STRUCTURAL STEEL STEEL EDUCATIONAL COUNCIL
TECHNICAL INFORMATION& PRODUCTSERVICE PRODUCTSERVICE
JANUARY 1997 97
QUICK RE REFE FERE RENCE NCE GUIDE for STRUCTURAL STEEL WEL WELDIN DING G PRACTICES This Guide provides provi des a quick reference to codes and and standards standa rds for fo r sel select ected ed t op op ic ic s r eg eg ar ar di di ng ng t he he w e ld ld i ng ng o f s tr tr uc uc tu tu ra ra l steel. T he he G ui de de m ai ai nl nl y addr ad dres esse ses s welding pr prac acti tice ces, s, but con contai tains ns som some e re rela late ted d de desi sign gn to topi pics cs.. Top To pic ics s are grouped al alph phab abet etic ical ally ly,, within the eig eight ht se sect ctio ion n title titles s in the Structural Wel ding Code--Steel, AW AWS S D1.1D1.1-96 96.. The Gu The Guid ide e con consist sists s of a Refere ren nce Tab able le,, Re Refe fere renc nce e Li List st,, an and d In Inde dex x of Topics. To use th the e Guid ide e, 1) locate th the e su subj bjec ectt ma matt tter er in th the e Index of Topics, Topic s, 2) fin find d the topic top ic in the Ref Refere erence nce Table and note the corresp corr espondi onding ng refe re fere renc nce e lis listt number an and d lo loca cati tion on,, an and d 3) find the title of the re refe fere renc nce e listt numbe lis numberr in the Refe ferrence Lis ist. t. Not all all topi topics cs an and d topi topic c lo loca cati tion ons s ar are e lis istted. How owev eve er, the to topic pics s li list sted ed and loc locat ation ions s gi give ven n sh shou ould ld all allow ow th the e user us er to find most subject matter on welding pra practi ctices ces.. The inform The information ation pr pres esen ente ted d in th this is Ste gene nera rall inf inform ormati ation on Steel el TIPs is for ge only on ly,, and sh shou ould ld no nott be used with without out inde indepe pend nden entt ex exam amin inat atio ion n and verification verificatio n of its suitability by the use user.
REFERENCE TABLE TOPIC
REFERENCE CONTENT
REFERENCE LIST NO.
LOCATION
1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Safety
Hazards present an welding and cutting
1 2a 13
Pg 2, Annex J Pg 520 Pg 15 1-1
Structural Steel, Defined
Elements of steel frame that support design load
4
Pg 5
Symbols
Symbols to indicate joint type, size, length, position, location, and process
1 2a 3 6 13
Pg 2, 3 Pg 195 Pg 4-152 to 155 Pg 6-14, 15, 19 Pg 16 1-39
1 2a 4 9 13
Annex B Pg 554 Pg 3 Pg 71 Pg 16 1-1
Terms and Definlbons
Definlbons for terms used En the AWS Code and for general welding terms
2. DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS Engineer's Role m Minimizing Weld Defects
Steels to use, weldments to avoid, and submittals to require
10
Pg 18
Field Instruchons
Informabon to erector on making welds
1 6
Pg 3 Pg 6-40
Lamellar Tearing
Defimtlon, causes, and prevention of this phenomenon
1 2a 5 8 9 10 13
Pg 3 Pg 137 Pg 2-19 Pg 44 Pg 61 Pg 16 Pg 6 1-9
Notches and Bnttle Fracture
Locabons where notches can occur, and details to avoid notches
1 5
Pg 162 Pg 2-21
Sequence of Joint Welding
When and how to convey welding sequence
1 2a 9 10
Pg 3, 230 Pg 136 Pg 37, 67, 71 Pg 20
Welded Joints (Connections)
Requirements for design of welded joints and connections
I 3 5
Pg 3 Pg 4-152 Pg 2-3
REFERENCE TABLE TOPIC
REFERENCECONTENT
REFER ENCELIST
NO.
LOCATION
3. PREQUALIFICATION OF WPSs Fillet Welds
Requirements and techniques.
1 2a 5 8
Pg Pg Pg Pg
Groove Welds
Requirements and technaques
1 2a 5
Pg 49, 169 Pg 149 Pg 2-5
Plug and Slot Welds
Requirements and techn,ques
1
Pg 49, 169
Prequallfied Joint Details
Joint preparation details for joints m prequahfied welding procedure specifications
1 3 6 11
Pg Pg Pg Pg
Root Layer
L•mltatlons on peenIng
1 9
Pg 172 Pg 67
Root Opening
Tolerances for root openings
1 13
Pg 49, 164 Pg 2 2-6
Stnnger Beads
What they are and why they are used.
1 9
Annex B(Pg 282) Pg 67
Welding Procedure Spec•ficahons (WPSs)
Scope and requirements
I 2a 5 10 12 14 15
Pg 41,239 Pg 439 Pg 2-3 Pg 26 Pg D-57 All All
Welding Processes
Common welding processes for both prequahfied and quahfied by test
1 2b 5 6 10 13
Pg All Pg Pg Pg Pg
2-12 6-3 12 5 0-1, 5 6-1
Automahc, sohd or flux core wire electrode with gas shielding
1 2a 2b 5 13
Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg
41, 105, 157 12 234 2-17 5.5-3
Electrogas Welding (EGW)
49, 160, 169 154 2-4 31
52 to 99 4-153 to 173 6-12 29
41, 51
REFERENCE TABLE TOPIC
REFERENCECONTENT
REFERENCELIST
NO.
LOCATION
Electroslag Weldtng(ESW)
Auto matEc,solid were electrode(s) that melt m slag pool (not an arc welding process)
1 2a 2b 5 10 13
Pg 41, 105, 157 Pg 13 Pg 272 Pg 2-17 Pg 13 Pg 5 5-1
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
Sema-automatlc,with flux in core of tubular electrode
1 2a 2b 5 10 13
Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg
Gas Met al Arc Welding (GMAW)
Seml-automahc,sohd wire electrode with gas shleldmg
1 2a 2b 5 10 13
Pg 41, 102 Pg 7 Pg 110 Pg 2-16 Pg 13 Pg 5 4-2
Shielded Met al ArcW e l d i n g (SMAW)
Ma nua l ,flux coated "sttck" electrode
1 2a 2b 5 10 13
Pg 41, 102 Pg 4 Pg 44 Pg 2-12 Pg 12 Pg 5 1-1
Automabc or semi-automatic, sohd wire electrode with arc submerged m a granular flux
1 2a 2b 5 10 13
Pg 41, 102 Pg 5 Pg 192 Pg 2-15 Pg 13 Pg 5 2-1
Potations of Welds andWelding Potations Flat Honzontal Overhead Vertical
Onentatlon and hmltahons of the four positions for groove and fillet welds, and corresponding welding positions
1 5 6
Pg 51, 102, 103, 104 Pg 2-13 Pg 6-13
Quahficahon of P erformance (Welder)
Requirementsfor quahficatlon tests of welders
1 2a 8 13
Pg 137 Pg 438, 455 Pg 30 Pg 11 4-1
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
41, 102 7 158 2-16 12 5 3-1
4. QUALIFICATION
REFERENCE TABLE TOPIC
REFERENCE CONTENT
REFERENCE LIST NO.
Qualification of Welding Procedure Specifications
5.
LOCATION
Requirements for quahficat•on tests for welding procedure specifications
1 2a 8 13
Pg 102 Pg 438, 451 Pg 30 Pg 11.3-1, 6 2-1
Dispos•t•on
1 8
Pg 172 Pg 31
F AB RI CA TI ON
Arc Strikes
of arc strikes.
Backing (Backing Bars)
Requirements and sketch of backing
1 5 13
Pg 159 Pg 2-49 Pg 2 2-6
Backing Bar Tack Welds
Sketch of backing bar tack welds
5
Pg 2-23
Base Metal
Approved base metal for structure, weld tabs, backing, and spacers
1 2a
Pg 155, Annex M Pg 111
Cleaning Welds
Slag removal between passes and on completed weld
1 13
Pg 172 Pg 2 1-5
Clearance for Welding
Requirements for positioning electrode
I 5 6
Pg 171 Pg 2-55 Pg 6-38
Cracking, Cracks
Causes and repair
1 10 13
Discontinuities and Defects
Avoiding and correcting defects
I 2a 10 13
D•stortlon and Shrinkage
Electrodes( C o n s u m a b l e s )
Environment
How to control and correct
C o m bi n a t i o n swith base metal, requirements, and classifications
Allowable temperature, wetness, wind
4
Pg 171, Annex XI(Pg263) Pg 14 Pg 6 3-17 Pg 171, 174, 175, 183 Pg 364 Pg 14, 21 Several Iocabons
1 2a 8 10 13
Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg
164 136, 218 43 22 3 1-1
1 6 10 13
Pg 41, 155, Annex M 6-7 Pg 15 Pg 4 1-1
1
Pg 160
REFERENCE TABLE TOPIC
REFERENCECONTENT
REFERENC ELIST
NO.
LOCATION
Equipment for Welding and Cutting
Requirements
1 2a 2b 13
Pg Pg Pg Pg
Fitting
Objecbves and inspection of placing parts together
7 13
Pg 17 Pg 4 4-1
Highly Restrained Welded Joints
Causes and mltlgabon of restrained joints
1
11
Annex XI (Pg 266) CX12 (Pg 426) Pg 4-152 All Pg 33
3 9
159 9 2 4 2-1, 4 3-1
Peemng
Reasons for and hmltat•ons
1 9 10 13
Pg Pg Pg Pg
172 67 20 3 1-7
Preheat and Interpass Temperatures
Reasons for, minimum temperatures, and other requirements
1 10 13
Pg 45, 158 Pg 16 Pg 3 3-1
Preparation of Base Metal
Edge dascontmu•hes and their hm•tatlons
1 8
Pg 160 Pg 7, 8
Stress Relief
Requirements for stress rehef by heat treatment
1 10 13
Pg 158 Pg 16, 18 Pg 33-1
Temporary and Tack Welds
General requtrements for placement and removal
1 8
Pg 163 Pg 14
Thermal Cutting
Processes and capabdltles
2a 2b 5 13
Pg 27 Pg 450, 482 Pg 2-17 Pg 13 5-1
Tolerance of Joint Dimensions
Joint assembly requirements including sketches
1 7
Pg 164 Pg 50
Weld Tabs (and Weld Dams)
Use and sketches on how to place
1 5 8 12
Pg 172 Pg 2-48, 49 Pg 32 Pg B-6
REFERENCE TABLE TOPIC
REFERENCE CONTENT
REFERENCE LIST NO.
LOCATION
Weldablhty
Required capacltaes for steel to be welded
1 2a 5 10 13
Annex B(Pg 284) Pg 119 Pg 2-7 Pg 11 Pg 6 1-1
Workmanship, Techmques
Proper welding practmes.
1 8 9 10 11 13
All Pg 29 Pg 67 Pg 14 Pg 33 Several Iocabons
Inspection Checks
Vanous items to check dunng welding
7
Pg 20
Inspectors and Inspecbon Objectives
General requirements, and objectives of welding mspecbon
1 2a 5 7 9 13
Pg 173, 193, 403 Pg 466 Pg 2-24 Pg 20 Pg 68 Pg 11 2-1
Nondestructive Testing (Examination)
Descnptlon, use, and requirements
1 2a 7 8 10
Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg
L•quld Penetrant Inspection
Descnphon and requirements
1 2a 5 10 13
Pg 175, 193 Pg 473 Pg 2-24, 25 Pg 25 Pg 11 2-13
Magnetic Particle Inspection
Descnptlon and requirements
1 2a 5 13
Pg 175, 193 Pg 478 Pg 2-24, 26 Pg 11 2-11
Radlographm Inspection
Descnphon and requirements
1 2a 5 10 13
Pg 177, 195 Pg 486 Pg 2-24, 26 Pg 25 Pg 11 2-6
6. INSPECTION
175, 195 468 38 41 23
REFER ENCE
TA B L E
TOPIC
REFERENCE CONTENT
REFERENCE LIST NO.
LOCATION
Ultrasonic Inspection
Description and requirements
1 2a 5 10 13
Pg 183, 204 Pg 502 Pg 2-24, 27 Pg 24 Pg 11 2-14
Visual Inspect]on
Descrlpbon and requirements
1 2a 5 7 10 13
Pg 175 Pg 469 Pg 2-24, 25 Pg 27 Pg 24 Pg 11 2-3
Quality and an example of a quahty control program
2a 12 13
Pg 360, 462 Pg E-17 Pg 11 1-1
Repairing Stud Welds
Completion of flash by fillet weld
1
Pg 225, 228
Stud Arc Welding
General requfrements and description
1 2b 13
Pg 223 Pg 300 Pg 5 5-3
Visual Inspection and 15° Bend Test
Bend test for studs that do not show full 360° flash
1
Pg 228
Quahty Control
7. STUD WELDING
8. STRENGTHENING AND REPAIRING EXISTING STRUCTURES
Strengthening and Repairing Provisions
General requirements
1
Pg 229
Work Plan
Engineer required to prepare a comprehensive plan for the work
1
Pg 229
REFERENCE LIST 1.
Structural Welding Code--Steel,
2.a.
Welding Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 1, AWS, Miami, 1987.
2.b.
Welding Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 2, AWS, Miami, 1991.
3.
Manual of Steel Construction: Allowable Stress Design, 9th ed., AISC, Chicago, 1989.
4.
Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, AISC, Chicago, June 10, 1992.
5.
Manual of Steel Construction, Vol. II--Connections ASD 9th ed./LRFD 1st ed., AISC, Chicago,
ANSI/AWS D1.1-96, Miami, 1996.
1992.
6.
Detailing for Steel Construct/on, AISC, Chicago, 1983.
7.
Shop Inspector Training Guide, AISC, Chicago, 1985.
8.
Quality Criteria and Inspection Standards, 3d ed., AISC, Chicago, 1988.
9.
"Commentary on H•ghly R es tr ai ne d Welded Connections," AISC Engineering Journal, 3d Quarter 1973/Vol. 10, No. 3, Chicago, 61-73; and "Discussion," AISC Engineering Journal, 1st Quarter 1975/Vol. 12, No. 1, Chicago, 36-68.
10.
F. Robert Preece and Alvaro L. Collin, "Structural Steel Construction in the '9Os,' Steel TIPS, Structural Steel Education Council, Walnut Creek, California, September 1991.
11.
James J. Putkey, " C o m m o n Steel Erection Problems and Suggested Solutions," Structural Steel Educational Council, Moraga, Califorma, December 1993.
12.
Steel Mom ent Frame Connection, Advisory No. 3, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, 1995.
13.
The Procedure Han dbook of Arc Welding, 13th ed., The Lincoln Electric Company,
Steel TIPS,
Cleveland,
1994. 14.
Guidelines for Welding Procedure Spec/f/cations, SEAONC, San Francisco, October 1996.
15.
Alvaro L. C ol li n , Welding Procedure Spec•fmatlons, Orinda, California, November 1995 (available from S t ru c tu r al S te e l E d uc a ti o na l C ou n ci l) .
Index of Steel TIPS Publications The following is a hst of avatlable Steel TIPS Copies wdl be sent upon request Some are in very hm•ted quanbty · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Seasmac Design of Special Concentrically Braced Frames Selsmm Design of Bolted Steel Moment-Resisting Frames Structural Detads to Increase Ductdlty of Connections Slotted Bolted Connecbon Energy D•ss•paters Use of Steel in the Seismic Retrofit of H•stonc Oakland C•ty Hall Heavy Structural Shapes Jn Steel Tension Apphcattons Economical Use of Cambered Steel Beams Value Engineering and Steel Economy What Desagn Engineers Can Do to Reduce Fabrication Costs Charts for Strong Column Weak G•rder Design of Steel Frames Se•smm Strengthemng w•th Steel Slotted Bolt Connechons Se•smm Dessgn Pracbce for Eccentrically Braced Frames
INDEX OF TOPICS
Arc Stnkes, 4 Backing (Backing Bars), 4 Backing Bar Tack Welds, 4 Base Metal, 4 Cleaning Welds, 4 Clearance for Welding, 4 Cracking, Cracks, 4 DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS, 1
DiscontinuJhes and Defects, 4 Distortion and Shrmkage, 4 Electrodes (Consumables), 4 Electrogas Welding (EGW), 2 Electroslag Welding (ESW), 3 Engineer's Role in Minimizing Weld Defects, 1 Environment, 4 Equipment for Welding and Cutting, 5 FABRICATION, 4
Field Instructions, 1 Fillet Welds, 2 Fitting, 5 Flat Welds, 3 Flux Cored Ar c Welding (FCAW), 3 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), 3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS, 1
Groove Welds, 2 Highly Restrained Welded Joints, 5 Horizontal Welds, 3 INSPECTION, 6
Inspechon Checks, 6 Inspectors and Inspection ObJectives, 6 Lamellar Tearing, 1 LJquad Penetra nt Inspection , 6 Magnetic Particle Inspection, 6 Nondestructive Tesbng (Exammahon), 6 Notches and Brittle Fracture, 1 Overhead Welds, 3 Peening, 5 Plug and Slot Welds, 2 Poslhons o f Welds and Welding Poslhons, 3 Preheat and Interpass Temperatures, 5 Preparation of Base Metal, 5 PREQUALIFICATION OF WPSs, 2
Prequahfied Joint Details, 2 QUALIFICATION, 3
Quahficahon of Performance (Welder), 3 Qualification of Welding Procedure Specifications, 4
Quality Control, 7 Radlographac Inspecbon, 6 Repamng Stud Welds, 7 Root Layer, 2 Root Opening, 2 Safety, 1 Sequence of Joint Welding, 1 Shielded Metal Ar c Welding (SMAW), 3 STRENGTHENING AND REPAIRING EXISTING STRUCTURES, 7
Strengthening and Repalnng Prowslons, 7 Stress Rehef, 5 Stringer Beads, 2 Structural Steel, Defined, 1 Stud Arc Welding, 7 STUD WELDING, 7 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), 3 Symbols, 1 Temporary and Tack Welds, 5 Terms and Defin•ttons, 1 Thermal Cutting, 5 Tolerance of Joint Dimensions, 5 Ultrasonic Inspection, 7 Vertmal Welds, 3 Visual Inspection, 7 Visual Inspechon and 15° Bend Test, 7 Weld Tabs (and Weld Dams), 5 Weldablhty, 6 Welded Joints (Connections), 1 Welding Procedure Speclficabons (WPSs), 2 Welding Processes, 2 Work Plan, 7 Workmanship, Techniques, 6
Note Topms m bold caps (e g, INSPECTION) refer to the eight AWS Code sechon htles
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