NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KURUKSHETRA SUBMITTED BY: LALIT MEENA 108416(E1) ELECTRIC AL ENGINEERING CONTENT S.N o. 1 2 3 4 TOPIC About Indian Railways Acknowledgement Circuit Diag...
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DR.B.R. AMBEDKAR NA NAT TIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JALANDHAR
INDUSTRIAL PRACTICAL TRAINING FINAL PROJECT REPORT
Construction o A!!ro"c#$s A!!ro"c#$s o %&.'( )$tr$ C"rri"*$+", Ro"- O$r Bri-*$ "t L$$/ Crossin* No. A0%& "t K"!urt#"/" K#o1$+"/ R"i/ S$ction o Nort#$rn R"i/+", on J"/"n-#"r0 K"!urt#"/" Ro"- N$"r Sci$nc$ Cit, in District K"!urt#"/"
Tr"in$$ D$t"i/s2 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar Jalandh ar N")$: Mitul Chopra Ro// No.: 1110200 Disci!/in$: Ci!il "n#ineerin#
INDE3 S$ction
D D$$scri!tion
Ac4no+/$-*$)$nt %
Intro-uction To Pro1$ct
%.%
A8out T#$ Pro1$ct
%.6
N$$- For T#is Pro1$ct
%.7
A8out T#$ Construction Sit$
6
Consi-$r"tions B$or$ St"rtin*
6.%
SOIL IN:ESTIGATION
6.6
Loc"tion O Bor$#o/$s
6.7
Di$rsion Ro"-
6.9
Di$rsion Rout$s
6.5
S$ric$ Ro"-
7
G$n$r"/ Out/in$ O T#$ Pro1$ct
7.%
:"//$, Cur$
7.6
Su))it Cur$
7.7
:oi- For)$rs
7.9
Anti0Cr"s# B"rri$rs
7.5
Dou8/$ M$t"/ Cr"s# B"rri$rs
7.&
B$"rin*s
7.;
E=!"nsion Joints
7.<
R$t"inin* E"rt# P"n$/s
7.'
G$o Str"!s
7.%(
S$is)ic R$str"in$rs
7.%%
M$-i"n
P"*$ No. 5 &0'
%(0%6
%&077
7.%6
Sc"o/-in*
7.%7
For)+or4 S#utt$rin*
9
C"stin* O S/"8
9.%
D$c4 S/"8 R$inorc$)$nt
9.6
B"tc#in* P/"nt
5
T$st
5.%
Co)!r$ssi$ Co)!r$ssi$ Str$n*t#
5.6
S/u)! T$st T$st
5.7
C$)$nt T$st
&
Construction M"t$ri"/s
&.%
C$)$nt
&.6
A**r$*"t$s
&.7
A-)i=tur$s
&.9
>"t$r
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Conc/usion
;.6
R$$r$nc$s "n- 8i8/io*r"!#,
7907'
75099
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9'05(
ACKNO>LEDGEMENT It i$ %ith #reat plea$ure that I &ind m'$el& pennin# do%n the$e line$ to e(pre$$ m' $in)ere thank$ to !ariou$ people %ho ha!e helped me a lon# %a' in )ompletin# thi$ pro*e)t. I am hi#hl' indebted to Er. H"r8#"1"n Sin*#? Su8 Diision"/ En*in$$r@P>D + &or hi$ #uidan)e and )on$tant $uper!i$ion a$ %ell a$ &or pro!idin# ne)e$$ar' in&ormation re#ardin# the pro*e)t , al$o &or hi$ $upport in )ompletin# the pro*e)t. I %ould like to e(pre$$ m' #ratitude to%ard$ Er. N$$r"1 Gu!t"? Junior En*in$$r and Er. D$$!"4 4oc##"r? Junior En*in$$r &or their kind )o-operation and en)oura#ement %hi)h helped me in )ompletion o& thi$ pro*e)t. I %ould like to e(pre$$ m' $pe)ial #ratitude and thank$ to $ite per$on$ &or #i!in# me $u)h attention and time. I o%e a debt o& #ratitude to Department o& Ci!il "n#ineerin# NIT-J NIT-J and T, Cell /ead Dr Pr"t"! Sin*# &or #i!in# $u)h an opportunit' opportunit' to #et to kno% the real time pra)ti)e$ &ollo%ed in the indu$tr'. M' thank$ and appre)iation$ al$o #o to people %ho ha!e %illin#l' helped me
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%.% ABOUT THE PROJECT • ubli) %ork$ department pun*ab i$ )on$tru)tin# a o!er-brid#e at a )o$t o& R$. )rore.
• The o!er-brid#e %ill pro!ide a tra&&i) route &rom ho*e%ala to Man$ur%al Dona and %ould help in )opin# %ith the )on#e$tion in the area. • The 13-km Jalandhar-apurthala road+ on %hi)h u$hpa 4u*ral 5)ien)e Cit'+ un*ab Te)hni)al 6ni!er$it' and 5%aran 5in#h In$titute o& NonRene%able ener#' are lo)ated+ %itne$$e$ hea!' )on#e$tion durin# train timin#$. • D"TAI75 89 MAIN ACA4" 89 T/" R8J"CT : A76" 89 A;ARD"D ;8R NAM" 89 A4"NC<
%.6 NEED FOR THIS PROJECT • A R8B >rail%a' o!er brid#e? needed to be )on$tru)ted o!er rail%a' )ro$$in# to )hanneli@e the tra&&i) and to redu)e in all time o& tra!el on MDR 2>no% national hi#h%a'?. • Rail%a' )ro$$in# i$ one o& the hea!ie$t in term o& rail tra&&i) a$ it &a)ilitate$ RC9 >rail%a' )oa)h &a)tor'?. • A$ a 13.0 metre )arria#e%a' %ill keep the $peed on the hi#h%a' uni&orm and %ould $a!e a lot o& pre)iou$ time .
>Rail%a' route o& RC9 to ho*e%ala $tation?
7|Page
%.7 ABOUT CONSTRUCTION SITE GPS A--r$ss 121 .3N+ E23 2."
- R"i/+", Crossin* 0 ROB
8|Page
6.% SOIL IN:ESTIGATION • 5oil In!e$ti#ation Done in late 2012 • ;ork %a$ )arried out b' /olte) Con$ultin# ri!ate 7td • 8b*e)t F to obtain $eGuen)e and e(tent o& $ub-$oil to ma(imum depth o& 2m • 2 borehole$ %ere u$ed • 5T>$tandard penetration te$t?%a$ u$ed • Bored and )a$t-in $itu pile$ %ere u$ed &or determination • Cir)ular diameter o& pileH1.0m u$in# 5hell and au#er method • ile ma' re$t at a depth o& 1E.m &rom N47>13.m %.r.t )ut-o&& le!el? • 5a&e pile load H 2T>&or len#th o& 13.m depth?
• 5olid 9ill 7en#th H 1.E0m >8!erall %idth o& )arria#e %a' i$ 13.0m )ompri$in# o& 1.00 meter )arria#e %a' >2E.0?+ 0.0m %ide anti )ra$h barrier on both $ide$ and 0.0m %ide )entral median?
7.% :ALLEY CUR:E
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alle' )ur!e or $a# )ur!e$ are !erti)al )ur!e$ %ith )on!e(it' do%n%ard$. The' are &ormed %hen t%o #radient$ meet a$ illu$trated &i#ure in an' o& the &ollo%in# 9our %a'$: 1. ;hen a de$)endin# #radient meet$ another de$)endin# #radient &i#ure aK. 2. ;hen a de$)endin# #radient meet$ a at #radient &i#ure bK. . ;hen a de$)endin# #radient meet$ an a$)endin# #radient &i#ure )K. . ;hen an a$)endin# #radient meet$ another a$)endin# #radient &i#ure dK.
7.6 SUMMIT CUR:E 5ummit )ur!e$ are !erti)al )ur!e$ %ith #radient up%ard$. The' are &ormed %hen t%o #radient$ meet a$ illu$trated in &i#ure in an' o& the &ollo%in# &our %a'$: 1. ;hen a po$iti!e #radient meet$ another po$iti!e #radient &i#ure aK. 2. ;hen po$iti!e #radient meet$ a at #radient &i#ure bK. . ;hen an a$)endin# #radient meet$ a de$)endin# #radient &i#ure )K. . ;hen a de$)endin# #radient meet$ another de$)endin# #radient &i#ure dK.
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7.7 :OID FORMERS Abo!e the $pan o& 10m+ the dead %ei#ht o& a $olid $lab brid#e be)ome$ e()e$$i!e. 8ne o& the )ommone$t %a'$ o& li#htenin# a $olid $lab i$ to u$e !oid &ormer$ o& $ome $ort. The )ommone$t &orm i$ )ir)ular pol'$t'rene !oid &ormer$. The S#$"r Str$ss$s are likel' to be)ome e()e$$i!e near $upport$+ parti)ularl' i& di$)rete pier$ are u$ed. /o%e!er+ thi$ problem )an be a!oided b' $impl' $toppin# the !oid$ o&&+ lea!in# a $olid $e)tion in the$e )riti)al $e)tion$.
• In the )on$tru)tion en#ineer$ al%a'$ $tri!e to make their de$i#n$ and $tru)ture$ better and $tron#er+ not ne)e$$aril' hea!ier be)au$e bein# hea!' ha$ other impli)ation$ on the $tru)tural inte#rit'. A hea!ier $tru)ture $u$pended on $teel beam$ and pole$ ha!e a #reat )han)e o& )a!in# in due to the %ei#ht be)au$e no matter ho% $tron# the $tru)ture i$+ there are $till )han)e$ o& that be)omin# hea!ier due to additional %ater )ontent in the $tru)ture. No en#ineer de$ire$ their brid#e$ and buildin#$ to )a!e in %ith a lot o& people on it+ $o the' make it li#hter F %ith !oid &ormer$. • oid 9ormer$ are made o& pol'$t'rene+ %hi)h i$ !er' li#ht%ei#ht and ha$ Guite appre)iable load bearin# )apa)it'+ no% %e do not mean that &oam blo)k$+ %hi)h i$ %hat the$e !oid &ormer$ are+ %ill %ith$tand the load o& hu#e )ar$ and tru)k$ mo!in# on the road+ but it i$ $tron# enou#h to bear the load o& )on)rete on it until it $ettle$ and $olidi&ie$.
>#"t M"4$s Fo") :oi- For)$rs B$tt$r T#"n M$t"/ S#$$t A/t$rn"ti$s • It %a$ &ound that )on)rete $lab$+ )on$tru)ted )ompletel' o& )ement %ere too hea!' and did not make an'thin# better. "n#ineer$ %ere able to a)hie!e the $ame de#ree o& $tren#th and durabilit' %ith hollo% $tru)ture$ %ith the u$e o& pretended $teel )able$ and &oam oid 9ormer$. A$ a matter o& &a)t+ en#ineer$ &ound t%o entirel' di&&erent %a'$ o& &ormin# !oid$+ one that )ould be remo!ed %hen the $tru)ture took $hape and another t'pe that )ould be le&t in pla)e %ithout )au$in# an' ri$k to the brid#e or the buildin# or %hate!er it 16 | P a g e
%a$ that the' %ere buildin#. Be&ore "5 >"(panded ol'$t'rene? %a$ u$ed &or the *ob+ builder$ relied primaril' on &le(ible metal $heet that )ould be rolled in )'linder$ and pla)ed %here!er ne)e$$ar'. But that had a hu#e do%n$ide to it. 5teel )ould not be $haped at %illL !oid maker$ ba)k then %ere mo$tl' )'lindri)al F and hea!'. 5oon it be)ame apparent that there %a$ the need &or $omethin# better+ li#hter+ $tron#er and $omethin# that %a$ den$e enou#h to )arr' lar#e load$ de$pite bein# $uper li#ht%ei#ht $o "5 &oam !oid &ormer$ %ere u$ed.
• Not *u$t that there %a$ more to that. 9oam !oid maker$ are o&ten le&t behind in$tead o& bein# de$tro'ed or remo!ed+ %hi)h in)identall' add$ to the $tren#th o& the monolith. Durin# $i#ni&i)ant $hi&t$ and mo!ement$ in $tru)ture an entirel' hollo% $tru)ture ha$ a #reater )han)e o& breakin# in+ but add a &iller to it and the ri$k$ are $ome%hat lo%ered. 5o in addition to makin# buildin#$ and brid#e$ li#hter+ en#ineer$ are u$in# !oid maker$ to $tabili@e them.
• The$e &ru$tum$ are u$ed to )o!er !oid &ormer$ at the end$ pre!ent entr' o& an'thin# in them .
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A-"nt"*$s o :oi- For)$rs • 7i#hten the dead %ei#ht o& the $tru)ture • Redu)e the )o$t o& the pro*e)t b' redu)in# u$a#e o& )on)rete • re!entin# )a!in# o& $tru)ture
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7.9 ANTI0CRASH BARRIERS Tra&&i) barrier$+ $ometime$ )alled )ra$h barrier$+ #uard rail+ keep !ehi)le$ %ithin their road%a' and pre!ent !ehi)le$ &rom )ollidin# %ith dan#erou$ ob$ta)le$ $u)h a$ boulder$+ buildin#$+ %all$ or lar#e $torm drain$. Tra&&i) barrier$ are al$o in$talled at the road $ide to pre!ent errant !ehi)le$ &rom tra!er$in# $teep >non-re)o!erable? $lope$ or enterin# deep %ater.
D$t"i/s "8out t#$ sit$ • M )on)rete mi( %a$ u$ed • 0.0 metre %ide anti )ra$h barrier$
7.5 DOUBLE METAL CRASH BARRIERS 19 | P a g e
• Metal Cra$h barrier$ are ba$i)all' Road $a&et' $'$tem %hi)h pre!ent$ !ehi)le$ &rom )ollidin# %ith ob$ta)le$ $u)h a$ boulder$+ %all$+ buildin#$ and al$o pre!ent$ !ehi)le$ enterin# into lar#e $torm drain$+ $teep $lope$ or Deep %ater. • 4al!ani@ed iron pipe$ are u$ed a$ mount$.
A!!/ic"tions • A$ re$trainin# barrier$ on embankment$ o& e(pre$$%a'$ and hi#h%a'$ • A$ )ontainment barrier$ on median$ and #rade $eparator$ o& road$ • A$ prote)tion barrier$)ontainment barrier$ &or hill' terrain$ and #hat land$ • A$ ra)e)ar )ra$h #uard$ on ra)in# )ar tra)k$ • A$ &en)in# barrier$ &or )ountr' border line$+ e(pan$e land$+ %ater bodie$+ brid#e pier$ et).
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•
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7.& BEARINGS • A bearin# i$ a )omponent o& a brid#e %hi)h t'pi)all' )onne)t$ the brid#e pier$ to the brid#e de)k. • The purpo$e o& a bearin# i$ to allo% )ontrolled mo!ement and thereb' redu)e the $tre$$e$ in!ol!ed. Mo!ement )ould be thermal e(pan$ion or )ontra)tion+ or mo!ement &rom other $our)e$ $u)h a$ $ei$mi) a)ti!it'. • The olde$t &orm o& brid#e bearin# i$ $impl' t%o plate$ re$tin# on top o& ea)h other. A )ommon &orm o& modern brid#e bearin# i$ the ela$tomeri) brid#e bearin#. • "la$tomeri) brid#e bearin# are a )ommonl' u$ed modern brid#e bearin#. There are $e!eral di&&erent $imilar t'pe$ o& brid#e bearin#$ that in)lude neoprene bearin# pad$+ neoprene brid#e bearin#$+ laminated ela$tomeri) bearin#$ and $ei$mi) i$olator$ %hi)h are all #enerall' re&erred to a$ brid#e bearin# pad$ in the )on$tru)tion indu$tr'. • Internal $tru)ture )on$i$t$ o& a $and%i)h o& mild $teel $him$ and rubber moulded a$ one unit. The tran$mi$$ion media i$ the bearin#+ one o& the mo$t important )omponent$ o& a brid#e $tru)ture.
TYPES OF BEARING 1. Fi=$- B$"rin* 9i(ed bearin# doe$ not allo% bearin# plane t%o-dire)tion mo!ement$+ but allo%$ it to rotate. 2. Gui-$- B$"rin* 4uided bearin# allo%$ rotation and the bearin# plane to do one-dire)tion mo!ement. The main )omponent$ o& a #uided bearin# are the $ame a$ tho$e o& a &i(ed bearin#+ but are able to pro!ide lon#itudinal mo!ement &un)tion. 22 | P a g e
. Fr$$ B$"rin* 9ree bearin# allo%$ rotation+ lon#itudinal mo!ement+ and tran$!er$e mo!ement$. The main )omponent$ o& a &ree bearin# are the $ame a$ tho$e o& a &i(ed bearin#+ but are able to pro!ide t%o-dire)tion mo!ement$.
In t#is !ro1$ct
• In$ide pier$- #uided bearin# are u$ed • 8uter pier$ -&ree bearin#$ are u$ed
7.; E3PANSION JOINTS An e(pan$ion *oint i$ an a$$embl' de$i#ned to $a&el' ab$orb the Thermal e(pan$ion heat-indu)ed e(pan$ion and )ontra)tion o& )on$tru)tion material$+ to ab$orb !ibration+ to hold part$ to#ether or to allo% mo!ement due to #round $ettlement or earthGuake$.
• Brid#e e(pan$ion *oint$ are de$i#ned to allo% &or )ontinuou$ tra&&i) bet%een $tru)ture$ a))ommodatin# mo!ement+ $hrinka#e+ temperature !ariation$ on rein&or)ed and pre$tre$$ed )on)rete+ )ompo$ite and $teel $tru)ture$. The' $top the brid#e &rom bendin# out o& pla)e in e(treme )ondition$ and allo% enou#h !erti)al mo!ement to permit bearin# repla)ement
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DETAILS ABOUT THE SITE • "(pan$ion *oint $hall be $trip • Cater &or de$i#n mo!ement o& minimum 20 mm 24 | P a g e
7.< RETAINING EARTH PANELS
• RETAINING EARTH PANELS $tabili@e un$table $lope$ and retain the $oil on $teep $lope$ and under )re$t load$. The %all &a)e i$ o&ten o& pre)a$t+ $e#mental blo)k$+ panel$ that )an tolerate $ome di&&erential mo!ement. The %all$ are in&illed %ith #ranular $oil+ %ith or %ithout rein&or)ement+ %hile retainin# the ba)k&ill $oil. It )an be u$ed &or retainin# %all$+ brid#e abutment$+ dam$+ $ea%all$+ and dike$. • The$e ha!e interlo)kin# pattern$ bet%een %hi)h the$e panel$ are $ta)ked on one another
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On t#$ sit$ • The$e panel$ %ere )a$t in-$itu b' Brahmaputra in&ra$tru)ture ltd S!$ciic"tions2
7.' GEOSTRAPS • The 4eo5trap i$ an earth rein&or)ement $trip made o& hi#h-tena)it' $'ntheti) &ibre $ele)ted to pro!ide optimum per&orman)e &or pre!entin# the $lippin# o& rein&or)ed earth panel$ • The$e are $tret)hed and nailed in the )ompa)ted $oil on the one end and on the other end the$e are pa$$in# throu#h ome#a$ embedded in the earth panel$ and pro!ide optimum $a&et' In t#is !ro1$ct 90& o)$*"s $)8$--$- *$ostr"! 8$/ts +$r$ us$-.
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S!$ciic"tions o *$ostr"!s ;idth
• 8n the upper $ide o& $olid &illH0mm • 8n the lo%er $ide o& $olid &illHmm • Material H $heath pol'ole&in
7.%( S$is)ic r$str"in$rs
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7.%% MEDIAN • Important hi#h%a' element that are built in order to di$tin#ui$h bet%een the di&&eren)e$ in pa$$a#e dire)tion$ o& tra&&i) on a road. The $pe)i&i)ation$ o& median are a$: • ;idth H 0.m+ • /ei#htH1.)m • 4rade o& )on)rete u$edHM0
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7.%6 SCAFFOLDING GENERAL SPECIFICATION
Temporar' 5upportin# 5tru)tureO i$ that $tru)ture+ %hi)h are temporaril' reGuired in buildin# )on$tru)tion either &or $upportin# the la'in# o& )on)rete till it #et$ matured $u)h a$ $hutterin#. A$ &re$h )on)rete i$ in a pla$ti) $tate+ %hen it i$ pla)ed &or )on$tru)tion purpo$e$+ do it be)ome$ ne)e$$ar' to pro!ide $ome temporar' $tru)ture to )on&ine and $upport the )on)rete in pla$ti) $tate+ %hen it i$ pla)ed &or )on$tru)tion purpo$e$+ $o it be)ome$ ne)e$$ar' to pro!ide $ome temporar' $tru)ture to )on&ine and $upport the )on)rete till it #ain$ $tren#th &or $el& F$upportin#. The temporar' $tru)ture i$ kno%n a$ $hutterin#. SCAFFOLDING
5)a&&oldin# i$ a temporar' $tru)ture+ %hi)h i$ u$ed in buildin# operation$ $upport plat&orm$ &or %orkmen+ $tru)tural material and applian)e$ reGuired durin# )on$tru)tion at rai$ed hei#ht$ >normall' more than 1.m?. Thi$ temporar' &rame%ork or $)a&&oldin# i$ u$e&ul in buildin# )on$tru)tion+ demolition+ maintenan)e and repair %ork$. The hei#ht o& the $)a&&oldin# )an be ad*u$ted %ith the pro#re$$ o& %ork.
COMPONENTS PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING St"n-"r-2 0 The$e are the !erti)al member$ o& $)a&&oldin#. L$-*$rs2 0 The$e are the hori@ontal member$ at ri#ht an#le$ to the $tandard$ and parallel to the %all. Br"c$s2 0 The$e member$ are &i(ed dia#onall' on the $tandard$. P/"n4s2 0 The$e member$ are pla)ed on hori@ontal member$ >i.e. led#er$? at ri#ht an#le$ to the %all+ one end o& %hi)h i$ held in %all.
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7.%7 FORM >ORK 9or )on)rete )on$tru)tion &orm$ or $hutterin# in the &orm$ o& %ooden plank$ or $teel plate$ are u$ed &or keepin# the #reen )on)rete in po$ition till it harden$. Thi$ help$ in #i!in# the de$ired $hape$ to di&&erent )omponent$ o& the $tru)ture R$)o"/ o or)+or4
9or )olumn$ H 2 to = hour$ 9or $lab up to . m $pan H E da'$ 31 | P a g e
9or $lab more than .m $pan H 1 da'$ 9or beam$ up to 3m $pan H 1 da'$ 9or beam$ abo!e 3m $pan H 21 da'$
The material o& the &orm%ork $hould be pra)ti)all' %ater proo& $o that it )anPt ab$orb %ater &rom )on)rete. It $hould be $tron# enou#h to %ith$tand the pre$$ure or the load o& the &re$h )on)rete+ li!e load o& the %orker )omin# on it. The &orm%ork $hould be $o made that it )an be remo!ed ea$il' %ithout )au$in# the lea$t in*ur' to the $ur&a)e o& nearl' )on$tru)ted )on)rete member$. The in$ide $ur&a)e o& &orm%ork $hould be $mooth $o a$ to #i!e #ood appearan)e to the re$ultin# ne%l' )on$tru)ted )on)rete member$.
7.%9 SHUTTERING • Remo!al o& &orm%ork &rom %all$+ )olumn$ and !erti)al $ur&a)e$ - 2 hour$ Remo!al o& prop$ under $lab$ 1? 5lab $pan up to .m - Eda'$ 2? 5lab $pan abo!e .m - 1 da'$
• A&ter the )on)retin#+ $hutterin# i$ remo!ed manuall'. • Nut and bolt$ are loo$ened and $hutter$ are remo!ed.
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• Durin# remo!al )are $hould be taken. 5hutter$ $hould not be remo!ed b' pullin#+ in$tead *erk$ $hould be #i!en in lon#itudinal dire)tion and remo!ed $moothl'. • A&ter%ard$ the pol'thene )o!erin# draina#e pipe$ are remo!ed and )he)ked and )leaned. • Immediatel' a&ter%ard$ )urin# pro)edure i$ $tarted. Curin# i$ the pro)e$$ o& $uppl'in# %ater to )on)rete &or h'drol'$i$ rea)tion &rom e(ternal.
9.6 BATCHING PLANT • A )on)rete plant+ al$o kno%n a$ a bat)h plant or bat)hin# plant+ i$ a de!i)e that )ombine$ !ariou$ in#redient$ to &orm )on)rete. 5ome o& the$e input$ in)lude $and+ %ater+ a##re#ate >ro)k$+ #ra!el+ et).?+ &l' a$h+ pota$h+ and )ement. • There are t%o t'pe$ o& )on)rete plant$: 1. R$"-, )i= !/"nts A ready mix plant )ombine$ all in#redient$ e()ept &or %ater at the )on)rete plant. 2. C$ntr"/ )i= !/"nts A central mix plant )ombine$ $ome or all o& the abo!e in#redient$ >in)ludin# %ater? at a )entral lo)ation. The &inal produ)t i$ then tran$ported to the *ob $ite.
C"!"cit, o B"tc#in* P/"nt (.5) 7 Ti)$ or !r$!"r"tion o % 8"tc# 6 )inut$s 39 | P a g e
5.% MEAUREMENT OF COMPRESSI:E STRENGTH The di#ital )ompre$$ion - te$tin# ma)hine i$ u$ed to determine the )ompre$$i!e $tren#th o& hardened )on)rete $pe)imen$. ro)edure: a$ per I5 13 - method$ o& te$t$ &or $tren#th o& )on)rete A. eep the $pe)imen to be te$ted )entrall' on the )lean lo%er platen $o that $mall )learan)e i$ le&t bet%een the upper platen and the top the $pe)imen under te$t. B. Clo$e the pre$$ure relea$e !al!e. C. Make the di#ital di$pla' to read @eroO b' ad*u$tin# the @ero knob. D. ut the di$pla' unit on peak holdO mode to hold the ma(imum load readin#. ". 5tart appl'in# the load at the $pe)i&ied pa)e rate+ %hi)h )ould be maintained b' ad*u$tin# the $lo% &a$t knob. 9. I& the pa)e rate i$ on hi#her $ide the indi)ator di$pla'$ red )olour and the pa)e rate i$ on lo%er $ide the indi)ator %ill di$pla' 'ello% )olour. 4. I& the pa)e rate i$ e(a)tl' eGual to $et rate then the indi)ator %ill di$pla' #reen )olour. /.A$ $oon a$ $ample &ail$+ relea$e the pre$$ure $lo%l' b' openin# !al!e. I. The di#ital di$pla' %ill be holdin# the ma(imum load readin# at %hi)h $ample ha$ &ailed. Note do%n the pattern o& &ailure and )al)ulate the )ompre$$i!e $tren#th in Nmm 2 or k#)m2. J. a)e rate &or 1 )m )ube i$ 10-10 k# $G. )mmin. . Be&ore $tartin# another te$t+ )lean the lo%er platen and brin# the di#ital di$pla' to @eroO po$ition b' depre$$in# the re$etO $%it)h.
5.6 SLUMP TEST@IS %%''2 1. urpo$e: Thi$ te$t i$ u$ed &or mea$urin# the %orkabilit' o& &re$h )on)rete. The apparatu$ u$ed here i$ 576M C8N". 2. ro)edure: a. A$ $oon a$ the mi( i$ prepared+ be&ore puttin# it in the $lump )one de)ide the &reGuen)' o& the $lump !alue to be taken. b. 8il the interior $ur&a)e o& the $lump )one %ith mould relea$in# oil to pre!ent adhe$ion o& the )on)rete. ). la)e the $lump )one on a le!elled $ur&a)e. d. Remi( the $ample thorou#hl' %ith the $amplin# $)oop. e. A&ter remi(in# immediatel' &ill the $lump )one in la'er$ appro(imatel' one Guarter o& the hei#ht o& the )one. &. "a)h la'er $hall be )ompa)ted %ith the tampin# rod b' 2 $troke$ di$tributed in a uni&orm manner o!er the )ro$$-$e)tion o& the )one and &or the $e)ond and $ub$eGuent la'er$ tampin# rod $hall penetrate into the underl'in# la'er. #. A&ter )ompa)tin# the top la'er the )on)rete $hall be $tru)k o&& le!el %ith the top o& the $lump )one+ u$in# a tampin# rod. An' mould %hi)h ma' ha!e leaked out bet%een the mould and the ba$e plate $hall be )leaned a%a'. h. 6n$)re% the $lump )one &rom the ba$e plate and remo!e it immediatel' &rom the )on)rete b' rai$in# it $lo%l' and )are&ull' in a !erti)al dire)tion. i. A&ter the )on)rete $ub$ide$ pla)e the $lump )one on the ba$e plate in re!er$e po$ition and pla)e a $)ale on it. Mea$ure the hei#ht bet%een the top o& the mould and the hi#he$t point o& the )on)rete $pe)imen bein# te$ted. . Re$ult:
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5lump mea$ured $hall be reported in mm. Te$t i$ )ontinued at &i(ed inter!al$ &or a time to )ompen$ate &or the lo$$ in $lump in the )our$e o& tran$portation.
5.3 CEMENT TEST
IS CODE REFFERENCE:
IS 4031 (Part-5)
OBJECT
:
APPARATUS
This test procedure covers to find out the Cement test
:
a) !icat apparatus "ith need#e $) !icat mou#d
PROCEDURE
STANDARD CONSISTENCY
a) Ta%e 300 &ms of cement $) 'i %no"n percenta&e of disti##ed "ater c) The SC of cement paste is defined at that consistenc "hich "i## permit the vicat p#un&er to a point 5 to *mm 43 | P a g e
INITIAL SETTING TIME
a) Prepare a neat cement paste $ &au&in& the cement "ith 0+5 times the "ater re,uired to &ive a paste of standard consistenc $) i##-up the vicat mou#d "ith cement paste c) The period $et"een the time "hen "ater added to the cement . the time of "hich need#e fai#s to pierce the test $#oc% $ 5mm sha## $e initia# settin& time FINAL SETTING TIME
a) /ep#ace the need#e of vicat apparatus for fina# settin& time $) The period e#apsin& $et"een the time "hen "ater is added to the cement . the time at "hich the need#e ma%es comparison on the surface of test $#oc% "hich the a##otment fai#s to do so sha## $e the fina# settin& time COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
a) Prepare cu$e of 50s, cms area usin& vi$ratin& machine $) 'a%e nine o cu$e ach cu$e consists of 200 &ms of cement 00 &ms of standard (3 &rades) . "ater P46307 . test it for 3*2+ das
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Construction M"t$ri"/s
&.% CEMENT Cement i$ a binder + a $ub$tan)e that $et$ and harden$ independentl' + and )an bind other material$ to#ether. The mo$t important u$e o& )ement i$ the produ)tion o& mortar and )on)rete . The u$e o& 8RDINAR< 8RT7AND C"M"NT >8C? + )on&ormin# to I5 =112 ha$ been re)ommended in the )on$tru)tion o& %hole buildin#. The )ement u$ed on the $ite %a$ 8C o& #rade$. The &ollo%in# t%o )ompanie$ )ement %a$ u$ed at $ite .
• A)8u1" C$)$nt 97 Gr"-$ OPC • ACC C$)$nt 97 Gr"-$ OPC Co)!r$ssi$ Str$n*t#20 The ma(imum )ompre$$i!e $tren#th o& 8C $hould not be le$$ than E2Q1 hour le$$ than 2 Ma . S$ttin* Ti)$20 ;hen te$t$ on i)atP$ mould apparatu$ + the initial $ettin# time o& )ement $hould not be le$$ than 0 minute$ and &inal $ettin# time $hould not be more than 300 minute$>10 hour$?. Fin$n$ss20 ;hen $ie!ed throu#h I5 0 mi)ron $ie!e + the re$idue b' %ei#ht $hould not be more than 10S.
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&.6 AGGREGATES The a##re#ate$ like $and + bri)k balla$t and $tone are inert material$ . Their propertie$ #reatl' in&luen)e the beha!ior o& )on)rete $in)e the' o))up' about =0S o& the total !olume o& )on)rete. It i$ lo#i)al to u$e ma(imum o& a##re#ate$ $in)e the' pro!ide bulk to the )on)rete + are le$$ e(pen$i!e and are &reel' a!ailable in nature. A))ordin# to I5 : =-1E0 + a##re#ate$ are )la$$i&ied a$ :-
• •
Fin$ A**r$*"t$s Co"rs$ A**r$*"t$s
Fin$ A**r$*"t$s
Cours$ A**r$*"t$s
The a##re#ate$ %hi)h pa$$ throu#h .E $ie!e and retained on E mi)ron $ie!e are kno%n a$ 9ine a##re#ate$. The a##re#ate$ %hi)h pa$$ throu#h Emm $ie!e and retained on .Emm $ie!e are kno%n a$ )oar$e a##re#ate$.
%ork. 10 mm $i@e a##re#ate$ i$ al$o $uitable &or the )on)rete mi(.
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•
A**r$*"t$ Crus#in* :"/u$ 2 - A$ per I5 =-1E0 + the a##re#ate !alue
%hen determined in a))ordan)e %ith the method $pe)i&ied in 2=3-13 $hall not e()eed S b' %ei#ht. •
A**r$*"t$ I)!"ct :"/u$ 2- A$ per I5 =-1E0 + the a##re#ate impa)t !alue
+ %hen determined in a))ordan)e %ith method $pe)i&ied in 2=3-13 $hall not e()eed S b' %ei#ht.
•
S!$ciic Gr"it,20 The $pe)i&i) #ra!it' o& an a##re#ate #i!e$ !aluable
in&ormation on it$ Gualit' and propertie$. /i#her the $pe)i&i) #ra!it' o& an a##re#ate the harder and $tron#er it %ill be. A$ per BI5+ the $pe)i&i) #ra!it' $hould be 2.33 that o& )oar$e $and $hould be 2.3+ that o& &ine $and $hould be 2.3. •
Bu/4 D$nsit,20 Bulk den$it' i$ the %ei#ht o& a##re#ate reGuired to &ill the
)ontainer unit !olume. It i$ e(pre$$ed in #litre. A$ per BI5+ bulk den$it' o& )ement and ri!er &ine $and $hould be 1.k#litre that o& )oar$e $and and broken $tone are 1.30.
•
Gr"-in* Li)its or co"rs$ "**r$*"t$s2- The #radin# o& &ine a##re#ate$+
%hen determined $hall be %ithin the limit #i!en in table o& I 5:=-1E0 and $hall de$)ribed a$ per &ine a##re#ate+ 4radin# @one 1+2++. The $and )on&ormin# to #radin# @one $hould not be u$ed &or RCC %ork$. Si$s o co"rs$ "**r$*"t$s us$- "t sit$ • • •
10mm 20mm 0mm
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&.7 ADMI3TURES It i$ the material other than %ater + )ement + a##re#ate %hi)h i$ u$ed a$ an in#redient o& )on)rete. It i$ immediatel' u$ed be&ore and durin# mi(in#. SIKA 6<(/ i$ an admi(ture u$ed at our $ite. Admi(ture pla'$ a !er' important role in the )on)rete mi(. 9un)tion$ o& SIKA 6<(/ 1. It de)rea$e$ the %ater )on$umption 2. It retard$ $ettin# time o& )ement
&.9 >ATER 9or the manu&a)ture o& )ement )on)rete + %ater i$ one o& the mo$t important )on$tituent. Con$tituent o& an' t'pe )an not be prepared %ithout %ater. The propertie$ o& %ater ha!e been &ound to in&luen)e the propertie$ o& )on)rete to a #reat. In )on)rete %ater i$ u$ed &or the &ollo%in# purpo$e$ :• • •
It ha$ been an o!er%helmin# e(perien)e %orkin# at R8B near apurthala under the #uidan)e o& "r. /arbha*an 5in#h + a$ I %a$ to %itne$$ the !ariou$ )on$tru)tion pra)ti)e$ that are )arried out in the modern a#e and time. The trainin# I attended i$ !er' u$e&ul a$ I #ot a lot o& learn &rom it. M' trainin# $tarted on 23 th Ma'201+ a$ the da' pro#re$$ed I %a$ &ir$tl' made a%are o& $a&et' mea$ure$ and rule$ a&ter %hi)h I %a$ allo%ed to enter the $ite. De$pite o& m' pa$t one trainin# thi$ $ite %a$ totall' di&&erent &or me.It %a$ bit hard to under$tand e!er'thin# at the $tart temperature$ 0 De#ree Cel$iu$ and e(perien)e at $u)h a lar#e )on$tru)tion %a$ @ero but da' a&ter da' I adapted m'$el& Toda' m' kno%led#e i$ up to the mark %here I )an indi!iduall' take a $tand and #et pro#re$$i!e re$ult$ at an' )on$tru)tion $ite.
