideration, the spectral power distribution of the UVR source and the spectral response of the personal dosimeter have to be known. Detailed information on the practical use of polysulphone film is given, together with a description of other UVsensitive materials that may be suitable for personal UVR dosimetry. The report contains 21 pages, with 4 figures and 63 bibliographic references.
Guide on the Maintenance of Indoor Electric Lighting Systems
CIE 97-2005 ISBN 978 3 901906 45 9 During the life of a lighting installation, the light available for the task progressively decreases due to accumulation of dirt on surface and aging of equipment. The rate of reduction is influenced by the equipment choice and the environmental and operating conditions. In lighting scheme design we must take account of this fall by the use of a maintenance factor and plan suitable maintenance schedules to limit the decay. Lighting standard "ISO 8995/CIE S 008-2001 Lighting of Indoor Workplaces" in Section 4.8, recommends a minimum maintenance factor. It states that "The lighting scheme should be designed with overall maintenance factor calculated for the selected lighting equipment, space environment and specified maintenance schedule". A high maintenance factor together with an effective maintenance programme promotes energy efficient design of lighting schemes and limits the installed lighting power requirements. This revision of the guide describes the parameters influencing the depreciation process and develops the procedure for estimating the maintenance factor for indoor electric lighting systems. It provides information on the selection of equipment and the estimation of economic maintenance cycles and gives advice on servicing techniques. It shows some examples of data but for accurate data it recommends that data should be obtained from the manufacturers. This guide replaces CIE 97-1992 "Maintenance of indoor electric lighting systems". It is written in English, with a short summary in French and German, consists of 34 pages with 13 figures and 6 tables.
Electric Light Sources State of the Art - 1991 CIE 96-1992 ISBN 978 3 900734 33 6 CIE 77-1988 Electric Light Sources State of the Art - 1987 was published in 1988. The present report has been prepared by TC 7-07 and reflects the progress made in the period 1987-1991 in the field of light sources, radiation sources and their relevant electronic devices. Standardization is also included. The report reviews also IEC Standards on lamps and lighting components. It contains 30 pages, with 3 figures and 1 table.
Contrast and Visibility CIE 095-1992 ISBN 978 3 900734 32 9 The purpose of the present report is a study of literature related to analytical visual performance models and a discussion of various approaches with respect to a further development of a CIE contrast metric of visibility. It has been shown that many developments have taken place during the last 10 or 15 years which permit a much improved understanding of the multiparametric interactions in visual performance thresholds and in capability of predicting them. The publication presents the concept of visibility lobes per glimpse which reveals a basis for evaluation of visual tasks and lighting conditions. An analytical function is discussed which includes foveal and extrafoveal vision, targetbackground interference, and information load. A critical point is the appropriate definition of contrast. It should be distinguished, for example, between inner and outer contrast. Furthermore, different filtering channels have to be taken into account if contrast sensitivity is measured. Contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency must be determined for the prediction of detection and discrimination capabilities of observers. Priority of further work should be given to the investigation of visibility lobes as a function of target and background structures. The report is divided into three parts. The first part is an introduction where the CIE contrast metric of visibility is discussed and some recent approaches are listed that can be used to characterize visual performance for near threshold and suprathreshold stimuli. The second part starts with an attempt to survey some important properties of the modular transfer function of the human visual system. After that, some models of early visual processing are considered which are based on results from psychophysics and neurophysiology and which might have consequences for further developments of a contrast metric of visibility. The third part is essentially a discussion where the achievements and limitations of the various approaches are listed. The report contains 52 pages, with 19 figures.
Guide for Floodlighting CIE 94-1993 ISBN 978 3 900734 31 2
The purpose of this Guide from CIE Technical Committee TC 5-06 is to provide information on how to use exterior lighting for the decoration of the night-time urban landscape. Of the many applications of lighting in an urban environment, this Guide deals with those having a purely aesthetic and decorative purpose. Such lighting can be used every night, as is often the case in the lighting of monuments, public art, commercial buildings, or used only periodically on the occasion of a festival or public gathering. The lighting of natural sites, parks, and gardens is also dealt with in this Guide. Permanent lighting for traffic or public safety, although affecting the quality of a city's night time ambience, is not dealt with in the Guide. This Guide provides tools for the exterior lighting designer and ideas for the town architect. For those who have to make the decisions on expenditure, this Guide explains the possibilities of combining outdoor beautification with economical and energy friendly decorative lighting. This Guide is written for the non-expert reader who is interested only in the broad technicalities of the subject and who wishes to be able to understand what an expert may tell him. The publication contains 74 pages, 37 figures and 2 tables.
Road Lighting as an Accident Countermeasure CIE 93-1993 ISBN 978 3 900734 35 0 Road accidents at night are disproportionately high in numbers and severity compared to day. The major factor contributing to this problem is darkness because of its great influence on the driver's behaviour and ability. At night man's visual capabilities are impaired and visibility is reduced. Thus road lighting is a potential countermeasure. Sixty-two lighting and accident studies, from 15 countries, have been rigourously analysed. Some 85% of results show lighting to be beneficial, with about one third of these having statistical significance. These lead to the general conclusion that road lighting on traffic routes will reduce the incidence of night accidents. Depending on the class of road and the accident classification involved, the statistically significant results show reductions of between 13% and 75%. Depending on the road and traffic classification, cost benefit studies show the accident savings to more than offset the cost of lighting. In the report, warrants for lighting related to accidents and traffic volume are developed. The findings can assist in the preparation of national standards and in decisions onthe implementation of road lighting programmes. The report contains 122 pages.
Sunscreen Testing (UV.B) CIE 90-1991 ISBN 978 3 900734 27 5 This report is intended to provide guidance to appropriate qualified scientists, medical personnel, and authorized persons under qualified guidance, to design UV sources, elaborate sunscreen preparations and evaluate their efficacy under proper conditions. The report is concerned with: • the specification of the characteristics of suitable radiation sources and associated equipments, • the test procedures to be followed by appropriately qualified personnel to give consistent results within the accuracy limits possible within the current state of knowledge of the subject, • the evaluation of the test result and the calculation necessary to obtain a relative Sun Protection Factor (SPF) for the sunscreen product being tested, • suggestions for additional information to be included in the manufacturer's instructions on the use of sunscreen. The publication contains 15 pages, 1 figure and 1 table.
CIE Technical Collection 1990 CIE 89-1991 ISBN 978 3 900734 26 8
89/1 Results of a CIE Detector Response Intercomparison A total of fifteen laboratories participated in the CIE detector response intercomparison which was designed to assess the level of agreement among participating laboratories in the absolute measurement (with respect of SI) of photodetector response in the visible spectral region. Most participants were either commercial laboratories or university laboratories with the National Institute of Standards of Technology (NIST) serving as the host laboratory. Each laboratory determined the absolute response of each of two silicon photodiode radiometers which were designed
for the intercomparison by NIST, Approximately two thirds of the laboratories reported response values which agreed with the NIST values to within +/- 1,0 % at the two wavelengths of 488 and 633 nm.
89/2 Photobiological Effects of Sunlamps The different types of sunlamps now in use are reviewed and their spectral irradiances compared. The short and long term risks of the use of such devices are discussed according to the type of radiation, the skin types and the conditions of use. A short review of the existing or proposed regulations or recommendations of Official Committees is presented.
89/3On the Deterioration of Exhibited Museum Objects by Optical Radiation The colour change of light sensitive materials caused by irradiation of typical light sources depends on the: • level of irradiation (illumination), • spectral power distribution of the light source, • spectral responsivity (action spectrum) of the material, and • duration of the irradiation. Action spectra s(lambda)dm,rel and threshold effective radiant exposure Hs,dm of 54 samples of museum objects have been developed from irradiation measurements. A standard function of s(lambda)dm,rel and some standard values of Hs,dm are recommended, some consequences and conservational aspects for the lighting of museums are suggested.
89/4Guide for the Measurement of Underground Mine Lighting The purpose of this report is to provide guidance for measurement of and reporting on the lighting characteristics of mine lighting installations. By this means it will be possible to compare the performance of alternative lighting systems on a common basis at the design stage of the project, and relate this directly to the measurement made on site under the completed lighting installations. Guidance is given which will allow the user or specifier to select the the procedure most suited to a particular project. The publication contains 52 pages, 15 figures and 11 tables.
Guide for the Lighting of Road Tunnels and Underpasses CIE 88-2004 ISBN 978 3 901906 31 2 After having reviewed and defined the various factors to be taken into consideration with regard to the lighting of tunnels and road underpasses, the present document sets out recommendations concerning the daytime and night-time lighting. It also describes the measures to be taken into consideration in order to adapt this lighting to the fluctuations in the external lighting or in the case of failure of the normal electrical power supply of the lighting installations. Attention is also given to maintenance which has to be carried out in order to ensure the lasting quality of the installations. It is also important to note that while this publication is part of a general activity aimed at improving road safety, safety depends on a large number of factors among which lighting is only one particular constituent. The contribution of lighting in this context is to enable the road user to perform his visual tasks by ensuring a sufficient visibility of objects. This publication replaces CIE 88-1990 "Guide for the Lighting of Road Tunnels and Underpasses". The Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 40 pages with 10 figures and 10 tables.
Colorimetry of Self-Luminous Displays, A Bibliography CIE 87-1990 ISBN 978 3 900734 24 4 Committee TC 1-10, Colorimetry of Self-Luminous Displays, was formed in response to the growing need to establish standardization in the measurement, design and perception of colour on visual display units (VDU's) - sometimes called self-luminous displays (SLD's). The major concern in TC 1-10 was to establish the state-of-knowledge which would encompass the general performance of colour VDU's, the measurement of their colorimetric characteristics, the use of colour in display design under various viewing conditions and the perceptual aspects of colour on VDU's. This technical report compiles a list of technical books and papers dealing with the Colorimetry of Self-Luminous Displays. Annotated references and abstracts are included where available. The report is divided into four general groups: • Classical colorimetry as used in colour visual display units • Colorimetric measurement, technical standards, uncertainties involved with assessing the colour on VDU's • Colour design and use on visual display units • Colour perception.
The Technical Report consists of 40 pages.
CIE 1988 2 ° Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function for Photopic Vision CIE 86-1990 ISBN 978 3 900734 23 7 This document provides official CIE recognition of a spectral luminous efficiency function for photopic vision that has been used by vision researchers since the early 1950's. Vision researchers have referred to this function as Judd's modification of CIE V(lambda). This document proposes to call it the CIE 1988 Modified 2 ° Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function for Photopic Vision, which has the symbol VM(lambda). This modification is a supplement to, not a replacement of, the 1924 CIE V(lambda) function. The difference between these two functions lies only below 460 nm. The 1924 CIE V(lambda) function is too insensitive with respect to colour normal observers. The 1988 VM(lambda) would be the preferred function in those conditions where luminance measurements of short wavelengths consistent with colour normal observers is desired. A table presents the values of the CIE 1988 Modified 2 ° Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function for Photopic Vision between 380 nm and 780 nm in one nm steps to five significant digits. The table is also available on disk in the form of an ASCII file for IBM PC XT/AT or compatible computers. The publication consists of 13 pages, with one figure and one table. (see also: CIE Disk D001)
Solar Spectral Irradiance CIE 85-1989 ISBN 978 3 900734 22 0 CIE TC2-17 was formed with the purpose of updating CIE 20 (TC-2.2) Recommendations for the integrated irradiance and the spectral distribution of simulated solar radiation for testing purposes. The present document is the first of two, of which the second will deal with solar simulators. It gives a brief overview of parameterization methods and contains a number of tables and figures for solar spectral irradiances for typical atmosphere conditions defined by a set of meteorological parameters. The calculated data show satisfactory agreement with results obtained by direct measurement. It has become obvious that the solar spectral irradiance data on which the recommendations in the original document were based were no longer the most reliable. During the past decade a vast amount of new data has become available both through modernized measurement techniques as well as improved modelling and parameterization methods. Contrary to the situation some years ago, the stage has now been reached where results for solar spectral irradiances at ground level as measured and those obtained by reliable modeling, using extraterrestrial data as basis, show agreement to accuracies well within predictable or estimable uncertainties. It has thus become possible to calculate solar spectral irradiance levels and characteristics for any site on earth provided appropriate meteorological and atmospheric parameters are applied in reliable modeling formulas. This enables close simulation of solar irradiance characteristics for any geographical site, without the need of having to make in situ measurements. It is also desirable that the number of spectral bands for which integrated solar irradiance levels are given, should be increased, especially in the ultraviolet region where the degradation coefficient for organic material increases nearly exponentially with a decrease in wavelength. The aim of the report is to present data and recommend methods for calculating the integrated and spectral irradiance of the extraterrestrial and ground level solar radiation as a basis for simulation for testing purposes. These data are required in * aerospace technique for testing satellites and space vehicles in sun simulators, * space biology for testing biological objects under extra-terrestrial conditions in laboratory, * technology for the purpose of testing the resistance of technical objects to irradiance in laboratories, * biology and medical science for irradiation of organisms in solaria under the condition found in nature, and * photovoltaic conversion for precise calculation of efficiencies and testing in solar simulators. For obtaining ground level spectral irradiance data, use has been made of modelling, using extraterrestrial data as a basis and taking into account atmospheric attenuation parameters. This has been supplemented by direct spectral measurement. The Technical Report consists of 48 pages with 11 figures and 8 tables.
The Measurement of Luminous Flux
CIE 84-1989 ISBN 978 3 900734 21 3 This technical report defines the terminology required for luminous flux measurements. It then deals with the principles of luminous flux measurements and describes methods for the evaluation of the illuminance distribution, the measurement of luminous flux by means of an integrating sphere photometer and the determination of luminous flux via luminance, luminous intensity and luminance measurements. The report is based on and replaces CIE 25-1973, Procedures for the measurement of luminous flux of discharge lamps and for their calibration as working standards, and on the conclusions of the CIE-Symposium on light and radiation measurement '81. The terminology follows that in the International Lighting Vocabulary. The publication contains 58 pages, with 9 figures.
Guide for the Lighting of Sports Events for Colour Television and Film Systems (2nd edition) CIE 83-1989 ISBN 978 3 900734 20 6 The present Guide is an extended and revised edition of CIE 28-1975 The lighting of sports events for colour TV broadcasting. The recording, transmission and reproduction of sporting action has expanded rapidly in recent years. The number of different sports covered has increased and indeed many sports have increased in popularity as a result of TV exposure. To a greater extent, also, television and film are operating under artificial lighting: outdoor sports are being played in the evenings under floodlights and more indoor sports are attracting the attention of television. The electronic television camera and associated video recording is now the principal medium of the cameraman. This report therefore, concentrates on the lighting requirements for colour television, but indicates where these requirements will differ for film recordings. The aim of this report is to give a broad survey of the technical characteristics of the television and film reproduction process and explain why different lighting levels are needed for different sports and for different camera situations. Detailed quantitative guidance is given on the quality aspects to be fulfilled for colour television and colour film coverage of a wide variety of sports events. The quality aspects dealt with are: • vertical illuminance level and uniformity, • relation between horizontal and vertical illuminance, • uniformity of horizontal illuminance, • flicker, • colour temperature and colour rendering of the lighting and finally • light level on the surrounding spectators areas. As an addition to the present Guide, TC 5-11 is preparing a Technical Report giving a comprehensive guide to the layout of sports lighting installations that fulfill the quality requirements specified in the present Publication. The present Guide contains 19 pages, 3 figures and 2 tables.
CIE History 1913-1988 CIE 82-1990 ISBN 978 3 900734 19 0 In 1963, the history of the first 50 years of the CIE together with the 13 years of its predecessor, the CIP, appeared as Publication CIE 9. This is now out of print. In the issue of the CIE Journal celebrating the 75th birthday of the CIE (vol. 7/2, 1988) there appeared an article covering the history of the CIE from 1959 to 1988. This document, designated CIE 82-1990, is essentially a merger of the original CIE 9 with the 1988 Journal article, to provide a complete history of the first 75 years of the CIE. The editing of the two components has been kept to the minimum to preserve as much of the original material as possible while retaining consistency between the text and the new appendices. These appendices seek to give an accurate statistical record of CIE officers, membership, participation, and publication over the whole period - not an easy task when there are gaps in the records of the early years and when there have been changes in national boundaries associated with two world wars. Any errors which come to light in this document should be laid at the door of the new author, Dr. A.M. Marsden, and not at that of the original CIE historian Dr. J.W.T. Walsh. This valuable publication covering all important events of the CIE should certainly reach all those who have an interest in the Commission. The publication contains 77 pages, with 50 historic photos, 2 figures and 3 tables.
Mesopic Photometry: History, Special Problems, and Practical Solutions CIE 81-1989 ISBN 978 3 900734 16 9 This report summarizes the information that is currently available on the measurement of light at mesopic levels of intensity. Mesopic refers to light levels covering a range of several log units, which are neither completely photopic (for which use of V(lambda) my be appropriate) or scotopic (for which V'(lambda) should be employed). This covers an approximate range of luminance from some hundredths or less of a cd/m2 to at least several cd/m2. Since there is today no system recommended by the CIE for mesopic photometry, ordinary photopic photometers are commonly used for the measurement of light at mesopic levels. This practice results in a misleading evaluation of certain lights, due primarily to the shift in the luminous efficiency of the eye toward the short wavelengths at mesopic levels. Low pressure sodium provides an excellent example. The spectral power is concentrated near 589 nm, wavelengths to which the photopic eye is quite sensitive; if measured with a photopic light meter this sensitivity is reflected in relatively high readings. With a decrease in light to mesopic levels, the sensitivity of the eye is dramatically reduced; the resultant appearance is much dimmer than expected from the photopic values. Even greater discrepancies can be found in the measurement of red lights such as are employed in ship or plane control-rooms. Five systems of mesopic photometry are currently available. These systems are based upon either the measurement of photopic and scotopic luminances or upon tristimulus or chromaticity values and scotopic luminance; equipment for these measures is available today. Each of the systems is described in the report and examples of the necessary calculations are provided. Each of the systems has its own advantages and disadvantages, but all give a better assessment of light at mesopic levels than does the use of photopic photometry alone. It is hoped that these systems will be tried by many users and data on their effectiveness made available so that a CIE system can be recommended in the near future. The publication contains 31 pages, 14 figures and 7 tables.
Special Metamerism Index: Change in Observer CIE 80-1989 ISBN 978 3 900734 17 6 Two specimens having identical tristimulus values, for a given illuminant and reference observer, are metameric if their spectral radiance factors differ from each other within the visible spectral range. This metameric colour match is broken down either by a change of the reference illuminant or the observer. The degree of colour mismatch caused by substituting a test illuminant of different spectral composition for the reference illuminant is classified as the Special Metamerism Index: Change in Illuminant (illuminant metamerism). The method evaluating illuminant metamerism has already been formulated (see CIE 15.2-1986): the purpose of this report is to formulate a method of evaluating the degree of colour mismatch for metameric colour pairs (object colours or illuminant colours) caused by substituting a test observer with normal colour vision for the reference observer (CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer). This is classified as the Spectral Metamerism Index: Change in Observer (observer metamerism). Colour mismatch caused by observer metamerism is inevitable for real observers with normal colour vision. The evaluation of observer metamerism thus gives a sound basis for establishing colour difference tolerances for colour matching using various colour pairs. It also gives an indication of the degree of illuminant metamerism which can be considered allowable in our everyday lives. The publication contains 22 pages with 2 figures and 4 tables.
A Guide for the Design of Road Traffic Lights CIE 79-1988 ISBN 978 3 900734 15 2 This document, drafted in collaboration with the Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC) is a Guide concerned with photometric and colorimetric matters that are related to the design of road traffic lights. Its main purpose is to provide a basis for relevant national standards and codes of practice, but it should also be of direct use to road traffic authorities and manufacturers of the lights. It is derived from the Technical Report CIE 48-1980 (TC-1.6) Light Signals for Road Traffic Control, which contains the experimental evidence on which the Guide is based. The guide has taken account of more recent findings, but essentially it is supplement to CIE 48-1980. The visibility of a signal light depends on many factors, the most important of which are the colour, luminous intensity and luminous intensity distribution of the light. The Guide deals with these factors as well as with various symbols and
"cut-out" figures that are used with traffic lights. The information given in the Guide is classified at four levels of confidence, which depend upon supporting research or practical experience. These levels are called: • Recommendations • Proposals • Advice • Suggestions The Guide contains detailed information regarding the colour for traffic lights. Current CIE practice is followed, although in some cases restricted chromaticity regions are recommended. Details are given in the luminous intensities and the luminous intensity distributions. In most cases, day and night regimes will be required. Additionally, data regarding luminance and uniformity of luminance are given. Remarks are made regarding sun phantom, measurement of lights, screening of lights, the influence of disturbing factors and the standardization of appearance. The Guide contains information on a number of particular lights, lights on high speed roads, the size and shape of arrows and their symbols, notably for lights for cyclists and pedestrians, low mounted lights, lane indicators, general warning lights, lights for special purposes, and optically programmed lights. The publication contains 23 pages, 4 figures and 3 tables.
Brightness-Luminance Relations - Classified Bibliography CIE 78-1988 ISBN 978 3 900734 14 5 This work is a result of a renewed activity of the CIE in the field of brightness as defined as the psychological attribute. The Commission started its duties with the compilation of a classified bibliography the results of which may be found in this publication. The bibliography consists of two parts: • An alphabetical part listing all first authors for quick reference • A classified part. The following items are covered in the classified part of the bibliography: 1. Methodology brightness (contrast) measurement • brightness and contrast scaling • brightness and contrast matching • indirect brightness and contrast determination 2. Brightness (contrast)-luminance relations for static stimuli • for relatively simple configurations • for complex scenes (luminance reproduction curve) 3. Brightness (contrast)-luminance relations for dynamic stimuli • for time dependent stimuli • followed in the time domain 4. Lightness-tone relations • for relatively simple stimuli • for complex scenes (ambient lighting, wavelength, surround luminance) 5. Brightness (contrast) and spatial aspects • contour effects • surround • retinal location • sharpness/frequency • luminance gradient 6. Brightness (contrast) of a point source • effects of intensity • background luminance 7. Brightness (contrast) and state of adaptation; after images • background luminance • preadaptation • duration 8. Brightness (contrast) models • scaling models • effects of spatial parameters • dynamic models
9. Various • binocular brightness, interocular effects • colour, Helmholz, Kohlrausch, Troxler's effect • special apparatus This publication contains 173 pages.
Electric Light Sources: State of the Art (1987) CIE 77-1988 ISBN 978 3 900734 13 8 This technical report reviews the progress in light and radiation source development for the period 1982 to 1986. In the field of incandescent light sources both general service and tungsten halogen incandescent lamps are covered. Main subjects in fluorescent lamp section are new developments in lamp phosphors, new lamp design, experiments with compact fluorescent lamps and behavior of fluorescent lamps on specific electronic circuits. Further sections deal with the trends in the development of low and high pressure sodium lamps, mercury and metal halide discharge lamps. The question of electronic circuits to ignite and operate different types of discharge lamps is dealt in detail together with problems of dimming devices and control systems. A list of IEC-Standards for lamps, ballasts and related components as well as an annotated bibliography of standards under preparation presents an excellent overview of the activity in this field. This report shows that light source development continues to be a strong commitment in the lighting industry. A significant resurgence in the fluorescent industry has resulted in the development of a new family of lamps - compact fluorescent lamps. The metal halide lamp is continuing to experience development particularly to lower wattage. High pressure sodium appears to be growing toward maturity. High pressure mercury has been some mature source. Finally, the incandescent source continues to show vitality experiencing new developments in the area of tungsten halogen. A special feature of the report are the tables summarizing the present photometric data and application information for the sources covered by the report. For an update, see CIE 96-1992 Electric Light sources: State of the Art 1991. The publication contains 132 pages, 34 figures and 6 tables.
Intercomparison of Measurements of (Total) Spectral Radiance Factor of Luminescent Specimens CIE 76-1988 ISBN 978 3 900734 12 1 There are two kinds of luminescent materials widely used in industry, differing only in the locations of their excitation and emission wavelength regions. The first, which is mainly considered in this report, are the chromatic luminescent materials used for safety and signal applications. These materials are generally excited by absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet and short-wavelength visible region. The second type, containing fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), absorbs in the ultraviolet and emits in the short-wavelength visible region, otherwise the two types are very similar. The most widely used type of instrumentation for measuring specimens of these luminescent materials is the onemonochromator spectrophotometer, with the viewing beam. The large majority of these instruments in the field have integrating-sphere geometry. This Technical Report describes an intercomparison of measurements of the (total) spectral radiance factor (SRF) of luminescent materials. Seven luminescent specimens were provided as painted panels: two were white containing FWAs and five were chromatic (green, yellow, two orange, red). The SRFs were to be measured with direct specimen illumination by a source simulating CIE D65. The SRFs that would have been obtained under D65 illuminations were to be calculated by a method from among those previously studied by the committee. The report reviews the nature of the problem producing systematic errors in the measurement and possibilities for correcting the measurements results. From the performed investigation described in detail, the committee concluded that the measurement and calculation of the SRFs of luminescent materials can be made, on various one-monochromator instruments in different laboratories, to within an average CIELAB color difference of about 2,6 units from the mean results, with a range among specimens from 1,9 to 3,4 units, and a range among data sets from 1,5 to 4,2 units. Similar orders of magnitude are found if one laboratory is selected as the reference and the color differences are calculated relative to it. The range of maximum
SRFs among samples is, however, quite large, varying from 11,4% to 33,6%. These results include correction for integrating-sphere-efficiency effects where this geometry was used. The conclusion drawn from the intercomparison and the evaluation of the different data reduction and correction procedures described in the literature is that no officially agreed CIE recommendation should be formulated at this time. The report has been presentedfor study and use. The readers will find, however, a number of methods in this publication, by the application of which their measurement results can be made more accurate. The publication contains 68 pages and 29 tables.
Spectral Luminous Efficiency Functions Based upon Brightness Matching for Monochromatic Point Sources 2° and 10° Fields CIE 75-1988 ISBN 978 3 900734 11 4 In CIE 41-1978 a difference was clearly shown to exist between the luminous efficiency function of the CIE, V(lambda), and the function obtained by the direct heterochromatic brightness matching method, the efficiency of the latter being much higher than that of the former at both long and short wavelengths when both functions were normalized at 570 nm. This Technical Report summarizes spectral luminous efficiency functions based on heterochromatic brightness matching for point sources, 2° and 10° fields. Their averaged functions are derived with the intention that they be used to evaluate the luminous efficiency for the brightness of monochromatic lights. These functions could be used as the basis for further work to evaluate light sources with compound spectra. The spectral luminous efficiency function for a point source may be adequately represented by the Judd modified V(lambda) function. The spectral luminous efficiency functions for the brightness of a 2° field and a 10° field at photopic levels are different from the CIE V(lambda) function and are tabulated in the Technical Report. These functions should be used only to evaluate the luminous efficiencies of monochromatic light sources in terms of their brightnesses. Further work utilizing these functions is required to evaluate lights with compound spectra with allowance for additivity failure. CIE 75-1988 is a Technical Report written in Englishi with a short summary in English, French and German. It consists of 20 pages with 6 figures and 8 tables.
Roadsigns CIE 74-1988 ISBN 978 3 900734 10 7 The purpose of this Technical Report is to provide information that will be relevant to an understanding of roadsigns for road traffic guidance. The report is restricted to matters that are of direct concern to the road user, and it is not concerned with any engineering aspects of signs. The first part of the report gives a review in general terms of subjects related to the visual effectiveness of signs. The chapter on information processing demonstrates the complexity of the traffic situation and the driving task. The discussion of four aspects: conspicuity, legibility, comprehensibility and credibility lead the user of the report to a general understanding of all aspects required for a user's perception of signs. Many investigations have been made into the factors likely to influence the perception of road signs. An extensive chapter discusses these particular roadsigns aspects as seen from a practical point of view. In this chapter again, the four aspects of conspicuity, legibility, comprehensibility and credibility are shown to be basic. Variable message signs (VMS) are the subject of a separate chapter. While the development of these signs is still progressing a state-of-the-art is provided. In the last section of the report a number of different subjects are discussed, including retroreflection, influence of environmental conditions, and the maintenance of signs. The publication contains 144 pages, 36 figures and 15 tables.
Visual Aspects of Road Markings CIE 73-1988 ISBN 978 3 900734 09 1 This report provides information necessary for the understanding of future standards for the light-technical properties of road markings. It contains five chapters:
1.
Principles of information transfer and optical guidance of traffic by road markings. Road markings must satisfy functional requirements, especially with regard to their light-technical properties. 2. Requirements for road markings and raised pavement markers for day and night-time driving. A detailed mathematical treatment is given which deals with the distances from which road markings are visible. 3. Importance of glass beads for night time visibility and their application in road markings. The behavior of beaded paints under traffic wear is discussed. 4. Products and materials used for markings, including center and edge lines. The influence of the road surface and its temperature changes on daytime visibility is described. 5. Photometry and colorimetry of road markings. Various terms are defined, and methods of laboratory and field measurements are described. Two commonly used measurement geometries are described, and a mathematical transformation between the angular coordinates systems of road lighting and retroreflection is given. It is shown that most retroreflectometers used today are working with simplified geometries that do not allow direct conclusions about real parameters. New portable reflectometers for satisfactory measurements on profiled road markings are needed. Also needed are instruments for measuring daytime visibility of road markings under diffuse illumination and grazing direction of observation. The publication contains 60 pages, 27 figures and 8 tables.
Guide to the Properties and Uses of Retroreflectors at Night CIE 72-1987 ISBN 978 3 900734 98 4 This guide describes the properties, characteristics and uses of retroreflectors at night. It was written in simple language for those who, in one way or another, have to deal with retroreflectors in their professional activity and have a limited knowledge of optics and lighting technology. Sections 2, 3, and 4 introduce the fundamentals of the subject. Section 5 explains the construction and functioning of different optical systems and (prismatic or spherical-lens) retroreflectors. Section 6 and 7 describe the effect of dew, frost, and the deterioration of retroreflectors. Section 8 deals with tests of photometric and colorimetric performance, as well as commonly performed quality tests of the resistance and durability of materials. Section 9 enumerates typical uses of retroreflectors and retroreflecting sheeting for road, railroad, airport, waterway, sea navigation, search and rescue, vehicle, cyclist, pedestrian, and safety signs. Section 10 gives a selected bibliography on retroreflectors. The publication includes eight annexes, containing drawings, charts, tables, diagrams, and calculation methods. The publication contains 57 pages, 35 figures and 2 tables.
The Measurement of Absolute Luminous Intensity Distributions CIE 70-1987 ISBN 978 3 900734 05 3 This report contains the terminology required for measurements of luminous intensity distributions. It summarizes the principles of luminous intensity measurements and the requirements for the photometer heads employed for such measurements. The coordinates systems used for the measurement and representation of luminous intensity distributions are described. Types of goniophotometers, possibilities for angle encoding, characteristics of the photoelectronic system, and data acquisition and processing for measurements of luminous intensity distributions are discussed in detail. Other subjects covered are power supply, measurement conditions and execution, correction, and representation of luminous intensity distribution measurements. The various sections contain sufficient data on the required characterization of goniophotometers. The report is based on, and supplementary to, CIE 53-1982 Methods of Characterizing the Performance of Radiometers and Photometers. The publication contains 54 pages, 19 figures and 2 tables.
Methods of Characterizing Illuminance Meters and Luminance Meters CIE 69-1987 ISBN 978 3 900734 04 6 The properties of photometers and photometer heads for the measurements of illuminance and luminance are defined.
Methods of calibration are given and sources of errors are described. Several properties which determine the performance of photometers can be characterized numerically. However, it has not been found possible to quantify some others. The report is intended to be a guide for those wishing to perform light measurements or to judge the quality of instruments. It is not intended for the casual buyer and user of such instruments. The report is in English, with a summary in English, French and German. It consists of 43 pages, 15 figures and 2 tables.
Guide for the Photometric Specification and Measurement of Sports Lighting Installations CIE 67-1986 ISBN 978 3 900734 02 2 The purpose of this report is to establish standard procedures for the calculation, measurement, and reporting of the illuminance characteristics of interior and exterior sports lighting installations. These procedures make it possible to compare the performance of alternative lighting systems on a common basis at the design stage of the project, and to relate it directly to on-site illuminance measurements of the completed lighting installation. A number of alternative approaches are given which allow the user or specifier to select a procedure suited to a particular project. The publication contains 18 pages and 6 figures.
Road Surfaces and Lighting Joint CIE/PIARC publication CIE 66-1984 ISBN 978 3 901906 72 5 This technical report deals with the relationship between the photometric characteristics (reflection properties) of road surfaces and their construction (compositions and texture). It was drafted by CIE experts on reflection by road surfaces in collaboration with PIARC experts on road construction, and is intended as a guide for road constructors and for lighting designers. The report is a summary of recommendations contained in CIE technical reports, and gives supplementary information not previously published by CIE or PIARC. Some of this information is provisional. It is hoped that the report will stimulate the collection of additional data that lead to more accurate information. The publication contains 74 pages, 35 figures and 21 tables.
Electrically Calibrated Thermal Detectors of Optical Radiation (Absolute Radiometers) CIE 65-1985 ISBN 978 963 7251 39 9 The report summarizes the operating principle of electrically calibrated thermal detectors of optical radiation. It describes their main components, lists their sources of error, suggests experimental procedures to determine their systematic errors and discusses their main applications. An extensive list of references enables the reader to refer to the specialist literature for more detailed information. The report is intended as a guide for nonspecialists, giving them the background required for using absolute radiometers and objective means for assessing their performance. The publication contains 38 pages, 8 figures and 1 table.
Determination of the Spectral Responsivity of Optical Radiation Detectors CIE 64-1984 ISBN 978 963 7251 24 5
This Technical Report outlines procedures for determining the spectral responsivity function of photodetectors. It contains two parts: 1. Determination of the relative spectral responsivity function. Various methods are presented and instrumental details are discussed. Sources of errors are listed together with diagnostic tests and proposals for remedial action. 2. Absolute calibration Three different methods are presented for transforming relative spectral data into absolute values. The report is intended to serve as a guide in assembling, testing, or modifying new or existing instruments. Its purpose is to describe options in the development of instrumentation, not to present solutions for individual cases. The report consists of 73 pages and 10 figures.
The Spectroradiometric Measurement of Light Sources CIE 63-1984 ISBN 978 963 7251 23 8 The CIE and other organizations have conducted international comparisons of measurements of the spectral power distribution of light sources, including fluorescent tubes. In these comparisons, some unexpectedly large differences were found between the results reported by different laboratories. CIE specialists concluded that before further largescale international comparisons of measurements are organized, a method (or a few basic methods) should be agreed upon that would result in better accuracy and, hence, closer agreement between the measurements of participating laboratories. International agreement on such methods would also serve as a guide in setting up new spectroradiometric laboratories. The first part of the report covers, in a general way, the use of a spectroradiometer for measuring the spectral power distribution of light sources, with particular reference to the determination of photometric and colorimetric properties. The second part relates to the measurement of individual lamp types, particularly tubular fluorescent lamps. The report is designed to assist workers in industrial standards laboratories, but is not intended for use as a textbook. The report consists of 61 pages and 8 figures.
Lighting for Swimming Pools CIE 62-1984 ISBN 978 963 7251 22 1 The report covers the problems of, and the approach to solutions for, daylighting and electric lighting of indoor and outdoor swimming pools. The main emphasis is on rectangular pools designed for recreational swimming, as well as training and competition pools. Private pools for special uses and private or public leisure pools are not covered specifically. However, many of the general principles and recommendations are applicable for these areas as well. The report also includes information on the special problems posed by color television coverage of outdoor and indoor swimming events. The wide variety of lighting techniques used is dictated by the structure of the buildings; the balance of daylight and electric lighting; and economic as well as practical considerations, such as installation and maintenance. The lighting designer must, in close collaboration with the architect, devise individual solution that meet the performance requirements proposed in this report for each and every project. The publication contains 20 pages, 6 figures and 2 tables.
Tunnel Entrance Lighting: A Survey of Fundamentals for Determining the Luminance in the Threshold Zone CIE 61-1984 ISBN 978 3 901906 71 8 The purpose of this report is to provide information on the lighting requirements for drivers approaching the entrance of a tunnel in daytime. The report is restricted to the first stretch of tunnels, called the threshold zone. The report begins with a review of the fundamental experiments that were the basis of the 1973 CIE recommendations for tunnel lighting, as far as the threshold zone is concerned (see CIE 23-1973 International Recommendations for Motorway Lighting). New investigations are described with which the original fundamental experiments may be applied more realistically. Results of driving experiments in a real tunnel under various lighting conditions are summarized. To complete the description of methods based on visibility, two recently published methods that dispense with the original fundamental experiments are discussed. Finally, mention is made of an approach not directly based on visibility but on traffic flow. The report does not give a straightforward answer to all problems related to the lighting of threshold zones of tunnels. It summarizes the state of the art and, as such, will form the background for future tunnel lighting recommendations. The publication contains 80 pages, 29 figures and 2 tables.
Vision and the Visual Display Unit Work Station
CIE 60-1984 ISBN 978 963 7251 07 8 The introduction of Visual Display Units (VDU's) into every day working life has often led to complaints of poor working conditions. The report is concerned with the visual aspects of VDU work as these have been the cause of some of the complaints. The first part of the report examines the nature of VDU work. It is concluded that the visual tasks undertaken by VDU operators are essentially similar to conventional office work. However, the quality of the VDU display and the interaction of the display with the keyboard and any source documents, and with the visual environment in which the VDU is placed, can have important effects on the visual difficulty and hence performance of the task. The second part of the report discusses the health aspects of VDU work. It is concluded that the most commonly occurring health aspects are some form of eyestrain and occasional aches and pains. The possibility that electromagnetic radiations emitted from VDU's may cause cataracts is dismissed. The third part of the report considers the visual requirements of VDU work in three sections: the VDU itself, the visual environment in which it is placed and the visual capabilities required of a VDU operator. Detailed advice is given on suitable display and keyboard characteristics, on overcoming the problem of luminance imbalance and high luminance reflections in interiors and on such visual capabilities as the distances over which accomodation is necessary. The report is completed by a checklist which can be used to assess VDU installations. The document consists of 33 pages and 13 figures.
Polarization: Definitions and Nomenclature, Instrument Polarization CIE 59-1984 ISBN 978 963 7251 06 1 This report reviews the effects of polarization on photometric and other measurements which are of particular relevance to photometry. It should not be regarded as comprehensive with regard to all aspects of polarization. The degree of polarization introduced by an optical system into a beam of light varies with the complexity of the instrument. In general, it is wavelength dependent in a given system. Furthermore, the effect of any polarization on the determination of photometric properties will depend on the actual measurement being undertaken. Thus, although polarization can have a very significant effect on many photometric measurements, it is difficult to quantify this in a generalized way. The report discusses polarization effects in the individual optical components which comprises a complete instrument, including the source and detector. Additional information is given on the main properties of polarizers, particularly those relevant to photometry. The publication contains 31 pages and 4 tables.
Lighting for Sports Halls CIE 58-1983 ISBN 978 963 7251 04 7 This report distinguishes between sports halls designed to use artificial lighting at all times and those where daylight provides the required illumination for significant periods of time. It specifies general lighting requirements for specific sports, or combinations of activities, with regard to illuminance, uniformity, glare control and color. It comments on the arrangement, mechanical protection, installation of lighting fixtures, and their maintenance. The wide variety of lighting design techniques employed in sports halls is dictated by the structure of the building. The designer must, in each case, devise his own unique solution to meet the performance requirements which are specified in this report. The publication contains 9 pages and 1 table.
Lighting for Football CIE 57-1983 ISBN 978 963 7251 05 4 This report gives practical guidance for football floodlighting, from training grounds to stadia with spectator accommodation. The proposals can be applied to association football, rugby and hockey pitches, and many of the national variations of these sports. The publication contains 14 pages, 7 figures and 1 table.
Discomfort Glare in the Interior Working Environment CIE 55-1983 ISBN 978 92 9034 055 3 A state of the art review of discomfort glare in the interior working environment is given, and a CIE mathematical model, or system, is proposed for the prediction of discomfort glare from lighting installations. The first part of the report contains a review of basic principles and methods of glare control and glare prediction systems used in various countries. The second part contains a critical review of research and major current prediction systems. This leads to the proposed CIE system, which incorporates current knowledge insofar as possible. While this report is not intended to be the final statement on the subject, there has been considerable research to warrant its publication by the CIE. The report will assist countries in revising established systems, and other countries in adopting a particular system. It will also assist lighting students, as well as architects, consultants, and others associated with lighting, in understanding the phenomenon of discomfort and glare and its control. The publication contains 50 pages, 18 figures and 7 tables.
Retroreflection: Definition and Measurement CIE 54.2-2001 ISBN 978 3 900734 99 2 The purpose of this report is to update and replace CIE 54-1982 Retroreflection: Definition and Measurement. This report is divided into nine main sections. These begin with chapter 2 which is concerned with general definitions of retroreflection, while chapter 3 defines geometrical terms. Chapter 4 combines their collection into four geometric systems applicable for different elements of the retroreflection phenomena. Chapter 5 defines the photometric terminology as did the original publication 54, but defines the photometric terms with reference to spectroradiometric concepts as is the current international standards procedure. The corresponding laboratory calibration and measurement techniques are described in the next section, chapter 6, together with basic instrument requirements and traceability to national metrology laboratories. To relate the driver's geometry to the four systems, vector notation and a series of typical examples are given in chapter 7. This approach will aid the transportation community in accessing the necessary discrete angles to assure procurement compliance and the field service life of retroreflective devices and materials. An important section in the original publication 54, dealing with the colorimetry of retroreflectors, is expanded in chapter 8 to include new instrumentation presently available and to recommend standard test geometries for both daytime and nighttime measurements. A new section, chapter 9, describes general field instruments available for in-situ measurements of retroreflectors. Included in this section is a guide for manufacturers to use in their specifications, listing important parameters of the instruments which can be a part of the data sheet. Lastly, chapter 10 addresses the computer format for retroreflectance data in order to allow measurement results to be exchanged world-wide. Four appendices complete the report with all the transformation equations between the four systems with examples, a list of keywords, data format examples and a treatise on aperture synthesis. The complete Technical Report consists of 58 pages with 20 figures, among them 13 coloured ones and 9 tables, and is readily available at the CIE National Committees or the CIE Central Bureau in Vienna.
Methods of Characterizing the Performance of Radiometers and Photometers CIE 53-1982 ISBN 978 92 9034 053 9 Procedures are outlined for characterizing the performance of radiometers, with special attention to photometers. Quantitative methods are given for evaluating the most important errors. These include: • systematic calibration errors; • errors caused by non-standard spectral response; • non-standard spatial evaluation of • irradiance (illuminance), • spherical irradiance (illuminance), • cylindrical irradiance (illuminance) or • radiance (luminance); • non-linearity; • fatigue; • temperature coefficient.
Ways of judging the significance of less important aspects are suggested. These include: • effect of modulated radiation; • influence of polarization; • non-uniform response; • detector instability; • zero drift. The report deals with general problems of evaluation of photometric and radiometric instruments. Numerical requirements for individual types of instruments in later reports are not included. The report includes tables of the relative spectral distributions of five special sources that can be used to estimate the quality of the V(lambda) correction of photometer heads. This Technical Report has been supplemented by CIE 69-1987 Methods of Characterizing Illuminance Meters and Luminance Meters. The report consists of 30 pages, 3 figures and 1 table.
Calculations for Interior Lighting: Applied Method CIE 52-1982 ISBN 978 92 9034 052 2 A method is presented that deals with average illuminances of the working plane, walls, ceiling. It represents a design method (determination of light distribution and arrangement of luminaires with required or specified illuminances) as well as a verification method (calculation of illuminances of a design or an existing installation). The method differs from most existing methods by its ability to take into account the influence of the luminaire arrangement. The method is based on CIE 40-1978 Calculations for Interior Lighting: Basic Methods. The publication contains 175 pages, 29 figures and 91 tables.
A Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry CIE 51.2-1999 (including Supplement 1-1999) ISBN 978 3 901 906 03 9 A method is provided for evaluating the suitability of a test source as a simulator of CIE Standard Illuminants D55, D65, or D75. The Supplement, prepared in 1999, adds the CIE Illuminant D50 to the line of illuminants where the method can be applied to. For each of these standard illuminants, spectral radiance factor data are supplied for five pairs of nonfluorescent samples that are metameric matches. The colorimetric differences of the five pairs are computed for the test illuminant; the average of these differences is taken as the visible range metamerism index and is used as a measure of the quality of the test illuminant as a simulator for nonfluorescent smaples. For fluorescent samples, the quality is further assessed in terms of an ultraviolet range metamerism index, defined as the average of the colorimetric differences computed with the test illuminant for three further pairs of samples, each pair consisting of a fluorescent and a nonfluorescent sample which are metameric under the standard illuminant. This report should be used in conjunction with CIE 15.2-1986 Colorimetry. This report consists of 30 pages, 1 figure and 12 tables.
Guide on the Emergency Lighting of Building Interiors CIE 49-1981 ISBN 978 92 9034 049 2 The aim of this publication is to lay down the basic principles of emergency lighting as applicable to building interiors and, thereby, to furnish guidance on the various aspects that should be considered when seeking to design an effective and reliable installation. The publication deals solely with the principles of lighting; no attempt has been made to review suitable lighting hardware. It is hoped that it will provide guidance suitable for assimilation in future international standards for this field. Statutory regulations relating to emergency lighting already exist in some countries, states, or towns. For this reason, the appropriate authorities should always be consulted before commencing the design of a specific emergency lighting system. The publication contains 15 pages and 4 figures.
Light Signals for Road Traffic Control CIE 48-1980 ISBN 978 92 9034 048 5 This report is concerned with matters that have a direct influence on the road user in his perception of road traffic signals. It does not cover other important matters concerning traffic signals: • the location of signal lights; • the coupling of them within and between road intersection; • the regulations which include the number and sequence of colours in the system legal obligations of local authorities and the road user; • and electrical and mechanical engineering, including standardization and interchangeability. The visibility of light signals depends on many factors, the most important of which in the context of this report are the colour, luminous intensity, and luminous intensity distribution of the lights. The correct recognition of a traffic signal light may be seriously affected by sun phantom; this problem is discussed also. The recognition of figures and symbols which are used in traffic lights has become more important, and so the report examines some details of their shape and size. Some design considerations for traffic engineering are included as well. The report contains a discussion of flashing signal lights, but does not deal with flashing yellow lights used for warning only. The publication contains 41 pages, 13 figures and 3 tables.
Road Lighting for Wet Conditions CIE 47-1979 ISBN 978 92 9034 047 8 The use of the luminance distribution on the dry road surface as a criterion of the quality of road lighting of traffic routes has gained acceptance in a number of countries. However, in rainy climates a road surface is moist or wet for a substantial part of the dark hours, thus reducing the quality of lighting. The aim of this report is to give information which facilitates the consideration of wet conditions in the design of road lighting installations. The information covers most aspects of road lighting for wet conditions, but is mainly in the form of a collection of experience. As research on the reflection properties of wet road surfaces is still in progress, this information is not considered final. The publication contains 94 pages, 37 figures and 10 tables.
A Review of Publications on Properties and Reflection Values of Material Reflection Standards CIE 46-1979 ISBN 978 3 901906 70 1 It has long been recognized that more accurate and more reproducible standards are needed for better uniformity and consistency of radiometric, photometric, and colorimetric measurements. Commercial instruments for reflectance measurements are not capable of measuring the reflectance of a sample without a reflectance standard. For this reason, the properties and reflectance values of the latter are of great practical importance. This report contains information and compilation of data on the optical and physical properties of reflectance materials that are widely used as reference standards of reflectance. The document consists of 99 pages and 4 tables.
Lighting for Ice Sports CIE 45-1979 ISBN 978 92 9034 045 4 This report presents a survey of experience in lighting for ice sports, particularly for skating, figure skating, ice hockey, and curling. The report specifies general lighting requirements with regard to illuminance, uniformity, modeling, glare control, color and color rendering. It provides guidance for selecting lamps and luminaires, and for the arrangement and installation of a lighting system. The publication contains 23 pages and 7 figures.
Absolute Methods for Reflection Measurements CIE 44-1979 ISBN 978 92 9034 044 7 Measurements of reflectance or reflectance factor are made by comparison to appropriately chosen reference standards. In 1969, the CIE recommended that the perfect reflecting diffuser be taken as the ideal standard. As there is no existing material which corresponds to the perfect diffuser, the problem is one of transforming measurements made with reference to real physical standards to those of absolute values relative to the perfect reflecting diffuser. The main emphasis of this report is on theory and procedures by which this conversion is made, not on properties of the materials, measuring instruments, or preparation of samples. For these topics, the reader is referred to original papers. The document consists of 68 pages and 12 figures.
Photometry of Floodlights CIE 43-1979 This technical report recommends the adoption of test procedures that will provide acceptable results in measuring and reporting the photometric characteristics of floodlights. The recommendations are intended to provide a basis for uniform national standards, and to guide industrial photometric laboratories in the selection of test apparatus, conduct of tests, and presentation of floodlight performance data. The publication contains 50 pages, 23 figures and 4 tables.
Lighting for Tennis CIE 42-1978 This report presents a summary of experience in the lighting of tennis courts. Recommendations are made for daylight and artificial light in indoor tennis courts. Guidance is given for the selection of lamps, luminaires and lighting systems. The same subjects are considered for the artificial lighting of outdoor tennis courts. The publication contains 23 pages and 3 figures.
Light as a True Visual Quantity: Principles of Measurement CIE 41-1978 This Technical Report summarizes visual photometric measurement methods which can provide visually meaningful assessments of light. They can be more complicated than the simple use of of a V(lambda)-corrected physical photometer, and in addition require some understanding of the visual system and how it works. Their advantage is that the assessment of light bears a logical relationship to the human perception of light. For photopic vision and luminances larger than several cd/m2, ordinary physical photometers corrected to V(lambda) give visually accurate measures for small, centrally fixed, broad-band lights. For other applications, a different luminous efficiency function should be employed. In order to utilize the appropriate function, one must either measure the spectral distribution of radiant power directly or correct the V(lambda) response of the photometer to the appropriate luminous efficiency. An alternative solution is to calculate mathematical formulas specifically developed for this purpose. This method is potentially the most useful since different formulas can be developed for different applications (for example, two degree or ten degree fields). It is based on established CIE data, and no additional measures need to be developed.For scotopic vision, an assessment of radiant power is made with respect to the scotopic luminous efficiency function V'(lambda) by means of an appropriately corrected physical photometer, by radiance measurement, or by visual photometry. In mesopic photometry, the photopic and scotopic contributions of the light must be assessed. An estimate can be obtained by combining the photopic and scotopic luminances non-linearly. A more precise measure can be obtained by using three or, still better, four quantities based on X10, Y10, Z10, and V'(lambda). The document consists of 40 pages, 4 figures and 9 tables.
Calculations for Interior Lighting: Basic Method
CIE 40-1978 This report presents a method which can serve as a basis for interior lighting design calculations. The method does not rely on standard light distributions for luminaires, is not restricted to regular arrangements of luminaires, and can be used in situations where the interior is a rectangular parallelepiped, the task plane can be regarded as one of the room surfaces, the room surfaces, reflect uniformly and according to Lambert's law, the direct flux on the task plane does not vary significantly when the luminaires are rotated about their vertical axis. See also CIE 52-1982 Calculations for Interior Lighting: Applied Method. The publication contains 60 pages, 2 figures and 54 tables.
Recommendations for Surface Colours for Visual Signalling CIE 39.2-1983 ISBN 978 92 9034 039 3 These recommendations provide a system of surface colours for the purpose of visual signalling. The colours are defined in terms of chromaticity limits and limits of luminance factor. These limits were chosen as a compromise between reliable colour recognition, existing practice that has proved to be satisfactory, and limitations imposed by manufacturing technology and uncertainties of colour measurements. The limits are recommended for international adoption. More restricted limits may be selected by national authorities to suit national practices, or by international authorities to suit particular applications. The recommendations apply to all surface colours, produced by reflection, fluorescence, or transillumination, which are intended for visual signalling of any form of transport and for warning signs and colour codes in general. The publication contains 69 pages, 4 figures and 10 tables.
Radiometric and Photometric Characteristics of Materials and their Measurement CIE 38-1977 ISBN 978 3 901906 69 5 If a material is irradiated, some portion of the incident optical radiation is reflected, another portion absorbed, and a third portion transmitted. This action of a material can be described by the physical, radiant, luminous or spectral characteristics of the material. Fluorescent materials can be described in the same manner but behave as sources for the portion of the radiation which is re-emitted as fluorescence. The terms reflected, transmitted, fluorescent, and total radiance or luminance can be used to describe fluorescent materials. The adjective spectral is used to distinguish spectral properties from radiant or luminous properties. The report is a survey of the processes which occur if a material is irradiated, and of the characteristics of the material which are important in determining its behavior in general and in a few special cases. The report also clarifies the definitions of characteristics and processes. The report is in English, German, and French. It consists of 214 pages and 2 tables.
Road Lighting Lanterns and Installation Data: Photometrics, Classification and Performance CIE 34-1977 ISBN 978 3 901906 68 8 This technical report is one of a series of supporting documents to CIE 12.2-1977 Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motorized Traffic. It is concerned with the data involved in predicting the performance of an installation, as described in CIE 30.2-1982 Calculation and Measurement of Luminance and Illuminance in Road Lighting. Part 1 of the report describes the preferred form of basic photometric data for road lighting lanterns: intensity tables; isocandela diagrams; polar diagrams; flashed areas. Part 2 outlines additional derived data for an individual lantern which could be of value: description of a lantern in terms of throw, speed and control; utilization factor diagrams; luminance yield diagrams, isoluminance diagrams. Part 3 gives three useful methods of presenting data on the performance of lantern installations: performance tables; performance graphs; layout tables for achieving a specific performance. An Appendix gives information about differences in performance which have been found between installations using lanterns that satisfy the same specification or classification. The publication contains 39 pages, 15 figures and 1 table.
Depreciation of Installations and Their Maintenance (in Road Lighting)
CIE 33-1977 This report is supplementary to CIE 12.2-1977 Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motorized Traffic. The first part contains a survey of the combined effects of permanent or incidental causes which progressively impair the performance of road lighting installations. The second part points out what preventive measures can be taken in designing and installing a system to reduce or slow down the deterioration of materials (columns, lanterns, light sources, auxiliary gear). The last part indicates preventive maintenance operations aimed at protecting materials against deterioration or at restoring, as much as possible, the initial performance of the installation. The different methods of maintenance and replacement of various items are analyzed. The publication contains 26 pages and 4 figures.
Lighting in Situations Requiring Special Treatment (in Road Lighting) CIE 32-1977 ISBN 978 3 900734 63 3 This technical report supplements CIE 12.2-1977 Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motorized Traffic. It describes details of technologies and work processes which are required to achieve the objectives put forward in CIE 12.2-1977. It treats lighting problems which arise form certain discontinuities not mentioned in CIE 12.2-1977 (e.g. humps or multi-level works). It also takes into account the evolution of newer techniques (e.g. new sources, high masts, or catenary lighting). The publication contains 33 pages, 25 figures and 1 table.
Glare and Uniformity in Road Lighting Installations CIE 31-1976 ISBN 978 3 901906 67 1 Glare in road lighting is distinguished as discomfort and disability glare. Discomfort glare is quantitatively described by a glare control mark which can be calculated from the photometric and geometric quantities of a lighting installation. The evaluation of disability glare is based upon the Holladay formula and expressed by calculating the increment in the threshold of detection of the luminance difference between a relevant object and the road surface. The uniformity of the road surface luminance is characterized by the overall uniformity and the longitudinal uniformity. The publication contains 26 pages and 5 figures.
International Recommendations for Motorway Lighting CIE 23-1973 ISBN 978 3 900734 68 8 This CIE recommendation describes the fundamental principles which govern the lighting of motorways and defines commonly accepted values and techniques. The opinions expressed are those held at the time of printing by CIE experts, taking into consideration comments that were received from CIE member countries. Motorway lighting differs from country to country; possibilities and usages vary. National codes cannot be identical because they were designed to meet the particular needs and particular circumstances of each country. Nonetheless, there are certain principles and techniques which are generally applicable. These general rules are described, in accordance with recent research and experience, in order to enable countries to issue or revise their own codes. The only methods of providing adequate lighting which are included in this report are those which are firmly established and give satisfactory results within acceptable economic limitations. The use of these methods is not considered mandatory, and research into new standards and methods is encouraged. Therefore, the report does not constitute a code. It is hoped, however, that it may serve as a basis of drafting of national codes, so that in the not too distant future the codes of different countries will be more uniform and, thus, more compatible with the growing volume of international traffic. The publication contains 28 pages and 18 figures.
An Analytic Model for Describing the Influence of Lighting Parameters upon Visual Performance ISBN 978 92 9034 019 5 CIE 19.21-1981 Technical Foundations
CIE 19.22-1981 Summary and Application Guidelines CIE 19.21-1981 describes a comprehensive analytic model of the influence of lighting parameters upon the visual performance potential of observers engaged in tasks with significant visual components, and describes the evidence used to develop each phase of the model. CIE 19.22-1981 summarizes the model and makes recommendations for its application in lighting practice. The model has been derived from study and analysis of the extensive published literature that relates visual performance potential to lighting parameters, and includes two technical approaches which may be described as the empirical and analytical methods for studying visual performance. Empirical methods involve measurements of the speed and accuracy of task performance under real or simulated conditions of visual work. Analytical methods involve measurements of the operational characteristics of processes which are believed to be operative in visual work, either taken singly or in simple combinations, with subsequent synthesizing of the operational characteristics of the individual processes into a quantitative model which describes visual performance potential for given visual conditions. The analytic model described was derived from experimental data that the pertinent CIE committee was aware of. These data were obtained during a 50-year period form the two types of measurements mentioned. More than 2.200 persons residing in CIE member countries took part in these studies, either as observers or as unknowing subjects of field observations. CIE 19.21-1981 contains 140 pages, 55 figures and 4 tables. CIE 19.22-1981 contains 89 pages, 10 figures and 8 tables.
An Analytic Model for Describing the Influence of Lighting Parameters upon Visual Performance ISBN 978 92 9034 019 5 CIE 19.21-1981 Technical Foundations CIE 19.22-1981 Summary and Application Guidelines CIE 19.21-1981 describes a comprehensive analytic model of the influence of lighting parameters upon the visual performance potential of observers engaged in tasks with significant visual components, and describes the evidence used to develop each phase of the model. CIE 19.22-1981 summarizes the model and makes recommendations for its application in lighting practice. The model has been derived from study and analysis of the extensive published literature that relates visual performance potential to lighting parameters, and includes two technical approaches which may be described as the empirical and analytical methods for studying visual performance. Empirical methods involve measurements of the speed and accuracy of task performance under real or simulated conditions of visual work. Analytical methods involve measurements of the operational characteristics of processes which are believed to be operative in visual work, either taken singly or in simple combinations, with subsequent synthesizing of the operational characteristics of the individual processes into a quantitative model which describes visual performance potential for given visual conditions. The analytic model described was derived from experimental data that the pertinent CIE committee was aware of. These data were obtained during a 50-year period form the two types of measurements mentioned. More than 2.200 persons residing in CIE member countries took part in these studies, either as observers or as unknowing subjects of field observations. CIE 19.21-1981 contains 140 pages, 55 figures and 4 tables. CIE 19.22-1981 contains 89 pages, 10 figures and 8 tables.
The Basis of Physical Photometry CIE 18.2-1983 ISBN 978 92 9034 018 8 This publication describes the basic conventions and principles of modern physical photometry and explains how physical photometry relates to radiometry on the one hand, and to vision on the other. It outlines the fundamentals of the broad-band spectroradiometric and the visual methods of photometry. The principal physical standards for measuring photometric quantities are described, relevant radiometric quantities are defined, and the results of major international intercomparisons of photometric measurements are summarized. The document is in English, with a summary in English, French and German. It consists of 42 pages, 2 figures and 6 tables. (see also: CIE Disk D001)
International Lighting Vocabulary CIE 17.4-1987 ISBN 978 3 900734 07 7 The 4th Edition of the International Lighting Vocabulary is a joint publication of the CIE and the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). It supplements and updates the content of the previous edition (1970). In addition, new subjects have been introduced, in particular quantities relating to photons to complement those relating to energy and photometry, a section on the actinic effects of optical radiation as well as several terms relating to luminaires for mine illumination. Despite these additions, the volume of this vocabulary has been kept within acceptable limits by eliminating less important terms and the terms of general physics which appeared in the previous edition. It is not the purpose of this vocabulary to go into greater detail and provide explanations of use to the experts in each specialized field; this is the province of the appropriate Technical Committe. The aim of this edition of the International Lighting Vocabulary comprising some 950 terms and their definitions is to promote international standardization in the use of quantities, units, symbols and terminology in this field. The technical part is subdivided into eleven sections, dealing with • radiation, radiant, luminous and photon quantities and units; • vision, the eye, light and colour, visual phenomena and colour rendering; • colorimetry, the trichormatic system of colour specification, as well as with unifrom colour spaces; • emission and optical properties of materials; • radiometry, photometric and colorimetric measurements and characterization of the properties of the physical detectors of optical radiation; • actinic effects of optical radiation; • light sources (incandescent-, discharge- and arc lamps) as well as their operational conditions and characteristics); • components of lamps and auxiliary apparatus; • lighting technology, artificial and daylighting; • luminaires and their components; • visual signalling; maritime, waterway, air traffic and road traffic as well as lights on the vessels, aircrafts and vehicles. The technical definition part presented in four languages (English, French, German and Russian) is supplemented with a list of the letter symbols for quantities and units and symbolic notations as well as with the index of the terms in Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Russian, Spanish and Swedish. CIE 17.4-1987 is a joint publication with the IEC (Publ. 50 (845)). It is the fourth edition of the International Lighting Vocabulary, comprises 379 pages and presents the definitions of nearly 1000 terms related to light and lighting.
Daylight CIE 16-1970 ISBN 978 3 901906 66 4 The purpose of this guide is to aid architects, civil engineers, building inspectors, and others concerned with the natural lighting of buildings. The guide specifies a simple but accurate method of computing and checking interior daylight levels. It contains a comprehensive list of other methods for predicting daylight levels in buildings. From this list, designers specializing in daylighting can select methods that are best suited for any one case. This publication contains 87 pages, 32 figures and 4 tables.
Colorimetry, 3rd Edition CIE 15-2004 ISBN 978 3 901906 33 6 For over 70 years the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) has provided recommendations about the precise way in which the basic principles of colour measurement should be applied. CIE 15:2004 Colorimetry represents the latest edition of these recommendations and contains information on standard illuminants; standard colorimetric observers; the reference standard for reflectance; illuminating and viewing conditions; the calculation of tristimulus values, chromaticity coordinates, colour spaces and colour differences; and various other colorimetric practices and
formulae. This publication is consistent with the fundamental data and procedures described in the CIE Standards on Colorimetry. This publication, which replaces CIE 15.2 (and is not to be known as 15.3!), includes details of the CIE DE2000 colour difference equation; spectral power distributions for sets of halophosphate lamps, DeLuxe type lamps, three-band lamps, multi-band lamps, high pressure sodium lamps and high pressure metal halide lamps. The nomenclature for the recommended geometries has changed, and there are even changes to the equations defining the parameters of the CIELAB colour space! The publication is accompanied by CD-ROM that contains all the tables of standard and recommended spectral distributions and a program (for Windows operation systems) to perform interpolation of spectra related to reflection or absorption measurements. Some of these colorimetric tables are also free available to download under Selected Colorimetric Tables. Thus this publication represents the colorimetric state-of-the-art and should find a place on the bookshelf of every colour scientist. The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 79 pages with 17 tables.
Method of Measuring and Specifying Colour Rendering Properties of Light Sources CIE 13.3-1995 ISBN 978 3 900734 57 2 The CIE recommended in 1965 the procedure of measuring and specifying colour rendering properties of light sources, based on a test colour sample method. This method was updated in 1974 taking the chromatic adaptation shift into account. During the past 20 years several misprints were observed and corrected reprints were published from time to time. CIE 13.3-1995 is the corrected version of CIE 13.2-1974 that has been brought up to date to present spectroradiometric and calculation practice. The technical recommendations have not been changed. Two computer programs to calculate the CIE colour rendering indices according to the present publication are available for "DOS"-computers to be run in a DOS or in an "MS-WINDOWS" environment as CIE D008. This Technical Report establishes the CIE recommended method of measuring and specifying colour rendering properties of light sources based on resultant colour shifts of test objects, referred to as the "Test-colour Method". It is the fundamental method for appraisal of colour rendering properties of light sources, and is recommended for type testing as well as for testing individual lamps. This specification applies to most general purpose illuminants (e.g. tungsten filament lamps, tubular fluorescent lamps, and all other kinds of gaseous discharge electrical lamps except sources of predominantly monochromatic radiation such as low pressure sodium, etc.). This method may also be applied to modified daylight. The rating consists of a General Colour Rendering Index which may be supplemented by a set of Special Colour Rendering Indices. The derivation of the Special Colour Rendering Indices is based on a general comparison of the length of colour difference vectors in the CIE 1964 Uniform Space. To apply the recommended Test-Colour Method the resultant colour shifts for suitably chosen test-colour samples must be calculated. A set of eight test-colour samples is specified by their spectral radiance factors for calculating the General Colour Rendering Index. These samples cover the hue circle, are moderate in saturation, and are approximately the same in lightness. Data for six additional test-colour samples representing a strong red, yellow, green and blue as well as complexion and foliage colours are also supplied. From the colour shifts, Colour Rendering Indices may be found. The Technical Report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It contains 20 pages, with 2 tables. This Technical Report is based in CIE 13.2-1974.
Guidelines for Minimizing Urban Sky Glow Near Astronomical Observatories CIE 01-1980 ISBN 978 3 901906 65 7 Joint CIE/IAU publication The increase of outdoor lighting in urban areas has resulted in levels of sky glow which seriously threaten astronomical observatories, even where these have purposely been located more than 100 km from large cities. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) and the CIE have worked together to prepare these guidelines in order to stimulate collective action that minimizes the degradation of the astronomical environment near cities. The problem and its solutions are stated in a manner that provides a basis for understanding, cooperation, and action by astronomers, lighting engineers and public authorities. The report explains the effect of man-made sky glow, the degree of glow likely to be produced by lighting near an observatory, the level above which sky glow should not be allowed to rise, and how it can be contained by good lighting practice and public ordinances. The publication contains 24 pages and 2 figures.
CIE STANDARDS Colours of Light Signals CIE Standard: S004/E-2001 This Standard specifies the allowable colours for steady signal lights and flashing signal lights where the duration of the on period is at least one second. It is applicable to the colours of signal lights used in sea, road, air and rail transport systems including signal lights on ships, aircraft, motor vehicles and trains, where the recognition of the colours involved is essential. The Standard can also be used for guidance on the selection of the colours • of light signals and warning lights on instrument panels in vehicles, • of light signals and warning lights on instrument panels used for monitoring or control of industrial processes, • used in visual display terminals when recognition of the colour code is important to intepreting the information displayed. The Standard does not specify how signal lights should be used in the various transport modes nor does it specify the meanings to be associated with the different colours. Reference must also be made to international, regional and national conventions and regulations for the particular applications. This Standard is not applicable to the colours of surface colour codes. Guidance on the allowable colours for surface colour codes is given in CIE Publication 39.2-1983 Recommendations for Surface Colours for Visual Signalling . This Standard has been approved by the National Committees of the CIE and supersedes the recommendations made in CIE Publication 2.2-1975 Colours of Light Signals. Background information to this Standard can be found in the Technical Report CIE 107-1994 A Review of the Official Recommendations of the CIE for the Colours of Signal Lights.
Road Traffic Lights - Photometric Properties of 200 mm Roundel Signals Joint ISO/CIE Standard ISO 16508:1999/CIE S006.1/E-1998 National and international standards for road traffic signal lights usually specify requirements for the luminous intensity of the lights to ensure that the signals will be visible in adequate time for an approaching driver to safely and efficiently respond to the signal on roads where speeds are low. The official guidance of the CIE for traffic signal luminous intensity (CIE 79-1988: A Guide for the Design of Road Traffic Lights) has been widely followed as providing sound direction for standard development. This guidance was based on a comprehensive review of the subject published as a CIE Technical Report (CIE 48-1980: Light Signals for Road Traffic Control). The CIE undertook a major review of its recommendations in the period 1989 to 1994 (see CIE 107-1994: Review of the official recommendations of the CIE for the colours of signal lights and CIE DS004.2-1996: Colours of light signals) and this Standard is based on that review. Technical Committee 4-29 (Standard on Road Traffic Lights) of Division 4 of the CIE (Lighting and Signalling for Transport) was responsible for the review and the drafting of this Standard. This Standard deals with the colour, luminous intensity and luminous intensity distribution for 200 mm road traffic signals. The serious problem of sun phantom, which can affect the correct recognition of the light, is included in
the Standard. It should be noted that this Standard considers only a few of the topics covered in CIE 79-1988. These are the topics for which supporting research and practical experience were strong enough to support standardisation. For topics not covered in this Standard, such as guidance concerning higher speed roadways and traffic lights using symbols, the user is advised to follow the guidance provided in CIE 79-1988. This Standard has been approved by the CIE and replaces the recommendations made on 200 mm roundel signals in CIE 79-1988. It has been approved by ISO as a joint ISO/CIE standard. This Standard may be obtained from the CIE National Committees or the Central Bureau of the CIE. A French and a German version (ISO 16508:1999/CIE S006.1/F-1998 and CIE S006/G-1998) are also available.
Erythema Reference Action Spectrum and Standard Erythema Dose Joint ISO/CIE Standard ISO 17166:1999/CIE S 007-1998 The CIE undertook a major review of its official recommendations on photobiological effects, their dose relationships and measurement. Based on these investigations the present standard describes present day knowledge of the erythemal effect. The problem of dosimetry in skin photobiology lies in the fact that the ability of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to elicit erythema in human skin depends strongly on wavelength, encompassing a range of four orders of magnitude between 250 nm and 400 nm. Thus a statement that a subject received an exposure dose of 1 J. cm -2 (10 4J. m -2) of UV radiation conveys nothing about the consequences of that exposure in terms of erythema. If the radiation source was a UVA fluorescent lamp, no erythemal response would be seen apart from in people exhibiting severe, abnormal pathological photosensitivity. The same dose delivered from an unfiltered mercury arc lamp or fluorescent sun-lamp would result in marked violaceous erythema in most white skinned individuals. Consequently, photobiologists have long recognised the need to express the exposure as an erythemally-weighted quantity. Recently the term minimal erythema dose (MED) has been used widely as a 'measure' of erythemal radiation. This is unreasonable because the MED is not a standard measure of anything but, on the contrary, encompasses the variable nature of individual sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. Variables which affect the MED include optical and radiometric characteristics of the source; determinants of the exposure such as dose increment and field size; nature of the skin such as pigmentation, previous light exposure, and anatomical site; and observational factors such as definition of the end point, time of reading after exposure, and ambient illumination. To avoid further confusing misuse of the term MED, we propose that this term be reserved solely for observational studies in humans and other animals, and that a new term, the standard erythema dose (SED) be used as a standardized measure of erythemogenic UV radiation. This Standard specifies the erythema reference action spectrum s er (lambda), and the Standard Erythema Dose. This Standard has been approved by the CIE and supersedes the recommendations made in Publication CIE 106/4 1993 (reprint from CIE-Journal 6/1 17-22 1987) A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin. It has been approved by ISO as a joint ISO/CIE standard. This Standard may be obtained from the CIE National Committees or the Central Bureau of the CIE. A French (ISO 17166:1999/CIE S007/F-1998) and a German (CIE S007/G-1998) version is also available.
Lighting of Work Places Part 1: Indoor Joint ISO/CIE Standard ISO 8995-1:2002(E)/CIE S 008/E:2001 CIE published its "Guide on interior lighting" 2nd edition in 1986. Since then lighting practice changed considerably, and it became necessary to prepare a new guide, this time as a CIE Standard. Good lighting requires equal attention to the quantity and quality of the lighting. While the provision of sufficient illuminance on the task is necessary, in many instances the visibility depends on the way in which the light is applied, the colour characteristics of the light source and surfaces together with the amount of glare the system gives. In this standard opportunity was taken to specify for various work places and task types not just the illuminance but also the limiting discomfort glare and minimum colour rendering index of the source. Parameters to create comfortable visual conditions are proposed in the body of this standard. The recommended values are considered to represent a reasonable balance, having regard to the requirements for safe, healthy and efficient work performance. The values can be achieved with practical energy efficient solutions. There are also visual ergonomic parameters such as perceptual ability and the characteristics and attributes of the task, which determine the quality of the operator's visual skills, and hence performance levels. In some cases enhancement of these influencing factors can improve performance without the need to raise illuminance. For example by improving the contrast of the task attributes, enlarging the task by the use of up to date visual aids (glasses) and by the provision of
special lighting systems with local directional lighting capability. The Standard provides guidance for illuminance, glare limitation and colour quality for general building areas, agriculture buildings, the cement, concrete and brick industry, ceramic and glass industry, chemical, plastics and rubber industry, electrical industry, food industry, foundries and metal casting plants, hairdresser, jewelry manufacturing, laundries and dry cleaning, leather industry, metal working and processing, paper industry, power stations, printers, iron and steel works, textile industry, vehicle construction, wood working and furniture industry, offices, retailing, restaurants and hotels, places of entertainment, libraries, indoor public car parks, educational buildings, health care premises, airports, and churches. This Standard has been approved by CIE and by ISO as a joint ISO/CIE Standard.
Photobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamp Systems Dual IEC/CIE Logo Standard IEC 62471/CIE S 009/E&F:2002 (bilingual edition) Lamps were developed and produced in large quantities and became commonplace in an era when industry-wide safety standards were not the norm. The evaluation and control of optical radiation hazards from lamps and lamp systems is a far more complicated subject than similar tasks for a single-wavelength laser system. The required radiometric measurements are quite involved, for they do not deal with the simple optics of a point source, but rather with an extended source that may or may not be altered by diffusers or projection optics. Also the wavelength distribution of the lamp may be altered by ancillary optical elements, diffusers, lenses, and the like, as well as variations in operating conditions. To evaluate a broad-band optical source, such as an arc lamp, an incandescent lamp, a fluorescent lamp, an array of lamps or a lamp system, it is first necessary to determine the spectral distribution of optical radiation emitted from the source at the point or points of nearest human access. This accessible emission spectral distribution of interest for a lighting system may differ from that actually being emitted by the lamp alone due to the filtration by any optical elements (e.g., projection optics) in the light path. Secondly, the size, or projected size, of the source must be characterized in the retinal hazard spectral region. Thirdly, it may be necessary to determine the variation of irradiance and effective radiance with distance. The performance of the necessary measurements is normally not an easy task without sophisticated instruments. Thus it was decided to include reference measurement techniques for lamps and lamp systems in this standard. The measurement techniques along with the described risk group classification scheme will provide common ground for both lamp manufacturers and users to define the specific photobiological hazards of any given lamp and/or lamp system. Finally, there are well known optical radiation hazards associated with some lamps and lamp systems. The purpose of this standard is to provide a standardized technique for evaluation of potential radiation hazards that may be associated with various lamps and lamp systems. This standard has been approved by CIE and IEC as a Dual IEC/CIE Logo Standard.
Photometry - The CIE System of Physical Photometry ISO 23539:2005(E) / CIE S 010/E:2004 The visual brightness of a light source depends not only on the amount of radiation it emits but also on its spectral composition and on the visual response function of the observer viewing it. Because human visual response varies at different light levels and from person to person, precise photometry requires the definition of representative standard observers. The CIE system of physical photometry specifies procedures for the quantitative evaluation of optical radiation in terms of the spectral luminous efficiency functions of two such standard observers. One, V(lambda), represents photopic vision and the other, V'(lambda), scotopic vision. Used in conjunction with the SI photometric base unit, the candela, these functions constitute a system that enables the values of photometric quantities for all types of luminous source to be precisely determined, regardless of the spectral composition of the radiation emitted. This international Standard specifies the characteristics of the system of physical photometry established by the CIE and accepted as the basis for the measurement of light. It defines the photometric quantities, units and standards that make up the CIE system of physical photometry and that have been officially accepted by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures. They comprise: • the definition of photometric quantities and units, • the definition of CIE standard spectral luminous efficiency functions for photopic and scotopic vision, • the definition of a CIE standard photometric observer that conforms to these functions, • the definition of maximum luminous efficacies for photopic and scotopic vision. An informative annex provides a vocabulary of related terms. This standard has been approved by CIE National Committees. It may be obtained from the CIE National Committees or the Central Bureau of the CIE. A French and a German version is under preparation.
Spatial Distribution of Daylight - CIE Standard General Sky Joint ISO/CIE Standard ISO 15469:2004 (E) / CIE S 011/E:2003 CIE has published the standard "CIE S003 Spatial distribution of daylight - CIE standard overcast sky and clear sky" in 1996. Since then further types of skies were examined and an international consensus was reached on their luminance distribution and standardization. The luminance distribution of the sky depends on weather and climate, and it changes during the course of a day with the position of the sun. This standard lists a set of luminance distributions, which model the sky under a wide range of conditions, from the heavily overcast sky to cloudless weather. It is intended for two purposes: i. to be a universal basis for the classification of measured sky luminance distributions ii. to give a method for calculating sky luminance in daylighting design procedures. This Standard defines relative luminance distributions: the luminance of the sky at any point is given as a function of the zenith luminance. For daylighting calculation purposes it may be used with values of zenith luminance or of horizontal illuminance to obtain absolute luminance distributions. This Standard incorporates both the CIE Standard Clear Sky and the CIE Standard Overcast Sky, which are treated as particular cases of the General Sky. The Overcast Sky is retained as a separate formula because there are many calculation procedures that embody the mathematical formulation of this particular distribution. This present Standard replaces CIE S003 - 1996 "Spatial distribution of daylight - CIE standard overcast sky and clear sky" and ISO 15469:1997. This standard has been approved by CIE and by ISO.
Standard Method of Assessing the Spectral Quality of Daylight Simulators for Visual Appraisal and Measurement of Colour CIE Standard ISO 23603:2005(E)/CIE S 012/E:2004 This standard specifies a method of assessing the spectral quality of the irradiance provided by a daylight simulator to be used for visual appraisal of colours or for colour measurements and a method of assigning a quality grade to the simulator. It specifies the maximum permissible deviation of the chromaticity of the simulator from the chromaticity of the CIE Standard Daylight Illuminant or CIE Daylight Illuminant being simulated, for a simulator to be graded by this method. The basis for the assessment is the special metamerism index for change in illuminant, using pairs of virtual (rather than real) specimens specified by their reflecting and fluorescing properties. The pairs of specimens are metameric matches under the CIE daylight illuminant, when evaluated with the CIE 1964 Standard Colorimetric Observer. The method described in this standard quantifies the mismatch when the pairs of virtual specimens are illuminated by the simulator under test and evaluated by the same standard observer. The standard is accompanied by a disk containing the spectral data of Tables 3-6 of the standard in MS Excel format. This standard has been approved by CIE National Committees. It may be obtained from the CIE National Committees or the Central Bureau of the CIE. A German (CIE S 012/D:2004) version is also available.
International Standard Global Solar UV Index Standard CIE S 013/E:2003 Increasing public concern over declining ozone levels and the resultant ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the earth has brought about a need to communicate daily information on UV radiation level to the public in a credible and understandable manner. The purpose of this standard is to provide such a standardized scale. This standard establishes a quantitative index for reporting the level of harmful ambient solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface of the earth to the general public. The Global Solar UV Index quantifies the exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation. It is the best estimate of the UV level given a realistic atmosphere: clouds, pollutants, etc. are included in any prediction. This standard has been approved by CIE National Committees. It may be obtained from the CIE National Committees or the Central Bureau of the CIE. A French and a German translation will soon be available.
Lighting of Work Places Part 3: Lighting Requirements for Safety and Security of Outdoor Work Places Joint ISO/CIE Standard ISO 8995-3:2006(E)/CIE S 016/E:2005
To enable people to perform visual tasks efficiently and accurately, especially during the night, adequate and appropriate lighting has to be provided. The degree of visibility and comfort required in a wide range of outdoor work places is governed by the type and duration of activity. This standard specifies the lighting requirements that will contribute to the visual needs for safety and security within outdoor work places. This standard has been approved by CIE and ISO.
Photocarcinogenesis Action Spectrum (Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers) Joint ISO/CIE Standard ISO 28077:2006(E)/S 019/E:2006 Solar ultraviolet radiation is recognized as a major cause of non-melanoma skin cancer in man. Skin cancer occurs most frequently in the most heavily exposed areas and correlates with degree of outdoor exposure. Describing the relationship of exposure (dose) to risk (skin cancer) requires the availability of a biological hazard function or action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis. This standard proposes the adoption of an action spectrum (weighting function) derived from experimental laboratory data and modified to estimate the non-melanoma tumor response in human skin. The experimental data are sufficient for estimating effectiveness down to about 250 nm, but experimental data are not sufficient for specifying effectiveness above 400 nm. This standard has been approved by CIE and ISO.
Emergency Lighting Joint ISO/CIE Standard ISO 30061:2007(E)/S 020/E:2007 This standard specifies the luminous requirements for emergency lighting systems installed in premises or locations where such systems are required. It is principally applicable to locations where the public or workers have access. The primary objective of emergency lighting is the provision of visual conditions that can alleviate panic and facilitate safer evacuation of buildings' occupants during the failure of normal power supply/lighting, in clear (non-smoke) and smoke filled conditions. The emergency lighting scheme design should be based on worst conditions (e.g. minimum light output, maximum glare limits) of the luminaires during operating life. The requirements given in this standard are a minimum for design purposes and are calculated for the full rated duration period and end of design life of the equipment. A special chapter for smoke is included. Safety signs may also fulfil further functions within maintained operation. This standard has been approved by CIE and ISO.
Colorimetry Series CIE Colorimetry — Part 1: Standard Colorimetric Observers Joint ISO/CIE Standard ISO 11664-1:2008(E)/CIE S 014-1/E:2006 This CIE Standard replaces ISO/CIE 10527:1991. This Standard contains only minor changes from the previous Standard, it has now been clarified that the values of the colour matching functions apply for standard air to make the Standard conform to other CIE photometric and colorimetric data. Colours with different spectral compositions can look alike. An important function of colorimetry is to determine whether a pair of such metameric colours will look alike. It has long been the practice in colorimetry to make use of sets of colour-matching functions to calculate tristimulus values for colours: equality of tristimulus values for a pair of colours indicates that the colour appearances of the two colours match, when they are viewed in the same conditions by an observer for whom the colour-matching functions apply. The use of standard sets of colour-matching functions makes the comparison of tristimulus values obtained at different times and locations possible. This International Standard specifies colour-matching functions for use in colorimetry. Two sets of colour-matching functions are specified: Colour-matching functions for the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer This set of colour-matching functions is representative of the colour-matching properties of observers with normal colour vision for visual field sizes of angular subtense from about 1° to about 4°, for vision at photopic levels of adaptation. Colour-matching functions for the CIE 1964 supplementary standard colorimetric observer
This set of colour-matching functions is representative of the colour-matching properties of observers with normal colour vision for visual field sizes of angular subtense greater than about 4°, for vision at sufficiently high photopic levels and with spectral power distributions such that no participation of the rod receptors of the retina is to be expected. The values in the tables of the colour matching functions and chromaticity coordinates of the CIE 1931 and 1964 standard colorimetric observers are identical with those in the previous standard. This standard has been approved by CIE and ISO.
CIE Colorimetry — Part 2: Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry Joint ISO/CIE Standard ISO 11664-2:2008(E)/CIE S 014-2/E:2006 This CIE Standard replaces ISO 10526:1999/CIE S005:1998. It contains only minor changes from the previous standard, mainly concerning the wavelengths that are to be taken as being in standard air, to make the Standard conform to other CIE photometric and colorimetric data. CIE standard illuminants are used in colorimetry to compute the tristimulus values of reflected or transmitted object colours under specified conditions of illumination. This International Standard specifies two illuminants for use in colorimetry: CIE standard illuminant A This is intended to represent typical, domestic, tungsten-filament lighting. CIE standard illuminant A should be used in all applications of colorimetry involving the use of incandescent lighting, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant. CIE standard illuminant D65 This is intended to represent average daylight. CIE standard illuminant D65 should be used in all colorimetric calculations requiring representative daylight, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant. Variations in the relative spectral power distribution of daylight are known to occur, particularly in the ultraviolet spectral region, as a function of season, time of day, and geographic location. However, CIE standard illuminant D65 should be used pending the availability of additional information on these variations. The numerical values of the relative spectral distributions of standard illuminants A and D65 defined by this Standard are the same, within an accuracy of six significant digits, as those defined in earlier versions of these illuminants. This standard has been approved by CIE and ISO.
CIE Colorimetry — Part 4: 1976 L*a*b* Colour Space Joint ISO/CIE Standard ISO 11664-4:2008(E)/CIE S 014-4/E:2007 The three-dimensional colour space produced by plotting CIE tristimulus values (X,Y,Z) in rectangular coordinates is not visually uniform, nor is the (x,y,Y) space nor the two-dimensional CIE (x,y) chromaticity diagram. Equal distances in these spaces do not represent equally perceptible differences between colour stimuli. For this reason, in 1976, the CIE introduced and recommended two new spaces (known as CIELAB and CIELUV) whose coordinates are non-linear functions of X, Y and Z. The recommendation was put forward in an attempt to unify the then very diverse practice in uniform colour spaces and associated colour difference formulae. Both these more-nearly uniform colour spaces have become well accepted and widely used. Numerical values representing approximately the magnitude of colour differences can be described by simple Euclidean distances in the spaces or by more sophisticated formulae that improve the correlation with the perceived size of differences. The purpose of this CIE Standard is to define procedures for calculating the coordinates of the CIE 1976 L*a*b* (CIELAB) colour space and the Euclidean colour difference values based on these coordinates. The standard does not cover more sophisticated colour difference formulae based on CIELAB, such as the CMC formula, the CIE94 formula, the DIN99 formula, and the CIEDE2000 formula nor does it cover the alternative uniform colour space, CIELUV. This standard has been approved by CIE and ISO.
Colorimetry — Part 5: CIE 1976 L*u*v* Colour Space and u', v' Uniform Chromaticity Scale Diagram ISO 11664-5:2009(E)/CIE S 014-5/E:2009 This CIE Standard specifies the method of calculating the coordinates of the CIE 1976 L*u*v* colour space including correlates of lightness, chroma, saturation and hue. It includes two methods for calculating Euclidean distances in this
space to represent the relative perceived magnitude of colour differences. It also specifies the method of calculating the coordinates of the u',v' uniform chromaticity scale diagram. The Standard is applicable to tristimulus values calculated using the colour-matching functions of the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system or the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric system. The Standard may be used for the specification of colour stimuli perceived as belonging to a reflecting or transmitting object, where a three-dimensional space more uniform than tristimulus space is required. This includes self-luminous displays, like cathode ray tubes, if they are being used to simulate reflecting or transmitting objects and if the stimuli are appropriately normalized. The Standard, as a whole, does not apply to colour stimuli perceived as belonging to an area that appears to be emitting light as a primary light source, or that appears to be specularly reflecting such light. Only the u',v' chromaticity diagram defined in Section 4.1 and the correlates of hue and saturation defined in Section 4.3 apply to such colour stimuli. This standard has been approved by CIE National Committees.
DRAFT STANDARDS CIE Draft Standard DS 017.2/E:2009 ILV: International Lighting Vocabulary CIE has published Draft Standard CIE DS 017.2/E:2009 ILV: International Lighting Vocabulary. It is an update and extension of the contents of the 4th Edition of the International Lighting Vocabulary, which was a joint publication of the CIE and the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and provided definitions of some 950 terms related to light and lighting. The terms and definitions of this publication have been completely reviewed. In addition, a large number of new terms and definitions have been introduced. The aim of this Draft Standard comprising some 1500 terms and their definitions is to promote international standardization in the use of quantities, units, symbols and terminology in this field. CIE DS 017.2/E:2009 ILV: International Lighting Vocabulary has been approved by the Board of Administration of the CIE. It comprises 196 pages and presents the definitions of nearly 1500 terms related to light and lighting. The Draft Standard has been sent to CIE National Committees for comments and sales to interested parties. It is still subject to changes and may not yet be referred to as a CIE Standard. When approved by the CIE NCs, it will be published as a CIE Standard and later on as a joint ISO/CIE standard. Price of this Draft Standard: EUR 40,- (Members of the CIE National Committees get 50 % discount).
CIE Draft Standard DS 014-3.2/E:2010 Colorimetry - Part 3: CIE Tristimulus Values Colour stimuli with different spectral distributions can look alike. An important function of colorimetry is to determine which stimuli look alike to a given observer with a given set of colour-matching functions. This is done by calculating a set of three tristimulus values for each stimulus. Equality of tristimulus values indicates equality of colour appearance under equal irradiation and viewing conditions. This Draft Standard is based on long-standing CIE recommendations (CIE15:2004 Colorimetry, 3rd edition) for the calculation of tristimulus values. It specifies methods of calculating the tristimulus values of colour stimuli for which the spectral distributions are provided. These colour stimuli may be produced by self-luminous light sources or by reflecting or transmitting objects. The standard method is defined as summation at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range from 360 nm to 830 nm. Alternative abridged methods are defined for larger intervals (up to 5 nm) and shorter ranges (down to 380 nm to 780 nm). The alternative methods are to be used only when appropriate and when the user has reviewed the impact on the final results. The Standard may be used in conjunction with the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer or the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer. The Draft Standard has been sent to CIE National Committees for comments and sales to interested parties. It is still subject to changes and may not yet be referred to as a CIE Standard. When approved by the CIE NCs, it will be published as a CIE Standard and later on as a joint ISO/CIE standard. Price of this Draft Standard: EUR 38,- (Members of the CIE National Committees get 50 % discount).
Vehicle Headlighting Systems - Photometric Performance - Method of Assessment CIE Draft Standard DS 021.2/E:2010 This Draft Standard specifies a method to accurately and reliably assess the photometric performance of vehicle headlighting systems, to enable the performance of different systems to be compared. The requirements are given in relation to road scene illumination and the limitation of glare, and the performance is assessed using parameters relevant to lane guidance and the detection of pedestrians and objects.
The Draft Standard includes a measurement and calculation procedure. It does not specify the format of an assessment report. The Draft Standard has been sent to CIE National Committees for comments and sales to interested parties. It is still subject to changes and may not yet be referred to as a CIE Standard. When approved by the CIE NCs, it will be published as a CIE Standard and later on as a joint ISO/CIE Standard. Price of this Draft Standard: EUR 56,- (Members of the National Committees of the CIE get 50% discount).
CIE PUBLICATIONS ON DISKETTES D001: Disc version of CIE photometric and colorimetric data (tables from CIE 18.2-1983, CIE 86-1990, ISO 10526/CIE S005 and ISO/CIE 10527) (1988) D002: Disc version of CIE colorimetric and colour rendering data (CIE 13.3-1995 and 15:2004 tables) (2004) D007: A computer program implementing the "Method of predicting corresponding colours under different chromatic and illuminance adaptations" described in Publication CIE 109-1994 D008: Computer program to calculate CRIs (to CIE 13.3-1995) (1995)
CIE STANDARDS CIE S 004-2001: Colours of Light Signals ISO 16508/CIE S006.1/E-1999 : Joint ISO/CIE Standard: Road Traffic Lights - Photometric Properties of 200 mm Roundel Signals ISO 17166/CIE S007/E-1999: Joint ISO/CIE Standard: Erythema Reference Action Spectrum and Standard Erythema Dose ISO 8995-1:2002(E)/CIE S 008/E:2001: Joint ISO/CIE Standard: Lighting of Work Places - Part 1: Indoor [incl. Technical Corrigendum ISO 8995:2002/Cor. 1:2005(E)] CEI/IEC 62471/CIE S009/E:2006: Photobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamps Systems (bilingual edition) Securite photobiologique des lampes et des appareils utilisant les lampes ISO 23539:2005(E)/CIE S 010/E:2004: Joint ISO/CIE Standard: Photometry - The CIE System of Physical Photometry ISO 15469:2004/CIE S 011:2003: Joint ISO/CIE Standard: Spatial Distribution of Daylight - CIE Standard General Sky ISO 23603:2005(E)/CIE S 012/E:2004: Joint ISO/CIE Standard: Standard Method of Assessing the Spectral Quality of Daylight Simulators for Visual Appraisal and Measurement of Colour CIE S 013:2003: International Standard Global Solar UV Index CIE S 015:2005: Lighting of Outdoor Work Places ISO 8995-3:2006(E)/CIE S 016/E:2005: Joint ISO/CIE Standard: Lighting of work places - Part 3: Lighting Requirements for Safety and Security of Outdoor Work Places ISO 28077:2006(E)/CIE S 019/E:2006: Joint ISO/CIE Standard: Photocarcinogenesis Action Spectrum (Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers) ISO 30061:2007(E)/CIE S 020/E:2007: Emergency Lighting Colorimetry Series ISO 11664-1:2008(E)/CIE S 014-1/E:2006: Joint ISO/CIE Standard: CIE Colorimetry - Part 1: Standard Colorimetric Observers ISO 11664-2:2008(E)/CIE S 014-2/E:2006: Joint ISO/CIE Standard: CIE Colorimetry - Part 2: Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry ISO 11664-4:2008(E)/CIE S 014-4/E:2007: Joint ISO/CIE Standard: CIE Colorimetry - Part 4: 1976 L*a*b* Colour Space. CIE S 014-5/E:2009: Colorimetry - Part 5: CIE 1976 L*u*v* Colour Space and u', v' Uniform Chromaticity Scale Diagram
DRAFT STANDARDS There are no CIE Draft Standards available at this moment
PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIA x005-1992: Proceedings of the CIE Seminar 1992 on Computer programs for light and lighting x006-1991: Japan CIE Session at PRAKASH 91 x007-1993: Proceedings of the CIE Symposium 1993 on Advanced Colorimetry x008-1994: Urban Sky Glow, a Worry for Astronomy (1994) x009-1995: Proceedings of the CIE Symposium 1994 Advances in Photometry - 70 Years of CIE Photometry 1-3 December 1994, CIE Central Bureau, Vienna
x010-1996: Proceedings of the CIE Symposium 1996 on Colour Standards for Image Technology x011-1996: Special volume 23rd Session of the CIE, New Delhi, November 1-8,1995, Late papers x012-1997: Proceedings of the NPL - CIE-UK Conference: Visual Scales (1997) x013-1997: Proceedings of the CIE LED Symposium 1997 on Standard methods for specifying and measuring LED characteristics x014-1998: Proceedings of the CIE Expert Symposium 1997 on colour standards for imaging technology x015-1998: Proceedings of the First CIE Symposium on Lighting Quality x016-1998: Measurement of Optical Radiation Hazards (1998) x017-1999: Special volume: 24th Session of the CIE, Late papers x018-1999: Proceedings of the CIE Symposium 1999 "75 Years of CIE Photometry" (also available on CD-ROM) x019-2001: Proceedings of three CIE Workshops on Criteria for Road Lighting x020-2001: Proceedings of the CIE Symposium 2001 "Uncertainty Evaluation - Methods for Analysis of Uncertainties in Optical Radiation Measurement" x021:2001: Proceedings of the CIE Expert Symposium 2000 "Extended Range Colour Spaces" x022:2001: Proceedings of the 2nd CIE Expert Symposium 2001 on LED Measurement "Standard Methods for Specifying and Measuring LED and LED Cluster Characteristics" x023:2002: Proceedings of two CIE Workshops on Photometric Measurement Systems for Road Lighting Installations (Liege 1994, Poitiers 1996) x024:2002: Proceedings of the CIE/ARUP Symposium on Visual Environment, April 2002 (also available on CD-ROM) x025:2003: Proceedings of the CIE Symposium 2002 on Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Light and Colour Perception and Measurement, August 2002 (also available on CD-ROM) x026:2005: Proceedings of the CIE Symposium 2004 on LED Light Sources: Physical Measurement and Visual and Photobiological Assessment, 7-8 June 2004, Tokyo/Japan. x027:2004: Proceedings of the CIE Symposium 2004 on Light and Health: non-visual effects, 30 Sep. - 2 Oct. 2004, Vienna, Austria. x028:2005: Proceedings of the CIE Symposium 2005 "Vision and Lighting in Mesopic Conditions", 21 May 2005, Leon, Spain. x029:2006: Proceedings of the 2nd CIE Expert Symposium Measurement Uncertainty, 12-13 June 2006, Braunschweig, Germany. x030:2006: Proceedings of the ISCC/CIE Expert Symposium 2006 "75 Years of the CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer", 16-17 May 2006, NRC, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. x031:2006: Proceedings of the 2nd CIE Expert Symposium "Lighting and Health", 7-8 September 2006, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. x032:2007: Proceedings of the CIE Expert Symposium on Visual Appearance, 19-20 October 2006, Paris, France. x033:2008: Proceedings of the CIE Expert Symposium on "Advances in Photometry and Colorimetry", 7-8 July 2008, Turin, Italy. Maintained
