RAMAS DE LA PSICOLOGÍA

XFDFZ ME CF YZOJ@C@AÄF O+

YZOJ@C@AÄF YU YUXF Cf Yz Yzoj` oj`c`a c`aäf äf yu yuxf xf }oe }oeke ke y`x lok lokfco fcomf mfmm xe xefc fcow owfx fx ok|ez}oafjo`kez z`hxe cf j`kmuj}f yfxf ez}fhcejex }e`xäf }e` xäfzz vue e~y e~ycovu covuek ek ec °vu °vuï0 ï0  ec °y` °y`xx vuï0 vuï0 me cf j`kmuj}f+

lekojocokf# zemfk}ez/+ M+ Ezv zvuuow`lxekof .jf} f}ff}úkojf jf## mez` z`xxaf afkkowfmf  `}x`z/+ E+ ]x ]xfz}` fz}`xk` xk`zz mecox mecoxfk}e fk}e .yf .yfxfk xfk`om `ome/ e/ L+ ]xf ]xfz}`x z}`xk`z k`z yzojú yzojú}oj` }oj`zz k` jcfzol jcfzolojfm ojfm`z `z ek `}x` `}x`zz fyfx}fm`z+ A+ ]x ]xfk fkz} z}`x `xk` k`zz me mecc ez ez}f }fm` m` me me ækod ækod`` .}xf .}xfz} z}`x `xk` k` hoy`cfx  meyxezo|`z/ N+ ]x ]xfz fz}` }`xk xk`z `z y` y`xx fk fkzo zoem emfm fm .` keux keux`z `zoz oz lúho lúhojf jfzz  me fkzoemfm/ O+ ]xfz}`xk`z z`df}`l`xdez .}xfz}`xk`z me j`k|exzoúk noy`j`kmxof/ G+ ]x ]xfz}` fz}`xk` xk`zz moz`jof} moz`jof}o|` o|`zz .` keux`z keux`zoz oz noz}ïx noz}ïxojf ojf me }oy` moz`jof}o|`/+ B+ ]xfz fz}` }`xk xk`z `z ze ze~~uf ufce cezz .y .yfx fxfl flococof ofz# z# mo mozl zluk ukjo jo`k `kez ez ze~ufcez y`x m`c`x/+ C+ ]x ]xfz}` fz}`xk` xk`zz mec zueö` zueö` .moz .moz`dko `dkofz fz  yfxfz`dko yfxfz`dkofz/ fz/ CC+ ]x ]xfz}` fz}`xk` xk`zz lfj lfj}ojo }ojo`z+ `z+ D+ ]x ]xfz}` fz}`xk`z xk`z me j`k} j`k}x`c x`c me me c`z odyuc odyucz`z z`z k` jcfzolojfm`z ek `}x`z fyfx}fm`z+ .jcey}`dfkäf# yox`dfkäf  `}x`z/ K+ ]x ]xfz} fz}`x `xk` k`zz fmfy}f fmfy}f}o| }o|`z `z Ö+ Lfj fj}}`xez yzo zoj` j`ccúao aoj` j`zz vue flej} j}ffk ec ez ez}}fm` läzoj`+ @+ ]xfz}`xk`z me cf yexz`kfcomfm .yfxfk`of# ezvu ez vuow ow`o `ome me## ez ezvu vuow ow`} `}äy äyoj oj`# `# fk fk}o}oz` z`jo jofc fc## cäcädo do}e }e## noz}xoúkoj`# kfxjoz}f# y`x e|o}fjoúk# y`x meye me yekm kmekj ekjof# of# `h `hze zezo| zo|`# `# j` j`dyu dyuczo czo|` |`## yfzo|` yfzo|`## faxezo|`# k` ezyejolojfm`/+ Y+ Lfj Lfj}`x }`xez ez k` f}x f}xohuo ohuohcez hcez f }xf }xfz}`x z}`xk`z k`z dek} dek}fce fcezz vue dex dexejek ejek f}e f}ekjoú kjoúkk ` }xf }xf}fdo }fdoek} ek}`` .yx .yx`hce `hcedfz dfz fjfmïdo fjf mïdoj`z# j`z# j`km j`kmuj} uj}ff fk} fk}oz`j oz`jofc ofc mec fmu fmuc}`#` c}`#` ek cf f m ` ce z j e kj o f ` e k c f k o ö e w # z o d u cf j o ú k # yx`h yx `hce cedf dfzz j` j`k kua uafc fcez ez mu muec ec`` k` j` j`dy dycocojf jfm` m`## yx`hcedf cfh`xfc# `}x`z yx`hcedfz ok}exyexz`kfcez  `}x`z/+

6+ YZOJ YZOJ@C @C@A @AÄF ÄF K@ K@XD XDFC FC Ez}umoff cf j`kmuj}f vue ze zuy`ke ez k`xdfc# Ez}umo k`xdfc# hfg` c`z yfxæde}x`z `k}`aekï}oj`z ez}fmäz}oj`  z`jofc+ F+ Yzoj`c`aäf Aekexfc 7 Ze ek ekjf jfxa xaff me ez ez}u }umo mofx fx cf j`kmuj}f me cf yexz`kf fmuc}f# k`xdfc  jo|ocowfmf+ Egedyc` 7 ec ez}umo` me cf jxef}o|omfm# zu mezfxx`cc`# mezfxx`cc`# júd` ze e~yxezf# e~yxezf# cf oklcuekjof oklcuekjof me me cf lfdocof# e}j+ ek c`z joumfmfk`z codeö`z+ Yzoj`c`aäf Molexe Molexekjof kjofc 7 Ez H+ Yzoj`c`aäf Ez}u }umo moff cf |f |fxo xofh fhococom omfm fm me ukf ezyejälojf j`kmuj}f ek uk axuy` me yexz`kfz# cf jufc ez aekexfmf y`x lfj}`xez k`}`xo`z j`d` 7 ec ze~`# cf emfm# axfm` me okz}xuj okz} xujjoúk joúk## j`km j`kmojoú ojoúkk ej`k ej`kúdoj údojf# f# yx`lezoúk yx`lezoúk## cuafxx me xez cuaf xezomek omekjof jof  `}x `}x`z+ `z+ Ege Egedyc` dyc` 7 Ec Ec ez}um ez}umo` o` me cf fu}`ez}odf ek fm`cezjek}ez yxeuko|exzo}fxo`z me fdh`z ze~`z+ J+ Yzoj`c`aäf E|`cu}o|f ` mec Mezfxx`cc` 7 Ok|e Ok |ez} z}oa oaff c` c`zz mo mo|e |exz xz`z `z lf lfj} j}`x `xez ez vu vuee d` d`me mecf cfkk cf j`km j` kmuj uj}f }f nu nudf dfkf kf me mezm zmee ec ye yexo xo`m `m`` yxe yxekf kf}f }fcc nfz}f cf zekej}um zekej}um++ Egedyc` 7 Cfz ok|ez}o ok|ez}oafjo`kez afjo`kez me Ge Gefk fk Yo Yofa fae} e} fj fjex exjf jf me mecc mez mezfx fxx` x`cccc`` me me cf cf ok}ecoaekjof ek ec n`dhxe+

Yzoj`c`aä `aäff Fko Fkodfc dfc 7 C` M+ Yzoj`c C`zz ezy ezyejo ejofcoz fcoz}fz }fz ek ek ez}e ez}e jfdy`` z`k c`z e}ú jfdy e}úc`a` c`a`z# z# zoek zoekm` m` zu xey xeyxez xezek}f ek}fk}e k}e ec ok| ok|ez}o ez}oafm` afm`xx fuz} fuz}xäf xäfj` j` J`k J`kxfk xfkmm C`x C`xekw ekw## vuoe vuoekk xefc xe fcow owúú ez ez}u }umo mo`z `z z` z`hx hxee ec fyx fyxek ekmo mowf wfge ge y`x y`x odyxezo` odyx ezo`kez kez zek zekz`xo z`xofcez fcez ek f|e f|ezz .OD .ODYX@ YX@K] K]F/+ F/+ Cf Yzoj`c`a Yzoj`c`aäf äf fkodfc j`kzoz}e j`kzoz}e ek ec ez}umo` mec mec j`dy`x}fdoek}` j`dy`x}fdoek }` fkodfc# aekexfmf y`x oklcuekjofz oklcuekjo fz aekï}ojfz# aekï}oj fz# n`xd`kf n`xd`kfcez# cez# j`kz}o}u j`kz}o}ujo`kfcez# jo`kfcez#y`x y`x zuz yx`jez`zz me fyxekmo yx`jez` fyxekmowfge wfge yx`yo`z yx`yo`z me cfz ezyejoez#  y` y`xx ze zexx me ok ok}e }exï xïzz y` y`xx zä do dozd zd`# `# f vu vuee ye yexd xdo}o}ee fc n` n`dh dhxe xe fc do dozd zd`` }oe }oedy dy`` j` j`dy dyxe xekm kmex ex  e~ycojfx zu yx`yof j`kmuj}f+

OO++ YZ OO YZOJ@ OJ@C@ C@AÄ AÄF F FY FYCO COJF JFMF MF Xezuc}fk zex cfz moz}ok}fz ezyejofcomfmez me cf Yzoj`c`aäf j`d` yx`lezoúk# me}exdokfkm` ec °yfxf vuï0 me cf ok|ez}oafjoúk me cf j`kmuj}f+ Cfz ezye ezyejofc jofcomf omfmez mez vue e~o e~oz}e z}ekk ek kuez kuez}x` }x` yfä yfäzz z`k7

8+ YZOJ YZOJ@C @C@A @AÄF ÄF FK@ FK@XD XDFC FC Ze ek ekjfx jfxaf af me mecc ez} ez}um umo` o` me cf j`k j`kmu muj}f j}f vu vuee ze }oy }oyololojf ojf j`d` fk`xdfc# f vue mezh`xmf mezh`xmf c`z c`z yfxæde}x`z yfxæde}x`z fk}ez e~yuez}`z+ Cf Yzoj`yf}`c`aäf ez cf xfdf me cf Yzoj`c` Yzo j`c`aäf aäf vue ze ekjf ekjfxaf xaf me ez} ez}fz fz fc} fc}exf exfjo`k jo`kez# ez# cfz jufce ju fcezz ze zea÷ a÷kk ec df dfkuf kufcc Mo Mofa fakú kúz}o z}oj`z j`z  Ez Ez}f }fmäz mäz}oj }ojff me c`z ]xfz}`xk`z Dek}fcez me cf Fz`jofjoúk Fdexojfkf .MZD $ O\/ z`k 7

6+ Yzoj`c`aäf Jcäkojf J`dyxekme cf e~ycojfjoúk me c`z yxokjoyo`z yzoj`cúaoj`z ek ec mofakúz}oj`# yx`kúz}oj`# yxe|ek yxe |ekjoúk joúk  }xf }xf}fd }fdoek} oek}`` me yx` yx`hced hcedfz fz ed`j ed`jo`kf o`kfcez cez  j`kmuj}ufcez jo}fm`z ek cf yzoj`yf}`c`aäf+ Cfh`xf ek n`zyo}fcez y÷hcoj`z ` yxo|fm`z# ek cf yxæj}oj yxæ j}ojff yfx yfx}oju }ojucfx cfx## ek cf ok| ok|ez}o ez}oafjo afjoúk# úk# ek fzez fzez`xä `xäfz fz  ek cf m`jekjof+

F+ ]xfz}` ]xfz}`xk` xk` me okojo` okojo` ek ek cf oklf oklfkjof kjof## cf koöe koöeww ` cf fm`cezjekjof fm`cezje kjof .xe}xfz` dek}fc# }xfz}`xk` }xfz}`xk` fu}oz}f# me cf cfzz nf nfho hococomf mfme mezz fj fjfm fmïd ïdoj ojfz fz## me mecc ce ceka kauf ufge ge  mec nfhcf# me cfz nfhocomfmez d`}`xfz# me cf j`kmuj} j`km uj}ff fcod fcodek} ek}fxo fxof# f# me cf omek omek}omf }omfmm ze~ ze~ufc ufc## y`x }ojz# me cf ecodokfjoúk  `}x`z/+ H+ ]x ]xfkz} fkz}`xk` `xk`zz dek}fce dek}fcezz `xaækoj` `xaækoj`zz .medekjo .medekjoff zekoc#c# yx` zeko yx`|`j |`jfm`z fm`z y`x zuz} zuz}fkj fkjofz ofz yzoj yzoj`fj} `fj}o|f o|fzz  y`x e}o`c`aäf mezj`k`jomf/+ J+ ]xfz fz}` }`xk xk`` y` y`xx uz uz`` me zu zuz} z}fk fkjo jofz fz yz yzoj oj`f `fj} j}o| o|fz fz .fcj`n`c# fkle}fdokfz# koj`}okf# ` yofje`z#

8+ Yzoj`c`aäf Emujfjo`kfc J`dy J` dyxe xekm kmee ec ez ez}u }umo mo`` me yx yx`h `hce cedf dfzz yz yzoj oj`c `cúa úaoj oj`z `z demo de mofk fk}e }e ec mo mofa fakú kúz} z}oj oj`` me cf xe xecf cfjo joúk úk me cf }x }xof ofmf mf ez}u ez }umof mofk} k}ee $ df dfez} ez}x` x` $ yf yfmx mxez ez me lf lfdoc docof# of# me mek}x k}x`` me mecc yx`jez` emujf}o|` emujf}o|`++ Yfxf ecc` ze `juyf ek ek demox ec fyx`|ejnfdoek}`# ek ez}xuj}uxfx dï}`m`z yfxf deg`xfx cf ekzeöfkwf# yx`y`kex fmejufm`z dï}`m`z me ez} ez}um umo`# o`# z`c z`cujo ujo`k `kfx fx yx yx`h `hced cedfz fz me j`k j`kmu muj}f j}f ek ec fucf fu cf## yx yx`h `hced cedfz fz me fy fyxe xekm kmow owfge fge## me me}e }ejjo jjoúk úk me ko koö`z ö`z e~jeyj e~ jeyjo`k o`kfcez fcez## l`x l`xdfjo dfjoúk úk me ezju ezjuecfz ecfz yfx yfxff yfmx yfmxez# ez# hxokmfx zex|ojo`z me `xoek}fjoúk |`jfjo`kfc#

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5+ Yzoj`c`aäf J`duko}fxof Z`k c`z ezyejofcoz}fz yfxf `xafkowfx f c`z y`hcfm`xez me ukf j`dukomfm uxhfkf ` xuxfc .dfx .d fxao aokf kfcc ` k` k`// yfxf yfxf vue ek lu lukj kjoú oúkk f zu zuzz xe xeju juxz xz`z `z nudfk`z  df}exofcez zf}ozlfafk kejezomfmez |o}fce |o} fcezz j`d` zfcu zfcum# m# emuj emujfjoú fjoúk# k# |o| |o|oekm oekmf# f# zfcu zfcuhxom hxomfm# fm# fcode fc odek} k}fjo fjoúk úk## }x }xfhf fhfg` g`## me mey`x y`x}e# }e# xe xejxe jxefj fjoúk oúk  `} `}x` x`z+ z+ Ez mejox `yexf}o|owfk cf ycfkolojfjoúk me c`z yzoj yz ojúc úc`a `a`z `z z` z`jo jofc fcez ez f uk ko ko||ec do dojx jx`y `y`h `hcf cfjo jo`k `kfc fc++ ]xfhfg ]x fhfgfk fk ek ek} ek}omf omfmez mez auh auhexk exkfdek fdek}fc }fcez ez ` yxo| yxo|fmfz fmfz ek cf ok|ez}oafjoúk# ek cf m`jekjof+

ek}xekfdoek}` me m`jek}ez  `}x`z+ Cfh`xf ek ek}xekfdoek}` jek}x` jek }x`zz me ekze ekzeöfkw öfkwff y÷h y÷hcojf cojf ` yxo|fmf yxo|fmf ek ek ko|ecez ko|ecez me emu emujfjo jfjoúk úk yxe yxe$ez $ezj`cf j`cfx# x# ezj` ezj`cfx cfx## yxe yxeuko| uko|exz exzo}f o}fxof xof  zuye zu yexo xo`x `x  k` uk uko| o|ex exzo zo}f }fxo xoff  uk uko| o|ex exzo zo}f }fxo xof/ f/## ek cf ok|ez}oafjoúk  ek cf m`jekjof+ :+ Yzoj`c`aäf Okmuz}xofc u @xafkowfjo`kfc Z`kc`z e~y e~yex} ex}`z `z yfx yfxff ec mofa mofakúz kúz}oj` }oj` edy edyxezf xezfxof xofcc j`k fc}exkf}o|f fc}exk f}o|f me z`cujoúk z`cujoúk++ Ez}æk yxeyfx yxeyfxfm`z fm`z yfxf vue ecfh`xek yxuehfz ` }ez}z ezyejofcez yfxf cf zecejjoúk# zecejjoú k# jcfzolojf jcfzolojfjoúk# joúk# yx`d`jo yx`d`joúk úk  fmoez}x fmoez}xfdoek}` fdoek}` me yexz`kfc me ukf edy dyxxezf# }xf}fk yx`hcedfz ï}oj ï} oj`z `z cf cfh` h`xf xfce cez# z# yf yfx} x}oj ojoy oyfk fk ek cf ok ok|e |ez} z}oa oafj fjoú oúkk me mecc dexjfm` me j`kzudom`xez ek cf yuhcojomfm .Dfxbe}oka/#  `}x`z+ Cfh`xf Cfh `xfkk ek cf okm okmuz}x uz}xof# of# ek kea kea`jo` `jo`z# z# ek ec j`de j`dexjo` xjo`## ek ek ek}o}omf mfme mezz y÷ y÷hc hcoj ojfz fz## ek fa faek ekjo jofz fz yu yuhc hcoj ojo}o}fx fxof ofzz  `}x`z+

<+ Yzoj`c`aäf Mey`x}o|f Z`kk c` Z` c`zz ez ezye yejo jofc fcoz oz}f }fzz vu vuee }x }xf} f}fk fk fc me mey` y`x} x}oz oz}f }f k` j`d` j` d` }f }fcc zok zok`` j`d j`d`` zexnudf zexnudfk` k`## yf yfxf xf vu vuee ek lu lukj kjoúk oúk fc yexloc me zu yexz`kfcomfm# zu noz}`xof me |omf yexz`kfc  mey`x}o|f# zu d`}o|fjoúk# ec }oy` me mey`x}ez mey`x} ez vue yxfj}ojf yxfj}ojf  zu jfyfjomfm jfyfjomfm läzojf ze jfkfcowfk yfxf cf j`kzejujoúk me cf |oj}`xof# j`d` }fdhoïk ec me ez}fx yxeyfxfm` yfxf fzodocfx cf |o|ekjof me cf lxuz}xfjoúk aekexfmf y`x cf mexx`}f+ ]xf xfhf hfgf gfkk ek ok okz} z}o} o}uj ujo` o`ke kezz mey` mey`x} x}o| o|fz fz ek ek cf ok|ez}oafjoúk# ek cf m`jekjof+

=+ Yzoj`c`aäf Z`jofc Ze ok}e ok}exez xezff y`x cfz oklc oklcuek uekjofz jofz vue z`h z`hxe xe cf j`k j`kmuj} muj}ff okmo| ok mo|omu omufc fc ege egexj xjee c` c`zz ax axuy` uy`zz z`j z`jofc ofcez ez  c`z yx yx`m `muj} uj}`z `z juc}uxfcez f uk ko|ec dfjx` y`hcfjo`kfc+ Cfh`xf Cfh `xfkk ek ek} ek}omfm omfmez ez auh auhexk exkfdek fdek}fc }fcez ez ` yxo| yxo|fmfz fmfz yfxf fzez`xofz ok|ez}oafjo`kez  cf m`jekjof

YXEAUK]FZ YX@YUEZ]FZ 96++ Cf xf 96 xfdf df me cf Yz Yzoj oj`c `c`a `aäf äf vu vuee ez ez}u }umo moff cf ye yexz xz`k `kfc fcom omfm fm me uk okmo okmo|omu |omu`` vue ez}æ flej}fm flej}fm`` y`x }xfkz} }xfkz}`xk `xk`z `z zudfd zu dfdek ek}e }e yx yx`l `luk ukm` m`z# z# cf ju jufc fc }o}oeke eke j`d j`d`` xe xezuc zuc}f }fm` m` j`kmuj}fz e~}xf|fafk}ez# ez cf7 F/ Yz Yzoj oj`c `c`a `aäf äf z`j z`jof ofcc H/ Yz Yzoj` oj`c` c`aäf aäf e| e|`c `cu} u}o| o|ff J/ Yz Yzoj` oj`c` c`aäf aäf mole molexe xekjo kjofc fc M/ Yz Yzoj` oj`c` c`aäf aäf yf} yf}`cú `cúao aojf jf E/ Yz Yzoj` oj`c` c`aäf aäf j`du j`duko ko}f }fxof xof

` ec cuafx me xezomekjof ez }edf me7 F/ Yz Yzoj oj`c` `c`aä aäff aek aekex exfc fc H/ Yz Yzoj oj`c` `c`aä aäff molex molexek ekjof jofcc J/ Yz Yzoj oj`y `yf} f}`c `c`a `aäf äf M/ Yz Yzoj oj`c` `c`aä aäff yemfa yemfaúa úaojf ojf E/ Yz Yzoj oj`c `c`a `aäf äf z`j z`jof ofcc 9<+ ]oe oekkek cf jfy fyffjom omffm me me u}o u}ococowwfx mx mx`afz  ecej} ec ej}x` x`}e }exf xfyo yof# f# fz fzää j`d j`d`` cf yz yzoj` oj`}e }exf xfyof yof yf yfxf xf fc} fc}exf exfxx yf}x`kez me j`kmuj}f ` juxfx eklexdemfmez F/ Yzo zovu vuof of}x }xfz fz H/ Yz Yzoj ojúc` úc`a` a`zz jcä jcäko koj`z j`z J/ Yz Yzoj ojúc` úc`a` a`zz ek ae aekex kexfc fc M/ Yz Yzoj oj`f `fkf kfcocoz} z}ff E/ Yz Yzoj oj`c` `c`aä aäff lozo` lozo`cú cúaoj aojff

98++ Cf e} 98 e}`c `c`a `aäf äf## ez ec jf jfdy dy`` }e }eúx úxoj oj`` me cf Yz Yzoj oj`c `c`a `aäf äf vu vuee ez}umof7 F/ Fc fmu fmuc}` c}` k`x k`xdfc dfc  jo|oco jo|ocowfm wfm`` H/ Cfz xfwfz xfwfz vue vue oklcue oklcuekk ek c`z j`dy`x j`dy`x}fd }fdoek} oek}`z `z J/ Cf Cfzz xe xezyu zyuez} ez}fz fz me c` c`zz fk fkodf odfce cezz okl oklcu cuek ekjof jofm`zy`x m`zy`x c` ho`cúaoj`  fdhoek}fc M/ Cf j`km j`kmuj}f uj}f fkod fkodfc fc z`jof z`jofcowf cowfmf mf E/ Cf e| e|`cu `cujoú joúkk me cf cf j`kmu j`kmuj}f j}f nudf nudfkf kf f yfx yfx}ox }ox mec j`dy`x}fdoek}` fkodfc

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