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RESEARCHING JAPANESE WAR CRIMES I N T R O D U C T O R Y E S S A YS
]
Researching Japanese War Crimes Records Iu E
o
Researching Japanese War Crimes Records Iu E
o E D G B Rb Hk J L Ml P Dq Y
N W C J Il G R I Wk Gu W, DC
Publ b Nl A R A N W C J Il G R I Wk Gu, 6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Cataloging-in-Publication Data
R J : u / E D ... [ l.]. . . Ilu bbll . ISBN: -88875-8-4 . Wl Wl W, W, 99-945—A 99-945—A — J--Su. . Wl Wl W, W, 99-945— Du Du ll—J—Su. . W --J---J--Su. Su. 4. U S. Nl A R A. I. D, E J., 944- II. U U S. N W C J Il G R I Wk Gu. D84.JR96 6 94.54’57— 6758
“In a world o conict, a world o victims and executioners, it is the job o thinking people not to be on the side o the executioners.” — Albert Camus
Contents
o About the Cover: Diary o a Japanese Army Medical Doctor, 1937....................... ix
Dq Y 1.
Introduction .................................................................................................. 3
E D 2.
Documentary Evidence and the Studies o Japanese War Crimes: An Interim Assessment .....................................................................................................21
Dq Y 3.
Recently Declassied Records at the U.S. National Archives Relating to Japanese W ar Crimes....................................................................................................57
J L 4.
Japanese War Crimes Records at the National Archives: Research Starting Points ............................................................................................................79
NARA 5.
Wartime COMIN Records in the National Archives about Japanese War Crimes in the Asia and Pacic Teaters, 1978–1997 ...................................111
Rb Hk 6.
Te Exploitation o Captured and Seized Japanese Records Relating to War Crimes, 1942-1945......................................................................................151
G B 7.
A “Constantly Recurring Irritant”: Returning Captured and Seized Japanese Records, 1946-1961.....................................................................................169
G B 8.
Te Intelligence that Wasn’t: CIA Name Files, the U.S. Army, and Intelligence Gathering in Occupied Japan ......................................................................197
Ml P About the Contributors ......................................................................................231
About the cover
Diary o a Japanese Army Medical Doctor, 1937 Dq Y
he diary was compact: l -x x5” bk l k.* I u, Hk Ak, l I Bl, R, 6 D S Ex A. T b Auu 4, 97, “bl 4 pm.” I Db 7, l ll , l b . A , Hk’ u Nj, l C, ul ll k l ubqul l b J , l k “R Nk.” Rul k b bul, Hk ll: A : 9 Nb 97 l l u C Cu . A kll (8) , ll , [ uk]. I ll b l I’ll u . T l ll l. T ll , , b l. I ju ul’ b u ul l. S u l ll u I ul I . W ul bl. [All l I S l.]
A x l l b u l b bj . I lkl u u J u u ubl l . * T u NA, RG 5, 8, W C B, C W C Fl, 945-48, bx 5, l: Fl D K b Mb J Ml C.
x I R J W C
I l 945, Hk b l Cl. Al C. C, ll Su C All P (SCAP). H l u l. k lbl, Hk Nb 9 l , . T k W C bul b J A R Nk. SCAP Cl. C C . Hk’ l lu u. D j C l k b bl Nj l , ll R Nk b Db , ll, ll Nj . I l 98, J jul H Ku l bul b J Nj b l J l. I, J L Y C bl S. H lu x C u x x J . Hk’ J Cu b b b l J u b lbl . T Mk Nbu b J u ubl 988 l . Mk, - l l bl Pl M Gu C I R, 6 D, Nb 9, 97: D ll 9: a.m. Vu u . T k u l . I , ll. E l, l ( u l C)… Bu Wu J -J l, u “ u” [ōō] , kll ll u . T b , bu l ll l Wu X b l u . S I ’ …
A qu l M Gu C Bl ( Hk l ) K l ubl bu . T bbl u l
Abu C I x
ll. H, K “u u.” H , “l u ll ul. I ’ u l.” W J jul S Mk K 987, u kll l C l Cu. T Hk Ak bl b bl ub C l u b b J u qu u. T u l l l k bl Nj. I u, b J jul H Ku, R Nk l , bu bl S.
Researching Japanese War Crimes Records Iu E
Introduction E D
Japanese war crimes committed in Asia P b 9 945 A ll Wl W II. J’ A l b j u U S, — bl x U.S. l b J— b J A . A u bu J kl ll 997 ubl I C’ Te Rape o Nanking . C’ C k Nj 97 ll l J l ll bu ’ u u. T bll bk u u u J u C, K, Pl, Su A, P. Te Rape o Nanking u u xl. W J u l N ? D U S u l bl b u l u u J? D U.S. J l x u x? C l U.S. “xlbl bl” u J b l , k bl x J’ ul. O U.S. l l u ul J ul b ub l ll J . I b Cl Gluk G Wb ul .
4 I R J W C
T u l J l U.S. Nl A R A (NARA) Cll Pk, Ml, U.S. . Tu u J l l ulbl, l ul l -u. Su U.S. lbl l k ul , u, u b “ u ,” ll qu ul b l. M b C’ , u ul J ju l uu u. A l l u U S bu J , ul ll u b . A b l b J l ju , l l J ul bul u u u l . O b bll u x u u u J A’ u U 7, l l l, u L. G. I Sō, 4 u - x u u l bll . 5 T J A’ u k u l bl, -ll “ ” u, b , ll Su K. T 994 ubl G Hk’ Te Comort Women: Japan’s Brutal Regime o Enorced Prostitution in the Second World War u El lu b ’ u J. 6 B l 99, l “ ” u - U S b l ’ u J kl bl bu u . T Pl’ Rubl C, uqubl u u J u 97 945, J ’ u lu, , kll J’ u C. I 99, C J x, A l J --
Iu I 5
Mu, C-A l u -u x C’ . J l ll u u l lb k. Du , J bl k K, C, l A J u lb u k l u. A POW l ubj bul lb l lll G C l . Fl, I, Du ll J ’ ul kl . W b u u, J u b l b ul S F Sb 95. 7 N b . N l J u u kl bl, bu l l buu ubll u u ul l J b. T , u, ll u ( ul ul l b bl J ), bu l l J U S J l ubj u ul l E H b ubj J. I Buu’ Wages o Guilt (994) G J. 8 A Buu, G ubll bl l b N u uu b u N l xbk l. G l u Eu Il. Cl, J j bl, l l l u, l . W , ul- J , ll, x b J l. Alu J u G , b ul J ’ l. A Dq Y u , l l u J uu J , , . Su ull J ubl, lu k ll W bu ul. A bl x H Ku’ l l
6 I R J W C
J A l C, ubl 97 J, bu l El ul 999. J , , u l ubl k ul l l u jul . T bu J 99 J l u, bu U.S. S U u l Cl W, u J l . Uul, J l u. P u G. I U 7, u x, l, ul U.S. l u u x. O u J l lu : H Iō (954–956), Ik H (96–964), K Nbuuk (957). A Cl A l, Su Mu, l u , l 954. T l E H b u u ubj b J l l 94, ll l 99 U S. Alu u l uu l u u l, u J u. - Cl A l u , l , u lu J’ l, u P M G. ōjō Hk. T k W C bul, u Nub, b M 946 Nb 948 - . S, lu ōjō, , x l ( u ), l . O , u , l u l. T J l ll b 956 F M l ull Al 958. All l l l uu A P. A, B, Aul, Du, F, Fl, C l l - l b Ob 945 Al 956. T B u uu J Su A, lu l u TBu l , l B R K. Aul u k ju B A u b J ju l ub J Ab, Du E I, Rbul, N B. C l 8 , lu l
Iu I 7
Nj . F Nl l u . T F bu ju J l J u l u, Du J u u l Du . 9 I l 949 Kbk, S U l u l J l bll —x b U 7, U , bll , u l— l l u J x- u Pl’ Rubl C, C u ju -95. O 5,79 J, 7 , 48 K l B C l l , l l , , u, l , bu 4, , l , , u l . Du l b l u, . T All ull J u bul, ul bu J u All Wl W II l. J u u l b Pl’ Rubl C S U , x, ubbl W bu Cl W l. E ul W u ub u Cl W qu . F xl, S ubl l u 95 Db 949 l Kbk, lu U 7 l u, bu W l l-u Sl l. W lu S U Db 99 U S–C l, bu b bl, bu ll l. Dl J u x u l U 7 , bu u l ll l uk. B l 99, l u U.S. ll l l bu J , , , ul l J ju.
Declassiying U.S. Documents on Japanese War Crimes R , Db 6, , C J Il G Dlu A (Publ L 6-567), u ub U.S. l J lu u 998 N W C Dlu A (Publ L 5-46). T l I Wk Gu (IWG) “ l l, ubj
8 I R J W C
u’ x,” l U.S. u J l l ubl. P Cl IWG b j l l ll u b ubl. T J Il G R Dlu A u ubl b, bu . IWG ubl b, T H. B, R B-V, Elb Hl, lll lubl . T k lbl A l. I l u k k IWG u. I u CIA ubl l l J l. Sl kl u S Mk DW D F C Cl Ml, u IWG’ k C k IWG l ull CIA . T NARA b k J IWG j u bl D V l u’ qu, ull qu l, ll ulul ll-l . I ul, u l x S A Wll Cul R M u k kl ll, IWG ul l l. T u IWG Hl A Pl (HAP), b G Wb, l u u IWG u, u, l. P Cl Gluk, b HAP, J’ x l u ub lu. S Gkl, IWG, ull u u , bu ubl b HAP, u xul . L l, IWG xu , kllull ull -- bl IWG, u u l. T l l u J CIA, D A, D N, D A F, FBI, NARA, D S, Nl Su A, J C S, ll -FBI D Ju, U.S. I A, Nl Su Cul. A 8 ll u l u N W C Dlu A, l —,— l u J Il G Dlu A. T
Iu I 9
, ll u xl. F, U S ll u J N . S, b lu l , Wl W II J u N u l b U.S. .
Factors Inuencing the Number o Documents in U.S. Possession U.S. l J N . A j ’ , J l u, ll u u lbl b U.S. u. H ul ? A T R u M 945, All u l G. Du ll l l N u u l. Wl G, b 94, ubl bl u u, l ll 945, l u, bu ull b bu. T u J. B u Auu 5, 945, l ll A J Auu 8, J l l u ll l, l, , u 94–945. Il Gl Hqu k l uu P E A u bu , ll . T J’ Ml H A Nl Iu D Su u 7 ’ bu .
A l b 7 M, 5 M D, Sb 4, 945, u u b J l u All bu b All . NA, RG 7, , bx , l: Ill–J.
I R J W C
Nl, u b . Du l bu-u N M u u b Il N l l 9. T l l Ml Pl A k, 955 b . T ul 968, D A’ Nl Iu D Su k l ll. J u l llull l . Du All u, Cl. H kuō, Il Gl Hqu, ub l k l l u u u. O u , H ul J’ b l l. Iul l l u l , l l l. F xl, 989, Kkō, Il J A , ubl Nj -lu ll l u .4 T b ul lbl ubl. Dub x Db 97 L. G. Nkj K, 6 D Nj, ubl ul l l 98, l.5 T ul lubl u, , b U.S. u. T l A l bl ul u l’ J u. Ulk G , l A- u. B E , xl, k J l Su A. Ru ll u I Du E I l l. A 4, U.S. M C Ob 945 947 u J u, bu ll U.S. u u, U.S. u ll ll J u C. T u l b l Cu l u u C. T C l J l 945; u C Cu, u, 949. T S U l u bu U 7 J A J Mu Auu 945. Sx l u ll l. I Auu 5, , C ubl l b ul ulbl U 7 u, J G. I’ bk b
Iu I
Auu 945 Ju u Nb 946 ubl. 6 Tu, l l , l U S l l u J l l, J A l l All J l Ou u.
Factors Inuencing the Number o Documents Still Classied M l A l l b Dlu A , l l . Bu u l Eu T l S U Eu ll, uul W; ll u bl u Cl W. A ul, u ub u u l ul IWG’ . T A-P T . T U S 945. B C Cu l 949 N K Su K 95, bulk J l b l. A l u ul b . T O S S (OSS) ll Eu T, All . B l u, CIA, u OSS, b qu . H, U.S. l— OSS— l A T . I , u, u l All , bl U S l u ulll. M J-l , lu ll , ul l 97 98 b A, N, D D u ul . I , U S ul l l J u l ul G , bu qu qul J l G. Fu, ll-l l J l bu u u J N; , A Cull C, CIA, FBI l ub J ul bl ll , u , . T U.S. A l u J, bu ll bu S U U.S. l l x-Il J A N Eu.
I R J W C
Fll, U S u J x j b A, ll C. T ul l u J’ ll A Il A’ u A l. O u Hlu, l J “ubl.” T N lbl k ll u, A l l u l l N bb l S U b Ju 94. B C S l N J l , U S ll bu , ul W l bul b u u b W l Ax . I u, U.S. qukl l J u . B IWG b k, ll l J l l.
Disposition o Japanese Documents Wl J u , u l 94 Il J A l uu l M ubub k. T u u u b , bu u ul 7, ub (8 ll ) ll A . T bulk l, , 9–945 IWG ul. El l P Su P T, U.S. u u u J l l. T U.S. u ll u J b l 95. O bk J , J u ; , D A Il A N u, F M l , . B u u, 5–5 l, x U.S. u. A l x j ll J-lu l l: () Te Archives o the Imperial Japanese Army, Navy, and other government agencies. T ll lx 6 l l, ul 4, . M (57
Iu I
l) 9; l u -94. Ml “ ” l l I M. T l l b D A’ l k, ubl , lu l . Ml lbl U.S. Lb C J Nl D Lb, u. N- J b ll J W. Ml, “Ck L S J R Nl A,” Far Eastern Quarterly , IX: (M 95). T El-lu ll, J Yu, ., Checklist o Microlm Reproductions o Selected Archives o the Japanese Army, Navy, and Other Government Agencies, 1868–1945 (G U P, 959). O bl IWG, J lu x u ll l u bl . A l J Mu l u u , l S l . O ll J ul ul u Pl, bu l u . () T Japan Foreign Ministry Archives ll ,6 l l. Ilu l l u u k W C bul. T l lbl ubl J F M A k. A l lbl U.S. Lb C J Nl D Lb. () A ll u u u U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), u l Pacic War (1941–1945) , -ll Fiteen Years War (1931–1945) U.S. u l u P. T J-lu u u Alx, V, l 96. T l b J Nl A k lbl , ubj . Ml USSBS (46 l) P W (4 l) lbl Nl A Cll Pk, Ml, l F Y W l (8 l) lbl U.S. Lb C. T l ll l lbl uxu W U k.
4 I R J W C
(4) T South Manchurian Railway Company (SMRC) l u u J, bu 7 ll SMRC Lb C. O x A u J u. 7 T J Nl D Lb l Lb C l. T l lu J u Mu , ul u, , l, , ll ll ll . (5) International [Military] ribunal or the Far East (T k W C bul) xb x. T Lb C L Lb l “Pu u j” (95) “Rj u,” u b H U. I 975, Nl A R S ( NARA) l “Pl Il Ml bul F E: u ,” lbl Lb C ll Cll Pk. T u l u l R Gu Cll Pk. (6) J u b Allied ranslator and Interpreter Section (AIS) u 5, u u 8, ull l. AIS l J-lu u u G. Dul MAu’ l Su P. S ,8 l l u u J b MAu’ qu J Dbl Buu, bu , u l J-lu U 7 u x l El, uk. I , J-lu u l b Pacic Military Intelligence Research Service (PACMIRS) u J . F , l l . El-lu l l lbl u 65 (P-Fl) Cll Pk. T U.S. N l u J l l u . T lbl l (bu l) Nl Hl C. T l ll b l u D A k, J.
opics o Special Interest I IWG’ ul u l Dlu A, l ul
Iu I 5
bu J l, u R Nk, “ ,” POW l , l x u, U 7, l U.S. u E H l. I , , u Wl W II , ll J l xl . F xl, l “ ” u u , U.S. ll ll l u . 8 A qu, u . T u l R Nk. T Nj u u b U S . A , U.S. l l l ll k C. A ul l b l , -; l , l U.S. u . A ul, x u u Cl A l l J bl R Nk, l ubj Nl A. Il , A u J bl Pl Hb k, l U.S. , J l l l l , lu (ll Fl ) u Cu . T l kl Il J A’ l bl , l u 96. H, bl k (ull C) J A’ l ll u. L u ll J, All l ll u x l . Pu J l , u , k u “ ,” l u, ull bl b l J l. F , u lk J l l bl , “A J A F,” l Nb 945 b AIS l 96. 9 Alu lbl ubl , ll ul “ ” u u 99. A U 7, u l l G. I’ x u’ POW. T ll u l l
6 I R J W C
l l ll-u bu J bu . A qu U 7’ ll x u A , ull u xu ll, l, l bu u . T u, bu Cl qu bu J’ ll u A x ul x x U.S. A 97, 98, l 99. I , Cl J , ll A POW, l x U 7 u U.S. lbl ubl. Fll, ll U.S. -u l u b J . Exu b l l l, u l u ll , ll ul b IWG. T u u u . T ju—I’ b bu ub— qu E H’ bl u U S l. U.S. , , l l . T ul b u , bu ll IWG l l J k lbl ubl. Al l J, C, S U l bl l l l u u J .
Exploiting the Records Du l , b , , ull xl bu J ul l lbl Nl A. T ul l l ubl, , ll. R U.S. , l l x ull u b 9 5. T l u l ll ll, l ull l ’ k. Cu Il J l l u l l u NARA ll u bx. Fu, x l (
Iu I 7
l), l l J ll. M, , bl x b NARA u u ulkl l. T u, l J El l, l U 7’ ll b -b- u u b ll J ubj x. T U.S. l k u, l “T R A” (x), “T R G” (l), “T R Q” (bub lu) 96. T lbl ubl U.S. Lb C. W l u l u lbl—bu Nl A— ’ k bl . G B’ 7- CD lu bl. H bl b ll, bl ul l b , u - u l lbl NARA J . T ll l j u lbl l k bl ll ul uu ll u , , , , u k u ll. Su ul l ll uubl u u u l J l u u. T u ub u l u N W C Dlu A ll IWG’ bk , U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis , k l u b l l u l. Bu l ll ub J u l, ul l bl J b uu, . Cbu lu k u ub uu J u u l. T u uu lu k u u lbl b u xl l. T l ul ll b u xl l u ull A-P W. Dq Y’ u J u u J u u J’ C, El, J lu. H xl POW,
8 I R J W C
u “ ,” U 7’ u . Y lu l u l llb ll J . J L u -–l l l l l NARA. H u l ub u u l . N l u u l Nj , “ ” u, U 7, lu bll/l k l b J . NARA uu . T u b l lbl l l l u ubj J , llu ll b l u u: J All Mu, U 7 , J U.S. C-J 945. Rb Hk’ llu xl U.S. l u ll u Wl W II, u l. H Nl Su A l lbl ubl NARA xl , l : , , l, l é, . H l u ll A POW l b J. H l b J l l u ull u J bll l . G B’ l u b ubl l. H xl u ll J . Tu x Su P A’ AIS, l x, xl u J u, l l u l. H x J-lu U.S. l. H b u u , x bl l u J, Cl l u u. l CD, B ulll u l U.S. J. T bk lu b Ml P U.S. u J ll u. P’ , b l
Iu I 9
l CIA l, xl k l u ul l l. T k IWG bl ubl u l J A P. Subqu u l ll l l ll uu J . N ul l u b u l k bu J’ . Fu, l b ubj l l bu Ax . T J-l u, U.S. ll l l J u, x xl b , , , , . T l ll b l.
Notes . . . 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. . .
. .
A (u P Sl H) J A’ U 7 u 98. I C, Te Rape o Nanking: Te Forgotten Holocaust o World War II (N Yk: BBk, 997). C, 77. J ll b u. Sl H, Factories o Death: Japanese Biological Warare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up (N Yk: Rul, ). H ubl l lu 994. G Hk, Te Comort Women: Japan’s Brutal Regime o Enorced Prostitution in the Second World War (N Yk: N, 994). T ll l Al 8, 95. I Buu, Te Wages o Guilt: Memories o War in Germany and Japan (N Yk: F Su Gux, 994). Rb B S, “J W C l,” World War II (Sb 996). Pl R. Pll, Te Japanese on rial (Au, X: U x P, 979) B- C-l l. Materials on the rial o Former Servicemen o the Japanese Army Charged with Manuacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons (M: F Lu Publ Hu, 95). C u, . P Wl, Hirohito and War: Imperial radition and Military Decision Making in Prewar
I R J W C
4. 5.
6.
7. 8.
9.
Japan (Hlulu, HI: U H P, 998), 9. Kkō, ., Nankin senshi shiryō-shū (Nj l u ll) (Kk, 989). Ku Ku, “Nk kōku ‘Nkj 6 ō kk’” (T u Nj: D 6 Nkj) ( Zōkan Rekishi to jimbutsu, Db 984), 5–7. “I U 7 V U,” Auu 5, l@u., ://l.u.//l/; “N bu ō - kk,” (U 7 ’ bk ) Asahi shimbun, 4 Auu 5. S A, ., Japan & Te World, 1853–1952: A Bibliographic Guide to Japanese Scholarship in Foreign Relations (N Yk: Club U P, 989), 4–4. I Fbu 948, Du l J u Du l Du E I. Nll M, Yuk k, Japan’s Comort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II and the U.S. Occupation” (N Yk: Rul, ), ://.u.u.u/ /u9/_.l/. All l I S, Su C All P, “A J A F,” R R , 5 N. 945, 9–, Fl Su-Cl Ill R Publ (“P” Fl) R U.S. Ml Aé, Ml Cl A U S, F G O Su, 94–945, NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 79, bx 4.
Documentary Evidence and Studies o Japanese War Crimes: An Interim Assessment Dq Y
How historians define u l l b ll llul l . T x u lu. T blqu l ll ’ k. Su J Wl W II x. T x ubl l k u l x. I ul, xl lbl u ll l . I , k llu u l l j l ul ubl .
Dening War Crimes Alu C, Gk, I ll b bl, ll . O l u, Eu u ul u ub l l. T Dl S. Pbu 868, , b “l ull u bl bl.” Lk u Hu C 899 97 u bl ul u ul l u u b b — x bl—b l . Sll, 95 G Pl u I ul lk k ll u l: E D, E V Sl b U.S. Nl A R A, IWG Hl A Pl. T x IWG T G W U.
I R J W C
l u u Wl W I. T T G C (99) . Sll l b l u. Alu buu ll , b Wl W II b l l uul . A J l- l - u, l b l l bu u u . Ill, l bl l l u l k. W x u S-J W 894–95, J b b l . J Hu C 99 G C, bu Il D l l. W J C 9 lu ull-l 97, u ll l , qu bl b b l . A J k U S ll Db 94, All qu k bu lbl 99 G C. T J ul l mutatis mutandis , l l. , , l . A ll , — ubl , ul— u ll u ll . A , All G J u u . F l 946 l 948, u J l l l Cl A l u; - k W C bul l 946 l 948. O - u l , l j ll u “ ,” u u “u,” u “ l u.” B 946 95, U.S. l bu 5,7 J l ,4 l uu A P. A u K l b J. T -ll B- C-l bul “l .”4 T J l u l b S U Pl’ Rubl C. T S U u bul J Kbk l 949 u l ul bl . I -95, C l u J l,
Du E Su J W C
I
S U, l u l C Nl C’ l 946 949. M u u ul, l. B l u G J , l Nub k bl uu. T l bl u , . A ll , ll b Ax . A , Ax l “ ” bl b Nub Pl, x . O , l k l u b ll . S l All l l l , u, u “’ ju.”5 I bul, b b l l u l .6
Problem o Evidence I u , lkl b . I u, , , l bl u . Du ul b bl. F xl, ubl b l l l u, u l , b bu ubl u. Wl W I bl u u , l bl Wl W II. E u u , u u bl u u l l .7 H l bl . T bl ull u J. I All bb l u u Wl W II. M, l , J u u u’ . O Auu 5, 945, J u P Dl u All , bu All J ul Auu 8. O Auu 6, Il Hqu J l u ll u, bl . T l b , l b x b u l. Wl
4 I R J W C
, k b All J, u J — l ul— ll u u .8 E u . k H, J’ Nl D A u x Il J A N u J , l l . l u u. 9 W l u, j l -u. T J u u J , ll. H l Il Hqu k, Ku A Mu b u l l Auu 6, 945. J l Ku A qu bu u bl b bu ul jb b u S Auu 8. A ul, ll u S A u u. Y l, C l-bu J u b bu uu l Mu. O , All l b ll bu J. I uul J , , . S ll u u J l, lu ub J l. T J u u Su P T l u ul, All l I S (AIS) l l l. P uul ll ll J l u. Bu J u , l J . 4 T l u b u All J’ u qu u . A l J, U.S. u l l u J u u.5 T Il Pu S k, , ll u u l , ll, l ll u. M u l El u bul. I u l u ll . A k l, U.S. l l u U S. S , l U.S. l b
Du E Su J W C
I
5
ubl, l u l u u J . 6 H, l u ubj u -x, u x ll. W u ju, u x u.
From Verdicts to Controversies A lu l, W J u J’ , u u N l Eu b Il . T u ll l POW ll ub ul . 7 Wl bul J , ull x ubj J . S x x. J Sbuō I’ bk , ubl J 968 l El 978, l “H W.” B l l ll u, ll u lbl El ul l 98.8 El J u u u J’ l u, lu J’ A, ull C, J. 9 I -95, u J b l Pl’ Rubl C u J. S b J ubl J’ C l l. I 957, ubl , , J ubl b - u bul C, u . T u 5, l u k. Ou R ubl . T l 96 ubl A A G E A W, k b ll ll k W C l b J’ . W , J’ b ll u u. T l l l b J Pl’ Rubl C 97 J - qu J C. T u, Asahi Shimbun jul H Ku, u C bu J C, lb J bll x Nj l. M J k, bu J l qu . I ul, H’
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J -ll R Nk, u l k Nj . T l ul b l . I 98, J J ju l xbk. Alu ll l u, l l b J C ( A ). T l, J P M Nk Yu l Yuku S Auu 5, xu J Cl A l u’ .5 ll . T C K lul . T l J’ ll l J’ u - l u J’ b. T u u b ubl ll u . I 99, u J bl J C R W Rbl (N ō k ō ). T qul jul, u u , b jul l. Ml, C, kl ubl J b k Wl W II . O l b u b ubl, J C b l u u’ xbk, ll , uu. I 99, C A Sl S— u’ u— bl qul jul u C’ J. M l ll J .4 T b El-lu l 99, ub bu uu k J . F, ubl l k J’ Wl W II ll. Ru E A bl U.S. l l bl J u . C bu l K R u x l . H, u U N Hu R C u l J’ bu l xul l 997. 5 S, Cl W l -x Wl W II, u lb l . M b uk l lu k , l u
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ubl . Fll, U S, A A, 97, b u 99. I l 98, J A , u A-A u u. I l 99, u C-A lu jul u J C u Glbl All P H Wl W II. 6 C- K-A k l xb, u , ubl ’ u.7
Old Evidence and New G ubl J ll . F , U.S. b j u . A U.S. u J l lbl Nl A, J l jul u . H J l u l J u b u l b U S b b u J. I J, l ll u F M u b ubl 97 J’ Dl R O. T J Sl-D A W H D Lb, j u l (u , , J ), ll ubl . A l ll ( lu u l) : l l , POW, l, , u , bll x b k b l l ll b l. I , J SlD A l Cl Cl Ml, l , . 8 I , u u u U S lbl ubl J’ Publ R O (Kokuritsu kōbun shokan).9 A J l kl, ul u l J u ll l b l. T lk l W , u, l bl. J’ Publ R O, qul U.S. Nl A, bl 978. I , ll u l bu, ul l, J buu ll j u
8 I R J W C
ll ubl ubl. A J l u k l u k l u. Ill, u u u . I , u ul J u u ubl. S J u lll l l. I bl xl, b J’ bll u u u u x. A , l l l , u l bk k. Eull, u u ubl. Sll, b bl l . O Kj, k l l J, b ll ’ 988. Tk , l bl J l u bl Nj 97 ubl x l, b j u u J . Bu b , Kkō, u , l ubl l jul ll l bl Nj. S 99, b ubl u J. Mk Wl W II, J u Sl P M Mu bl J C A Hl R (Aj k ō ) 995. S , uul lbl l qu l l u l, l, l . O 5, l 7,4, lbl l. 4 Alu u b lbl ubl , b I ll b l b l, ll u J. S , J’ Dl R O b l l u, lu l u l. I 999, Nl D J’ F I L. I bl J ul qu M F A l u u. B 98, C ubl u l l J . F , l lu u “J l C” ubl b 988 995 J ll l bll C. ll, lu b C b J u, ll
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9
J u b C . 5 S C ubl b l J. S 98, C l l k u U.S. u. F , C ubl l l J Nj C M Cll Yl D Sl. 6 C l u J l bu xl ll NARA.
Revelation and Contention W lbl u l bu J’ Wl W II? H ’ k? T j ubl k J ll l : () J’ A l, () POW l lb, () bll l , (4) u -ll “ .” Rl, ub bu u l u u k . Alu l, u bulk ubl J’ l lk.
War Atrocity or Asian Holocaust? B U S J Db 94, A l l J C. R , l, bb l , u u C l l b J l u ul l u ubl J. T x-k l C l Nj J k ull u b J Wl W II. Y, ul 997 C-A I C ubl bk-l u El, Te Rape o Nanking: Te Forgotten Holocaust o World War II, l U.S. b New York imes b ll.7 Wl bk b uu ul , ul k u xl l W— lu l A bu l J Rb, G b N — Nj ll J .8 C k x u uubl A Yl D Sl. C l u l l U.S. ll .9 T qu J C Nj ul b b A Hlu, C l, u bl
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b. M Y, l l C’ l, ll k, ubl Nanking: Anatomy o an Atrocity . Mk x u J C u, - k El.4 I ll W, J Nj I k ubl u u, l u bk u ll ubl . M l . A ub- l x uul —u — ll J . S l 98, Nj M— C R Nk— ll bu 949, l b ul C ubj bk. I uu l C k u , L E, b , ubl —l R Nk— u J u. 4 I 4, Nj Nl U bl C Nj M Su, Wb b ub l l J’ C. 4 T l ub C Nj ubj u. Wl C , C b J u Nj— u l Nj— J u ,. Sl, l J u, lu l k ll l jul - ll J l bl, l u C l xu b J . A ul, -98, u Kkō l C l bl.4 I R Nk, “T All” C— “Kll ll, bu ll, l ll,” C J A’ k Cu ull C— l b l Cu C’ J. M l u l ll C u. Ol l J bu ll u -ull C, lu u “’ l” b b J u C . 44 T J u bll l ( b u l) bb C’ l Cq b u C . Wl j J C k u C,
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I
l bu x J Su A. I , J C u A P. T u l l C, u ub u P W. D J , u, b b l , POW l b J l . Du l l, J A u ll ul C ul, u u bul l. T bl l P T. I x , J bl ul l u . J u C ull l Su A. P l u Bl Ml l 945, , Fl l b J kll b A bb. 45 T C Ml ll J u 94 b ll ll u J El.46 T C Nj M Su Nj Nl U ubl bu J Ml C k T-Bu l, ll - b l ul.47
Mistreatment o POWs and Asian Laborers B l qu El ubl bu J All POW J . M b POW l.48 T ju k l 4 5, A B POW G Il , 7 , A B POW l l J . S u k : A POW G ; u, 9 u A POW u Wl W II u J.49 T l u J A POW B D M, 7, A Fl l u ul. S 75 A 5, Fl u , , xu. 5 A l POW B Aul T-Bu Rl, bul u xl b u u All POW A lb. 5 T J l , POW J k l, , l. M u u u b “ll ” uk uk b All
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ub. B , ,56 A POW— xl — . 5 I bk All POW, Unjust Enrichment , L G Hl x l J l All POW lb. Alu ul u J b u A POW, Unjust Enrichment k b l u l POW. U ul u u, Hl l l l All l u u J u l , POW’ u. 5 Hl l ll J u u , xu ll All POW u b u xl . S u k W C bul bu ll , l l l J l. D Auu 944, ul u qu. I k J l kll All POW b u . O P l Pl, , 5 All l k J. A A l b M Db 5, 944, J xu ll 5 , l l l . 54 W ll J l kll ll All POW u u . W xl J’ l bul l All POW? Prisoners o the Japanese b Aul G D J All POW, l l . Alu D A k , l b J l POW l b J bul. 55 I, b J All , ul A. H, u C l C b. J H Ikuk lu J l POW Mj , J’ l b b POW. 56 H Y Kb bl J l’ u l l bul u Wl W II. 57 O, , u bul uqul J.58 Rl, W l l ll l J’ POW ul . U l u Aul B , R. P. W. H l C, S,
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J All (l B Aul) u, u J . Sbll J Fl u POW l k l.59 A l lb b POW. F , l lb Su A All POW k T-Bu Rl. I l ,— l ll— A lb bl, bl, b J u u j. Rōmusha ( J lb b l k Su A) u u xu. 6 Ulk All POW, , , lb u l bu x, u l ll u x, k xl ul u u J. I 958, C u Hkk J. H u C lb b k J l , k . T l J l A lb u . O Ju , 945, u C lb lb Hk l bull u b J. Fu u C , b b All l bul J. I ub, K u l u lb J. S bl Su Skl ( J l) u ubl u K . J u l C u l l . F 94 98, , b , , C lb l bul J l b “b E A” Mu l S b. V ll l u bu j x. W C lb ll b kll b J ( l) k lb lx b .6 Tk , l bu l u J lb l u ll u ul ul Cl Cl A. S l 99, l ullu ll u lb u b ubl J.6 T u C lb l b J’ F M l . T J
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bu ll x b l; l l l ubl qu . I J 994 ubl b J l. T 4, C lb k J, l 7, b . 6 B l 98, C l u u u u k N C. T u u b J ub bu b F M , l bu. S u l ll C l— u KM l— bull . 64 I , C l ubl ll u l J’ u C lb N C.65 Rl, l-l l j b l C, l ubl 5 C lb. T x K C k u b u. T l J u b ll, lu ll bl u. I , J u bl Hkk “k (K lb u) l l k l.” A u Sb , 944, u K lb b ubl .66 W J ul b l bl lb b u u lu l b lb .
Chemical and Biological Warare Programs Du , C ll J l l bll , ll k W C bul bu u. 67 T U S l l J l bll . G u u , , ubl b. Alu J u k l l l bll , l B- C-l l. F , Kju Gjō, C R, 9 D, l b l bul C 947 u u b.68 F Db 5 , 949, S l
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J l bll , ubqul ubl l l lu, lu J, El, C, K.69 E u ubl lu l J u u Mu, l l l , bl qu W. L, u K W, C, N K, S U ll U.S. u k bll l b J. T Cl W . 7 T J’ bll ll ul 98, A jul J Pll l l U 7, J’ bll . C U.S. u b u F I A, l ll U.S. J l bll l x .7 Alu l b ll J’ l x u u ubj, l J ul l 98. I 98, ul Mu S ubl Te Devil’s Gluttony J Cu P Akahata l bll bk.7 Mu l b U 7, qul b. 7 Al 98, u K ubl ll U 7, k x u Kbk l ubl J l jul. I , u l u, l l l x b U 7 l l bl J u . u u u u u Kbk l , l ubl b L. G. I Sō, U 7, u u J x l u. 74 O u xl u b U 7 b Yu . 75 T u b l-u lu b I Sbuō. I 98, J M Eu k I xbk ll U 7 u x u C. T J ju b u u u lu. I 984, J u K l ubl 4, U.S. u J bll u NARA.76 A u l J u U S, M ll bk . H H Ikuk, x M Eu u
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lu, l u b U S, u Fll R, j . 77 M l, J jul K Sōj, uu ubj bll , u ll u U 7, lu b l U S.78 I 98, C b l l u l U 7, lu ub C k l. A u u, C u x u J’ bll u Nb 95, C’ ll A u bll K W. I 997, ll C l bl Ku A l l ( kenpeitai ) -ll “l l” u ubj U 7. Sl u u ll .79 A Pll’ l , W u l k u ubl bk-l u El. B jul P Wll D Wll u u ju l u u U K. 8 Sl H, A b ubj l C l 98, l l u U 7 ubl l ubj.8 T ub U 7 u x u ubj lu C, K, Ru. T qu All POW C H, Muk, Mu, xl ubj ul. L G Hl, k uk, POW l J l l U 7 C H l 94 u l x POW u A POW . T U.S. u u lu. 8 T S l l b u . Alu b qu, u, l l bll J, ulkl U 7 u POW C H ubj, b Sl H. 8 A J u u b Muu k, J l u b U 7 C, l U 7 l . Muu l 94, Ku A C G. Uu Yjō U 7 l l u C H “ POW’ l,” u l , x.84 I,
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7
J u l l , b Muu, b : ll A POW u l l u l M 94 . T u ul b l bl bll l . G Ku A u ubj xl l (¥ ll; ¥9 bll 5 lu), u l k ul b l bl, k bu l x . 85 J l u u l l J l u , l , ll l u J. Qu l bu l l uk b I U S . Oll, Su C All P (SCAP) u lk u I u W C bul. I u A Mu S ll l b J lu, D. N Yō—l b U 7— bl u l Mu ll k. H U 7 b l bu l Mu S l. I ul S u qu bu I l 947 A . A u I U 7 b, A b l I, lu u x. P H bl l qu qu l b Mj. G. Cl A. Wllub (G-) G. Dul MAu k, bu b u W. W u b U 7 ll u. A K Sōj , l k u ul U.S. qu U 7 b l.86 Wl bll u U 7 ll bl , x lu J bll l u. Sl J u Bj (U 855), Nj (U 644, U), C (U 688) l x u ubj.87 M, l u u I Ku’ jul C ll bll b u Cl C b 94-4, xl b. C l ubl J’ bll . T l . T G C ul kl l , j bll, lu
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U S S U, l qu u u . Wl C l ll J’ u u bl, l l bl l J u. T J A’ N Ml A k, , l ll -x u l (lu ll lk Y, l k u ) u b J C u . T u u NARA b J ll b Il Pu S k, ubl J .88 T x u u, J D b , l b J l lbl u u ll l “lu.” I 4, Y Yk ubl u J l’ u u . I u J u ll l u, Y u J’ u C l Su A.I l, Y u bl 4 I B l u u j Cu-l E Ru A Sx P 94. E u u k -J l ul . T , u b U S u J, ubl b Sl-D A ul M 4.89 I , C l l ubl u J’ bll l C. 9 T 995 Chemical Warare o the Invading Japanese roops ll J A u u C T u . B ll C l J u, lu u u J’ 6 D Jx P u , bk l ll , C l 9, l ul u . 9 Bu P, l u J l , b J C C . I Japan’s Chemical Warare During the Invasion o China, Bu u u ll-k J k b Vll, Sx P, M Ju 94, kll l 8 C ull l. W J llu, Bu l l J Sl-D A’ W H D Lb b J bl l . 9 Bu’ bk l x , b u, uu l ll ll l b
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b J l u C . F J l, ul l b S U, u kl u Mu . T bll , , uk. T S U l J l S Ml N 99. R b J U S l , ll P b u J. W J l l u bll bb U.S. l, bll b ul l. Du , , ubl . Tu l l bll , k u P J u x l POW. I 944, xl, AIS ubl J l .9 T Kūū Il U J, J A l l x, ubl, l Eō Suku’ Te Sea and Poison .94 T l— l, Kūū U— b All 948. C lu , ul l b , bl. - u ul u . (F lk , bl .) 95 b J C l l u l x l k l Mu u C. 96
From Mass Rape to Military “Comort Women” T C b J l l b J’ C. R b A u R Nk l 97 l x xul l b J A. Nuu C l Su A u u J . T l, , ll b l l l u , . J u bl u . I , J u l bl ll ub J l b b J’ l u u l. 97 I u ll J l k, J l u “ ” l 9.
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A, k All bu l l l. T x. A J u Du E I (- I), J l u —lu Du ll Eu— xul J. T J bl u b Du u u bu Du . I 97, J b ubj b Il J A. 98 I ul l 99 l “ ” ( ianu) b , ll ubl K b l u J. H u l u “ ” u. M ubl ubj ll K J. Nuu k b l ubl El. 99 G x l , Su Zl, S, ubl k C u C Su C C W u. I , J ll l ubl 99 l “ ,” l b u xul l . Ill, J l l . Y Yk, l J l J , l b u J Sl-D A’ lb u l l. H ubl ll u, lu uu AIS NARA. U ubl u, J l u A W’ Fu (AWF) “ ” u. AWF bl H C 996 x l u J, U S, Hll, . H b AWF l “ ” I Pl. T k ul ul-lu ll u bbl ubj. M ull , . A Y u, uu J u l l. A l bl H M lll b .4 P , u jul A u, bu u u C, bu l b Sl-D A W H D Lb l ubl . 5
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M u “ ” ll l u J. T ub ubj ; ul u qul u ,. kk Sōj, x K AWF H C, b K ’ lu ( teishintai ), k J, “ .” A , b u b K l ub K “ .”6 A b u l. S l qu b “ ” ll ubl. H Ikuk, , k l ubl ll j k ubj. H ll qu “ ” u l u u. 7 H b b J l l “ .”
Other opics I u ubl J — l A, All POW l, l bll , l “ ”— ubj . Du k u u. T k W C l u J ll l . I l 98, J Eu K ubl u J’ u l C u l u. 8 B l J El, J J’ bk u W .9 A b u lu, l J l x u A. C u Eu T, uul ul u A . I k l J l bu l k l J k C lk Nj. M l, C l u J l ll l C ulul u , u ll “ulul lu.” Z J, C Fu U S, l 897,78 bk l b J l S-Nj l k J. I bul, , J l u Z l, b bl .
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E u u A bl ll ll J. J’ qu l u V 945 k bu u, l l ll . J l l u l ( gunpyō ) , ll u u H K. W u lll b J u u u qu. T b ll l, bu . Su A, l J u ll . Pul Sl P S ll l ( “Gl Ll”) b J’ Il l l u A l u. T u, l b u, u U.S. u l k u. 4 T l ul, , k bk l bl . I luu J A P, ll u J J A’ bul l. T 945 bl Ok u . F u I Sbuō’ xbk l, b l J . H Hu, , l J’ l Ok -ll “ll u.” H u U.S. ll u J l u l u J kll A .5
Problems and Remedies Tk k , l k bu J Wl W II . A ub bl ll l J Wl W II, . F, x , ll Wl W II- u b l ub u. Wl IWG l l b u lubl u u J Il G Dlu A, U S u u u u uu ll . T ll u J, Wl W II- u l . S, u k b u u l ubl. W J qu u Jl l NARA, U.S.-b ul ll ul u, ll J. Aul, B, Du
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4
b ull xl. A xl, Y Mu Wll Bl H, l b A W’ Fu H C J, l u u l “ ” u Du A.6 T, l l u bl u Wl W II , u l u . T ll u ubj lkl k, l u l l u . P u l ll , u. A ub u l , u l u . b u, u u u , u b bl.7 A u , u u l b x. J ll ul A P, , u El All POW. C l Eu T, l A l bu u u ubj lb l . A ll k l xl u. W — ll u— b u l l x l, llul, l- . A bl u k u . Wl b lll , u bu ll u l u , l l uu. F , Wl W II b l J . C , u ll, b u l l ul u l. I , J D’ 985 k, War Without Mercy, xl l. B l u b b P W, D llu u bu bul .8 I ul l, u u l. T Nl D-D Muu N Ol xb Wl W II. F , J l B POW, Kb Y b l ju B J l . R l
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J bul All POW, Kb , k u ll l .9 S u “ ” k . H Yuk k u Su A bk, Japan’s Comort Women , bk u b l “ ” , x u u U.S. l b Su K Su A xl xul xl . Su u bul b bl . H, u J Wl W II lkl ubj b l b u l. I l l, u l llb ll , J . Tu l k u J, J l k l u J l. Al l l El, lkl ul u . T u u b u -l llb b b u u b J’ .
Notes . .
.
4. 5.
I l x El-, J-, C-lu ubl. R A. Flk, Gbl Klk, Rb J. L, ., Crimes o War: A Legal, PoliticalDocumentary and Psychological Inquiry into the Responsibility o Leaders, Citizens and Soldiers or Criminal Acts In War (N Yk: V Bk, 97). F u- u, R Gu D R, ., Crimes o War: What the Public Should Know (N Yk: N, 999). T J D R C C, u bl R C u . F u u b J All, Ak Uu, “T J A I P: Rl Du Buu Iu,” Aul-J R Pj Aul W Ml, M 999. F l u, Pl R. Pll, Te Japanese On rial: Allied War Crimes Operations In Te East, 1945–1951 (Au: U x P, 979). C k l b ju, ubl l . Rb Pl, International Military ribunal For Te Far East: Dissentient Judgment (Clu: Sl, 95). S l R M, Victor’s Justice:
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6.
7.
8. 9.
.
.
.
.
4.
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Te okyo War Crimes rial (P: P U P, 97); K Uu, “Beyond Te Judgment o Civilization:” Te Intellectual Legacy o the Japanese War Crimes rials, 1946–1949 , . S J. E (k: T Il Hu J, ). F J l b , Ikuk H, M S, K u, ., Sekai sensō hanzai jiten [A l l] (k: Bu uju, ). Hl D. Lll, Propaganda echnique in the World War (N Yk: P. S, 98); Bu Lk A R, Propaganda rom China and Japan: A Case Study in Propaganda Analysis (N Yk: Iu P Rl, 98); J M R, Atrocity Propaganda, 1914–19 (N H, C: Yl U P, 94). Y Yuk, “Guj kk ō ” [A l-l u] Archives no kagaku Vl. (k: K bō, ): 6. k H, Bei gikai toshokan shozo senryō sesshu kyū rikukaigun shiryō sōmokuroku [A l u l Lb C] (k: ōō , 995), x. S l H k, “J Ml Hl Su W: A B Su,” Aul-J R Pj Aul W Ml, M 999. O Jul 6, 99, J’ K N A u Ru Ml A. F u, Rkuō Sō, Siberia no banka [Eul Sb] (uuk: Sū ōk ubu, 995), 8–5, . 9, 44–47. A l l lu . 59–7. F xl, Dl Mul A ( C) ://..l../ A//_./. S u b l ubl C Jl D’u ., Guandong xianbingdui baogaoji [R Gu Ml Pl] 84 l. (N: Gux xu ub, 5-6). A u b U.S. u NARA u J l l l A Y k, Nihonhei horyō wa nani o shabetta ka [W u J l ll?] (k: Buu , ). Pul K, ., Te MAGIC Documents: Summaries and ranscripts o the op Secret Diplomatic Communications o Japan, 1938–1945 , 5 l, 4 l (W, DC: U Publ A, 98). S, , E D, MacArthur’s ULRA: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942–1945 (L, KS: U K P, 99). Uul, l l l, l u k. A J’ l b E ( gozen kaigi ), , l “ .” F k l
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5.
6.
7.
8. 9.
. . .
MAGIC’ l, K Ku, Origins o the Pacic War and the Importance o MAGIC (N Yk: S. M’ P, 999). Cl H. U, ., Checklist o Archives in the Japanese Ministry o Foreign Aairs, okyo, Japan, 1868–1945 , (W, DC: Lb C, 954). J ll b Il Pu S, , u, bu l l b J’ D Lb. S l J Yu, Checklist o Microlm Reproductions o Selected Archives o the Japanese Army, Navy, and Other Government Agencies, 1868–1945 (W, DC: G U P, 959). R. J P S Mbu Z, . ., he okyo War Crimes rial , l. (N Yk: Gl, 98), Te okyo War Crimes rial: Index and Guide , 5 l. (N Yk: Gl, 98–87). A l u Pul S. Dull Ml kk Uu, Te okyo rials: A Functional Index to the Proceedings o the International Military ribunal or the Far East (A Ab: U M P, 957), l J (“l l u l u”) l b l, bu l b ul , u “u u ,” “ ,” lk. S l Y C, ., B, C kyū senpan kankei shūsei [Cll l B-, C-l l], 5 l. (k: Fuj u, 984– 99). F , D B’ l bk l u lk R Nk. D B, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy (N Yk: M, 97). H u B u ubu bl, . Sbuō I, Te Pacic War, 1931–1945: A Critical Perspective on Japan’s Role in World War II , . Fk Bl (N Yk: P, 978). O J’ , Rb O, Victim as Hero: Ideologies o Peace and National Identity in Postwar Japan (Hlulu: U H, ); Yku I, Bodies o Memory: Narratives o War in Japanese Culture, 1945–1970 (P, NJ: P U P, ). I J, b u Y Yuk, Nihonjin no sensōkan [J ] (k: I , 995). S l G Hk, Japan’s War Memories: Amnesia or Concealment? (Al, Bkl: A, 997). Cūku kk k, Sankō [T All] (k: Kōbu, 957). H Fu, Daitōa sensō koteiron [A G E A W] (k: Bō bō, 964). A qul ubl 965. Ku H, Te Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Conronts Japan’s National Shame , . Fk Gb, . K S (Ak, NY: M. E. S, 999). S l Bb Wkb, “T Nk -M Kll C Db: W Gul
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. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. .
. . . 4. 5.
6.
7. 8.
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A Fb Illu,” Journal o Japanese Studies 6, . , (Su ): 7–4. Sensō sekinin kenkyū [Su bl] (k, 99— ). Kang-Ri zhanzheng yanjiu [Su J] (Bj, 99— ). Rk C, Violence against Women: Report Based on Research Visits to North and South Korea and Japan on Wartime Military Sexual Slavery (997). Rijun qin-Hua yanjiu [Su J C] (Cbl, IL, 99—). F , S Yu, M S, B O, ., Legacies o the Comort Women o World War II (Ak, N.Y.: M. E. S, ). Hikōkai shiryō mokuroku (kōshi monjo) [Cl l l (ubl u)]. I lu lu l u U S (Bkku k k uk ō kuku), I ubl Jul 4. S l Y Yk, “Dkuu ō kōk” [T Iu P G Dl Du] Sensō sekinin kenkyū 44 (Su 4), –. T ubl l u u ( Henkan monjo mokuroku) Publ R O . Sō Mu, “T Lk A J: Iu Suu Pl C M J-A Rl,” Aul-J R Pj Aul W Ml, M 999. k Ak Muu k, ., 731 Butai sakusei shiryō [Ml b U 7] (k: Fuj bō, 99). O Kj l., ., Nankin daigyakusatsu wo kirokushita kōgun heishi tachi [Il A l Nj M] (k: Ōuk , 994). Nk k, Nankin senshi shiryōshū [Hl l Nj Bl] (k: Kkō, 99). S ://.j..j/_/x_.l. T Wb bl J El. T u l Ob 4. Z D’u l., ., Dongbei lici dacan’an [G N C] (Bj: Zu uju, 989); Huabei lici dacan’an [G N C] (Bj: Zu uju, 995); Nanjing datusha (T Nj M) (Bj: Zu uju, 995). Z Ku, . ., ianli nanrong: Meiguo chuanjiaoshi yanzhong de Nanjing datusha (1937–1938) [Ubl : T Nj M (97–98) A ] (Nj: Nj xu ub, 999). I C, Te Rape o Nanking: Te Forgotten Holocaust o World War II (N Yk: B Bk, 997). Rb’ l ubl Te Good Man o Nanking: Te Diaries o John Rabe , . E Wk, . J E. W (N Yk: K, ).
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45. 46.
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Uul, b Wu C kl bu k l C u , J’ F M, k Washington Post bu C. M Y, Nanking: Anatomy o an Atrocity (W, C: P, ). F k x b l, k Y, Te Making o the Rape o Nanking (N Yk: Ox U P, 6). E L, Ribenjun zhanzheng baoxing zhi yanju [A u J’ ] (: u ub, 994). T Wb ://.j.. I ubl , u l l Nj M, l “ ,” bll , lb, ll S-J l. F l El u ll l k J, C, U S, Dq Y, “C D? R Hl W R Nj,” American Historical Review 4, . (Ju 999): 84– 65; Bb Wkb, “T Nj M: N Yu S I…” Monumenta Nipponica 56, . 4 (W ): 5–44. Ll L’ Japanese Army in North China (k: Ox U P, 975) u J l ll l J l. M Y, “J’ A-Gull W N C, 99–45: A I Flu,” l S-J W, Mu, H, Ju 4. F u b l , J M. B M. E, Warsaw o Asia: Te Rape o Manila, . (Qu C, Pl: G Bk, ). F u El, C B K, “J A Pl C Ml-C Rl W Ml,” Pul Kk, ., Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire (L: RulCu, ), 97–; k Nbu l., Maraya no Nihongun: Negurisenbiran shū ni okeru Kajin gyakusatsu [J A Ml] (k: Ak , 989); H Hu, Kakyo gyakusatsu: Nihongun shihaika no Mare hanto [M C] (k: Suu bō, 99). Z L, ., Riqin shiqi Xin-Ma Huaren shouhai diaocha [Su Ml C u J ] (Nj: Ju ub, 4). I l lu J l (u u b l). T . F uul l, Ml P. O, ., Forgotten Heroes: Japan’s Imprisonment o American Civilians in the Philippines, 1942–1945: An Oral History (W C: Mkl, 99); Rb S. L F l., ., With Only the
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Will to Live: Accounts o Americans in Japanese Prison Camps, 1941–1945 (Wl, DE: Sll Ru, 994); Cl G. Rl, “All POW, J C G C,” War & Society IX (99): 8–. A uul u b G K. Rl, “T US P W Cl Cu I b J Wl W II: T Iu C b J,” R C RL 66 (Db 7, ). Pll, Te Japanese on rial , 7. T S POW G u bl J . Sl Flk, Bataan: Te March o Death (N Yk: W. W. N, 96); Dl Kx, Death March: Te Survivors o Bataan (N Yk: Hu B J, 98). O A 65 ,; Fl 9, 6,5. G MCk Hk Nl, ., Te Burma-Tailand Railway: Memory and History (S. L, Aul: All & U, 99). “POW l l All l J,” Mainichi Daily News (Ju , 5). A l l b POW R Nk J, u u , ubl Wb : ://.. /-j/. L G Hl, Unjust Enrichment: How Japan’s Companies Built Postwar Fortunes Using American POWs (Mbu, PA: Skl Bk, ). I’ lk k P G Wb l . F x l u, Bb Wlbk, Last Man Out: Glenn McDole, USMC, Survivor o the Palawan Massacre in WW II (J, N.C.: MFl, 4). G D, Prisoners o the Japanese: POWs o World War II in the Pacic (N Yk: M, 994). S l E. Bl K, Surrender and Survival: Te Experience o American POWs in the Pacic, 1941–1945 (N Yk: M, 985). Ikuk H, “F C C: T C Nu J Ml Pul P P W u A,” Prisoners o War and Teir Captors in World War II , . Bb M K F (W, D.C.: B, 996), 5–76. Y Kb, “J B P: T Hl Cx,” Japanese Prisoners o War , . Pl l l., (L: Hbl L, ), 7, 44. Hk Nl, “Mu Rl: F Iul L Nl H,” MCk Nl, ., Te Burma-Tailand Railway , –. R. P. W. H, Reassessing the Japanese Prisoner o War Experience: Te Changi POW Camp, Singapore, 1942–45 (L: RulCu, ); Sbll J Fl, “C
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Bu-Tl Rl,” Building the Death Railway: Te Ordeal o American POWs in Burma, 1942–1945 , , Rb S. LF Rl E. Mll, (Wl, Dl: Sll Ru, 99). Pul H. Kk, Asian Labor in the Wartime Japanese Empire: Unknown History (Ak, NY: M. E. S, 5). F j S-J , Kkuk Mu l., “Kū-Kōu -4 (5) kkkō ub Huu ō Nū kōō ō” [J S-J Huu Ku A’ b u 4 (5)], Sensō sekinin kenkyū 4 (Su 994), –. O ,5 J l l k b lx , l - k bk J . R E, Senji gaikokujin kyōsei renkō kankei shiryōshū, 8 l. [Cll l lb] (k: Ak , 99–9); N Su, Senjika Chōsenjin Chūgokujin, rengōgun horyō kyōsei renkō shiryōshū: Sekitan tōseikai kyokuhi bunsho, 4 l. [Cll l lb b K, C All POW] (k: Rku bō, 99). k H, Chūgokujin kyōsei renkō shiryō [Ml C lb], 5 l., (k: G bō, 995). H , Huabei laogong xiehui zuie shi [A N C Lb A’ l ] (Bj: Xu ub, 995); Lu B L F, Riben luyi Zhongguo zhanu laogong diaocha yanjiu [I J bu C POW Lb] (B: Hb xu ub, ). Ju Z Zu J, ., Riben lueduo huabei qiangzhi laogong dang’an zhiliao [Al l J bu C lb N C], l. (Bj: Su kxu x ub, ). “‘Cōj kō ōō’ N kō k ō kk” (Du J “bl u K” u), Choson ilbo (Db , ) (J ). F xl, “J U C ‘Gu P’ G W,” Rocky Mountain Medical Journal 9, . 8 (Auu 94): 57–7. A U.S. u b J Y Yk MAu Ml, U.S. A C S u k l A u l l l. Let’s 45 (Db 4): . Z D’u l., Xijunzhan yu duqizhan, 6–4. Materials on the rial o Former Servicemen o the Japanese Army, Charged with Manuacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons (M: F Lu Publ Hu, 95).
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75. 76. 77. 78.
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C ll, S E E H, Te United States and Biological Warare: Secrets From Te Early Cold War and Korea (Bl, I: I U P, 998). O l b S u ll Cu l. S “N E K W,” K Wb, “D D: M, Bj, P, All Bll W U K,” Cold War International History Project Bulletin (W 998): 76–99. J W. Pll, “J’ G W: T U.S. C-u W C,” Bulletin o Concerned Asian Scholars , . 4 (Ob-Db 98): –7; “A H C H,” Bulletin o the Atomic Scientist 7, . 8 (Ob 98): 45–5. F , ubl b 98 Nu Aō, “S’ ubō kku bō” [Full u bll , u Mu], Nihon shuhō 456 (Sb 5, 958); Y Rk, Jintai jikken no kōu [ u x] (Ok: N bō, 96); Su Kō, 3000-nin no seitai jikken: Nihongun “Saikin Butai” no zaigo [L x , u b] (k: H bō, 967, 98); Mu S, Akuma no hōshoku: “Kantōgun saikinsen butai” kou no zenbō [Dl’ lu: T l u “Ku A’ bll u”] (k: Kōbu, 98). Zoku Akuma no hōshoku: “Kantōgun saikinsen butai” nazo no sengoshi (k: Kōbu, 98). Alu Mu u l J u, bk bbl. T lu u . u K, Kieta saikinsen butai: Kantogun Dai 731-butai [T bll u ] (k: K, 98), 79; u K A , Saikinsen butai to jiketsushita utari no igakusha [Bll u u] (k : Sō, 98). T u, ōshō ni tsuite (O ) ll u b U S u J, lbl Nl R O. u K, ., Hyōteki Ishii: 731 butai to Beigun chōhō katsudō [ I: U 7 U.S. l ll ] (k: Ōuk , 984). Mu S, ., Sabakareta 731 Butai [U 7 l] (k: B, 99). K Sōj, 731 butai sakinsen shiryō shūsei (Cll l U 7 bll ), 8 CD (k: K bō, ). K’ , ubl Db 4, lubl. S “7 bu uu ō kkū jō” (S U 7), Sensō sekinin kenkyū 46 (W 4): 8–4. K, 731 butai sakinsen shiryō shūsei, 4. M J u u Jl D’u l., ., “731 budui” zuixin
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85.
86. 87. 88.
tiezheng: ebie yisong, angyi dang’an xuan [I U 7: Sl l l l l ], (Cu: Jl ub, ). P Wll D Wll, Unit 731: Japan’s Secret Biological Warare in World War II (N Yk: F P, 989). Il u, bk ubl U S, ll A’ u l bll K W . Sl H. H, Factories o Death: Japanese Biological Warare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-Up , . (N Yk: Rul, 994, ). H bu 999 u Crimes o War xbk l l b US A. S b R M Journal o Asian Studies 5, . 4 (994): 65–66. U.S. Hu C V’ A, Sub C, P, Iu, reatment o American Prisoners o War in Manchuria , 99 C, S (Sb 7, 986). (W, DC: U.S. G P O, 986). u, 731 butai , 5. A J A bl All POW Muk l 94, , u u u bl. H, ll u A ubj bll x u K W, l lk u , b l . S 731 butai , 7–74, 79–8, H, Factory o Death, 7–7. Muu k, “7 bu H ō ūōj” [U 7 Muk POW ] Sensō sekinin kenkyū (Auu 996): 74–76. T u ub b B u k W C bul l bk J. Muu b l l J l . Y Yk Ik, 731 Butai to enno, Rikugun chūō [U 7 E, A H C] (k: I S, 995); A Kō Y Yk, Dokugasusen kankei shiryō [Ml ] (k: Fuj Su, 989); Y Yk Mu S, Dokugasusen kankei shiryō II (k: Fuj Su, 997). H , b lll b U S. C U 644, Mu Nk, “M 644 bu’ ō” [ b U 644], Sensō sekinin kenkyū (W 995): 56–65. T u l Shina jihen ni okeru kagakusen reishō shū [C l u C ] (N: Rkuu N Gkkō, 94). T l N Ml A Rikugun Narashino Gakkō kōshi hensan iinkai,
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9.
9.
9. 9. 94. 95.
96. 97. 98.
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Rikugun Narashino Gakkō [T A N A] (k, 987). Y Yk, Dokugasu sen to Nihongun [Cl J l] (k: I , 4). H u u Sensō sekinin kenkyū 45 (Auu 4). Y u U.S. u l J u C P T “Nu kuu Ak” [J A’ U.S.], Sensō sekinin kenkyū 4 (Su ): 4–. Z Du, Zu D L Du, Jl Su Kxuu, Xijunzhan yu duqi zhan [Bll l ] (Bj: Zu uju, 989); Zuie di “731””100”: Qin-Hua Rijun xijun budui dang’an ziliao xuan bian [T l U 7 U ] (S: L u ub, 995). Zu K Z Sxuu Zu R K Z Ju, J Du, ., Qinhua Rijun de duqizhan [P b J ] (Bj: Bj ub, 995]. F ul bk ll u, ul u, l bu, . 69–7. F C u J CBW u u C, S Dxu, Jie kai “8604” zhi mi: Qin Hua Rijun zai Yue mimi jinxing xijunzhan dapuguang [D U 864] (Guu: Hu ub, 995). R bll lu Qu Mxu ., Zuizheng: Qin-Hua Rijun Quzhou xijunzhan jishi [Cl : A uul J bll Quu] (Bj: Sx ub, 999); L X ., Qixue kongsu: Qin-Hua Rijun xijunzhan tanju, biju shouhai xincunzhe shilu [Bl- u: R x ] (Bj: Z x ub, 5). T l blul ubl. Bu P l., Ribeng qin-Hua zhanzheng shiqi de huaxuezhan [J’ l u C] (Bj: Su kxu x ub, 4). I k G B NARA l . Suku Eō, Te Sea and Poison: A Novel , . Ml Gll (k: ul, 97). L F, “‘ D P’: T J Exu A A Fukuk, J, u 945,” Pacic Historical Review , Vl. LXVI, N. 4 (N. 997): 484–86. S l T E, “A Qu H R Wl W II A,” Te Baltimore Sun (M 8, 995), A. Z D’u l., Xijunzhan yu duqizhan, 747–87. S, xl, O Skjō, Aru gun hōmukan no nikki [D l ll ] (k: Muu bō, ). S Kkō, Jūgun ianu [Ml ] (k: Fub, 97; S’
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99.
. .
. .
4.
5. 6.
bō, 978); K Il-, enno no guntai to Chōsenjin ianu [E’ K ] (k: S bō, 976). I El, G Hk, Comort Women: Japan’s Brutal Regime o Enorced Prostitution in the Second World War (N Yk: N, 997); K H K Cul W D Ml Sxul Sl b J, rue Stories o the Korean Comort Women (N Yk: Cll, 995); D A S, Ianu–Te Comort Women o the Japanese Imperial Army o the Pacic War: Broken Silence (L, NY: E Mll P, ); S C Sll S M Yu, Comort Women Speak: estimony by Sex Slaves o the Japanese Military (N Yk: Hl & M, ). Su Zl, Weianu yanjiu [A u ] (S: S u ub, ). S C 4: “W US u?” Yuk k, Japan’s Comort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II and the U.S. Occupation (L: Rul, ), 84–9. Y Yk, Jugun ianu shiryōshū [Hl l l ] (k: Ōuk , 99). Aj J Kk (AWF) ., “Ianu” mondai kankei bunken mokuroku [Bbl l “ ” u] (k: Gō, 997). I l ubl ll b u l “ ” 999. I , u bbl b u l ://...j/. S l Ōu Yuk, ., “Ianu” mondai to Ajia Josei Kikin [T “ ” u A W’ Fu] (k: ō, 998). Y Yk, “Sō kku, ō kku: ‘Juu u’ kk kku ,” (M , ) Archives no kagaku () (k, ): 76–96. A J , , l qu H M l bul k l. Mainichi shimbun (N. 6, 994). S u lu AWF, Seiu chōsa: “Jugun ianu” mondai shiryō shūsei [Cl -ll u l l “ ”] (k: Rūk , 997–998). A P N Ku, u l J’ ll l k b u “ ,” b l. u A, From Shanghai o Shanghai: Te War Diary o an Imperial Japanese Army Medical Ofcer, 1937–1941, . Hl Gl (Nlk: EB Bk, 4). kk Sōj, “’Hō jō ’ u” [C “ul ’ lu ] “Ianu” mondai chōsa hōkoku [R u l “ ,”] (999): 4–6.
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7. H Ikuk, Ianu to senjo no sei [C x bll] (k: Sō, 999). A b l El ubl “T Fl UN R,” Japan Echo (Auu 996), 66–7. 8. Eu K, ., Shiryō Nitchu sensōki ahen seisaku: Mōkyō seiken shiryō o chūshin ni [Su S-J Ou W: Ml u I Ml ] (k: I , 985). 9. J J, Te Opium Empire: Japanese Imperialism and Drug rafcking in Asia, 1895– 1945 (W, C.: P, 997). . S M Kb, “Du O b R J j,” Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952 , . Bk Bb Wkb, (Bkl, CA: U Cl P, ). . I El, J Z, “T L Bk Nj,” Japanese War Crimes: Te Search or Justice, . P L (N Buk: Publ, ). Z Mu u, Ryakudatsu shita bunka (k: I, 99). Z’ b ul b J Yu Ku. S “Culul Pl Rul Ou C,” “W C: Rl R C, 97–945,” Ju , ://...u/~/-j/ 7.. . Pul H. Kk, ., Food Supplies and the Japanese Occupation in South-East Asia (N Yk: S. M’ P, 998). . Kb H, Nihon gunsei ka no Ajia: Daitōa kyoeiken to gunpyō (A u J l : T G E A C- S l ) (k: I, 99); Nku ku Kb H, ., Senji kachū no busshi doin to gunpyō [Ml bl l l C] (k: u, 994). 4. T l E H l ll u bll ll’ l, lu, , , lu , u u u u Wl W II, bu l llu U.S. P Hb H G. Dul MAu l k bku J x k , u A . Sl S P S, he Yamato Dynasty: Te Secret History o Japan’s Imperial Family (N Yk: B Bk, 999); Gold Warriors: America’s Secret Recovery o Yamashita’s Gold (L: V, ). CD-ROM 9 b u lbl u. 5. F xl, H Hu, Okinawa sen to minshū [T l bl Ok] (k: Ōuk , ).
56 I R J W C 6. Mu Y Wll Bl H, “‘C W’ I: A R Du Al Ml,” “Ianu” mondai chōsa hōkoku [R u l “ ,”] (999): 7–4. 7. F J l l l u, Cuk U, “H Publ M J: T ‘C W’ C,” . J S, History and Memory , . (999). 8. J D, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacic War (N Yk: P, 985). 9. Y Kb, “J B POW,” 47. . Yuk k, Japan’s Comort Women.
Recently Declassied Records at the U.S. National Archives Relating to Japanese War Crimes J L
In May 2003, the Nazi War Crimes J Il G R I Wk Gu (IWG) b u xl , l l u J Il G Dlu A (JIGDA). I ul, u u u ll u: • J All (POW) l , lu l lb • Dl u J bll l u , ull k G. I Sō bll x u b U 7 • T J l’ u “ ” u b u • All l l , l, l J l T u u, ll l u JIGDA, l u l u l b.
Overview o Declassied Records T l b IWG u JIGDA ll b : l u Nl A R A (NARA), ll l b . Alu j Wl W II- l l b l ,
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b NARA ul b ubll l u x l ul. T , , U.S. ll- , , . S l lu u All ul b l u u. S NARA ll ll u N W C Dlu A l ll l J . F xl, ll O S S (OSS) lu l OSS C Su A. Lk, U.S. A’ I R R (IRR) l l J l l u, lu l l. Du NARA l, IWG l ll N Ju A Gl l l Su P. Tu ull l 997, b l u b . T l u JIGDA ll l b . T l u FBI l ll J b u , ull l J , l u A llb. Nl l U.S. D S l lu l u b U S ll l J l. I , S D l l lu l u POW, l , “ ,” l J 98 99. Fll, Nl Su A l ll ll l Auu–Db 945 l l l l NARA. T l u JIGDA lu l P l b U S J. I l, , l ll ll J . W x l b l bl, l x k . M, j u J lu l b l bu l . Wl u l ul x l , l l l k ,
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lkl l u J . R ul u ll u l u Dlu A u u. S , l u l b lbl x ll NARA . F xl, l S D Sl W Pbl D l OSS l b k l OSS . Lk, B ll l b IWG b lbl B Nl A. I , l l l b lbl , l b ul lbl u. Nl, l l u JIGDA l J , l, ll u l lbl u. I ul J , l C, l l ll b uul l l J All POW l . T l u lu l POW b l u b J uu u . T l l J l, u l P T. T l l lu u l J bll l . F , ll u J u l bll C. T l l l u J l u b All . H, l ul l l bll x u b G. I U 7. T ll ll u l l u J l u . Tu ul ll b All ll , u l. H, l l S D lu l lubl u l llu l l J l 95. I u u b J U S ul u, S D l l lu l b U S ll.
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T IWG ll b l uul xl J l’ u “ ” u . O ul u ul u J k l, l l u. H, S D l b IWG ll l u 98 99, u l b u J u. Tu l , J l “ ” u.
Survey Methodology T u l IWG l u ll lkl J . T l u u u u ll. I , l lu l JIGDA ll u u ul b x. Su ll lu l S D, CIA, Nl Su A (NSA,) A F, N, O P A. H, l l ubl l u u u ll uul u. T ll u u u ub l l OSS , l l l Eu P T. M, lu ( ll ) lu x u. I u b ll ll bu lk ubj u. Al, l x ll b u u x b NARA l ubj . T u ll u l u l u J, C, Bu, Ck, Cq, K, I, Ku, Ml, F E. I , l u l ubj l x. T lu u l l , x bll , POW, . T ubl l x l ub u ul J . Ol u l l F E lu J . Lk, POW l ll Eu T, l l
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bll ull l U.S. . Nl, b l u ll J . T u ll l l l l b ul l ull ul u b l ul . I , l b l l l u OSS ll. Al, u ul ll l ll l OSS b C u A, lu Bu, Ck, Cq, H, K, Ku, S, S. I , u u b NARA l l u x l F E u. A, l l u l u J l bl. I , u u b l . T ll FBI l NARA l l l A’ I R R. B ll l l ll x. T FBI l, xl, FBI l b (, ull, .) b ul . Al, u ll l lkl J ul l l. Sll, l l l A IRR ll b ul . I , u l k J l x ll u l l . T l ll b l u l u l uk J ul .
Guide to Specic Collections Oce o Strategic Services Records–RG 226 Bu G. Dul MAu l u l OSS F E, OSS l u Dlu A lu l OSS A u Wl W II, bu l u MAu’ l. Mu l l u
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l u l bu u lu ll u . I ul, U.S. ll u l l C J b . T ll ul l, b u ll u, ll , lk bu J . T l bu bu bu b . (B u Dlu A, l ul l l u ll u .) T l l l l OSS bl OSS l F E, bu l u l. Ol u u J l J . F xl, 944 OSS ll Fl ull N Il J ul u kll ull u bu l l ul ll. Sll, Ju 945 OSS bl H J bu ll l L C ull b. O l l u lu k l l . A OSS u Nj Sb , 945, l J 7 D u kll l u l u l C ( ). I , u u l b l u, u ul .4 T l l OSS l lu b U.S. All u . M B u, lu Du F u ll. S , l bu , l lu ul J . F xl, Ml l b B b u u ll Du ul l J u, l B u xu l u l Ml l J . 5 Sl u lu B l Nb 945 b kll l u l Su A Il l b J u.6
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Nk S, Sb 945, . , NA, RG 6, , bx 74, WN 676, ., (l: 9/64/6/6).
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New OSS Records Relating to reatment o POWs and Civilian Internees
B J , l l OSS l lu J-u POW l . O uul u qu ll u b u x b U S J. T qu lu qu .7 A lubl u l b IWG Nl Ill S POW l uu Du E I lu l l ( bl). 8 T l l lu l 944 A POW F () b b S R C. 9 S OSS u bul J , lu l u l . F xl, B l x B POW Tl u l B bb k l l
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l u. A OSS J u S lu J u l A POW. Lk, b b u J l S. T l l lu l l u B Aul POW b K u. M u l All POW l J u u k l u j, lu u lu ul uk l. H, ul l POW lb J . T lu Nb 944 B u u B POW k Mub l Nk. A J l, B POW b ll k l u . 4 A l u l
R MI-99, Nl Ill S, 5 Nb 944, POW I C N.E.I., NA, RG 6, 54, bx 97, l 88 (l: 9/8//4).
66 I R J W C
94 J u b L. G. Nu, P’ I Buu J. Nu All POW l J ul u l ll ll . H All POW ul J k, bu b u Kuu, l u jb l All POW l u J k l ( ). 5 Fll, 94 Du ll b ul b E I R C u Du POW l J F l k , k, , . 6 New OSS Documents Relating to Japanese Chemical and Biological Warare
F , l l OSS u l J l bll l u u J l . O u l B l u J l b u Bu l 945. 7 T u l lu l u, lu Ju 944 b U.S. A Cl W S (CWS) u l u b b G J. T b u l J: A k Dk Kbuk K N u l bul Ok Hu. I l u l k U.S. Su P. 8 A l u u bll b OSS R Dl B Sb 945. T u G J bll , J bbl l. T u l l u bll b J C, lu u k lu. 9 Fll, l lu M 945 ll b CWS C J bll l . T u b l bll l k, lu A ll . I l u, OSS lu l u k ul J l bll . T lu: • 94 u A l l C “ u ” u l.
Recently Declassifed Records I 67
Japanese Tr. Series 35, 30 May 1943, NA, RG 226, entry 16, box 695, report 57702 (location: 190/3/25/5).
68 I R J W C
• l Db 94 C l lu ubk C J l l . T u b ’ , lu bl u ubk b lu J bbl u. • C J POW b k b J Bll W S C. • Db 944 C l l ul k J D E D W Sul b Kuk. T l u Ck-K bl, J u l , l, l l u l b K L-’.4 • Ju 945 C R C b C l l “l lul” bl J u 94 lu ubk K b b l. 5 • Ju 945 OSS F E D bl J l l u l All l C.6 • J l u b l All l .7 • l l b J k . U k R Pj, OSS lu ll bu J , ll uu Mu. T l x b C KM l u J . 8 New OSS Documents Relating to War Crimes Investigations
Ol OSS l. T lu bl OSS C l A kll b J Hk. A U.S. qu J , G. Okb. H, J A l qu Okb b ul
Rl Dl R I 69
. Ll U.S. A l J qu Ou G qu J.9 A bl J A u-l C Mj. Nku, u All POW. New OSS Documents Relating to “Comort Women”
T ll OSS l u, x u k l. T lu l 94 C b J u S J k u u C . H, l l u, J I, b J l ll b u J .
U.S Department o State Records–RG 59 T lu S D l b IWG bl ll OSS l b b. T lu l S D Sl W Pbl D l A POW l Tl. T POW lu POW b l . H, u OSS l lbl RG 6 . N S D l lu S D Ll A Rl W C. T lu l ll l u ul A POW l UN C W C. T , b Ob 945 Fbu 946, ul J l u , lu l u .4 N l l lu l J l b UN C W C, F E P Sub-. T u ll l l l lbl . O l ll u lu I Sō, ll 8 R, u “lu x ” C, C, Ju 94. F b , l I ul bll x u b U 7. 5 T u I. A S D S Ju 95 lu u l k jul Soviet State and Law (N. , 95) l Kbk l. T l b
7 I R J W C
I’ l l J bll , lu u x, U S I l bll bl. 6 Fll, Sl A Rl W C l lu l u u l J l 95. F l b U.S. S D l b k W C bul, J l. O u u Fbu 95 u u lk Aul l l S l E H u l l b Cl C l. B A Aul x l u , bulk u u k W C bul ul S l u x S u.7 A l u b J A l u b J P M K W Ju 957. Du E, K Aul l ll J l l b Aul’ qu. T l U S l u ll qu J k l . U.S. l x l l, lu ul b l ll u ubl . 8 Al u Ju Fbu 958 b B C l b l J l. All u l, lu B k u u k W C bul u. 9 O S D NARA l u l l u. T lu Ob 957 b U.S. Eb l k J U S ul J l J Nl O P Rbl C (NOPAR) b bl Cl B C l. I, U S b b u NOPAR, M Ju, Su P.4 I , Sb 958 u b S S Dull J F M Fuj l J qu l Cl B C l l
Rl Dl R I 7
l. Dull U S ul u l qu b 959.4 T l ul u l u b J C 99 l J l l C . T u lu l u.4 E l ub l u 7, (J ) ll (C ), lu l b ul. I 99, C qu U.S. l J l u J u bu U.S. u ll l u u l u. 4 H, 997 S D u u J l l Il A J .44 T j S D NARA , l, u l ubl J u u 98 99. T u ll l u, lu J bll x, All POW l , “ .” C u POW l b bul J.
Army Intelligence Records–RG 319 T I R R ll l lu ul l b A Cull C Wl W II. Alu u IRR ll l b l lbl , u l IWG . T u b l, Eu , u l l J A u b S . 45 T u l b ll l b l l bu u qul b . M, , l b ul l bu b ul b l l. T j Eu ul, u l l k J l. T lu I Sō, J’ bll , uj Mbu, J A u b C S u J u. B l lu
7 I R J W C
u ul, u u l u l lbl u. T IRR ll l l l u J l, u K Nbuuk, l J u Mu. Lk, l l l lk Su Mu K Ok, k u ll l 95. Wl l l u , l l l l l. O u l, , ll l l l IRR l J l. I , J ul b u b u ul S . I ul, uu l J POW u b S J l 94 l 95.
FBI Records–RG 65 T ll l l FBI l ; , l J . T l l l ll J ; l, l u, lu l.46 O l u l ll l J ll b FBI ll . T , l 9 u l 95, lu l ubl, ll , l FBI’ l ull . F xl, l l l J ul FBI l ll l u .47 Lk, uu l u J U S, L A, Eu. 48 O l l J u u kkō (Sl H Pl) kuu- kikan ( ll l u ). 49 A ub FBI l l ul u llb J u , ull Pl. M lu b FBI u lb Pl. Su l lu u ll. H, u l l l
Rl Dl R I 7
A u J. T lu ul u k R (I Ikuk u ’Aqu), Wll I, Mk L S, ll b. T lu POW l , lu l bu b J.5 l lu l l J POW. T l Kk, J A u POW O, J. Kk u A POW bull, l lu POW . S l b k b kl l l b Mub C l POW b (Kk l l). 5 T l J D P, A l u Pl u llb J b l u POW b J u. 5
National Security Agency Records–RG 457 T NSA NARA b IWG lu l u. T lu ll Auu Db 945. P b NSA l u, l u bu lu l u . T lu l J , lu Ob 945 bu kll 7 C l l N B Lbu. 5 T l l l S , ll b ul u b S All POW J u . T l 6 J. Al, bu . 54 A u J POW l u J u. M l b l u ll, bu u J . Su u lu l J l, b b A u l Kjl All. T l l J jul b l l Pl. 55
74 I R J W C
T NSA l lu J u Auu Db 945. M J l u l l u l J b ul . O u ll All u J l. T l J l u C b A l u k POW l . F lu u l . H, ll lu J Eb Sl l S l bu xu D. F, Il C R C Bu kll b J 94.56 Fll, l l b x J l, l, l u. T b bl l u lu u . F , u b New York imes F B I S W D . 57
Miscellaneous Collections T l ll ll l u JIGDA b NARA. T lu xl u N , l ll J . T A F l ll ub u l ul J-u . CIA l lu l l I Sō ll x C l J l. I , CIA l ll l l b CIA ll bu l J. I , l ul l u , lu b l b J Il . K u l lu Au S, Kb ō, H kuō, K Y, uj Mbu, K Ok. 58 F , CIA l lu bu ul, ll CIA ll J A . Wl l ul u , l ll l l bu . Fll, ll ll l l l. T l l O P A b l J l 95. T l lu 957
Rl Dl R I 75
l u l u l u . I , l l l F E l lb l k R Kk.
Notes . . . 4.
5.
6. 7.
8. 9. . . . . 4.
R 99, 9 Auu 944, NA, RG 6, 6, bx 46 (l: 9///6). Cbl , L , 5 Ju 945, NA, RG 6, 88, bx , l 68 (l: 9/5//7). Nk S, Sb 945, . , NA, RG 6, , bx 74, WN 676, .9.45, ., l ull (l: 9/64/6/6). S, xl, Z.A. R 5, M 945, NA, RG 6, , bx 5, WN 46 (l: 5/64//5). T b b OSS Bu kll b J. I R Y96, 5 M 945, . 6, I R Y94/, 5 Fbu 945, . 5, NA, RG 6, 54, bx 8, l: POW IN EIF ((l: 9/8//6). R ZM-54, . , 8 Nb 945, NA, RG 6, 8, bx 4, l ZM 5 (l: 9/6/6/5). T qu l. S R 578, NA, RG 6, 6, bx 68 (l: 9///4); WN 49 WN 49, NA, RG 6, , bx 48 (l: 5/64/4/). A l u l u S. S. Gripsholm b u NA, RG 6, 48, bx , l: Gl (l: 9/8/7/). A l B R 48, NA, RG 6, 6, bx (l: 9//5/6). R MI-99, Nl Ill S, 5 Nb 944, POW I C N.E.I., NA, RG 6, 54, bx 97, l 88 (l: 9/8//4). R, Sb 944, NA, RG 6, , bx 48, WN 78 (l: 5/64//). I R Y/, 7 Al 945, NA, RG 6, 54, bx 8, l: POW IN EIF (l: 9/8//6). R, 9 Ob 945, NA, RG 6, , bx 54 WN #8. R Hl u B, Ob 945, NA, RG 6, , bx , WN 44 (l: 5/64//). MX 964, Su A l I C, Ill Bull 5, 4 Ju 946, NA, RG 6, 8B, bx 8, l: MX 96-979 (l: 9/7//). CSDIC (I) R 4/, 4 Nb 944, . , , NA, RG 6, 54,
76 I R J W C
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. . . . . 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. .
bx 88, l: CSDIC 4/ Mub, Z S (l: 9/8//). J . S 5, M 94, NA, RG 6, 6, bx 695, 577 (l: 9//5/5). R, 9 Db 94, NA, RG 6, , bx 84, l: Jb 79-A, . 4, WN 98 (l: 5/64//6). S C.I.D.R. 5, E C.W. Sk Ill Su 8, . 69–94, NA, RG 6, 45, bx 5, l 74 (l: 9/8/9/). CWS Fl Lb M 4-7-, “Pbl Cl W A G Mu Ax P,” Ju 944, . 6 & 9, NA, RG 6, 45, bx , l 57 (l: 9/8/9/). Fl Su R BW, 7 Sb 945, . A-A, NA, RG 6, , bx , WN 455 (l: 5/64//7). R 7, JICA , 8 M 945, NA, RG 6, 6, bx 499, l 7 (l: 9/4/7/). R E M . uu 94, . 9, . 4, NA, RG 6, , bx 4, WN 46 (l: 5/64/8/). R 86, Db 94, NA, RG 6, 6, bx , l 859-887 (l: 9///5). R YKB-695: Hllll . Cx, 5 Jul 945, NA, RG 6, , bx 79, WN 77, l: C (l: 5/64/4/6). R Y-67, 9 Db 944, NA, RG 6, 8, bx 7, l Y-5 (l: 9/6/6/). R 5, , D , Ill N , 8 Ju 945, NA, RG 6, 6, bx , l 5 (l: 9/4//). F E D Ou L #6, 8 Ju 945, NA, RG 6, 54, bx , l , (l: 9/5/5/). WN 98, Su R, 7 Sb 945, . , NA, RG 6, , bx 84, l (l: 5/64/4/7). S, ul, R l, NA, RG 6, , bx 4, WN (l: 5/64//). H, u l u, lu: WN 84, X- , 4 Ju 946, NA, RG 6, , bx 9, (l: 9/64//) WN 844, M, M 946, NA, RG 6, , bx 9 (l: 9/64//). Cbl Sull I, 7 Ob 945, NA, RG 6, , bx 54, l 4, WN 64 (l: 5/64/4/). Cbl Clk I, 6 Nb 945, NA, RG 6, , bx 54, l , WN 5968 (l: 5/64/4/).
Rl Dl R I 77 .
. . 4. 5.
6. 7.
8.
9.
4.
4.
4.
R 5766, C . S N. , . , l x Kuk P, . Fb. 94, NA, RG 6, 6, bx 694, l 57659-57667 (l: 9//5/5). MX 95, I R C. K, D. 945, . , NA, RG 6, 8B, bx 7, l MX 9-9 (l: 9/7//). S, xl, OSS T l NA, RG 59, l l 58D7, bx 89, l: A Tl (l: 5/49//). S NA, RG 59, l l 6D, 69, bx 6–7 (l: 5/49/5/). U N C W C, F E P Sub-, L N. 5 W Cl Ml W (J), J. 946, Mu M, F E P Sub- U N W C C, 5 Ju 946, (I l C N. 5), NA, RG 59, l l 6D, 69, bx , l: F E Sub (l: 5/49/5/4). N l l l b RG 59, 7, bx 7 (l: 5/49/5/4). R S P, Ju 95, . –4, NA, RG 59, 7, bx , l: W –E (J) (l: 5/49/5/5). Mu C : S W Cl Pl, 8 Fbu 95, NA, RG 59, l l 6D, bx , l: W –E (J) (l: 5/49/5/5). S Mu C : K P, Ju 957, Mu C : P M K, 9 Ju 957, NA, RG 59, l l 6D, bx , l: J W Cl–D 954–957 (l: 5/49/5/5). S L l M P, 6 Ju 958; SD k l . 896, Ju 958; Mu C : C u Cl A l, 7 Fbu 958; ll NA, RG 59, l l 6D, bx , l: Cl A l (l: 5/49/5/5). Mu C : R B Cl B C W P, 4 Ob 957, l l 88D59, bx , l: C M C, S D R Rl R IWG (l: 6/44/58/5). Mu C : b Dull Fuj W, Sb 958, u R4, . 9, S D R Rl R IWG, NA, RG 59, A-5697, bx 4, l R (l: 5/C//). S, xl, k Eb M 545, 8 Ju 99, u J9, S D R Rl IWG, NA, RG 59, A-5697, bx , l J (l: 5/C//).
78 I R J W C 4.
44.
45. 46. 47. 48. 49.
5.
5.
5. 5. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.
S D M 89595, Sb 99, u J, S D R Rl R IWG, NA, RG 59, A-5697, bx , l J (l: 5/C//). Mu C, . 997, u Q9, –, S D R Rl R IWG, NA, RG 59, A-5967, bx 4, l Q (l: 5/C//). N: u Il A 7, l u l C; , bbl u l J l 7, u. S k Eb M 65, Jul. 997, D Q, b. S l I NA, RG 9, bx 654 l S Sk NA, RG 9, bx 655. S NA, RG 59, FBI R Rl u IWG, l , bx 8, l 75874 (l: /86//7). S l 64-75-4, FBI R Rl u IWG, NA, RG 59, l 64, bx –5, l 64-75-4 (l: /86/5/5). S l u l 65 (E) l 5 (F Cull). S l 65-448, FBI R Rl u IWG, NA, RG 59, l 65, bx 5–7 (l: /86//4), l 5-96, l 5, bx 85 (l: /86/7/). F k R, l 6-, l 6, bx 9–5; I l 65-468, l 65, bx 7-4; S l 6-49, bx 9-8, FBI R Rl u IWG, NA, RG 59 (l: /86//–4). T Kk l 6-98, NA, RG 59, l 6, bx -8; kl l, ul FBI b Sll, 7 Ju 947, bx , l 6-98, S (l: /86//7). S l 6-4, NA, RG 59, l 6, bx 9- (l: /86/4-6). Sl L-5, /45, NA, RG 457, 95, bx (l: 9/C/8/). Sl H-548, /45, NA, RG 457, 95, bx (l: 9/C/8/). S NA, RG 457, 95, bx (l: 9/C/8/). M B k, 9 Sb 945, NA, RG 457, 95, bx , (l: 9/C/8/). S NA, RG 457, 95, bx (l: 9/C/8/). S J l NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl.
4 Japanese War Crimes Records at the National Archives: Research Starting Points Cl b NARA
his chapter provides starting points u Nl A R A (NARA) Cll Pk, Ml, J Wl W II. T . F, u bu J All POW l . Nx, lk J l u l bll . Ll, b Il J All l l l. I l u ll uul ul , u l ul l u. S u b u xl b , ll uxl. T u bu J xl k b uull xl u u. W k l u, u l. R, u u u-xl b u. S l l , ll, b U.S. l b NARA, u J l. F xl, J l u x l, “ ,” u Wl W II, l u u , U.S. ll ll l Wll H. Cul, S A Nl A, x . NARA u S M W Nl Z u .
8 I R J W C
u . A ul, bu “ ” NARA. T l u l R Nk, ll C l POW u Nj, C, ll J -Db 97. Bu Nj k l l u b U.S. l A-P W, u NARA - u l, l, l é C, u u Cl A l l J bl R Nk. Nl, NARA l ll l Wl W II. u l, u u NARA l . Wl W II l lubl ( bl ), ub u . W u, l l l. T u ub u ll blk . I l, NARA l lubl k b . M u ul , b NARA , l u.
Part 1: Records Regarding Mistreatment o Allied POWs and Civilian Internees NARA l l ub l J All POW l u Wl W II. A AP T, U.S. ub lb u POW l ll . NARA l x uu u.
General Records o the Department o State (RG 59) U.S. D S l ub u A POW l l u Wl W II: Sl W Pbl D (SWPD), Cl Dl Fl. SWPD Subject Files, 1939–54 A POW l . T b ub, J ll b G . Du lll l. T ubj l l l A l J l J-ll .
R S P I 8
T l , l u x l . W l x lbl . A SWPD u Inspection Reports on War Relocation Centers, 1942–46 . Alu l l l U S, l bu A l b J Pl Il, lu l , , u POW l Pl. Te State Department Central Decimal File ( lu U.S. l ul u, ll l ul U S) u l J-l A POW l . T ll : 9–9, 9–9, 94–44, 945–49, 95–54, 955–59, 96–6. W , b l l ub ubj u. M u A l b J l u 94–44 945–49.
Records o the Oce o the Navy Judge Advocate General (RG 125) Du Wl W II, N Ju A Gl (N JAG) l ju ll , u-l , ll , l l l l l l N, l ll. N JAG l u l ll l l l u l ju. T j N JAG l P T, l l ub u J-l A POW. T b u b N JAG u R N W C B ll, uu A l b J. F xl, Case Files o Pacic Area War Crimes rials, 1944–49 u U.S. N l J l l Gu Kjl b 945 949, l ll POW ulul xu u N .4 Records Relating to Prisoners o War, 1944–49 l u All l l l l b J.5 Fl lu l lb POW b U.S. N M C POW (bl b l ) l POW lu u l.
8 I R J W C
Records o the Oce o the Army Judge Advocate General (RG 153) Du Wl W II, A Ju A Gl (A JAG) u l ju uu A, ll ul , A ll . All, A JAG ll S W ll A . A JAG l bl Ax l, U.S. A U N W C C, l 94. Nuu u, u Records o the War Crimes Branch , b A JAG bu A POW l b J . Reports o Interviews with American Servicemen Who Were Prisoners o War, 1943–47 lu J POW , ll u .6 Persons and Places Case File u G J l, ll Ax-ll POW .7 T l l . T u l lu , , l , , ubl l u l l. Records o the Oce o Strategic Services (RG 226) P Rl bl O S S (OSS) u ll u Ax , l ll ll , l u l l . T OSS l bl l u u POW l G- J-ll . F , OSS l l bu A POW l l b G J. Nuu u l ll u A b J . T OSS Records o the Director lu b l J A POW l , ll u All l b J A-P T. 8 Records o the Research and Analysis Branch, Intelligence Reports (“Regular” Series), 1941–45 u ll , u l POW l Pl u C, lb A POW J l. I l
R S P I 8
lu J-l A POW l . 9 Records o the Research and Analysis Branch, Formerly Security-Classied Intelligence Reports ("XL" Series), 1941–46 l lu l ub . O u J POW l , xl, xl J l l , lu lll u .
General Records o General Headquarters, Supreme Commander or the Allied Powers Operational (RG 331) Gl Hqu, Su C All P (SCAP) bl Ob 945, b U S, U K, Rubl C, S U, u J u. SCAP u u , u b ul SCAP’ l l uu. Nuu SCAP Records o the Legal Section l bu A POW l bu u J . Records o the Administrative Division, Area Case Files b POW. T Records o the Investigation Division l ub qu l b All POW b b J . I , Record o rial File, 1945–49 k J l u l bu All POW l . Records o the Oce o the Provost Marshal General (RG 389) Du Wl W II, O P Ml Gl (OPMG) l A u l ul l l . OPMG' P W D l u Ax A POW ll b l ll C Gu, M M, A l . T P W D ll u ul, k u u A l l l l b J. A u American POW Inormation Bureau Records Branch, General Subject File, 1942–46 , u ll bu A l b J. 4 Du lu l POW l ( )
84 I R J W C
Eu E A. M l l, , , , , u b A POW l b l l lb .
Records o Te Adjutant-General's Oce (RG 407) Du Wl W II, T Aju-Gl’ O (AGO) u W D, l , l , -u U.S. A. I l l l u , , ubl, l , l , l l . AGO’ l k W D k xll u u J-l A POW l . Sl u l bu A POW l , ll l . T Records Maintained by the Communications Branch Records o the Administrative Services Division l ub u . 5 AGO l l Philippine Archives Collection. T A' R Pl D, bl , , u U.S. Pl l l l b J u Wl W II, ll. R lu x All POW l Pl Il, J, A l, ll , , l , u b J b, u, xu . O , l, l, l, , u l. Pull uul ll : • • • • • •
POW Gl C Fl, 94–45; D Hl N, 94–45; Suk POW Fl, 94, 944–48; R A POW, 94–45; POW R R, 944–45; Gl C Fl P Cl I, 94–45. 6
Case Study: American POWs in Mukden I Nb 94, l , A u Pl , B D M, Lu F,
R S P I 85
C H, POW l l l Muk ( S), Mu. A A l Mu L. G. J W, A B C. T J W H (- Lu), l Muk, l l B, Du, A.7 U.S. l k ull bu C H J POW ; l , U.S. ll kl l l b J Mu. H, S D Sl W Pbl D, b k u u U.S. POW l , u l l l bu A l uu J E. F C H, b b u -94. Nul S l Il C R C (ICRC) J SWPD qu ll ll l All POW l . A l b J U S, ICRC’ l J l bu POW ull bl ’ SWPD.8 W , SWPD b POW l Mu. T k u ICRC D. Fk P, ICRC , Mx Pl, ll- bu k Yk. P bu Muk J P W I Buu Jul 94. H SWPD . Pl C H Nb 94. SWPD Db. I ll u ul , J Pl All l C H l POW l . T b bk , l , l , k b , u . T l U.S. ’ u l U.S. POW l H.9 B -945, SWPD l l bu H, bu l bu A-P T. I l H lu l POW l , ll bu b J , l l l b U S u S . A b u lk P Pl bu , u,
86 I R J W C
l , U.S. l l l POW l . O Auu , 945, u U S bb J S Mu, OSS C bu l lu u POW . T bl OSS l ul l l l POW u , lu Muk. O Auu 6, 945, ju P H u u J’ u, OSS C l qu H (- X’), C, u Muk “Cl.” C b Mj. J . H, k POW C H ub , l , u l l ul l l u l. I , S U ul u Muk l Mu Auu 9, OSS l Cl u ll J u ul, b bl k Muk, k ll S . T Cl Muk :45 a.m., , ul, C H. O Auu 9, b Cl l H lb W . Ml, Cl Muk ul ll ll S l, l lb C l, l J POW. Tu uull lb POW, ll ll S A l u. I l Auu, b u A , lu A l, 7. k OSS ’ l, U.S. A P W R #, u l b L. Cl. J D, Muk POW u u . D’ l k POW u; ll. H ’ k l uul u, lu POW l l b J u , ll lbl NARA. I , D’ u l l lbl Nl A. W , - Cl u (lu H lb W), ’ ,
R S P I 87
POW H. NA, RG 6, R O S S, Fl S Fl, S, 68, bx 9.
88 I R J W C
ub l b bu ll l u Muk. I , bl b D’ u u, l lb Muk, l u POW ull lubl ubj. T l l l u b qu ul b . B l Sb, Cl D’ POW R u ll A l u Muk. 4 k l, u b D’ POW R ulll lb U.S. POW Mu, u b J, l b U.S. S l u Muk. I l uxl l . I u u k, D u u C H b . Al, C Wll T, Muk, . T’ D’ W D, Fbu 946, T b W D ubl k l. 5 T b -u– , “H Muk Gu,” uul k u . A x u, u l l u l . T’ l l k b ’ l Pl Muk, l l uu l u, b l , ’ lb A POW . I , , T’ u l ll b J. 6 O u H ’ x l lbl. A lb, POW l qu u u . Tu ll POW l C H , xu , j l x b b b J u. M , ll b D’ , b b L. Mk u Cl—l S—N E, u C H l. T A POW l u Mk 946
R S P I 89
N 947. B Mk’ N’ l l lbl SCAP (RG ).7 Bu bku, N’ ull . A J A, N u bu All POW C H. 8 A U.S. POW b u u l. 9 B U.S. POW, J l Yk, J, Sb 947. C ulul kll l u b ul , u N l l u . T u u N ul ll u bu , u l u . I ’ . O u N’ ll l l u b k A POW N b H.
Part 2: Records Regarding Japanese Chemical and Biological Warare Wl qu l NARA J l u l bll u Wl W II l luu J All POW l , u uu u l u.
Records o the Oce o the Army Surgeon General (RG 112) T O A Su Gl l S A C S. Lk, x l l ll A l . I l u, u Wl W II O A Su Gl ll bu G J bll . R u xl J u l l bll . T u b A Su Gl’ P M D J u bll . I ul, Biological Warare Specialized Files, 1941–47 lu u l J-lu u bll u k b Il J A C Mu, J l l l bll , u u J u bll C.
9 I R J W C
Records o the Oce o the Army Judge Advocate General (RG 153) T O A Ju A Gl (A JAG) l ub u J bll . General Records, 1944– 49 lu S qu J bll l u l . O l lu S-W-N C C (SWNCC) u l b uu u J (lu U 7, L. G. I Sō) u bll x lb Mu u l 9 l 94 u u l ubj. T l l U 7 b. Records o the War Department General and Special Stafs (RG 165) Du Wl W II, W D Gl Sl S l l bl; A ; S W, W D, A; x l u A. E u u bu J bll u . F xl, New Developments Division, Security-Classied Correspondence File o Dr. G. W. Merck, Special Consultant to the Secretary o War, 1942–46 lu bl J bll xl U.S. ul u . 4 T lu J bll l, J bll , J bl bb. Du Security-Classied Ofce File o Gen. W. A. Borden, Director o New Developments Division lu U.S. A ll lu J’ bll bl ll x u u J u l bll . 5 Lk, Civil Aairs Division, Security-Classied Papers o the Army Member o the Combined Civil Aairs Committee (CCAC), 1942–June 1949 uu u U 7 U.S. u I b u bll u.6 Records o the Chemical Warare Service (RG 175) T u u U.S. A l l u l bll . T u J bll u , lu b U.S. bll b
R S P I 9
u l u J (lu I) u x u l. 7
Records o the Oce o Strategic Services (RG 226) OSS lu ll l J bll u (ull C Mu). A u u Fl S Fl, R Al B C Fl, OSS Cl Su M Fl. Records o the Army Staf (RG 319) T R A S u J bll u, u l u J bll x: I Sō, K K, Mu Su, Kku Nu. 8 Sl l J bll ( l I), J bll l , u, J bll bb u k U S.9 Lk, Assistant Chie o Sta (G-2), Intelligence Administrative Division, Intelligence Document File l l J bll l , lu J l bll . 4 General Records o General Headquarters, Supreme Commander or the Allied Powers (RG 331) SCAP l l u J bll . Sll, u b SCAP Ll S u u l u J l lu ub ( u 946 947) J bll .4 A ub u S U’ qu J bll x U.S. u l b u u.4
Case Study: Te Hunt or Knowledge about Japanese Biological Warare Programs F J’ u Mu 9 ul u 945, J u l bll x l u. Wk l, ul- l b , l -ll u Il . U k
9 I R J W C
ul u u, Mu J l ll bu ubj x. S k L. G. I Sō, u U 7, l b l P.D. u K Il U. I u x u lu b, l, l, , Z M Hb, P, l bll l l u Hb. J b -b- u . I l k , l u’ , I l x l kll x ubj.4 T qu J u x C, Ml, Ru P. I , l A POW bll x, ll. F xl, Db 945, J u ll I u l x C A POW Muk. T ll l U.S. l b ubj u x.44 M l, A POW l l u bll l x J . I bu U.S. POW A lu J l l , L G Hl ll u.45 Wl jubl bu k, u x A POW b u ll NARA. Nl, Nl A l l J bll l . 46 T u l lu l U.S. kl u . I l , U S, ul, k ll. T S D l OSS ull bu J l bll l . I 94, bu J l u b A l l l l Cq. T u J bl, bu OSS ul .47 T l ll l OSS l . A , A Su Gl ll ub bu bll l
R S P I 9
l. I u u bu Ax bl ul . T u J’ bll l , b P ul bl ll k -u l, l u Mu ll ll u. Uul ll l b l . I Ju 94, U.S. ll l l bll l l . T A Su Gl u, J , l , l l. T u ubk bub lu C lkl J bll k. Nbl b, , l bll Mu l. A , U.S. ll ll ull bu P l U 7. Nl, ll All J bll l l 94. 48 U.S. ll b J bll 944. I M , C ull u J l I’ bll j. T ’ l l , l, bll u -ll A-E W Sul S J A Kuk. OSS l l l bu bll Nj, J l k u bll . T l lu J l k ll l j bll xl l. 49 Gl MAu’ l b ll bu J bll l . A Jul 944 All l I S (AIS) u bll b J C Mu. T lu x u u u l J bll , J l -ll “bllu bb.” A AIS l j Al Ob 944 b l qu uu u bul l bb.5 I Auu 944, U.S. ll b bu l bllu bb P. T
94 I R J W C
ul ul Ob, ll l bl u J POW. H, U S l u k P ul M 945, J l u l , , I bll lb Hb “u x b [ ] xl …” I J l l U.S. ll l lu J bll l Hb qu .5 P U.S. ll bu . U.S. J bll bl l l b l J l l bll l . A 944 W D u J bl l u . T l u l l l l b C W bub lu C ll J l , l l u J ll l bll . 5 I 945, U.S. x ll x u bub lu b J C. T u ubk u 94. I Nb , J l lll , , , l b bub lu bll C, C’ Hu . Sl , ubk lu . C u lu, bu l u ll l k. T 945 U.S. A u “R Plu C, Hu” b u l u lu l . I l l uqué b lu ubk. M, B l u J bll . T M 945 ll u bll b b All J , lu C.5 T Ml Ill S (MIS) W D Gl S l k u kl J bll l . I Jul 945, ubl “J Bll W,” bu l U.S. , lu OSS. Cl AIS , W D ll , U.S. ubl, Hk Hb bll C I Hb. H, l bu u. T
R S P I 95
lu J ul u bll l l l , , kl C , J l l lu b C l .54 W J’ u, I’ u bll x P l l Auu 945. B , u , , l x P l. I , All l x u xl l k. A , I . H l ll b , l ul. U.S. ll u ll l Ju 946, b U 7 x J bll l . 55 T l u J bll , l Nb , 945, b L. Cl. Mu S, J A bk u l-l bll x l 9 u I’ . S l J S U, lll u bll J Mu 95, ul u u . H b ll J lb x, u , ul u . I , ll l J l E b H kl . H l J bll , x u— u x— J l.56 S’ l l J bll . A Db 945, A l F Dk, Ml, L. Cl. A T ll u S’ . T u Ju M 946. H l I l. I u , bu T u k u I’ l b, P l, , l, l u k. W l T’ , U.S. l ll bl b b J bll . 57
96 I R J W C
Ill l l b l l. “Ill R J Cl W,” l b C Cl O U.S. A F P, l J u l u l . T b J’ l l , l ll ul kl, u.58 Wl Mu S ub A T u J bll , A ll l J u I. I Db 945, CuIll S l Ij Su, l I llu x u u u k. A Ij, u ubj Mu l, , b C Cu A, Ru , l. A u ul SCAP qu bu I’ x ’ l I. T l I D SCAP’ Ll S. T I D l bu I’ , Ll S l uu l J bll x u . T l ll b l ul b ll .59 Nl, U.S. u’ u I ul l, l l l ul b uul. I P Dl, Ju 946, SCAP k W C bul b ju j J l l l u. l l l J, C, Aul, S U, l l u l ll l u J l llb. Cuul b k ul u l A-P T l U 7, lu I. 6 Nl, u 946 947, l J ull uu F E, I’ u l lkl . Ou u l b U 7 l l ll . B 947,
R S P I 97
u bl u u , I’ , ub J u bll x u. 6 U.S. uu J k u I Mu, ll U 7’ u u x. F xl, l A Cull C, I j C (- Guu), C, bub lu bll, u lu. A Nu b l I’ u x l b. H, kl U 7 . 6 J b A , l I l u u ubj x. O u , I ul b ll u u. F U.S. , u , u S D, u l U S ul k l u I. F , , U.S. l ll l l I l ul u u bu k.6 I l 947, S U b ul J bll l . T j bl U.S. l l l. T J ul l u S bu k u l b U S bll . T l u l U.S. l l xl J x x J ’ u u. SCAP, W D Cl A D, SWNCC, J C S, S D ll , , l I llu u k J bll xl ubl l l bu l. T Ru qu I l U.S. ul. NARA l l l l u U.S. 947 u u U 7 b, qu S u. 64 A u l -, SWNCC - b ll S J bll l l b SCAP, bu l A l b u ,
98 I R J W C
U.S. u l J l Ru .65 Ml, b U.S. kl J bll bl l b u . I Auu 947, l Ill C O Nl Ill l l “Nl A Bll W,” l J x u C ubj u u bl u P. Nbl, A Ru POW u bl l, l u x u u Mu l l . C SCAP l J E I’ bll , E b I’ j. 66 I uu 947, F Dk, Ml, E Hll J V, u J bll ull u Mj. G. Cl A. Wllub, MAu’ G- Ill C. T I l l u lu, u, k l, bul, l, . Wl Hll V “ qu u u u u ,” l J l , ul b uull xl u u. D J , l l bu b u ubj . T , , J l k l: E l ul l u l. I b b b J xu ll ll k. I u u ubl b u b. Su ul b b u lb bu ul u x. T u l ul ¥5, , b ul u. I ul lul bu ll b b bu ll b k ll . 67
B l 948, Cl W u l, u u
R S P I 99
J l . T k W C bul , l Cl B C l l . T u I b U S l b b. W l U.S. ll u, k b U 7 u u u bll l x.
Part 3: Records with Inormation on Atrocities A ub u NARA b Il J All l l l u l u b J u A-P W.
Records o the Oce o the Navy Judge Advocate General (RG 125) Sl N JAG W C B u P. F xl, Case Files o Pacic Area War Crimes rials, 1944–49 lu l J l l l, ll l P Il llb .68 Records Regarding Pacic Area War Crimes Cases, 1944–49 - l l P A A Wk Il u u U.S. l ll l’ u b J , ll ub l u u (lu b bl) U.S. , xu Cl l u -J . 69 Records Regarding War Crimes Investigations and rials, 1944–4 9 lu l b A POW b b u; J , , llb; l; l l b Gu J. 7 Records o the Oce o the Army Judge Advocate General (RG 153) A JAG W C B l lu ub J . O u , Reports on War Crimes in the Philippines, 1945 , l ub l b A JAG l b Il J A N l u J' - bul u Pl Il, M 94 Ob 944. 7 T b uu b, u, , u.
I R J W C
General Records o General Headquarters, Supreme Commander or the Allied Powers Operational (RG 331) SCAP l ub u l b J l All POW. F xl, Legal Section, Administrative Division, Area Case Files, 1945–48 u l, b l, , , , .7 T u u All l l l J l. T lu bl, b , b u l, ll u , l bb l l, u u b J l. T Legal Section, Investigation Division, Investigation Reports u u b U.S. u . 7 T , , luu lu l , ll u l. T Manila Branch l uu u bu All POW l Pl Il.74 Du ll lu l xb u ll l ll-k ul. O u G. Y uk, -ll " Ml," u ul l 946 b l u Pl. u, l b , l ul J POW, , u l . Record o rial File, 1945–49 l u u Cl B C l b l u, u, l POW J J-u . 75 T , , xb, ll , l u, , , l, l . T Il Pu S (IPS) u u b SCAP bl u J l u Cl A b k W C bul. A lu u . Numerical Case Files IPS I D G. Mu I, J x ju
R S P I
bl “R Nk.” T k W C bul u Mu ul, l 948. 76 Rules, Procedures, and Background Investigations on War Crimes and Atrocities Committed Against Chinese Laborers, ca. 1947 ub u C l lb bl J u l Wl W II k . 77 L C lb k , b lb, J , , l l lb, lb k uul u.
U.S. Forces in the China-Burma-India Teaters o Operations (RG 493) T u b J C Su A. F xl, Records Relating to War Crimes, 1945–48 ub u bu All POW, u OSS ll , A JAG l , k b All POW l b bul b, u, u. 78 T l l ulul xu U.S. ( lll bl) u U.S. . T l llu u bu R H K, u k J qu l l Db 94, lu b l u l.
Case Study: Diculties in Amassing Credible Evidence o War Crimes B Auu 944 M 945, C-J, l B Il, J xu U.S. . I u , bl xu. 79 T J All POW C-J b Db , 945, u u Cl. P. M. Rx. I , Rx’ b u l u . M l l k ll , k bu l u . 8 L, ll . O , Mj. H Yk, Cl. Rx u bl ’ , l kll U.S. . L, l, xl “ , u u b [L.] G.
I R J W C
[Y] b … ll [ ] b bu A , A bu u .” 8 H kl l bu ’ b k l . H l b bushido, , bu l bl , b’ , ul bl C-J. H l l. A H, k Mj. Mb Su l b lubl u 8 Bl u u .8 H’ u l b L. E Buj, l l 8 Bl. E xl Mb l l u POW ul kll u U.S. . E , “Mj Mb … u ll l, l u bb ll .” Buj , , POW kll u U.S. . 8 Mb l l k l J xu U.S. . Mb , l l, POW C-J xu. H, b l J xu POW l, bu b bl. A u bl C J l b’ , Mb l u . Bu Mb u l ul jlu bl bl b C-J. T b bl l. 84 Du Mb’ b, lll l ’ u xu C-J, b bl. Mb J xu b POW C-J, bl b. Ak l bl, Mb l, “Y, I u l I b bl.” 85 D l b J l l C-J, Cl. Rx’ b bl l u lu bu J l. I l Auu 946, L. G. b Y J l l Gu ulul xu U.S. C-J.86 N JAG u bu : u, l l , l u l l u . T
R S P I
- u , “ bl bul.” C bl b bu u , l l l lk u bl. T u u u ul bu . b . T , l. I C-J l G. b l bu b . O k , l l bl b. A qu ll u Ju , 946. H, M 7 , k l u . T J ubl lu bu ul l Auu 948, l l “M ” k. Pl u k u ll , Auu 7, 948. 87 k’ l b M 4, 949. SCAP l l u . Fu ul b xu POW b l , k b J l l l. T u b POW. T u u k ul u ul . O M 7, 949, k u .88 Lk C-J l , k l l Su P Ju 5, 95, xl .89
Conclusion I u l NARA Cll Pk, Ml, l J l u Wl W II: All POW l , J l u l bll , b Il J All l l. I , u ll NARA J ; , u b u l b llu b u. Ou b l u b l bu b uxl b . T b uul l .
4 I R J W C
Notes . . .
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. .
. . .
4. 5.
NA, RG 59, D S, 57, SWPD Subj Fl, 99–54, bx 65– 99 (l: 5/49//5–5/49/4/). NA, RG 59, D S, 5, SWPD I R W Rl C, 94–46, bx 9– (l: 5/49//5–5/49//6). S NA, RG 59, D S, 5-E, Cl Dl Fl, 94–44, bx –59, 7.944 (l: 5///6–5/4//4); b., 5-H, Cl Dl Fl, 945–49, bx –7446, 794.4, 794.44 (l: 5/4/4/– 5/8/8/). NA, RG 5, N JAG, , C Fl P A W C l, 944–49, bx – (l: 7//9/–7//9/). NA, RG 5, N JAG, 8, R Rl P W, 944–49, bx – (l: 9/C/69/). NA, RG 5, A JAG, 7, W C B, R I A S W W P W, 94–47, bx –8 (l: 7//8/4–7///). NA, RG 5, A JAG, 44, W C B, P Pl C Fl (D Fl), bx –4 (l: 7//9/4–7///). NA, RG 6, OSS, 6, R D, bx –7 (l: 9/7//– 9/7//). NA, RG 6, OSS, 6, R R Al B, Ill R (“Rul” S), 94–45, bx –685 (l: 9///4–9/4//6). NA, RG 6, OSS, 9-A, R R Al B, Fl Su-Cl Ill R ("XL" S), 94–46, bx –7 (l: 9/4//6–9/4//5). NA, RG , SCAP, 89, R A D, A C Fl, bx 99–96A (l: 9//9/–9///7). NA, RG , SCAP, , R I D, I R, 945–49, bx 7–75 (l: 9//4/–9//5/). NA, RG , SCAP, 865, R Ju A, R W C D, R l Fl, 945–49, bx 9494–989 (l: 9//6/– 9//5/). NA, RG 89, OPMG, 46-A, A POW I Buu R B, Gl Subj Fl, 94–46, bx 69–8 (l: 9/4/7/–9/4//4). S NA, RG 47, AGO, 6-A, R M b Cu B, bx –85 (l: 7/9//4–7/4//); b., 7, R A S D, bx –4 (l: 7/48/4/4–7/48/4/5).
R S P I 5
6.
7. 8. 9.
. . . . 4. 5. 6. 7.
M u A l b J l u l .5 (W C Cl) 8.6 (P W). NA, RG 47, AGO, Pl A Cll, POW/Cl I, 6, POW Gl C Fl, 94–45, bx 7–5 (l: 7/49/4/– 7/49/4/6); b., 67, D Hl N, 94–45, bx – 45 (l: 7/49/6/4–7/49/7/); b., 69, Suk POW Fl, 94, 944–48, bx 46–48 (l: 7/49/7/); b., 7, R A A POW, 94–45, bx 48–49 (l: 7/49/7/); b., 7, POW R R, 944–45, bx 9–95 (l: 7/49/8/– 7/49/8/); b., 75, Gl C Fl P Cl I, 94–45, bx 96– (l: 7/49/8/–7/49/8/4). A B L. G. S Au E. Pl, u S. NA, RG 59, D S, 57, SWPD Subj Fl, 99–54, bx 89, l: “Muk [9]4–44” “Muk [9]45” (l: 5/49//). B RG 59, D S, 57, SWPD Subj Fl, 99–54, bx 89. T bx l l ul ( F) l b ICRC l Ml Ju Auu 945. A k b B Mj. Rb P ( All b Pl), -- l C H, b u NA, RG 5, A JAG, 8, W C B, C W C Fl, 945–48, bx , l: M Ix VI-N: Mj P, D Wl P.O.W. Muk, Mu (l: 7///7). NA, RG 6, OSS, 9, R W R Cbl Fl P B, bx , l (l: 9/5/4/4). NA, RG 59, D S, 57, SWPD Subj Fl, 99–54, bx 9, l: “Mu” (l: 5/49//). Ib. NA, RG 47, AGO, 6-A, A-AG Cl Dl Fl, 94–45, bx 47 (l: 7/4/7/). Ib. NA, RG 47, AGO, 47, Wl W II O R, 94–48, P T 98-USF U.S. A F F E, bx 598 (l: 7/5/7/5). Ib. F Mk’ l, NA, RG , , USA u J W Cl C Fl, 945–49, bx 66 (l: 9//8/6). F N’ l, NA, RG , SCAP, 865, R Ju A, R W C D, R
6 I R J W C
8. 9. . . . . 4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
9.
4.
4.
l Fl, 945–49, bx 964 (l: 9/7//). N Il J A l J. NA, RG , SCAP, 89, Ll S, A D, A C Fl, bx 98 (l: 9///). NA, RG , SCAP, 865, Ju A S, W C D, R l, 945–49, bx 9696, l: “E N–C #5” (l: 9//5/6). NA, RG , SCAP, 865, Ju A S, W C D, R l, 945–49, bx 958, l: “U.S. . E N” (l: 9///). NA, RG , O A Su Gl, 95-A, Bll W Sl Fl, 94–47, bx – (l: 9/8/4/–9/8/4/). NA, RG 5, A JAG, 45, Gl R (S-u Fl), 944–49, bx –4 (l: 7///–7//7/). NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 488, N Dl D, Su-Cl C Fl D. G. W. Mk, Sl Cul S W, 94–46, bx 8–88 (l: 9/4//5– 9/4//6). NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 487, SuCl O Fl G. W. A. B, D N Dl D, bx 5–69 (l: 9/4//–9/4//). NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 468, Cl A D, Su-Cl P A Mb Cb Cl A C (CCAC), 94–Ju 949, bx 548–68 (l: 9/9//5– 9/9/4/4). NA, RG 75, R Cl W S, Gl A Fl, 945– 54, (WNRC A #67A49), bx –59 (l: 9//7/6–9///5). NA, RG 9, R A S, 4-B, A C S, G-, (Ill) A Ill Su C; R I R R; Su Cl Ill I D; Pl N Fl, bx –694 (l: 7/84//–7/84/9/5). NA, RG 9, R A S, 8, A C S (G-), Ill A D Publ (“P” l), bx –86 (l: 7/7/4/6– 7//7/5). NA, RG 9, R A S, 85-A, A C S (G-), Ill A D, Ill Du ("ID") Fl, bx –, 4 (l: 7///–7/5//4). T u b u NA, RG , SCAP, 94, Ll S,
R S P I 7
4.
4.
44.
45.
46.
47. 48.
49. 5. 5.
5.
5.
L D, Mllu Cl Fl, 945–5, bx 44–45 (l: 9//4/6). NA, RG , SCAP, 9, Ll S, A D, A C, 945 Ju , 95 (Fl S Fl), bx (l: 9/4//). T u El-lu ll k ubj Sl H, Factories o Death: Japanese Biological Warare, 1932–45, and the American Cover-up (N Yk: Rul, 994). NA, RG 9, R A S, 4-B, R O A C S, G- (Ill), R I R R, Su Cl Ill I D, 99–76, Pl N Fl, bx 549, l 44: S, I (l: 7/84/6/4). S L G Hl, Unjust Enrichment: How Japan’s Companies Built Postwar Fortunes Using American POWs (Mbu, PA: Skl Bk, ). Hl l bu k J u U.S. ICRC l . “Sl J W C Du,” l NARA u l l bll , l b Wll Cul u CD bk. NA, RG 6, OSS, , OSS Cl Su M Fl, bx 4, l 4: “F E R E M 94” (l: 5/64/8/). NA, RG , O A Su Gl, 95A, R P M D: Bll W Sl Fl, 94–47, bx 9, l: “Cu Ill, G.” (l: 9/8/4/). NA, RG 6, OSS, , OSS Cl Su M Fl, bx 79, l: “C” (l: 5/64/4/6). NA, RG , SCAP, 9, A C S, G- (Ill), Ill D, Lb S, ubj l, 945–5, bx 4 (l: 9//6/7). NA, RG 9, R A S, 85, Ill Du (“ID”) Fl, bx 764, ID #9984, BW: J (l: 7///5). T lubl l J POW l bu E’ bll l . NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 489, Su-Cl C Sl C S W, 94–45, bx 76, l 86 86- (l: 9/4//4). NA, RG , O A Su Gl, 95A, R P M D: Bll W Sl Fl, 94–47, bx , l 55: “Plu I C” (l: 9/8/4/).
8 I R J W C 54. 55. 56.
57.
58.
59. 6. 6. 6. 6.
64.
65. 66.
67.
NA, RG 6, OSS, 4, W R O R Cbl Fl, bx 4, l “M/8 J” (l: 9/7/8/5). Ib. NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 488, N Dl D, Su-Cl C, Fl D. G. W. Mk, Sl Cul S W, 94–46, bx 8, l “Fl B R” (l: 9/4//5). NA, RG 9, R A S, 8, A C S (G-), Ill A D, Du Lb B, Publ (“P”) Fl, 946–5, bx 97, l “J Bll W A, A S F” (l: 7/9/7/4). NA, RG 9, R A S, 8, A C S (G-); Ill A D; Du Lb B; Publ (“P”) Fl, 946–5, bx 98, l “J Cl W Pl I” (l: 7/9/7/5). NA, RG , SCAP, 94, Ll S, L D, Mllu Cl Fl, 945–5, bx 44, l 8: "C " (l: 9//4/6). NA, RG , SCAP, 94, Ll S, L D, Mllu Cl Fl, 945–5, bx 44, l 8: "C " (l: 9//4/6). Ib. NA, RG , SCAP, 94, Ll S; L D, Mllu Cl Fl, 945–5, bx 44, l (l: 9//4/6). NA, RG 5, A JAG, 45, W C B, Gl R (S-u Fl), 944–49, bx 7, l 7- (l: 7///7). T l l uu 947 b u , ll SWNCC ub b u l u. T l l , lu l SWNCC I b , b u l. NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 468, Su Cl P A Mb Cb Cl A C (CCAC), J. 94–Ju 949, bx 68, l “SANACC 5/” (l: 9/9/4/). Ib. NA, RG , R O S D, Cl Dl Fl, 94–5, Cl u S Subj C Fl, 99, bx , l CD --4 ( 7) (l: 9/5/7/7). “Su R B.W. I,” D. 947, . 4, NA, RG 75, R Cl W S, WNRC A #67A49, Gl A Fl, 945–54, Cl, bx 7, l: “Dl 85, Jul–Db 954 Bll
R S P I 9
68. 69. 7.
7. 7. 7. 74. 75. 76. 77.
78.
79.
8.
8. 8. 8.
W I Su ” (l: 9//9/). NA, RG 5, N JAG, , C Fl P A W C l, 944–49, bx – (l: 7//9/–7//9/). NA, RG 5, N JAG, , R R P A W C C, 944– 49, bx – (l: 9/C/68/4). NA, RG 5, N JAG, , R O b L O W C, Nl F M; R R W C I l, 944–49, bx –8 (l: 9/C/69/6–9/C/69/7). NA, RG 5, A JAG, 76, W C B, R W C Pl, 945, bx – (l: 7///6). NA, RG , SCAP, 89, Ll S, A D, A C Fl, 945–48, bx 99–96A (l: 9//9/–9///7). NA, RG , SCAP, , Ll S, I D, I R, bx 7–757 (l: 9//4/–9//5/). NA, RG , SCAP, 6–64, Ll S, I D, Ml B, bx 85–9 (l: 9///4–9//4/7). NA, RG , SCAP, 865, Ju A S, W C D, R l Fl, 945–49, bx 9494–989 (l: 9//6/–9//5/). NA, RG , SCAP, 9, Nul C Fl, bx –64 (l: 9/9/7/4– 9/9/8/6). NA, RG , SCAP, 9, Rul, Pu, Bku I W C A C A C Lb, . 947, bx –8 (l: 9/9//7–9/9/4/). NA, RG 49, U.S. F C-Bu-I T O, R Ju A Gl, 7, R Rl W C, 945–48, bx 679–685 (l: 9/4/8/5). R l b Nl A l J All POW C-J u l u: RG 5, N JAG, RG , SCAP. NA, RG 5, N JAG, C, W C B, C, R O b D W C, P Fl, bx , l A7–5: “C J, P B I : D All P J Cu, 946” ( l.) (l: 7//9/4), Cll P. M. Rx Mj Rb D. S, Db , 945, l. I. Ib., Mj Yk H, N D, 7 J. 946, l. I, 4. Ib., Mj Yk H, N D, 7 J. 946, l. I, 4A. Ib., F Lu E Buj, E D, 7 J. 946, l. I, 46–47.
I R J W C 84. 85. 86.
87.
88.
89.
Ib., Mj Su Mb, F D, 4 J. 946, l. I, 86–9; Mj Su Mb, T-N D, 6 M 946, l. II, 676. Ib., Su Mb, T-N F D, 6 M 8 M 946, l. II, 694. NA, RG , SCAP, , Ll S, Pu D, USA u J W Cl C Fl, 945–49, bx 654, l: “Y b, l., l. I (R P), 945–49” “Y b, l., l. II (R P), 945–49” (l 9//8/5). NA, RG 5, N JAG, , W C B, R O b L O W C, Nl F M; R Rl W C I l, 944–49, bx 7, l 4: “k, , Ju 946–M. 949” (l: 9/ C/69/7). A l u k b u NA, RG , SCAP, , Ll S, A D, POW Fl, 945–5, bx 9, l: “k, ”; C, I D, Gu-K Hqu C, I D, Nl Pl Hqu, 7 Auu 948 (l: 9//6/5). NA, RG , SCAP, , Ll S, Pu D, USA u J W Cl C Fl, 945–49, bx 658, l: "C k, , l. I C k, , l. II" (l: 9//8/6). NA, RG , SCAP, , Ll S, A D, POW Fl, 945–5, bx 9, l: k, . I l l C-J b l, lu H Mu, I Guj, K Mu, Mu S, Mu K, M Yu, Sk Mu, b u RG , SCAP, , Ll S, A D, POW Fl, 945–5, bx 64, 7, 76, 8, 8, 86, 99 (l: 9//4/–/7/).
5 Wartime COMIN Records in the National Archives about Japanese War Crimes in the Asia and Pacic Teaters, 1978–1997 Rb Hk
Of the 100,000 pages U.S. l u J Il G Dlu A, bu , l Nl Su A (NSA). NSA l ll ll ub u bu l j l b lbl ubl l . I l 978 u 997, NSA l Nl A R A (NARA) ll l Wl W II, j l J. T U.S. A’ Sl Ill S (SIS) . I 998, Nl Su Gu, l l U S N, NARA ll b , OP--G. T NSG l l b NARA. Lk l b NSA, l l J. T NSA Nl Su Gu l, , l u, . l J l, l, l, l u , - J l u A P. O lu l l u J u : Sl, V F, Tl, Pul, S, Ax u. B bu , l bu l xu J l l ; All l ; l l; ll, , ulul l u ; l A l I, I, Bu, Du E I; l u uu G E
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A C-P S; . D ubl lbl l, l J l u . A j u l b lk . W u ll l ,5–, ul l, ll — bl l b . T ll u l l , bull, u b u: () l b l u ull NARA, () , () bu J .
How the ranslations and Other Records Were Created Du Wl W II, All u ll (COMIN) l l u u, l , ul ll All ll, l, l, ll l. All l u u x u , ul u U S, G B Cl , C, Aul, N Zl. B Db 7, 94, All COMIN bl J l. A ul P ll l H, S, L, W l –4 l. T qu E A P b J’ Db 7 All b u Aul, I, Cl, K. Sll, bul l uu, u l l N Dl u I-Bu ; Bb, Aul, Su P; H Cl P. Cul, U.S. l bul ll - U S l qu l P. Mu bl l u u All COMIN . C U S Cl u j , Bb N Dl. T x ll ll u. T ull l u u ll, ulll l
W COMIN R I
, b All COMIN bu J. B J l u, All COMIN l l l u J u : Pul, S, Tl, Nl C, F, llb Bu, Pl, Nj, C. T u lubl ll l l , k’ l u , POW l , b J. D COMIN’ u, All bl bk ll J’ . Sl k’ xl uu , k bk , bl l l . T ul b All bk k’ l b . T All bl, bu ull bk .
Te Communications Intelligence Process T COMIN u : , ll u, , ul ll. Step One: Setting Priorities
B M 94, J l l , U.S. Cl bk I, Aul, Su P, H Il, W C U S. A , ll uull, COMIN ux. T U S B bl bl b I, Aul, l, l l Ml S. I u, All COMIN lk l, l, l, x, l kl l – ll J A uu l . A bl uu, All ul u l u l . T COMIN bl u All l ll qu. I 94–4, j b u l l qu b J, All COMIN J l l u . R J E, u C, K, F I, Du E I, F, Ml, J l l
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ul u l . All COMIN l Pl— G. MAu—ul -944, l l l u. Ulk Eu T O, B l COMIN u A l l, P A l l H Aul. I Bu-I T (l Su A C, SEAC), Cl k l u All COMIN j , Wl Exl C N Dl, I. A J, ll . A bl xl J All ul J u . B -944, All x bl x ubl ll . W l bl, u All l u Du E I, F I, Tl, B Ml, Clb, B, l b u ll . B 944, b Lu, J u Ml S l U.S. A . Bu ll l A Cl —C, Mu, K, Du E I.4 Step wo: Intercepting Japanese Messages
T ul u ll : , l , l x ll . G l uu All ll. F, blu u A P u: 8,7 l S S F. T J l . T -qu u l qukl , bu l l l l u l . I , l A, u jul, l . Ol l All u l J l j J E. I l , All l 4, J . 5 T l l I, Cl, Aul, C, H, U S. Sll u u All A P l. Mbl
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u—-b, b, — l J u b l u Pl Ok. Eull, All - J u. A All bl l x l ul . B l , All J x -u u l u k, Ml, S. 6 I l , lx All b u J E. Mu All’ , , xl ul . Step Tree: Processing the Intercept
A b , W b u, l, b P-A Cl P. O Db 6, 94, A U.S. ll bl b u l SIS qu. Sll, bl, l u , x A B Cl u. B -94, j b bl, b , l j j qu W L. B ’ , bk’ , ju k k. O , l x u , , u. Nx, l k . I l , u l u bk l. I Sb 94, u k ll J b SIS l B B 5 l , 4 (55 ) ll l bl . Ml, 64 J A , l 9 (4 ) bl , b l. T SIS ul ll . 7 B l 94, All l xl J’ l l , k JN-5. I 94, All bk J A’ W C. M l b J A ul u . L, J bu u
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—A POW—u . T All bl bu b J . I l 944, All bk J A ll u lb . T, bk l J A A F. O l , x lu l. Pu l l l . T l b k , k, k b lu, l b , , ll, u. S l ul b u , bu k . I u l b u ll l uul. Al, l u b All l. Tu l All lk, xl u u , ll, l 8–5 . F xl, Jul 945 OP--G l ll J l ull .8 I , Jul 945, Al Hll (qu U.S. A Sl Ill S) 8, , bu u ll , l, xl 8.5 .9 Sll, 944, Al Hll 576, l , bu 89, (5 ), l bu 5, (8.6 ). Step Four: Dissemination
T B A l ll ul bu . T B l u u k Sl L U (SLU). I 94, U S SLU, Sl Su O (SSO), P . E j All qu u, u l l l, , l, u COMIN. A qu, SLU SSO l l b ll l , . I W, COMIN ul b u l b, l MAGIC Dl Su, l b ll l u. P Fkl D. Rl l l l b b l l l l.
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How Cryptologic Records Came to the National Archives I ul u u l l l Nl Su A NARA. Vu l u l x , lu () l , () uu l 945 u NSA 95, () , (4) l . T l ll u l . F U.S. l ll , k b u l u l x b U.S. l l. S u – ll, l l u . T l k COMIN Ax , ll G J. Bu , u x: () OP--G l J b Pl Hb; () SIS l G l é x b Bl k l ll S U; () A S k l V l 98; (4) A N l J l l u l J l l l l. O l , U.S. ll J u u k l u J l, bu ll u . T All l x u J l u. A , x ul u ( b), u J b l , lkl bu. T u l u. R l b , u l, , l, . Au k. S u, ul u l. I 949, A F Su A (AFSA) l U.S. l . T A N l AFSA. I l 94, AFSA b l . W Nl Su A 95, AFSA’
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. NSA u l , ll , l, l , ll. S ul l. I l 96, Nl Su Gu (l OP--G) , bl l, C, I. Oll b l l, bu l u b l. T u -97, ll l. l - l ll l , lu Wl W II. NSA l u ul l l u. I , ubl l l ll ubl F. W. Wb’ Te Ultra Secret . Subqu bk ubl l l. I , NSA ub F I A qu . I u 977, NSA NARA l l . NSA l l . I , : l NSA NARA. NSA ul l l l. T D D u u , 977, l Te MAGIC Background to Pearl Harbor , J l , , l b U.S. l 94. 4 T l ubl; J Cl C Iqu Pl Hb l l 946. 5 I b , , ll l J l l l x- l u l ll Pl Hb. B 978, NSA l Ax l, ll l . T l lu J l, l, l l. I , l u Sl R H (SRH) l l u ll, lu MAGIC Dl Su. A, ll l ll l b NSA. W , NSA l l V . NSA ll l l NARA 99. T l bu - l NSA ul l ju u l.
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I 99, NSA u l MAGIC Dl Su Nl A. I 996, l l u u NSA NARA -ll Hl C Cll (HCC), ub . ll . I 998, Nl Su Gu u NARA , l .5 ll .
How the Records Are Organized T j NSA ll J : l, l u, u l , u MAGIC Dl Su. bl l ll b u .
ranslations T u l u l NSA’ l . T lu l u u . T l u: lk , , l , , . T u , l l l ul l u. F, l u ubl u b , , bl ; l J ; ul lu l. I , ll l l bu ul . Fll, l ll J qu b l l lbl . I xul ll, bl bl ll. T l b ll l ub ll l. T A N l l l ub l l, ull b u. Wl ub l u , k l. T lll u , l bu ul ll b u. T l J A Sb , 944, k Rakuyu Maru, xl, l ul Fbu M 945. 6
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able 1. Summary o COMIN records at the National Archives R Gu
E
457
96
MAGIC Dl Su
SRS
N/A
94–45
457
95
A
SR
J
6,8
94–45
457
94
A Aé
SRA
JMA/D
8,5
94–45b
457
9
Dl
SRDJ
JD-# H
6,8
99–45
457
9
A F
SRF
F
4,9
94–44
457
94
N
SRN
JN-#, G
9,9
94–45
457
9
Nl Aé
SRNA
JNA
5,
94–45
457
98
W
SRR
JR
44,
94–44
457
9
V Dl
SRDV
N/A
9 bx
94–4
457
97
RED M l N/A
N/A
,5
94–8
457
9
MAGIC Dl Su
SRS
N/A
9 bx
94–45
457
9
Mull Dl
N/A
H
,57
99–45
457
9
Su J
N/A
SJM
9 bx
94–45
457
9
Su Mull
N/A
SMM
7 bx
94–45
457
9
A
N/A
J, JX
5 bx
94–45
457
9
A F
N/A
F, FX
48 bx
94–44
457
9
MAGIC F E Su SRS
N/A
bx
94–45
8
CNSG
N
JN
8+ bx
94–45
E l
A/ N l
Nub l bx
NSA l
N/A
D
T MAGIC Dl Su. b T J Ml Aé bk ul 94. l . F Sb-Jul 94, l ull l l b A N l ub. T ub . J l l , n-5, Pl Hb ll l . T x n-5 945. T J Nl Aé xl ul -94. N , xl l. T “W ” b u l J Il A’ S C. T J A u ul u . Ol u lbl 996 l. h l ub l u b SIS l l. Ml l x l x.
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A bl lk - b ll l ub l NSA l l NARA. T l . T SIS OP--G l ub l ul l, l ub , NSA u ub l l bl ul l. T l l u l ; NSA l u . F bl xb bu MAGIC Dl F E Su A N l u, bu l l ub, l NSA l. N NSA NARA u x - . A l bl lk l x l NSA Nl Su Gu u, l ubl l l l . Ul u ul u b , l l l u l . T ll b l l J. E l l l ll, NSA , ub(), bx ub l b u. Japanese Service ranslations
Japanese Army, j -series/ sr , Entries 9006 and 9032, Boxes 1149–1273 T J A l uu , ll , , l, lk u u l ll Il Hqu k. T J A—ll -ll k b k — xl b All ul l 944. A ul, , l lbl. T J A l. T , 96, NSA- l U.S. A l. T l l xlul l u; l . T , 9, l l. T u bx 49 7. T l 6, l b . T l l l x ll b l ub. Mul- l ux l , b
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l a. S l x, l x . Bl xl u l Sb 4, 945, Su A A Hqu S Il A Hqu k l J k. I l b ll, l, x.
J A l, J45-A-E, 4 Sb 945, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 7.
W COMIN R I
I All x , SIS uu J A l Cl . T l b b l u , t x B l, at x Aul l, it x I l (bbl l u b Wl Exl C N Dl, I). T l ub l x : ll , u u, l u, l u ul . Cb uu, ll qu l. T l l bu u l POW l , u , u J -l llb, l l I Du E I. Japanese Air Force, f -series/ srf , Entries 9012 and 9032, Boxes 628–676 T J A b . M ’ 9 9. T l l Fbu 94. Al ll l b J b . A--u u, xl , l b l . F-l All u bu u l l, u x All u. A F l u . T , 9, NSA- l. T , 9, u l l. T 4,98 l Fbu 94 Auu 944. T l l l x f ll b l ub. H, , ul- l ux l , b l a. T l x f, x . T J l l l : l u ul, , , . A l lbl l ub u . T l l u b All k u l. , l ul u tokubetsu kogekitai , l k kk . T ll U S k l
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u . A l l l All POW, l, . Japanese Navy, jn -series/ srn , RG 457, Entry 9014, Boxes 1–358; and RG 38, Entry Japanese Navy ranslations, Boxes 232–2391 T U S N’ OP--G u l ll l xlul, u Cl l ll ub l I O u Du E I Ml. T l b l b P u J N l 946. B l J l l , n-5. U ul l M 94, l xl n-5 u, . l n-5 l Pl Hb Sk F ( Kido Butai ) u Sb 945 u Ju 946. T l l J Cl C qu Pl Hb, bu l Al C N. 7 T Kido Butai l u 94, bx 44–47. T l ll ll . F xl, bx 4–44 Ju-Al 946 bl Il J ll u. T 5- x l l bx ub, bu l x. M l l u 8 b u “a L, Mx Fl, l J Nl M.” T u l ,6 bx, “J O l.” Abu bx l. T l b , u J b, l , J , l u, l . T l , , l . W l , l ll . T l ll lu l u u l , u , u u. A x l bx l l ul . F xl, l J maru ( ) b u bx 56 55. T l u b maru l lb , bl l ll l l ul u Arisan Maru Brazil Maru. O lu J l ll.
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Japanese Army Water ransport Code, jr -series/ srr , Entries 9018 and 9032, Boxes 626–7, 531–575 Du , Il J A ll ub u u . M bu l ; bk , , ; u l; k ; l . T All ll “W C.” T xl b A Cl l Al 6, 94, Jul 7, 944, J . Du , All u 44, l, u b xl ll.8 All u k b ub . 9 Tu , k J b u 94 944. T l u 98 . T 9 , u b . Lk , l l u l l . Japanese Diplomatic ranslations
T x l J ’ l lbl l P. l J Nl Aé (srna) Ml Aé (srma) l l bu J . T l “Mull Dl l,” b “ ” l l. I J, Pul, S, F (V F F ), Tl, Sl, C (Nl, Cu, llb Nj ), uu . T l l l xlul ull ll, l J (srd) V F (srdv). T l u ull ll. T l -ll RED , l J l M- . Japanese Military and Naval Attaché ranslations, d-series/ sra, Entries 9004 and 9032, Boxes 677 –698; jna-series / srna, Entries 9013 and 9032, Boxes 1441 –1456 All ll l
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J l é, ll N G, bu l Ax , u Hu Fl. Lk u , J é b u’ l l , ll l , , l u. k’ é N ll l , , l, —ll Lu’ j l — l V- k. T ll bu P A, x l bu J A, u ubqu b G k u k. E 94 l 8,5 l é l 94–45. H, All ul é ul 94, l , l 946. T ll b ub , bu xl l. S l . NARA x ll, lbl . E 9 5, l é l. All b -94, bu ul ull xl ul M 944. l 94–45; u l 944 l l . T l ll , . l 9 , bu bx x J l l. Multinational Diplomatic ranslations, h -series, RG 457, Entry 9032, Boxes 286 –516 T l ll l l, ,57 u l l 5, . T l Nb 98 Auu 945. T l l 9, k Hl C Cll (HCC). T lu l u u . S l , ll u l bu NSA bu l b u b l ub. l 98 94 l J l . k’ l u xl 55 ll l ll. T SIS l ub l, -94 M 94, OP--G l l , d-. Du , b A N k J l : SIS ll , OP--G
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. T ubl l Al 94, SIS k xlu bl . F 94, SIS u x l , ssd ll b ss. F Nb 944 u , SIS x h l . All l u ll ub l x A B-A x lu Jul 94. T x l t, x B l, u l . Oll, l B l ub, b x , b u l. Du , All ll, , l l bl l l. El , SIS l l J, V F, L A . B 94, U S l xl l C, S, Pul, Sl, Tl, F I. M , lu, POW (u 8–9). Japanese and Vichy French Diplomatic ranslations, srdj , Entry 9011; srdv , Entry 9021 NSA l l ll l l 98 984, l. B ll x “” Mull Dl NSA’ l l Ax l l. E 9 6,8 J l l 99 945. E 9 bu 8, V F l l lu 94 945, lu l . B , l l, ll J V u l ull ll. Japanese red Diplomatic Machine ranslations, Entry 9027 B u PURPLE M, J u M- SIS RED. RED l l 9. B l 94, SIS ul xl u u l b PURPLE u 98–99. T l RED l 97. T u bx bu ,4 u l Jul 94 Nb 99. Abu – l ub. T ll l Mull Dl . Gll, l u J l u - l-9: l U
8 I R J W C
S Dl M, Al 945, Fbu k S Cul Ml b J , NA, RG 457, 9, bx 48, H-77899.
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S, l l l N G, J’ C b 97. NARA ul l x RED l.
Summaries o Messages, Summaries o Japanese Messages ( sjm ) and Summaries o Multinational Messages ( smm ) A l l uu J u , l l. T ul l u l l, ul b u bl MAGIC Su (u bl). SIS ll l u l-ll l . T l xl l l l ll . M u, , ll , u b u MAGIC Dl Su. SIS ubl x u . E u l ub. T Su J M (sm), Su G M (sgm), Su F M (sfm), Su Mull M (smm) ll u . A llu u u . I l S l B Bkk l xu l B Tl, ll u S qu l B Bu. Gll, u l l l . T smm l l , bl Il C R C. T smm sm, b l 9, . T sm , u, smm ll l 8, . MAGIC and Other Summary-type Collections B l , W D’ Sl B l ll 8 u lu l, u, x uu All , ll, POW , . 4 l l W l lu lbl, ll ubl bull l ull . T W D’ Sl B l MAGIC Dl Su MAGIC F E Su. O l u. I l P,
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SMM 7, B Bkk, 8 Al 945, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 89.
I R J W C
J Ill C P O A (JICPOA) Su Ul CINCPAC (C C P) Ill Bull. I Su P, G. MAu’ u SWPA Ill Bull. MAGIC Diplomatic and Far East Summaries
T MAGIC Dl Su M 94 u uu . Ill, l l xlul COMIN, bu l l u. T MAGIC Dl Su : Pll, Ml, E, Ml-Pll, Mllu, x qu l l x. E u, l l . S MAGIC Dl Su l . E 96 l ,8 Dl Su ll NARA 98. T l Ju 94 Auu 945. T Su 96 ubl x. I 995, NSA u Dl Su NARA, b 9. Su M 94 Auu 945. 5 T Sl B’ MAGIC F E Su l ll ll u l J. Lk MAGIC Dl Su, F E Su b M 94, bu l u Db 94. T Fbu 944 u ul Ob 945. T 8 u l 9. T l, u F E Su b u 9. T ll u Fbu 944 Ob 945. T l u x l J Su A A l -l l u l All . T ul u l u. Other Command Summaries and Bulletins
U.S. J l u ll u u COMIN. T u, lk CINCPAC Su P A Ill Bull, l u u ub J , l, ll bu All . Ol l u l J Su Bull, blqu. O Ob 4, 944, xl, U.S. ub
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MAGIC F E Su, N. 5, Auu 945, NA, RG 457, 9.
4 I R J W C
k J l u Pl k Arisan Maru. T CINCPAC Ill Bull Nb 5, 944, ’ , Harukaze , , bu POW b Arisan Maru.6 I l l u ll lbl bu b . I xl, Su P Sl Ill Bull Fbu 944 J bu ll A POW l, bu Bull l ( ). 7
What Is and Is Not in the Records T ll l u l b J u 9 945 b u l : () All POW l , lu uu, u , , l; () b, lu u u ul u k ; () J l xl ul u, l, ulul, l , u lb; (4) J l , l, u l bll . Mu ll . F xl, xl u qu , J k lb .
reatment o Allied POWs and Civilian Internees El P, J u u All l l. Alu J Jul 99 G C, ll G P W C. Du J C, COMIN l, J bu . I , J kl C A. 8 O Db 8, 94, U S, u S , k J . O Fbu 4, 94, J l l bu b C’ ul , J ul l mutatis mutandis A POW l.9 B Al 94, ll , All POW J . T lu bu 7, Cl u, 5, A, , Du, , Fl, ll Bu ll l. I uu l, , l b u.
W COMIN R I 5
Sl Ill Bull, # 9, 4 Fbu 944, # 96, 7 Fbu 944, Gl Hqu, Su P A, Ml Ill S, Gl S, NA, RG 457, 9, SRH-.
6 I R J W C
S, ll u l, J ul ’ l, b. W J b Fbu 94 l A, COMIN l u J bu All . I M 94, J F O Bl b u l bu “l B .” I Bl k ll u k l l H K b ll u “.” T bl lkl b B F S A E, Pl Cl u H K. I Ju 94, J F O S ll ll Il C R C POW H K. T , , ul All l J. Du , COMIN u l bu u All All POW l. A lk B D M Du l l ull u. I u Bkk R l, l u B u lu Ju 4, 94, MAGIC Dl Su. N ul Al 944 J All “ u[] b k .” Wl ll bu POW l J u , F ll l l u bu , All POW F I M 94. V F ll ul J J, u I Sb 94. T F u llu bu J : x J 94, J xu ub l b lk D D M C . T S ul S u POW . T F , ul POW ul b I, l S u . A , F ll k All l I b F ul b u J u. T b J, l J’ M 945 k I. 4
W COMIN R I 7
I l 944, All b ll bu J l l ub POW l k , , l ( bl). M b k B, Du E I; S; Bkk, Tl; R, Bu; Ml ub b bk: l , Tl; 5,5 l b .5 I Sb, k Ml , l u , l ul J. 6
Kbu, Tl k, F-5497, 5 Ob, 944, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 7.
8 I R J W C
N ll POW J. I M 944, l , POW ll k Tl-Bu l. 7 I Ju 945, 5, Tl yasen kimmutai (Fl Du U) bul l. 8 I Db 944, J POW Au Pl k u ,5 l J. T l ul b “bl,” , bu 8–4 l, , l, l . H, U S Pl, k ul.9 Bu u . 4 T POW u u . T J . I , U S l J l , u Rakuyu Maru Kenwa Maru, , l l, l l. I l l. T Rakuyu Maru 95 b U.S. ; J k u u, bu 4 POW .4 Du , All , ll U S G B, l l POW l b J. T All’ u u S Nl Bk Yk S Bk. A ub J S l l ll , , u ( ). 4 A l u bl Yk S Bk Auu 944 l u J ul . Eull, U S, G B, Du bu l ll ll b u. Bu J l u, , bl ul, S F E u ul u ul bu ul x. 4 A l J, b l All. T All J l xu u l . 44 T l k J u u u All b l u u ul “Su A Ml L, Pu C E A.”45 T J b u l ubqu xu u Al 94 Dll R. A , J ll qu bu ju u l b, ll bu xu ll POW b u l. 46
W COMIN R I 9
J Dl l, Nb 944, SRDJ 8496/H-5558, NA, RG 457, 9, l 9, bx 45.
4 I R J W C
A J P Dl, All l u POW l . . A C S J J A ll l POW l . T A ul l b All , l, , , l . S POW POW ju ju ll l, , , u . J l l l u ll . . All ul b All b l l “u l.” Fll Fll,, ll b k b l “PW” - , u , ll blk bku. 47 M J l l ll u k, lu, , b. F xl, J J N Du E I “u” “l ” b .48
Atrocities and War War Crimes Committed against Noncombatants B l 94, J ll qu l u l. Ol J l l hakko ichiu, “ll l u l .” J O u u , ,, l l l. I C, l l l ul sanko sakusen, “kll ll, bu ll, l ll.” T l l J J u Nj l Db 97 ubqu b J . Bu u l, l l,, l l bl ll “ ” J ul . T J 5, C l k u , bu Db , 97, J b W J ul u C . 49 Eull, l, u, l u l u b k, J Gl Cul S S . H bl Db Db 97 Ju 98 ub “” bl lk u J l l. 5 A ubk b J W Db 94, u J bu
W COMIN R I 4
l W W u u l l u . Du , J ll u l lb bl k ul u j u u Tl Bu l, l, bu l ul l u. F xl, Sb 944, J Tl tokushu romutai (l lb u) u) u I I l. A Jul 945 945 S qu ul , “k ul” I l Ml Ml l l Tl l u. u. I M 944, Su A A Rbul k u C F Sl Lb Gu. 5 A ul u ul, ll .. H, , , u . . O Nb 6, 944, 4 I R (H R) u l Bb Il, ll l u B S, Il, u bll b . Ill, u u “ l” b Il u 4 Ex Fl u u. T l 6 bl bl b u u, b xu. A b “u .” .” T J l b u b All. 5
Economic Exploitation and Looting o Assets by Japan U l , J, qu , u ul b l u . O J’ J’ j u qu qu C A ll . U G G E A M, J ul ll qu u l E A C-P S l bl. A l qu l 94, J u P P M G. ōjō Hk u G E A M (GEAM). T ul l k, j l J . M , u , ul lx, x , l lk F, C, Ml. Mu l sm . T l lu , u Mu, N, Kk, , Yk S Bk. GEAM l ll, l, l, ll ll . Mu l l l. l. F xl, xl,
4 I R J W C
Fbu 9, 944, M M qu qu k k H ll -u l I. I. u lk l , , ll E A M C u “juk” ll ll l .5 A Al 6, 944, H V D F F Dl C u bu l k l l k. 54 Tuu , All ll bu J xl I, lu u ul F F b J . (T Tl.) T , “l “l ” ” u bl J, l I. I. T l , u , lb u u . I u u u u ll . A , J x xl ll u I J E, l I b ulu . 55 B l 944, b uul , bk l u All bb, J x qu k A. B , , l 944 -945, -945, bu ll ll V u b lu. lu. T J J l b l 944 bu b x u I l . 56 N ,, J l b l bk u u l u. u. I Ju 945, A A Mul qu S bu “” k u u, , kl. 57 A Ju 5 H S k u l k u u Qu N.58
Chemical and Biological Warare Warare Du l C, 97–945, J u l , bl , C l, Lu N M 98. T l J u C l , U 7, u x C l Mu. Tuu , , C u l k b J.59
W COMIN R I 4
All COMIN ll J l bl . A l J l l k uull u bu u W C bu , u k L u Dl l bu k S R C b “ulbl” . 6 I l J bl , bu ul All buu bu l l u lu, l, u, bu bu bll bll . . COMIN l J A Ml C ul bl . 6 T l , bu l lu b ll. ll . J b A’ A’ l l u u ul b l. l. I Jul 944, Su A A “ ’ l , b ul xu u l l . T . .””6 I Auu 944, J A Bu ub b ll C A u A C J l u bll . . 6 Du , J x G , ll l qu. 64 J l u ll bu bu U.S. l bl bl l. l. I J ll u A bu l U.S. l l. I Al 944, l bu bl U.S. bb l , l u u u , l l l U, x, Ml. 65 A , J b U S S ul u l . I M 944, 944, j J J S R u ll l ll bl. T ll All l kl kl H, N Gu, Gull. Gull. T ul l C, l “Cl W L C I.”66 B 945, ull-l u J J l . I Su Fl Du E I, u
44 I R J W C
All l k. T J U.S. l bl u x u All qu POW u U S u u . 67 I Ju 945, Su Fl l qu. T Il , k , u 4, l l. 68 COMIN J l l ub -ll ll lbl. k l u l k ll uu l buk, b, Kk b, u l, b , , . D u lu l llu u l . All b u qu.69 A J u, J u b ll l l, lu k, “u .” S b u “bu l u u .”7 O Auu 4, 945, N M u u ll k ll qu u k, , . T C Fl 55, u . 7 H, COMIN, All ul u J’ l kl bl.
Notes .
F xl, Rl S’ Eagle against the Sun (N Yk: V Bk, 985) l , bu u . Rl L’ Te American MAGIC: Codes Ciphers and the Deeat o Japan (N Yk: F, Su, Gux, 98) l MAGIC Dl Su. Te Invasion o Japan b J Sk (Club: U Su Cl P, 994) u Su P Ul Su. E D u u l (srh) b l MacArthur’s Ultra: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942–45 (L, KS: U P K, 99). Cl B Akk Y u l srh ll k srmn u J ub, Te Japanese Submarine Force and World War II (Al, MD: Nl Iu , 995). O , ul ul l. T lu G Wb’ A World at Arms (Cb: Cb U P, 994), l I C’ Te Rape o Nanking (N Yk: Pu Bk, 997), J W’
W COMIN R I 45 Ultra in the Pacic (L: L C, 99), L G Hl’ Unjust Enrichment: How Japan’s Companies Built Postwar Fortunes Using American POWs (Mbu, PA: Skl Bk, ), Cl B’ Hitler’s Japanese Condant: General Oshima Hirsohi and MAGIC Intelligence, 1941–1945 (L KS: U P K, 99). J P, Combined Fleet Decoded: A Secret History o American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II (N Yk: R Hu, 995), k l u l. . F l l Eu, Rb Rb Hk, “W Cu Ill S Hlu” U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis (W, DC: Nl A u Fu B N W C J Il G R I Wk Gu, 4), 44–5. . D, MacArthur’s Ultra, 5–5. 4. SIS, “All All J A Al Al Su,” M 944 “A “A Mu S C J A Cu,” NA, RG 457, 9, bx , l 6. World War War II (W, DC: G-, 5. ACSI, Te Achievements o the Signal Security Service in World WDGS, 946), 6. “P R J A M A A,” ,” Db 944. 7. Mu, M u, “S S Su Sul ll C S Albl Al bl Al B B, B,”” Sb 94, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 8, F9, C S C R. 8. Mu, F: Nl I Gl, : S N N,, Sl 97, “Su OP--G S Nl Cu D Buu Nl Pl Pu U Nl Pl,” Jul 945, NA, RG 457, HCC, bx 86, I (). 9. ACSI, Te Achievements o the Signal Security Service , . Ax “Bull u.” . Fk Rl, Te Story o MAGIC: Memoirs o an American Cryptologic Pioneer (Lu Hll, CA: A Pk P, 998), 5–54. . “MAGIC” l l J J l l b PURPLE . . T u qu qu l l MAGIC bu MAGIC l l u. S, l l u u. u. I , u 75–9 ll . . T l l l l bu Sb 945 u u Ju Ju 946. Il I l,, l l J Cl
46 I R J W C
. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. . . .
.
4.
5.
6.
C l k Pl Hb. Hb. Bu l . N Yk: H & R R,, 974. D D, Te MAGIC Background to Pearl Harbor , 8 l. (W, DC: USGPO, 977). H b J J C I I Pl Pl Hb Ak, C U S, 79 C uu S Cu Rlu . 7 u k Pl Hb Db 7, 94, u l (W (W DC: GPO, 946), 9 l. . Klu Ml S, J-499A-P, J-499A-P, Sb 944, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 78. Ml G, Pearl Harbor Betrayed (N Yk: H Hl C, ), 8–9. SRH 8, An Exhibit o the Important ypes ypes o Intelligence Recovered through Reading Japanese Cryptograms (F G G. M: Nl Su A, 98), –. D, MacArthur’s Ultra, 76, 6–7. F xl, Bl (O) k, M 944, SIS # 444, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 4. Fk R H. C, “J, Nl Aé C C JNA- (Cl) H,” OP--G. 945, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 55, l 455. “BJ” “blk jub, jub,” “blu jk. jk.”” T B B l u “” “” ( “C”) b l. O ll bull “BJC” b u B l. W ? Sll lk S M A. Il Il,, l l u Il C R C J A Pl bu u u u Sl Sl. . “Su l R R Du Du S I&L B, SPSIR-7,” 9 Fbu 945, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 4, l: “Su l R.” T 9, l l Dl Su, k bx (8) 96 (9) u. u. T k . . T l b . . CINCPAC Ill Ill Bull Bull,, 5 Nb 944, 555, NA, RG 457, 9, SRMN-.
W COMIN R I 47 7.
8. 9.
. . . . 4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 4. 4. 4.
4. 44. 45. 46.
Sl Ill Bull, # 9, 4 Fbu 944, # 96, 7 Fbu Fbu 944, Gl Hqu, Su P P A, Ml Ill S, Gl S, NA, RG 457, 9, SRH-. RED M l l, , k W ,, 4 M 98, NA, RG RG 457, 97, bx , N. . T uull l l “ u .”” I l , J . u u u ul b b u “ [] J l .” U.S. D S, Foreign Relations o the United States, 1942 , Vl. , Gl, B Cl, F E (W, DC: USGPO, 96), 79, 796. N l l, , JN-: 7, Db 94, M P, J-557A-C, 9 Nb 944, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 54. ACSI, G-, MAGIC MAGIC Dl Su ( “DS”), M M 94, 94, NA, RG 457, 9, bx . DS, Ju 94, NA, RG 457, 9, bx . J A F l l, , F-5-C F-5-C,, Kb Kbu u ku, 7 Al 944, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 646. MND (Mul (Mull l Dl) l l, , k S, 5 Fbu 945, H6785, S k, Fbu 945, H-68856, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 469 47. Kbu k, J-699A, 6 Auu 944, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 79. k Ml, J-45A-B, 9 Sb 944, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 77. S k, F-646, M 944, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 67. S k, J-79A-B, 5 Ju 945, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 4. Ml k, J-79 J-79A-B, A-B, 9 Db 944, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 4. Ml k, J-84, Db 944, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 46. Klu Ml S, S, J-499A-O, Sb Sb 944, NA, RG RG 457, 9, bx 78. S lu: MND l l, , Bkk B, 6 Ob 944, SIS #4669, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 44; k S, Nb 944, SIS #5558, bx 45; B k, 7 Fbu 945, H-6886, bx 469. Bkk B (Pll (Pll I), SMM 84, 9 Sb 944, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 888. F , Hl, Unjust Enrichment , 98–. F x Hl, Unjust Enrichment , 5–7. lb, Pl, Pl , JC-468 (JMCA 759 XA XA), ), 9 M 944, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 66. S S, S, J-499, J-499, Sb 945, NA, NA, RG RG 457, 9, bx 7;
48 I R J W C
47. 48. 49. 5. 5.
5. 5. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 6. 6. 6.
6. 64. 65. 66. 67.
S B, J-577A-B, Ob 945, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 7. k S, J-444A-D, Auu 945, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 69. F E MAGIC Su, N. 57, Auu 945, I I 9, NA, RG RG 457, 9, bx 76. RED M l l, , W N Yk, Db 97, SIS #5, NA, RG 457, 97, bx . RED M l l, , k W ,, Db 97, SIS #85, 7 Ju 98, SIS #6, inter alia, NA, RG 457, 97, bx . D Mu Mu Ml, J-8886, J-8886, 8 Sb 944, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 8; S Bkk, J-8488A, 8 Jul 945, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 48; Rbul k, F-5948A, E, M 944, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 646. Pu P, F-9654A-D, 6 Nb Nb 944, NA, NA, RG RG 457, 9, bx 675. Mulll Dl l Mul l, , H H k (GEA), 9 Fbu 944, SIS #8, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 98. Mulll Dl l Mul l, , H k, 6 Al 944, SIS #56467, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 455. MND l l, , S k, 8 Db 944, H-57, k S, 9 Db 944, H-5689, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 455. MND l l, , S k, Nb 944, H-5457, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 45. Mul S, 7 Ju 945, J-965C-, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 6. H S, S, J-448, J-448, 5 Ju Ju 945, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 69. Cuk Skl, Skl, 7 Nb Nb 944, H-5947, H-5947, NA, NA, RG RG 457, 9, bx 45. RED M l l, , k L, Nb 97, SIS #-A, NA, RG 457, 97, bx . k Rbul, 6 M 945, J-978, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 65. Ml Slu, 5 Jul 944, NA, RG 8, #, “ “l l I E R Mllu Wl W II Du, 94–946,” bx 95. Al, Ml M, 5 Jul 944, F-976A-B, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 675. Bu Hk, J-6469, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 4. k Bl, 4 Ob 944, NA, RG 457, #, “ “l l,” ,” bx 94. k Bl, Al 944, H-864, NA, RG 8, #, “ “l l,” ,” bx 95. P S, S, 5 Ju Ju 945, J-6479, NA, RG 457, 9, bx 8. C B B F F CINC Su Su Ex Ex Fl, Fl, Ju 945, FRUPAC 7-DISC-DI, NA RG 8, #, “l,” bx 94.
W COMIN R I 49 68. 69. 7. 7.
CINC Su Ex Fl CINC A Fl, 7 Ju 945, NA, RG 8, #. “l,” bx 94. k Cu U Cul, 7 Ju 945, GZ #54-H-DI, NA, RG 8, #. “l,” bx 94. C B F M D, Sl B F, 7 Auu 944, 4 Auu 944, NA, RG 8, #, “l,” bx 94. Mu B N M, Sb 945, NA, RG 8, #, “l,” bx 94.
5 I R J W C
Gl Hqu, F E C, Ml Ill S, Gl S, O T All l I S, GHA, SWPA, Vlu V, Ill S, 948, 55, 64.
6 Te Exploitation o Captured and Seized Japanese Records Relating to War Crimes, 1942–1945 G B
On the morning of Septemer , 945, Cl. S Mb, U.S. A’ All l I S (AIS), Okk Ku J’ M F A l ll x J l POW. Mb u J l bu Fl , , l, Okk Ml. Okk, l k, k Mb U S J l bl . “Yu’ ,” l Mb. “D : u ll b l ll u u u u.” H U S bl u u J’ l u . F l , U.S. l ll, l, , u u. I u J u ll l u u , l u l. A ul, b , AIS 5, u u, u l ( u ). Ebl Aul b G. Dul MAu Sb 94, AIS l l P F E T. B ’ , l S l 78 l. Sl lu S l I C C; Su A l I C I, Bu, Tl; J Ill C/P O A; Alk D C; Cb Ill C/Su P; U S A F Su P A (SWPA). Bu -–l u
5 I R J W C
Su P A J, ll k AIS.
AIS and War Crimes Documentation 1942–1944 I Auu 94, l A b N Gu Sl Il, b u uu J l , , l bk J . AIS, ll Cb Ill C U.S. A F Su P A, b l ubl u, k l lbl U.S. l ll . O Db 5, 94, AIS J u u G, N Gu. I Ob 9, 94, , u ul l . H b A . H lu, “T I u — .” AIS qukl ubl u bl. 4 Sl ll. I Fbu 94, MAu k B. G. Cl A. Wllub, G (Ill) , l l J . Wllub u Mb . Mb u l AIS l l l bl, u, .5 Du 94 944, AIS u J u b, , bl. AIS ubl ll . Du 94 l 94, Aul uu J b ul . I , Aul C Iqu J F A. I l M 944, C k A l ll b J A F. I , AIS u “J Vl L W” (ubl ll AIS I Bull N. 4). 6 Du Al l M 944, AIS x J A POW, Pl l, , lu J A P Fl u Hll . S . O M , 944, Wllub k S Ju A, U S A F, F E (USAFFE) u uul u. l, A S Ju A u b u qu jul . 7
Exl Cu S J R I 5
W , Wllub Aju Gl uul u ub b ll l . “O,” Cl. B Fll, A G A C S O, “ lbl uu ll b ll b l … b l ll b l.” Wllub l bl l l b Ju A Gl, USAFFE, u u A C S, G-. 8 O M 8, 944, Fll G. Sul, C S GHQ/SWPA, AIS l x u u J POW k Ju A, USAFFE, bl W C B l . T Ju A qukl, W C B ll bl Auu 944. 9 AIS B bu J l u B xl , l. I , AIS l , b B bu . I Ob 94, All U N C I W C (ubqul ll U N W C C, UNWCC) l l, , u lbl b ul l . Mb ll U N l, ul b bu b C, ul C qu u. I C u ul, ubl l ll l, b u b Nl W C O b . T C’ F E Sub J . T C l .
AIS and War-Crimes–Related Publications 1944–1945 Bu J u C l A b Su P A, u u qu b AIS A l. O u u xl J b ll u C: Sl u u u u C, l kll l ,
54 I R J W C
ll ul ll ul . Sl l u b 4- 5--l b , . “T u,” u , “ll k ll u.” Du l 944 l 945, AIS ubl R R J . F xl, ubl R R N. 84, “T J Bl W,” Jul 944, Ju 945 ubl R R N. 7, “I L W E b J Ml C,” l G C ul . R R N. 9, “J Ml Pl S,” ubl Fbu 945, lu x u u J u bl .
Records and Reports Relating to Philippine Atrocities 1945 Ju l L Il Pl Ob 944, A u l J u l M S. O u u J kll POW l , “k qu u u l l - ” “l .” Fu, “ubl u ll b … l [kll].” I l Fbu 945, Wllub G- USAFFE U.S. Ml u bl u J . I M 945, Wllub u bu “ u Ml,” lu b u u Ju Fbu 5 ll u ,4 Ml.5 Al M 945, MAu qu l u Ml J .6 Wllub u AIS J l ul . O M 4, Mb Wllub AIS R R N. 7, “J Vl L W,” Sul N. , R R N. 7, “I L W E b J Ml C.” Mb l Wllub “J A P Cl.” 7 A M, Wllub ubl W D, W C C, R H C Pl. 8 Wllub u MAu “R Du Ml J A, Fbu 945.” T bl u Ml “ J H C
Exl Cu S J R I 55
J, b E, l l J l ull ul l l ul.” 9 T lu x u u. O , ubl bl b Akuk 679 F, Jul , 944, Fbu , 945. T uu u u Fl ull. T l lu x Ml N D F Su A Fl O O, Db , 944, Fbu 4, 945. A Fbu 8 bl b kll Fl . T u l bk u Kb B. A Fbu ll l bll, x J l l, J l, Sl Cu U, b kll. I l Al 945, Wllub G- 6 8 A l J u ul , lu x, ul b ull l bu b W D l. H k G- AIS k l u J u l . AIS l. O Al , 945, MAu bl W C B Ju A Gl S HQ, USAFFE. B Al, W C B k ll AIS l . T W C B u AIS l u u u 945, u l l u l, A CIC u ul.
Te State Department Conronts Japan T D S l l AIS l J . I Db 94, U S b J ( S ) bu l . 4 Du x u , U S J 4 u . 5 T S D qul “lbl u,” , , b u. Alu S D u , l u , bl ll u . B -944, S D, l ul U S u J u, J (u S) u . F xl, Auu 944, U S J lu A
56 I R J W C
u b J A u b J l J J l. T U S bl . E u l lu U.S. , J u . T U S u uu u. I Sb 944, S D J k Il J A , Fbu , 944, “u l b , b , b b , b l u x b u l u.”6 T J x . 7 A Fbu 8, 945, D k kl uu l A l J bu “u u.” 8 I u l J, S D J ull J U S u A . 9 O M , 945, S D J J bl u : l.
Postwar Eforts to Acquire War-Crimes–Related Records El Auu 945, J ul u, U.S. A l l xl J . H, J u P Dl, J l b l u, ll . O Auu 4 5, 945, l l l k u . Al u u ll. F xl, Auu 9, J N B J u “ u l ” b bu. M u u u b u Auu . T O S S (OSS) l Sb J l bu S, C, b ll bu u Auu ; b 8 k Cl Pl Hqu b bu. 4 I Bkk, Tl, OSS u Auu 945 bu J
Exl Cu S J R I 57
. A OSS , “C u b J A l [POW] , , u u lbl, bu J 944, u , ll l b .” 5 O Auu 7, 88 D Ku (Skl Il) “ll l u b bu.”6 M , lu l bll , k Auu Mu.7 A U.S. N Wk Il ul “ A Wk Il x Wk Il. T J l N M k A l. 8 U.S. l u Sb 945 J l ll u Sb Nl A S b All l. T A Gl A Hqu k l , u l b Ykuk Nl A S Auu 5. T C I Nk ll l Auu 5. 9 I Ob, 6 A l l -bl u b b J N A u. 4 O H bb k, Mj. G. M Yuuk, S, Cl A, bl ub ll , bu ul b bu u “ lbl u J A .” 4 S b u , , u J F M R I Nl A k. 4 Wl u , b u. Il u u J, C, l b J, All b u l ll. I S, C, U.S. l u u-l l Dll xu b J.4 Su A C Fl Su S Sb 945 S u , lu u I l b xu u j Sub C B, u I B l b k J bul I Nl A. 44 OSS Cu Ill (X-) l R, Bu, J Eb u kenpeitai (J l l), J ll ll , l, ll ll . 45 I
58 I R J W C
Bu, Lu, All u J l u l Fl, C, J l l “ l J l u , l u, l .”46 OSS u J u Muk, Mu, lu H P W C. 47 M u u ll 945 b U.S. l J b .48 A l lbl J P W I Buu. AIS qukl b l , POW l u Il Pu S (IPS) Su C All P (SCAP). 49 T W Du C (WDC), bl b N 94 l u J u, - u J l 945. T WDC u k ll AIS J M. Du 945–946, u u u; b M 946, 49, u bk W ll xl. 5 U.S. u u u u u, bk, , l, WDC ll , bu u , , k, l 946. B u WDC, IPS SCAP ll ll k k. 5 Wllub bl u lb k u J u qu b SCAP l lbl l . T lb l u l F M u J . Ill, SCAP u F M u IPS bl u l A. SCAP l ,5 u WDC, lu l x l , , l lu; l M u J u; l ; ; l u R C, Lu N, Cu P. 5
PACMIRS and War Crimes Records 1945–1946 Du ll 945, P Ml Ill R S (PACMIRS), l C R, Ml, l ubl u u
Exl Cu S J R I 59
b WDC l A u A. PACMIRS u, u l ll lu . F xl, b Auu 945, PACMIRS 8,969 u l 7,947,7 , 7,678,654 u lu.5 T, Sb 945, PACMIRS u u Ml Ill S Lu Sl F Sll, M, l ubl. I l 945, PACMIRS ll u J Su A l I C (SEAIC) Hqu S, WDC. PACMIRS xl 95 SEAIC u, lkl u ul 946. I bu 5 WDC WDC Al 946. 54 A b u J PACMIRS AIS u l u 945 946. 55 PACMIRS ll u lubl l l. F Auu u Ob 945, PACMIRS u l, uk l l j, lu l Lb C u J ul-l . 56 I E D W D’ W C O. A b D, PACMIRS lk u l b u qu.57 B -Nb 945, PACMIRS ubl PACMIRS War Crimes Inormation Series , l u, u b , b . B Al 9, 946, PACMIRS ubl u. S ubl l Pl. T ubl b Nb , 945, M 8, 946.58 ubl l J l x l .59 O ubl l l l. 6 I , l ubl uk qu W C O, bl b W D 944 u U.S. U N W C C. T W C O ul J l l. I Auu 945, k PACMIRS ll ll AIS u J Ml Pl, ll uu .6
6 I R J W C
T W C O l b bu All POW (ll l Muk) l . PACMIRS ubl War Crimes Inormation Series l . T , ubl l M 946, l u u 94 945 Ml O Muk P W C. 6 T ubl 84 All (ll bu A) Muk b 94 945. 6 T l J l l l Muk P W C. PACMIRS l ubl l echnical Service ranslations , J bll . 64 PACMIRS Bulletin 8A, ubl M 946, u PACMIRS qu . 65
AIS and War-Crimes–Related Work in the Philippines and Japan 1945 T A l b Pl ll 945. l, AIS l. 66 I Sb 945, USAFFE Du C S Mj. G. Mll u AIS ll u USAFFE W C B ll l . Sl , Wllub Mll “AIS lubl W C l .”67 Mb Sb U N W C C AIS , bl b C . C ll AIS R R l , lu R R N. 7, Sul N. , C.68 B u J u u l , AIS u ubl R R u -–l u u. O Nb 5, 945, ubl AIS R R N. , “A J A F.” T l J l bl.69 l b Pl ll 945. M J . T, ub l l b. Nl, u J . Alu u ub u l, u u xl ul b bu u l J
Exl Cu S J R I 6
. Bu u u, All ul k bu , l, . T u u b All bl u . Gl Wllub kl l AIS N l, “… ,, A l b … ll bll, bl … ll l b ll J u. T u l kll lubl u bl .”
Notes .
. .
4.
5.
6.
7.
G B u u, u, xl, ul u J u Wl W II. T ll u l . S F. Mb, I Was an American Spy (N Yk: V P, 95), –4. T u u xl —l u, , l, , — U.S. , l ll ub . All lbl . AIS S R N. 7, 5 Db 94, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 4, bx 65, l: F.E.L.O. (l: 9/46//5). Mb, 4; “S Cbl A J Sl A Pll Du PW S,” N. 5, Ju 945, . 9, NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 79, bx 68, l: Cu Ill Bull, U.S. A F F E, Iu . 49–55 (l: 9///4); NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 4, bx 65, AIS Du N. 595– 596, l: AIS S I –75 (l: 9/46//5); AIS Bull N. 7, . , b. Operations o the Intelligence Service SWPA, Vl. 5, Ill S, 948, . 55 64, NA, RG , Nl A G Cll R, , bx 9 (l: /76/5/). Sul N. I II ubl 9 M 945, Ju 945, l. Ck S, C.A. MV., G- Ju A Gl (Tu G- USAFFE), M 944, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U
6 I R J W C
8.
9.
.
.
.
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4.
5.
6.
S A F, P, 86, bx 86, l .5 (l: 9/46/6/7); Ck S, L. Cl. J. A. M, JA, USAFFE G-, GHQ, M 944, b.; Mu, E.O.B.R, GHQ, SWPA Gl F, Db 944, b. Ck S, C.A.W. G-, C S, 6 M 944, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 86, bx 86, l .5 (l: 9/46/6/7). Ck S, B.F.F., G- C S, 8 M 944, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 86, bx 86, l .5 (l: 9/46/6/7); Ck S, B.F.F., G- Du C S Ju A, USAFFE, 6 M 944, b.; Ck S, L. Cl. J. A. M, A S Ju A, JG, USAFFE G-, GHQ, 9 M 944, b.; Mu, E.O.B.R, GHQ, SWPA Gl F, Db 944, b. Operations o the Intelligence Service SWPA, Vl. 5, Ill S, 948, . 64, NA, RG , Nl A G Cll R, , bx 9 (l: /76/5/). AIS E Publ N. 69 Ill Wk “Ru U,” Auu 944, . –5, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 4, bx 65, l: AIS S I –75 (l: 9/46//5). NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 79, bx 4, l: AIS R R 8–85, Su-Cl Ill R Publ (“P” Fl), 94–945. I l u, b “o” “oo” l “.” I x u, l “kll,” “kll,” “kll.” AIS Bull N. 7, . 4 5, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 4, bx 65, l: AIS S I 5–75 (l: 9/46//5). Mu, [ llbl] Gl Wllub, M 945, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 4, bx , l 9. (l: 9/46/5/7). Mu, F.M.B., G- A G-, USAFEE, 7 M 945, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 4, bx , l 9. (l: 9/46/5/7). Mu, C.A.W., G- S, GHQ SWPA G-, G-, G-4, C.S.O, O.C.E., 9 M 945, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 4, bx , l 9. (l: 9/46/5/7).
Exl Cu S J R I 6 7.
8.
9.
. .
.
.
4.
5. 6. 7.
8.
9.
Mu, S.F.M., AIS GHQ SWPA A C S, G-, GHQ, 4 M 945, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 4, bx , l 9. (l: 9/46/5/7). Mu, C.A.W., G- S, GHQ SWPA G-, G-, G-4, C.S.O, O.C.E., 9 M 945, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 4, bx , l 9. (l: 9/46/5/7). R Du Ml J A, . 4, NA, RG 5, R Ju A Gl (A), W C B, JAG L Lb, 944–949, 5, bx 64, l FI l-76 (l: 7//6/7). Ib., 55. Mu, C.A.W., G- A G- 6 8 A, 8 Al 945, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 4, bx , l 9.9 (l: 9/46/5/7). Mu, C.A.W., G-, SWPA G- 6 A, G- XIV C, AIS, 9 Al 945, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 4, bx , l 9.9 (l: 9/46/5/7). Mu, Cl. A. C. C., A T Ju A u G- CIC, 8 Auu 945, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 4, bx , l 9.9 (l: 9/46/5/7); Mu, C.A.MV., G- OCCIO, Auu 945, b.; Mu, L. Cl. C. A. MV, G-, AFPAC W C B, A: Cl. C, Auu 945, b. C u L R, 944–95, NA, RG 5, R O Ju A Gl, W C B, , bx 6 (l: 7//4/). “J A: R D S,” D S Bull, l. , . 4, 9 Sb 945, 47. NA, RG 5, R O Ju A Gl, , bx 6, l: C Du E (l: 7//4/4). C, I l, Hul, A L, B S S, N. 8, 9 Db 944, L R, 944–95, NA, RG 5, R O Ju A Gl, , bx 6 (l: 7//4/). C, l S, S S A L, B N. 46, Fbu 944, L R, 944–95, NA, RG 5, R O Ju A Gl, , bx 6 (l: 7//4/). C, l, S S A L, B, N. 96, M 945, L R, 944–95, NA, RG 5, R O Ju A
64 I R J W C
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.
. . 4.
5.
6. 7.
8.
Gl, , bx 6 (l: 7//4/). I l, l, A, k k S S, 8 Sb 946, NA, RG 59, Gl R D S, 5-H, bx 757 (l: 5/8/6/); I l, A, k S S, 7 M 947, b; I l, Sbl, k S S, Ju 948, b; I A, Sbl, k S S Nbl, 6 Fbu 948, b.; “H Al J G P W I Buu,” .., . M 95, . , NA, RG 47, R Aju Gl’ O, 6D, bx 67, l 4.4, Cu R //5–//5 (l: 7/45//5). MAGIC F F E Su, Su, 6 Auu 945, SRS 5, NA, RG 457, R Nl Su A, 9, bx 7, l 7 (l: 9/6//5); MAGIC F E Su, 7 Auu 945, SRS 54, b; Gl Hqu, U S A F P, Ml Ill S, S, Ul Ill Su N. 5, 5/7 Auu 945, . , NA, RG 457, R Nl Su A, 9, SRH- P 6 N. –7 (l: 9/6//5); Gl Hqu, U S A F P, Ml Ill S, S, Ul Ill Su N. 6, 7/8 Auu 945, . , b. MAGIC F F E Su, Su, Auu 945, SRS 57, NA, RG 457, R Nl Su A, A, 9, bx 7, l 7 (l: 9/6//5). MAGIC F F E Su, Su, Auu 945, SRS 58, NA, RG 457, R Nl Su A, A, 9, bx 7, l 7 (l: 9/6//5). OSS R R u Ku Ku, Ku, C, ID 978, 4 Sb 945, Cl Nul S Ill Du (“ID” Fl), NA, RG 9, 85, bx 85 (l: 7//8/4). X- B R, Subj: W W C, R.W. R.W. L, Bkk, 5 Sb 945, NA, RG 5, R Ju A Gl (A), 5, bx 66, l: Vl. I L-84 ( u l: Vl. Vl. II L-84) (l: 7//7/). MAGIC F F E Su, Su, 6 Auu 945, SRS 5, NA, RG 457, R Nl Su A, A, 9, bx 7, l 7 (l: 9/6//5). Sl H. H, Factories o Death: Japanese Biological Warare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up ( ) (N (N Yk: Rul, ), 45. D u Mu, S A Ku A G. I S ō’ E Pbl W Sul U (U 7). R B. Fk, Downall: Te End o the Imperial Japanese Empire (N Yk: R Hu, 999), 5. L. J. D. Pll, USNR, R I All W W C, . 8, .., NA,
Exl Cu S J R I 65
9.
4.
4.
4.
4.
44. 45. 46.
47.
48.
RG 5, R Ju A Gl (A), 5, bx 5, l L-6 (l: 7//6/6). GHQ SCAP U.S. A F P, Su Dl M, M, 8 Sb 945, NA, RG 9 R A S, 85A, bx 44, l MIS # 54– 54 (l: 7///); Mu Mu,, W. R. Cll, C Gl C Gl, F M D, Subj: Du J Du, I , 7 Sb 945, NA, RG 7, R U.S. M C, , bx , l: Ill-J ( ) (l: 7/b/8/5). GHQ SCAP U.S. A F P, Su Dl M, M, 5 Ob 945, NA, RG 9, R A S, 85A, bx 77, l MIS 99–994 (l: 7///6). GHQ SCAP U.S. A F P, Su Dl M, M, Ob 945, NA, RG 9, R A S, 85A, bx 86, l MIS – (l: 7///). I l, l, k k S S, M 947, NA, RG 59, Gl R D S, 5-H, bx 757 (l: 5/8/6/); Mu, Cl L O, k Gl Hqu Su C All P, 5 Ju 946, NA, RG , R All Ol Ou Hqu, Wl W II, Du I Nll A, N A, 5, bx 44, l 4-4 SCAP (l: 9//7/6). GHQ SCAP U.S. A F P, Su Dl M, M, Sb 945, NA, RG 9, R R A S, 85A, bx 57, l MIS 74– 75 (l: 7///). R J. Al, Intelligence and the t he War War against Japan (Cb, El: Cb U P, ), 7. t he War War against Japan, 7–7. Al, Intelligence and the GHQ SCAP U.S. A F P, Su Dl M, M, 5 Ob 945, NA, RG 9, R A S, 85A, bx 77, l MIS 99–994 (l: 7///6). Mu, L. Cl. H M. M, Aju Gl, HQ S B C C Gl, U S F, Ml, P.I., 5 Ob 5 945, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 4, bx , l 9. (9/46/7/7); Mu, C.A.W., G- R Pl (AFWESPAC), Nb 945, b.; PA PACMIRS CMIRS Bulletin N. 8A, 8 M 946, NA, RG 5, R Ju A Gl, 5, bx 48, l L- (l: 7//6/5). Mu, L. Cl. R. V. S, S, C, WDC (A) u AIS AIS WDI A
66 I R J W C
49.
5.
5.
5.
5.
54.
55.
56.
C S, G-, SCAP, Db 945, NA, RG , R All Ol Ou Hqu, Wl W II, 5, bx 44, l 4.44 (l: 9//7/6). “H Al Al J G P P W I I Buu,” . M 95, . , NA, RG 47, R Aju Gl, 6D, bx 67, l 4.4 Cu R (l: 7/45//5); Mu, Aju Gl’ O Ll S, GHQ, SCAP, 5 Db 945, NA, RG , R All Ol Ou Hqu, Wl W II, 7, bx 6A, l (l: 9///6); Mu, Ll S, GHQ, SCAP Aju Gl’ O, U.S. A F, P, 6 Db 945, b. Ilu WDC WDC l l bll bll b 94 944 b J A l l, lu G. I. Gl Hqu, Hqu, F F E C, C, Ml Ill S, S, Operations o the Allied ranslator and Interpreter Section, GHQ, SWPA, Vl. 5, Ill S (k: GHQ, FEC, 948) NA, RG , Gl Cl A. Wllub Fl, bx 9 (l: /76/5/). F Du B, CIA, l , Ju 948 ( l.), “R J Bll R”, NA RG 8, C Nl O, O, 8, bx 69 (l: 7/5//6). I Db Db 945, 945, Il Pu Pu S S bl SCAP, u J B. K, l u b Il Ml bul F E. Mu, I. O Gl Hqu Hqu, , Su C All P, P, 6 M 949, NA, RG 59, Gl R D S, , bx , l D-. (Du(Du-J J [u]) (l: 5/49/8/4). Ml Ill S, P P MIRS Ml Ml R R M M 945, 945, . . 4, AGAR-S444, NA, RG 4, Nl A Cll F F R S, 8BB, bx 4 (l: 9/9//4); Ml Ill S, P MIRS Ml R Auu 945, . 4, AGAR-S-455A, b. Mu,, B. G. E Mu E L. Sb, Sb, CIA C, D F F A A Cl, Db 947, NA, RG 59, Gl R D S, 5-H, bx 757 (l: 5/8/6/). NA, RG RG 9, A A S, S, Ill Ill (G-), 47D, bx 4, l MIS MIS 4.4 J, [] L E, Ob 947, [] Wllub A E, Ob 947 [] E CINCFE, 8 Ju 948 (l: 7/6/5/). Mu, L. Cl. B. E. Sk, W C B, Ml, GHQ US A F, P B. J W. W, , Subj: C W C A
Exl Cu S J R I 67
57.
58.
59.
6.
6.
B W Ml, 8 Ob 945, NA, RG 5, R Ju A Gl (A), (A), 45, bx , l: bk- -B (l: 7///4); Mu, C. B. W, J., D, W C O, Subj: Fl Pl Albl W C A P T, 9 Nb 945, b.; Ml Ill S, P MIRS Ml R, Au., S., & O. 945, NA, RG 4, F R R S, 8BB, bx (l: 9/9//4). Oll W C O Ob Oll Ob 944 u Ju A Gl, u Cl A D M 946 W W C B. O Ju 949, u u JAG W C O. PACMIRS PA CMIRS War War Crimes Inormation Series N. , Ml R Ml I P W Pl, Nb 945; N. , R J Fu A Ml Pl U [Pl], 6 Db 945; N. 4, Cb R: T T P Pl M-U M-U O O [ x 94], Db 945; N. 5, T Pl P G M 94, Db 945, ll NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 79, bx 8, l: PACMIRS: W C I S, . –5 (l: 9/4//); N. 6, Fl Ml Pl Du Su Pbl N J Ml Pl Pl, Db 945; N. 7, N Pl Ol M, 4 Ju 946; N. 8, R A I L Pl, 8 M 946, ll NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 79, bx 8, l: PACMIRS: W C I S, . 6–9 (l: 9/4//). PACMIRS War Crimes Inormation Series N. , Al b P J G E A W, 7 Db 945; PACMIRS War Crimes Inormation Series N. , S b P J G E A W, 5 M 946; NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 79, bx 8, l: PACMIRS: W C I S, . –5 (l: 9/4//); PACMIRS War Crimes Inormation Series N. , S b P J G E A W, 5 M 946, NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 79, bx 8, l: PACMIRS: W C I S, . – (l: 9/4//). PACMIRS War Crimes Inormation Series N. , J Nl O T L, 8 M 946, NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 79, bx 8, l: PACMIRS: W C I S, . (l: 9/4//); Mu, Cl. Ab MG G, A A D, W C O C,
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6.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
PACMIRS, Subj: J Ml Pl, Auu 945, NA, RG 5, R Ju A Gl (A), 45, bx , l 6- (l: 7//4/5). PACMIRS War Crimes Inormation Series N. 9, Ml R, Muk P W C, 8 M 946, NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 79, bx 8, l: PACMIRS: W C I S, . 6–9 (l: 9/4//). PACMIRS War Crimes Inormation Series N. , D All P Muk P W C, 8 M 946, NA, RG 5, R Ju A Gl G l (A), 5, bx 49 (l: 7//6/5). PACMIRS echnical Service ranslations , NA, RG 65, R W D Gl Sl S, 79, bx 89, l: PACMIRS l S l –4 (l: 7/4//). PACMIRS PA CMIRS Bulletin N. 8A, 8 M 946, NA, RG 5, R Ju A Gl (A), (A), 5, bx 48, l 4 (l: 7//6/5); Mu Mu,, Mj. G. O. P. Nl, Nl , D, Cl C l A A D, D , Cl. Cl . J V. H, US C, U N W C C, Subj: PACMIRS Bull N. 8A, 5 M 946, NA, RG 5, R Ju Ju A Gl (A), 45, bx , l 6- (l: 7//4/5). Mu, W.C.H., W.C.H., Exu O, AIS C C, , AIS, 8 Sb 945, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, P, 4, bx , l 9. (l: 9/46/5/7). Mu, L. Cl. K C. S, A Exu O, W C B, Tu G- Du C S, 9 Sb 945, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, P, 4, bx , l 9. (l: 9/46/5/7). Mu, S.F.M, S.F.M, AIS AIS GHQ Cl. F. F. . A, Sb 945, NA, RG 496, R Gl Hqu, Su P A U S A F, F , P, 4, bx , l 9. (l: 9/46/5/7). AIS R R . , 5 Nb 945, NA, RG RG 65, R W W D Gl Sl S, 79, bx 4, l: AIS R R 7– (l: 9//8/).
7 A “Constantly Recurring Irritant”: Returning Captured and Seized Japanese Records, 1946–1961 G B
Many Americans eieve U S l u J J u Wl W II ubqu All u. u. T u, ,, u J b bl ll ll . T ul lx lx . . Cu J u U.S. u l b l l W W J u . . S J J u u u l 95, ul 96, U.S. U.S. U.S. Nl Nl A A R R A A (NARA). T b “u” uull u u u l l b l, l b W Du C (WDC), Nl A l 94 u J b 958. I , , U.S. l u J b u J , ll, u u. T u l b u . I bl l u l , l J F M , b k W C bul, P W I Buu .
7 I R J W C
Te Central Intelligence Group and the ranser o Captured Japanese Records to the National Archives T Cl Ill Gu (CIG), b W Du C (WDC) l 946, k u u J b U J U S. B -947, -947, CIG x J . T l xl , b bu u, , , CIG u J . I l u 947, CIG N Nl l A bu u WDC l, k L L. Gl, C A B Nl A, . Gl b u j u: J N M, J W M, l l l J , blu l J J l l . . Gl ,5 ub k l bx “l k xl x4 ” lk l l u.. I , , u , bu 5 ub bul u b WDC. H lu ’ ’ l. O Sb 8, 947, CIG b CIA; CIA’ Gl Cul J u ul b , lu l b CIA. L , CIA ll D S, A, N, A F , Exu O 9784, , b x ll u l l lu CIA. CIA. T b b b u qu ; , ul ll b Nl A.4 H qu , Ju 9, 948, CIA Nl A J , , “ ubj .”5 T CIA u A l ul u, lu, k, u . 6 T Nl A , M Ju 948 CIA u ,478,6 ,478,6 (7,97 ub ). ). I Sb 948, 948, CIA 57,685 , ll bk l, Lb C. 7 O Jul 7, 949, CIA Nl A 47 ub , l 7,44 ub , bu 7,86, , l ll .8
A “Cl Ru I” I 7
Developing a Policy on Return o Captured Enemy Records Bu lu u , b 949 S D l l l u bl u . I Nb , D I C Cu E Du (ICCED), ull Nl A, Lb C, J C S (JCS), CIA, D Ju, C, N, A, A F.9 A ICCED Ju 95, u u J l— l—lu ul b u J. A M 7, 95, ICCED , Nl A u J l ul bbl b b D D (DOD) , Pl Cl ul b qu u Nl A. Bu K W ll , ICCED ul Fbu 95. T S D bl u U.S. l u l b All . G. B Nbl, C S D’ D Hl Pl R, l ll u u, “ l ul b u u .” A Fbu 95 ICCED , A u , l ll, u l A l u l x u U.S. N Al O bj. A , u l u b ll j ul U K. T x , Nbl A qu u bu u b u u, u lbl lbl u. T A Aju Gl C S A l , bu A’ ul l . 4 Sll, JCS bl bl u ll u u x- u, U S u bu ll , , lkl ju U.S. l . 5 I Sb 95, , S D b
7 I R J W C
bl l u u ICCED ul l. 6 T , U S J. T ll u u u J , bu ul , x, All P “ , , lqu ll , ” J J l “ ubj ju.” 7 B Jul 95, S D l u l. A l B, Ob 955 U.S. B l u G , l u J . T l u b u ll : l , l l , ul u b l l l l. 8
Return o Captured Japanese Foreign Ministry Records Held in Japan and the United States Il ll lu k W C bul Nb 948, J b u u u b Il Pu S (IPS) k bul. I Db 948, J F M qu u , Su C All P (SCAP) M’ l u, b ub IPS l 946, bl M’ bu. T qu Fbu 949. 9 I M, F M k SCAP u M’ , SCAP u Fbu 5, 946, WDC ul l l “l.” T u u J F M b b u b . B k ll u , F M b l qu u l bu. S qu l. F , l Sb 95, F M k SCAP u l C I, b l IPS ul b u u. A l, SCAP l ul “ll b l” k W C bul l.
A “Cl Ru I” I 7
I -Sb 95, J F M k U.S. M k u qu M 946, u x l , l, b WDC. T U.S. M k S D W u , bl b U S “ul b b J G ul ull . Sul b bl u l lbl U S G, l l ul l b l.” T S D , Ob , 95, SCAP J M F A u ul b u u W.4 I l Auu 95, F M SCAP l l b J u, qu k b U.S. u. T S D A C C, F E (CINCFE) SCAP’ U S l ll b u b u .5 Ml bu u 949 l l. S . ll u ,6 l l. Ilu F M u IPS.6 IPS u l ll 5 xx4 bx. I l Nbl M 8, 95, Gl S, k k F M Ml, : W l IM u I l ll l Aju Gl’ V. I ll lk u b NYK Bul k. I lu xu l W, Bl J, lu k W Du C bk . Bu lk , bu l l (8) u- l b bx. I l AIS u NYK Bul, l b I l x k.
I l Nbl, S b A G- u ll F M u M, bu G- l
74 I R J W C
P ll . T Lb C S - l l bl M, WDC 948. 7 Wll N. Sk, SCAP’ O U.S. Pll A J, S Db u bu F M u k W C bul -x bulk F M l . M M u WDC (A El) AIS 946 l l ll , l ul l l bul. O ,8 J F M l, AIS l 4 ul u . A AIS , l 7 W, Sk bl ul b u bul u u W. 8 I Ju 95, Sk A G- u b AIS b l l u AIS , lu u l k. Bu F M AIS WDC u, l k, lkl CINCFE xl ll u.9 I -Ju 95, S D k CIA ll F M u Sk k. T k Fbu, CIA 49 F M u Sk u ul b l. B Sb 95, CIA u J. El Ju, S k A Aju Gl’ O u 6 F M , u W C l. T Aju Gl’ Dl R B (DRB) u - qu u, - b l bul xb, ll bl b u bu u . T C A Nubu l l u F M, xl U S bl bul l . H l l ul , l U.S. . I M 95, S D l Sk ul u “ll u ‘b ’ Gaimusho [F M] bk .”4 Alu M U.S.
A “Cl Ru I” I 75
u ll kl k , WDC-AIS k W. T M l u U.S. bll l u u b l U S ul u J . C A, Sk bl J . H Rules o Land Warare , ul b u u u , bu l. S bul l —SCAP u S u l bul — J P b , J ul S xl qu u l .5 K . Yu, J., D, O N E A A, bl U.S. ul u ll l , l U S ul u l u u b bul J. 6 T A j, l b u 95. H, j k l x b bu l l l Alx, V, bu F M u bul xb u l k.7 I l Db 95, Aju Gl J , S D, l l F M u xb bul, bu qu u ul b l b J u.8 Abu , J S, F S Eb k, Eb CIA l u, lu b u F M. 9 T ll “ ul l l” , A Eb k b u. 4 I l M 95, S l u l ul b u bu ul b l. T b K C, b k.4 Ml, Fkl Hl, O N A A, 64, J bk b SCAP. 4 T Lb C l u lu J ubl WDC. S l b l Lb’ ll,
76 I R J W C
ul b lb. I , l l b ll b Nl A “ l u.” 4 I l Auu 95, J U.S. Eb U.S. l u b bul ul b u; J ul l . 44 J. G P k b bu bl u F M A D S D’ O N A A. P b b l u F E C k k l u u bk “ k l, l .” W u l u, kl u “ u l J, bu , l l, ll bu b l k bl.” P U.S. J U.S. “ ,” bl u , u bl. S’ Ll D ll u U S bl u bul . I Rul 6() Rul Pu bul ul Al 5, 946, l u ub b u , u () bu l Iu Su J ll bul ul l u, () ubl ju ll ul, bul ll l u b Gl S, b ubu l u, ll l l u l.
Bu bul l x, bl b l u qu. I lu bul’ , Ll D u S ll U S’ u l J ubu C A. T u l. Tu l bul l l .
A “Cl Ru I” I 77
O Fbu 5, 954, J Eb k S S u l F M u u b bul M’ , u l . 45 W l u l “ ,” Al S D u ( j u Al XI J P b bul) qu u u u. Wl U S l l u u qu, ll l F M u bul . 46 I Auu 954, l Aju Gl’ Dl R B (DRB), Alx, V. T A l b S D u J.47 B l b, A DRB C llu l. F, DRB k l ul J , b u l u l. S, u J ul b ub l u u u l ul u J. H J l l. T , xl, l, , l l bul xb l. 48 I -Ob, S S J Eb S ul u u bul ll l F M u R C Alx. T U S J Ju 7, 955. 49 T D D, , u ub bul. Alu S u l l Al 955, DOD u u lu l J. Fu, Cl Pl B W Cl ll u l l J l. I Auu, S D J Eb u.5
Te Return o Additional Captured and Seized Japanese Records Held in Japan Ml, J u l. I Ju 955, ul kl A Eb k, l é
78 I R J W C
“ u l x l,” u u b Nul P b J S U, M Al , 94. T u J Ru x P, J l u El M , 94, “l l” M Al , 94, S F M V. M. Ml F M Yuk Muk, J l bl l bu qu b u. T U.S. A u lu l k, ubl u l l. Bu Nul P u l ll b F M, Eb u u J, bu J ul u ul ll “ul” u ubl ul u Ru-J lk L. A u, u ubl, ul bl bu ul u F O k u, , bl, U S ul l u. 5 CINCFE l u J u b Ou F, bu l u l qu b S D J . T A l S k l.5 I l Ju 955, S’ D O N A A l A Du C M u Nul P u J. W l l ll J u, bl, bu lu u ul k l.5
Te Return o Prisoner o War Inormation Bureau Records I Sb 945, A k ll u J P W I Buu (POWIB), ,47 lu l, l El. POWIB lu 7,898 POW 8,4 l . El 95, F M A Eb , u 99 Gl C l POW, J bl l POW POW . l qu, POW u l U S. I Fbu 95, USAFFE Aju Gl’ O POWIB J lu u u b l J , l U S ul l . 54
A “Cl Ru I” I 79
T l b u P Ml Gl’ O, Aju Gl’ O, D S, Nl A, Cl C, bu M, C u .55 Il, Aju Gl’ O k USAFFE l J lu POWIB u J El l Ml Pl R C (MPRC) S. Lu, Mu. 56 I qu, 954, J k U S J-l A POW. A u l u, U S Al 955 M , 955, POWIB l A Eb. T l MPRC. 57
Return o the Main Body o Captured and Seized Japanese Records Held in the United States O Ob 5, 954, F S A Eb J lqu ll u Wl W II u b U S J. 58 Au , J l u u u k S’ . Ru ul l, bu , bl “ l u U S–J l.” 59 A A Rb B Nbl u . T Nl A bj u , Nbl .6 I Ju 955, CIA Nbl A bj u bu b ul xl x l. 6 O Jul , A’ DRB u, u A l, All, l D .6 T N l , u u b b j l ll U.S. l, u, ull lu. T N l J ll u u l. 6 T A Nbl l Auu k l u u G . Nbl : I G , qul l u u . T , [ sic ] lbl J, : () Du , u, j l u u
8 I R J W C u, u ll, ul b l, u u ; (b) Du qu b u l u ul b u l . T l qull lbl l J u.”
H S D CIA u Nl A “xu b .” 64 I Ob A Nbl DOD u u, ubj xl uu . Nbl u Nl A u u uu u b ‘ lu’ ul . H l Nl A b Cl l . T Nl A . 65
Congressional Approval or the Return o the Records T Nl A qu Cl l u M , 956. T b ll u l ll l lu l ll. T l b b u b l ul u J l . T A u C u ll u ul b bk. C u Al 4, x “l, ll, , ll l u, ul, u, j l u U S All” “l l J u , u ul j l u U S All.” 66 Du 956, Cl Pl B ll l bl k bku l u l lbl J, l J ul u u k U S “lk b.” All u b bul l b u J Ju 955 ul b l -u l l bku u. 67 T A C E E Ill D S D l u 956 k bu ,5 l (-ll) u. T , ll b Ku A b 9 94, Mu, N C, 75-l Sb l Mu b, Skl K. G
A “Cl Ru I” I 8
U S l J, S D lu l , k C l u ju l l -ll l. 68 O Jul , C’ A D C l b ull xl bu u , k l b l ll u. G u, u l ul b l l. H x u l k l -ubl . 69 B Auu, , u C u qu ,5 5 ub .7 A F Ill bu 5 ub l 7, ub l. O Jul , ll A F ll x ul Ju , 957, . 7 I -Auu, S D k lbl E ll xl, x l ul “b u ll l J G.” 7 T Ill D C E l b l 957 Nl A l qukl ul b l J. 7 Nbl Nl A k u l k Bl b . 74 Pl J l l 957. I Fbu, U.S. A F Nl A j l bu u xl ju, ll l b u. T , C E Nl A ul u J l l Ob . 75
Academic Interest in the Records I ll 955, A C Su W Du, ll u u G , Nl A u xl G . A , B u l b J , xl J ul lkl b u b G . L , P A Buk J A N F bl F E A, A l. Lb C Buk, ll l-l l ul b l bl x ul.76
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Du k Db 956, S Wll, Exu S A C Su W Du, qu Nl A bu u J , x , u l, b u l. B qukl Wll b u J ul ul b l 957. 77 I Al 957, P C. M Wlbu Club U, O S S C, S D bu u . S Hl D bl l l lu b , u Wlbu Nl A bu . A k l, J Wll Ml, Club U, B bu , l l b u J A N x bu b u J l lbl ll . Ml k u l u b u l lu l. H l qu Nl A k xl u b l ul, b , ul b lbl u u. H l k l u ll b l b . 78 B l J u Nl A, k l l l .79 S Ml ubl “Ck L S J R Nl A” 95, lu ll 7, ub .8 Al b . B l u u J ul lkl k l l 957, , 955 , x l l.8 B l E G. Bl, J., A H J S Lb C, l u. T l j J b 949–95 F M ,6 l l, Lb C u x. T 7 l l u W l Lb C, bu u x. Bl lu b A l bu , ul . “T ,” , “ b l , , I k, A l l ll u .
A “Cl Ru I” I 8
T J G bk, A G ul lk u l.” 8 (B l Ju 955, Nl A xl 7,848 ub u J Alx, V, bul).8 I Ju, F Fu $8, l j. P E Ru H U, C. M Wlbu Club U, J Ml Club U, J Yu G U, C Y Yl U, E Bl Lb C, j.84 I l Jul, Y, W M. u H, Cu, u b Club U, b -k j l u l. 85 T ll l J l u u J’ l l, bl k J l l. O u ul l u J ll u k u u C J A l u u b C. A , ul l ul b . 86 Y u l l, lu Muk I 9 ubqu Mu u N I, J Ru u ll l 99. O u l J A N u u , k H M J l u, ’ u Wl W II, ull .87 I Sb, Y u l l j u Lb C qu (u u ) x l . T F Fu ul l, , , ll u b Lb C l. Y llu u l . W $7, l F , x l bu , , bu b . T u bl l 5, “ ull u .” 88 Ml b Ob 957 Fbu 958, u xu u k u J. I ll, 4, (bu 6 ub ) u 6 l l; Lb C Nl D Lb k. 89
84 I R J W C
Te Records Returned to Japan Du -Fbu 958, A J Alx, V, Bl b, J J. Pk , uk Bl, l $5,89.57, b U.S. A. 9 I uu U.S. . T l ul b l l , bl l l bu lu . I Fbu 96, C E l u J u, l 9 A u J, l u J b, ul, l l b Eu (l b Nl A). 9 T , bu 95 ub , u J l Ju 4, 96. T uu .9 I 96, U.S. N u 65 ub u J u 94 J M S B’ H D. T u Nb 96, u C H -Nb. 95
Conclusion T U.S. u u J bu ll ll u u . C u u J u b xl u, bu l . T ul xl u b Nl A 948 l l ll u u J. T ull lkl u J l l u J u b xl. E u l b l J lu , NARA l ubl b J u . 96 T l, u u l, l , l. S xb -–l l l. T b . I A J ull x l Wl W II, l b l bl, bu u.
A “Cl Ru I” I 85
Notes .
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5.
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7.
A ull ll, xl, , u G B, World War II Japanese Records: History o their Capture, Exploitation, and Disposition (). L L. Gl, R u J u, Auu 947, NA, Cu J R R Fl, M Ml R. Mu, Gl Cul, CIA A D Cll D, CIA, u . Db 947, . –, C NA, R Fl, Cu J R, M Ml R. Mu, C. C. E. Ol, USN, A D Cll D Sl A R Ill, D S; D Ill, Gl S, D A; C Nl Ill, D N; , A C A S-, D A F, 6 Sb 947, Dl 894.44/9-647, Cl Dl Fl 945–949, NA, RG 59. T A S D l . Mu, Cl. R. F. E, C, Ill Gu A D Cll D, CIA, 8 Ob 947, Dl 4.4, J, A Ill Pj Dl Fl 946–948, 47D, R A D, R A C S, Ill (G-), R A C S, NA, RG 9. A b u u F E B (L. Cl. Mllk), Hl D (L. Cl. Clk), Aju Gl’ O (D. B); L, W. Pk A, J. A Sl A S R Ill C. C. E. Ol, USN, A D Cll D, CIA, Ob 947, Dl 894.44/-47, Cl Dl Fl 945–949, NA, RG 59. Mu, Wll J. M, R A, CIA A U S, 9 Ju 948, Jb N. 448-45, C NA, Cu J R R Fl, M Ml R. W bk b WDC J W 946, WDC l bu A, N, l lb W. Ol l “ ul ulul u A N” Lb C . L, WDC l x, l u lu ll Lb C. L, V Cl, A Lb C G. B Nbl, C D Hl Pl R, D S, Ju 954, NA, RG 59, Dl 894.4/-54, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, .
86 I R J W C 8. 9.
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. .
4.
5.
6.
7.
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T l u bbl b, , Gl’ 946–947. A , k l, , l k bx. Mj. G. S. LR I G. B Nbl, 9 Nb 949, AGAR-S-7A, AGAR-S Cu R Pl Pu, 8BB, RG 4. Mb l b l 5 M 7 M 95 , Mu M I C Cu E Du, AGARS-6 AGAR-S-9, AGAR-S Cu R Pl Pu, 8BB, NA, RG 4. Mu A, 5 Ju 95 ICCED, AGAR-S-, AGAR-S Cu R Pl Pu, 8BB, NA, RG 4. Mu A, 5 M 95 ICCED, AGAR-S-9, AGAR-S Cu R Pl Pu, 8BB, NA, RG 4; Mu M, 7 M 95, AGAR-S-6, b. L, G. B Nbl S E, 7 Fbu 95, AGAR-S-9, AGAR-S Cu R Pl Pu, 8BB, NA, RG 4. Mu, M ICCED, 4 Fbu 95, AGAR-S-9, AGAR-S Cu R Pl Pu, 8BB, NA, RG 4, L, S E G. B Nbl, 7 Fbu 95, AGAR-S-6, b. L, G. B Nbl S E, 5 Fbu 95, AGAR-S-9, AGAR-S Cu R Pl Pu, 8BB, NA, RG 4; L, S E G. B Nbl, 7 Fbu 95, AGAR-S-6, b. Vu JCS Du Fbu-Ju 95, l 4.6 R B A (“Al Pl Fl”) 954–957, 7, Dl R B, A S D, NA, RG 47. L, Rb A. L S S, 4 Sb 95, l 4.6, R B A (“Al Pl Fl”) 954–957, 7, Dl R B, A S D, NA, RG 47. P, 8 Sb 95, D S, A F Pl 95– 955 Vl. . D S Publ 6446, Gl F Pl S 7 (W, USGPO 957), 4. L, B. G. Mll S. C, D, Exu O, D D S S, 4 Ju 95, l 4.6 R B A (“Al Pl Fl”) 954–957, 7 Dl R B, A S D, RG 47; L, Oll D. MCl G. B Nbl, Ob 955, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P II J R, NA, RG 64. S l Su J. P, “Pl Pu P, U, Ru Cu G R,”
A “Cl Ru I” I 87
9.
.
.
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.
4.
5.
Rb Wl, ., Captured German and Related Records: A National Archives Conerence (A: O U P, 974), 7. Mu, G Mk G- S, GHQ, SCAP, Db 948, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8 , NA, RG 59; Mu, K. Y Gl Hqu, SCAP, 5 Db 948, b.; Mu, K. Y Gl Hqu, SCAP, Fbu 949, b. Mu, I. O Gl Hqu, SCAP, 6 M 949, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8, , NA, RG 59. T lu 5 Dl D S, Circumstances attending the ormation o the Provisional Government, the Renovation Government and the Mongol Government , ll . Mu, Kj Mk Gl Hqu, SCAP, A: G-, Sb 95, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8, , NA, RG 59; Mu, L. Cl. D S. M F A, Ob 95, b. A Pu Mu, Cl N. Sk, F S M D S, k 467, Sb 95, Dl 894.4/9-5, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59. C, Cbl A U S Pll A J, k, N. 6, Ob 95, Dl 894.4/9-5, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, RG 59; L, W J. Sbl I O, Ob 95, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8, , NA, RG 59. Mu, J M F A G-, Gl Hqu SCAP, Auu 95, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8, , NA, RG 59; M R, [S E, C Dl R B, O Aju Gl], 6 Ju 95, Dl 4.4 , A Aju Gl Cl Dl Fl 95–95, bx 794, NA, RG 47; Ck N, Dl S, GHQ, SCAP, W.J.S. G-, Ju 95, Rqu S SCAP CINCFE R J F O Du, Ju 95, lu L, Wll N. Sk Gl W, Db 95, lu l F M u bul uu u, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8 , NA, RG 59. R l CINCFE C-54 DEPAR S 95, DEPAR l DA 854 4 O 95, S 57 (MCN 7878) O 95.
88 I R J W C 6. 7. 8. 9.
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4. 5. 6. 7.
U, Cl H. Ckl A J M F A, k, J, 868–945, l Lb C, 949–95. L, Gl W Al . Wllb, Nb 95, Dl 894.4/-5, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59. L, Wll N. Sk Gl W, Db 95, Dl 894.4/5, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59. Ck N, Dl S, GHQ, SCAP, W.J.S. G-, Ju 95, Rqu S SCAP CINCFE R J F O Du, Ju 95, lu L, Wll N. Sk Gl W, Db 95, lu l F M u bul uu u, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8, , NA, RG 59. Mu, M. W M. Bll, CIA, 5 Ju 95, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8, , RG 59. Mu J M. A, A D, Cll D, U S Pll A J, A: Wll N. Sk, 5 Fbu 95, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8, , NA, RG 59; Mu, J M. A U S Pll A J, A: Wll N. Sk, 9 Al, Jul, 9 Sb, 95, b.; Mu, A.C. Mlbu, CIA, L Bu, 5 Ju 95, b. M R, (B) S. E, 8 Db 95, Cl Cll Fl, 947–95, 7F, Dl R B, A S D, NA, RG 47. L, Gl W Wll N. Sk, M 95, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8, , NA, RG 59; Mu: “R S F O,” A N. L, J. G P, A Eb, k Rb J. G. MCluk, A D, O N A A, Ob 95, Dl 894.4/-5, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59 L, Gl W Wll N. Sk, M 95, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8, , NA, RG 59. L, Wll N. Sk Gl W, 9 M 95, Dl 894.4/-95, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59. Mu, M. Yu (O N A A) M. All (FE), 4 M 95, Dl 894.4/5-45, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59. L, Fkl Hl J M. S, Ob 95, Dl 894.4/-5, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59.
A “Cl Ru I” I 89 8.
9.
4. 4. 4. 4.
44.
45. 46.
47.
48.
L, Mj. G. W. E. B J M. All, A S F E A, Db 95, Dl 894.4/-5, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59. L, S Yk, C A S, M F A J M. S, Db 95, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8, , NA, RG 59. L, J M. S Fkl Hl, 8 Db 95, Dl 894.4/85, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59. L, Fkl Hl J M. S, M 95, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8, , NA, RG 59. L, Sul D. B Fkl Hl, 4 Nb 95, Dl 894.4/45, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59. L, V Cl, A Lb C G. B Nbl, C D Hl Pl R, D S, Ju 954, Dl 894.4/-54, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59; N, Mj MMull M. Fkl, .., Nbl, .., b L, V Cl, A Lb C G. B Nbl, C D Hl Pl R, D S, Ju 954, b. L, J. G P, A Eb, k Rb J. G. MCluk, A D, O N A A, Ob 95, Dl 894.4/-5, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59; C L, u Su M. B, Auu 95, b. Dl N, C , Eb J S S, 5 Fbu 954, Dl 894.4/-554, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59. L, E F. Du, A A S F E A Rb . S, S A, Jul 954, Dl 894.4/-554, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59; b S D u b u u 894.4 l l Al, M, Ju, Jul 954, b. Mu, Mj. G. J A. Kl, T Aju Gl M. P, 5 Auu 954, l 4.6, R B A (“Al Pl Fl”) 954–957, 7, Dl R B, A S D, NA, RG 47; Mu R, u, 5 Auu 954, b.; L, G H. Rk, A S A E F. Du, A A S F E A, Auu 954, Dl 894.4/8-54, Cl Dl Fl 95– 954, NA, RG 59. Ru N, K Mu M. E M. B, 7 Auu 954, l 4.6, R
9 I R J W C
49.
5.
5.
5.
5.
54.
55.
56.
B A (“Al Pl Fl”) 954–957, 7, Dl R B, A S D, NA, RG 47. Dl N, S S Ab J, 8 Ob 954, Dl 894.4/-654, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59; L, G H. Rk, A S A E F. Du, A A S F E A, Auu 954, Dl 894.4/8-54, b. L, V A. A. C. D Wl S. Rb, 7 Jul 955, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8, , NA, RG 59; L, R S. F, A O C, J A Yu Muk, 6 Auu 955, b. L, G A. M Rb J. G. MCluk, 8 Ju 955, l ., Cu J Du, Subj Fl Rl J, 954–959, Mllu l Fl, l 6D68, 4, NA, RG 59. L, Mj. G. El J. R, J., USAF G A. M, Ju 955, l ., Cu J Du, Subj Fl Rl J, 954–959, Mllu L Fl, l 6D68, 4, NA, RG 59; L, G A. M Rb J. G. MCluk, 5 Ju 955, b. L, Rb J. G. MCluk G A. M, 4 Ju 955, l ., Cu J Du, Subj Fl Rl J, 954–959, Mllu L Fl, l 6D68, 4, NA, RG 59; L, J. G P Mj. G. El J. R, Jul 955, b. Mu, Cl. C. C. B. W, Aju Gl, HQ, US A F, F E T Aju Gl, A: Oll D. MCl, R M B, Subj: R J P W I Buu, Dl ., Fbu 95, Dl 4.4, D–J Cu R II NNA, bx 67, A AG Dl Fl 95–95, NA, RG 47. M l NA, RG 89, R O P Ml Gl. S ul J POW I Buu Fl 946–958, bx 5 (l: 7/5//6). C l l b u Dl 4.4, D – J Cu R II NNA, bx 67, A AG Dl Fl 95–95, NA, RG 47, 8 M 95, C l T Aju Gl’ O, NA Jb IINNA-57 (H.R. N. 454, 5 M 95). Dl 4.4, D – J Cu R II NNA, bx 67, A AG Dl Fl 95–95, NA, RG 47. Mu, Cl. R. H. Sll, C, M B, O Aju Gl C Gl, US A F, F E, A: R A, Subj: R J P W I Buu, 9 M 95, Dl
A “Cl Ru I” I 9
57.
58.
59.
6.
6.
4.4, D – J Cu R II NNA, bx 67, A AG Dl Fl 95–95, NA, RG 47. I Jul l MPRC. Mu C. C. M. Su, Aju, AG A C, 84 A U, APO 5 C Gl, US A F, F E, Jul 95, Dl 4.4, D – J Cu R II NNA, b. L, W. K H, A R M O, D S, Mj. G. Wll E. B, T Aju Gl, D A, 8 M 954, A Aju Gl Dl Fl 95–954 bx 44 Dl 4.4 Cu R-J I C A POW, NA, RG 47; L, Mj. G. J A. Kl, T Aju Gl H L. Clk, R O, D S, 7 Al 955, A Aju Gl Dl Fl 95–954, bx 44, Dl 4.4 Cu R-J I C A POW, NA, RG 47; Mu, Cl. W W. Cqu, C, Cll D, T Aju Gl’ O C O, Ml Pl R C, Subj: J I C A P W, 7 Al 955, b.; D S Iu A-7, H T A Eb, k, M 955, b; O b H. Mu, D W P I Buu Rul Sl, M , 955, A Aju Gl Dl Fl 95–954 bx 44 Dl 4.4; DD F , R S L, Ju 955 A S Du, DA F 45-5-D, 7 Ju 955, A Aju Gl Dl Fl 95–954, bx 44, Dl 4.4, Cu R-J I C A POW, NA, RG 47. T , “A Pl Rl U S Pl W R J,” lu 56 k, 5 Ob 954, Dl 6.94/-554, Cl Dl Fl 95–954, NA, RG 59. L, Rb J.G. MCluk E. O. All, D, R M D, Nl A R S, Ju 955, Dl 894.4/55, Cl Dl Fl, 955–959, NA, RG 59. L, Rb H. B Rb J. G. MCluk, Fbu 955, Dl 894.4/5455, Cl Dl Fl, 955–959, NA, RG 59; Mu, M. MCluk G. B Nbl, 7 Fbu 955, Dl 894.4/5-455, b. B Nbl l M b , Ml’ l l LC (4 u. .) CIA ( u. .). L, Rb H. B G. B Nbl, 4 M 955, Dl 894.4/5-455, b. L, Pul W. H G. B Nbl, 8 Ju 955, Dl 894.4/5-455, Cl Dl Fl, 955–959, NA, RG 59.
9 I R J W C 6.
6. 64.
65.
66.
67. 68.
69.
7. 7.
Mu, C, Dl R B C, R A B, T Aju Gl’ O, Jul 955, l 4.6 R B A (“Al Pl Fl”) 954–957, 7, Dl R B, A S D, NA, RG 47; L, Oll D. MCl G. B Nbl, Jul 955, Dl 894.4/5-455, Cl Dl Fl, 955–959, NA, RG 59. Mu, J D. Dll T Aju Gl, D A, Auu 955, C R Fl, M Ml R, NA. L, Oll D. MCl G. B Nbl, 9 Auu 955, Dl 894.4/8-955, Cl Dl Fl, 955–959, NA, RG 59; L, G. B Nbl Oll D. MCl, 9 Sb 955, b. L, Oll D. MCl G. B Nbl, Ob 955, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P II J R, NA, RG 64; L, G. B Nbl Rb H. B, 5 Nb 955, Dl 894.4/-555, Cl Dl Fl, 955–959, NA, RG 59; L, Rb H. B G. B Nbl, Nb 955, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P II J R, NA, RG 64. Rb H. B C S, R A U S l, Dl R N. 56-, M 956, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P II J R, NA, RG 64. Mu, M. H, NA, M. Sbl, FE, Al 956, Dl 894.4/4-56, Cl Dl Fl, 955–959, NA, RG 59. L, M W. M, A C, E Ill D, O C E, D A G. B Nbl, Jul 956, Dl 894.4/8-756, Cl Dl Fl, 955–959, NA, RG 59; L, G. B Nbl Rb H. B, 8 Ju 956, Dl 894.4/6-856, b; Mu C, Subj: T Ru Cu J Du, M Hl M. Nbl’ O, Ju 956, l D-., J Subj Fl, 947–956, O N A A, l l 58D8, , NA, RG 59. L, M W. M, A C, E Ill D, O C E, D A G. B Nbl, Jul 956, Dl 894.4/8-756, Cl Dl Fl, 955–959, NA, RG 59. L, G. B Nbl Rb H. B, Auu 956, Dl 894.4/8-56, Cl Dl Fl, 955–959, NA, RG 59. Mu, Au E. Yu, Du Rl D, R M S A A U S, Subj: S J R Cu
A “Cl Ru I” I 9
7. 7.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
Fl R C, 9 Auu 956, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P II J R, NA, RG 64. L, G. B Nbl M W. M, 7 Auu 956, Dl 894.4/8756, Cl Dl Fl, 955–959, NA, RG 59. L, M W. M G. B Nbl, 7 Auu 956, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P II J R, NA, RG 64; G. B Nbl Rb H. B, Auu 956, Dl 894.4/8-56, Cl Dl Fl, 955–959, NA, RG 59; G. B Nbl G Wll, C Gl S A, Fl R C, Auu 945, b; G. B Nbl M W. M, 5 Sb 956, b; M W. M G. B Nbl, Auu 956, b. Mu, G. B Nbl Mj MMull, Sb 956, Dl 894.4/9-456, Cl Dl Fl, 955–959, NA, RG 59; L, Au E. Yu, Du Rl D, R M S G. B Nbl, 5 Sb 956, b; L, G. B Nbl Au E. Yu, 4 Sb 956, b; L, Au E. Yu G. B Nbl, 4 Sb 956, b. L, Au E. Yu G. B Nbl, 5 Sb 956, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P II J R, NA, RG 64. L, W.F. Z, A C, R S B, Fl R C G. B Nbl, M 957, Dl 894.4/-57, Cl Dl Fl, 955–959, NA, RG 59; Mu, M W. M Fl R C, A: Wll F. Z, Fbu 957, b; Mu, Cl. J . Bull, D/Ill, HQ, USAF Fl R C, A: M. Z, 6 Fbu 957, b. L, H K W G, 7 Sb 955, D P & C 56, A C Su W Du, NA, RG 64; L, Rb H. B S Wll, Db 956, b; L, Rb H. B J Wll Ml, M 957, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P II J R, NA, RG 64; L, E G. Bl, J. J W. Ml, 5 M 957, b. L, S Wll Alb H. L, J., 5 Db 956, D P & C 56-, A C Su W Du, NA, RG 64; L, Rb H. B S Wll, Db 956, b. L, J Wll Ml Rb H. B, M 6, 957, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P
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79. 8. 8.
8.
8.
84.
85. 86.
87.
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II J R, NA, RG 64. T l b xul -xul l Nl A. J Wll Ml, “Ck L S J R Nl A,” Te Far Eastern Quarterly Vl. 9 N. (M 95). Rb H. B J Wll Ml, M 957, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P II J R, NA, RG 64. L, E G. Bl, J. J W. Ml, 5 M 957, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P II J R, NA, RG 64. F Nl A 95, l “A A H Dl Fl R, 95–985,” Provenance: Journal o the Society o Georgia Archivists 4 N. (Fll 986), “T Nl A: S G, Publ Sl, 95–965,” Wl, ., Guardian o Heritage: Essays on the History o the National Archives (W, D.C.: Nl A R A, 985). GSA F 97, l G R, Db 954. I xl 5 FRC 4,89 (lu l N) l 7,5 ub . D, III-NWR-5, NA, RG 64. J Yu, ., Checklist o Microlm Reproductions o Selected Archives o the Japanese Army, Navy, and Other Government Agencies, 1868–1945 (W, DC: G U P, 959), . T l j b M. K K, b K USGS ul. Mu, C, R S B C, Fl R C, Jul 957 b u b A Yu Jul 957, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P II J R, NA, RG 64; L, C Y Rb H. B, Sb 957, b. J Yu, ., Checklist o Microlm Reproductions o Selected Archives o the Japanese Army, Navy, and Other Government Agencies, 1868–1945 (W, DC: G U P, 959), -. L, C Y Rb H. B, Sb 957, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P II J R, NA, RG 64; L, Rb H. B C Y, Sb 957, b.
A “Cl Ru I” I 95 89.
9.
9.
9.
9.
94.
95.
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J Yu, ., Checklist o Microlm Reproductions o Selected Archives o the Japanese Army, Navy, and Other Government Agencies, 1868–1945 (W, DC: G U P, 959), . Mu, Rl D Du A, M 958, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P II J R, NA, RG 64. L, G. B Nbl, D, Hl O, Buu Publ A Rb H. B, Fbu 96, Dl 894.4/-6, Cl Dl Fl 96– 96, NA, RG 59; L, Rb H. B G. B Nbl, M 96, Dl 894.4/-6, b. O M , 96, l Nl A u l A Dl R B 4 ub A M S ub ( Nbl bu) M S ul DRB, ul k l ll. Ru Sl, D. B, M 96, D, 5-4 D Pl Pl Ru S E R P II J R, NA, RG 64. Cbl, H A Eb, k, Al 96, Dl 894.4/4-6, Cl Dl Fl 96–96, NA, RG 59; L, Mj. G. R. V. L, T Aju Gl G. B Nbl, M 95, Dl 894.4/5-6, Cl Dl Fl 96–96, NA, RG 59; Cbl, H A Eb, k, 6 M 96, Dl 894.4/5-66, Cl Dl Fl 96–96, NA, RG 59. D, Rb A. F, F S, A Eb, k, S D, Jul 96, , Dl 894.4/7-6, Cl Dl Fl 96–96, NA, RG 59. T lu l l bk, b- u jul, l lu, . T u ll u J ul . D, A Eb, k D S, Subj: J H Ml, Db 96, Dl 894.4/-6, Cl Dl Fl 96–96, NA, RG 59. I ul b l Lb C u l l J l, bu l l F M Lb C l J ll l u J l b l 957.
8 Te Intelligence Tat Wasn’t: CIA Name Files, the U.S. Army, and Intelligence Gathering in Occupied Japan Ml P
In eary 200, the CIA decassified l l Wl W II- J u, l l l, ll F E u b u U.S. A ll J. H b J A , ll l l ll u k bl Su C All P’ (SCAP’) ll , G-, GHQ, u Mj. G. Cl Wllub. U S ll l u u J l l , l u l W u A, k j U.S. u u. I , U S l l u u l u -u l U.S. l l uu —bu l ul-l—. M, J l l l b l ll l u l . B J Il G Dlu A, l G-’ l J A , l u G-’ - u l. Du SCAP U.S. Nl A R A (NARA) ull x. Lk u , — l l l b l— ll l u bu l ll . Alu bl b u lu, bl u ul b
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b l ul. Dl u bu l ll “uu” , u u, l l, l ulu u J u l u . T k l ull U.S. u u l ll, N l. D l b ubj J. I , J l u ul b k W C bul l Cl B C . A u bulu: uul l u l l b All u. Ou u b u u , u , bu . T lx, bu l l ll l, u l SCAP’ Ll S, U.S. , b . A Cl W A lk, ul ll ju l l l l . A l l l ul b b u , u kenpeitai ( J l l), ul l k ll u j l u ul Cl A . T j l . I , U.S. u qubl J ll . All l ul u N W C J Il G Dlu A. T CIA u l bu b u CIA J l Cl W. G. Dul MAu ul O S S (OSS) ul u, CIA. W MAu’ ull bk, SCAP’ Cl Ill D, G-, bl k CIA l J ul 95.4 H, b b , CIA bu bl ll- ull l J , bu l G-’ . T CIA’ J l Cl W , b 95, u ll , CIA ll J. S l b b . T ul l b SCAP CIA l u
T Ill T W’ I 99
l b . T ll, b b CIA, l ’ G-’ , l, -k . Nl, ll u ull lbl ubj. T l CIA’ l l u l bu U.S. u u’ ll l - J x-l l— l — ll J’ ll-k . T u l lk l, ll buu l ll J l Cl W l u u u b G- F E.
Willoughby, Japanese Intelligence, and Operation akematsu I k Wl W II, J x-l l ll k k Il ( bl u k U.S. u) ull u J A. T k bl b Au S, ll Il Gl Hqu . T Au ’ 97. H u W Cll u, Il, 99 9 u Il . F 96 99, Au, b Cll, l é Il. B 99 945, Au l ub , lu N C A A . H k Lu Gl ull C Ill Il Gl Hqu.5 I Ju Jul 945, Au lu bl l b ll u ul b lubl u . H l u u b l , l u lubl ul l ll l u . H, ju , l l l U.S. ul u xl u. T b k l u Nk ll l , , bu J qul l .6 M J A , u u u, l , ub, u, k l ll
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l. I Sb 945, Wllub, MAu’ ul -u ll (G-) F E C, qul l Au u l ll G-. 7 lll, G- l u u Au bu l l. 8 SCAP l u G- b Au l bl Cl A l. A l é Il, u l u P b G, Il, J. I, U.S. A u l l CIA N Fl l , J l Au, “ l l J’ ,” l. 9 A u, Au u u l u E u J . Mj Gl k Ruk, u’ k l, l “Au b [P M] Hu’ - P.” A , Au u b u ull u ul bu F E. F xl, l bu P M G. ōjō Hk. Du k l, Au ul ōjō ōjō ul b . H u ul u’ ōjō, ul, , l l J’ l bl, lu l, ul. I ōjō u ul, Au ul l l bul ub. A S M, Au l l u l Pl L. G. H Mu. Au’ ul ul l llu, u Cl. uj Mbu, b B D M. T u u H ul xu, l uj, bu uk , b. F , l u Au .4 W x Au , lk bl b U.S. u J “uu” u, CIA ll , k l b x. M lk ll bku. O l l u L. G. Kb ō, b ll Ku A 95–6, l l é Bl 98–9,
T Ill T W’ I
u Il GHQ.5 Kb, lk llu Au, ll l u Cl A , u . I Auu 945, Kb l J l Ml u u A. Wl , bl l l Wllub. 6 U u J, Kb j Au l l U.S. u u u . 7 T ul u, l J’ l bl u Wllub k ul u u u J l ll bl b Il . I Sb 945, Wllub k Au u u ll u G- u l J ll l lu. Kb j ll ’ , J A l u u, ull G-.8 Bu Kb’ l , u u ul . 9 H k u l -k l b ub. T ul k ub ( kikan) u ul . T u J l b G- l u SCAP u u J x. T bl SCAP l lk u u . I, l J lu l u l l-l . A Ml Sll, “T lk ll J ul , , SCAP l.” T CIA l u l b ll k u bl ll l. B l 947, G- l l u J l ll l k S U J Cu P. T lu x-l bu bl l l l qu l u bl. F J, , G- k -k l l k, l ll u, u u , ll l l ulll u G-.
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T u J ll u u b CIA u. Pul, u k u, bu l l J uu ul bl. F J bul k, x u. A x- u ll bl . A ul, u, l ll j b l u uul . M, ll k ul l l, ul u u k . J ll , u b l l ubl u ll , b . I CIA ubj, J ll bl “x u b” u u. A lkl b u ull l 94, ul qubl ll l j k, u l l G- ’ u k u ll-l . I, j uu k u u ll. R, b bu - l u. T l k ll k, bu l . Iul k l k u . A CIA ubj “ l R uu b J.I.S. [J Ill S] bj, u u ll ub except u 946 ul ul l lubl ll.” Fu l , ul k, l ll l, l , l l. A k xl u, u ubu ulul ll u . M, l l l ll ll u u, l , b ul k l l ll . A ul, ll ll- u, , l u u b l . W k k
T Ill T W’ I
U.S. u u, lkl U.S. . S l l-l ll b G- J l u b l 948, u k u b b. C bu l k l b Sb Ju 949. G- “ku” J u ul ll ( “k” ) ll l u l J ( “Mu” ). Kb Au ul u , l l l U.S. A ll l u Wllub’ u ul b l l l ll. I , J l ku ul l u. A Sb 948, Kb qu ¥87, (xl $5 949— ul J 95, , xl $46) l u u Cl. Au L G-, ul u k l b SCAP’ Cl Ill D. A CIA u, l k l, Ob 9, G- ll Kb l ¥7, ul bl b l l- . 4 O Nb 5, Kb L G-, l l k . Kb - , b u J N K Cu C, l l J Skl Kul. I b l, Kb u bl ul u l ll b l ll. I l Wllub’ bl u ll k, Kb l qu U.S. qu C, K, Ru u. I , Kb l u l b S b P Au, Vlk, D (- Dl). Kb l k G u l l ll J l b u l J u. B Ju 949, Kb x ul x ¥ ll (l $8, 949), 4 ll ul u ul J. H uul l ul u , , ku ul b l. 5 Wllub Kb’ l l . H u Skl Kul, bu l
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N K Mu. Wllub l J ku l ll u G-’ bl l . I , lbl b, u Wllub, , l Kb bu k Mu l . Wllub , , k J ul u , qu l l G- b. T bl ll J A l ul l b, u l . I , Wllub’ bu u u , Kb u l “ul b u,” . 6 B l, , G- l k b Kb’ bl ll . S A Cull C (CIC) b l u bu Kb’ Au’ . T u Kb llu bu k l l x bl u , ll b b u u u. O Hqu Sx CIC D Hkk, Skl Kul, , “I bl l ‘’ l x. I l u l b u bu ul .” W, u, lb u b J x- blk u u u. CIC Hkk bl J bl u u l . T U.S. l, “I l l ll k,” u , ku’ ul, U.S. u u u l Kb u l , l u ul uul ll, x. 7 D l bj, ku 949. Il CIA bu u. F , ku l l ubl— J b l M 949. H bu qu, lbl J , l l ll N K. Mu J lk ll u.8 H, , uu u l 95 k l ku u, bk l bu l l G- Au Kb kikan.
T Ill T W’ I 5
C u b J x- ll l A, bu l x ul b. F xl, ul u Mj. G. Ku, Au kikan bl b l ( l ) I Pk .9 O ubu ll lu Au’ u N K. Fll, J ll k b Kb Au uul J lu l Cu C l ul C l, , CIA’ , u qubl ul. Il, J u Wllub’ u, l Skl Kul. CIA u l ll bu I Pk , bu l bu N K . O N K b l Kb Wllub l l 949. B l , Au’ ub, Mj. G. Wb Wu, l u l, l u J K. Du Wl W II, -l Wb J l Ml. H b ll C , bl J. A J ll l, ul b Wb, l l l ( lll ul) bu l l, l xlul ll , u . Wb Mub C, ub, lu kenpeitai , k J N K A u b Mu. M u b, l l xl b G-. T l J-U.S. ll l , j G- u, J ull U.S. u J l l, l ulul ll l u U.S. . F U.S. , ul u b. M J x- l Nl C l u Ku’ C Cu. S Au’ Kb’ , u N H, C
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N C A A, uull l J lu (lu -k b kenpeitai ) x u b, bk J l u . A l u x J , ll G- u u. 4 H, J k l ll ll k, l l Ku ul G-. 5 Au Kb ll u G-’ bk C Cu ll . A CIA u, b l l l “ uu l ll l C, , lll k, C Pl’ G.” 6 A ul -Cu C Nl, l Au’ k bul lk Cu C ll k. Uk G-, J l ul qul u ul, ’ , ul -ll bu U.S. l Cu ll u .7 C ll u u G- bl b 945 95, u u x Wllub l . O J ll l U.S. u uu . B Au Kb u Wllub ul -ll bu U.S. l l C, bu l bk J uu. I 98 Seiji to gunji to jinji: Sanbo honbu daini bucho no shuki (Pl, Ml A, Pl: M AGS S Buu C), Au b l Wllub’ , u G- ’ bl b Wllub’ . T A l, uu jlu SCAP llu, l Au bu b l b U.S. A N l b U.S. A’ ll b. 8 Au l ul bk J ll l uu l 94, l l . I , CIA l Wllub J , Ak Muk, k Il U J ’ l u GHQ l u.9 W ll, b l 95 C Cu
T Ill T W’ I 7
Au’ u l ll. 4 Ul l CIA u, u b ulbl u. A CIA, J u ul u ul G- u. T l lu u b, uull , u U S U.S. u. F xl, uu 95, Kb G- qu u J S -- u Skl. F u, b Kb’ u u - ¥5, ($88 949, ll ul u u blk k) b G-. A b J, , U.S. l l l . T l , llu Kb Au Wllub’ bj bl ll l S U. 4 T J ll l G- - . Rlbl bl lu U.S.- J ll uu u. k l, l l CIA N Fl l llu ll u J k l lu U.S. . T u J k . T l, u Au, uu b l k lu k bu ll ll ll. M, b u bl qukl l ull , k ul . Fll, l G-, CIA bl u b “A A ullbl. T lk l A J lu, , l, l l .” 4
War Criminals and Intelligence Gathering T l bl u J ll l u l. W ( ) l . T Au Kb kikan x ul b ll j l , k
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b G-. T CIA N Fl uu G--u u u b l l u l. T k l G- ll lk J l l u -u . K Y uj Mbu l xl G-’ llul bku J .
Kodama Yoshio Au u l l u ul ll k. A ul - bk ll x K Y. B Fuku Pu 9, K u l K. W x k, k lb l lk. I 9, K b x- b Il D. B -, uul l l . T CIA l , 94, K u S, u u b bu b u l bu l. T , k l l u l l bb. A b l ul b u, K l , u u. A l , K J Yu M qukl ul - l l. 4 I Db 94, l -k l , ul V-Al Y S, K S u b k K kikan, u u J Nl A F. H ll k. Eull, K l u , l l l, - u, b kenpeitai . Oll k l l , K l x . H bl l C x b S Au R Mu I Sl R Bu. I ul, K u l, , l, l, J . 44 H l lll u k, u l u C u S.45 I l 944, K kikan ’ qu C. I k l u , l ul l u u lbu.
T Ill T W’ I 9
A CIA, l k, K’ u xl ¥.5 bll b 94 945. 46 A -u 945, K u S J, b u l b bk C. 47 B , K lll u $75 ll. A b P Nuk Hku’ “Su Cb,” K l Su . U.S. u l Db 948. 48 All u u u u x C. Sl CIC CIA l ul b K’ kikan J b llll. H l x l l u b uul J , lu l, C. T l l C l u l ul ll ul u. Kenpeitai b, K u ll, qul ul u . W K’ b ull qu l u , uull C ll ll bl k lu k bl b , qukl C.49 A CIA , J u C K “ .” 5 T K l l lb u , bu b u b . T J ll K’ , bu . A CIA ubj “T J , lu F O, W M, N M, Sl H Buu ll bu , bu u bl l . T ll l l l ‘u’ b K u.” 5 M J bu K’ , l u b C, u . Alu l K’ u C lu, l u, , l, lll x xl C u ul, ll u J . T K kikan l l j U.S. : ll. A 95 CIA b K’
I R J W C
C u “ ll , l All J, ll. K u u l .”5 Pul ul, blk k, kenpeitai , K’ x k C xll l u ll . T ll u C Cu P l l C 949, l G- b l xl bl J O ku. I, CIA, l k ll l K u u. 5 G lk u l l CIA l b K’ G-, bl u Wllub’ K’ u. Au, , u x u K kikan bl Wllub’ ll .54 I, K’ k l l Au’ bu . I 949, Au b l l xl J l l C ll. H l u Dk C ( bl b K) l lll ul , u b J ul C. T CIA— J—u ll l: Au u A GHQ u l u, bu ll u GHQ ll bl ll k u. T l b u b l u l u kikan ull ull l ul C Pl’ G J . 55
T CIA ll . M, K’ —lu xkenpeitai Cl. K, l S R S 94—l b Wb Wu’ l ll N K Mu 95. 56 T l l bu Wb’ Ouk K, ll kenpeitai .57 H u G- k bu u Au’ ub K’ l CIA u, bu ll
T Ill T W’ I
Wllub’ k b . I , ul l Au ll u K’ , K l l blkl, lu lll l Mu C u ¥ bll b k x u Mu k . 58 T CIA l b K kikan l l CIC ul bk K ll. 59 I l , ul bk l U.S. x. B 95, CIA K. A l , K’ k, u lbl. O ( x ) K Y’ lu ll ull l. H l l, , l, u . H bj uu ll l l l, l qu u … T u K ll bl ll , bu . 6
W u 95 CIA k bl ll J, l u l . 6 K’ u ul l J l, l bk, -b l l b J Rubl K. 6 A u Lk-M bb l l 97, K Ju 7, 984. 6
suji Masanobu CIA u Au l bl u U.S. u, u l A-P W. Cll uj Mbu, b b “ l lu lll bul ,” b Ik Pu 9. 64 H u Il W Cll 9, Ku A u u N I 99. 65 H Au Il GHQ b P . 66 uj l u B D M, l C, Pl, S— u Sk C M— ll bl A xu u J u S. CIA u
I R J W C
Bku J.I.S. J Ml Pl, Sb 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I, .
T Ill T W’ I
uj’ x Sk C M, u u C Ml.67 U.S. l l bl , l , J A x l F I ul b u l u J l bl. R uj, l Su A, bu ul l All .68 A , ’ , J bu l “ b xu .” 69 uj , ll B, bu bu bu uk.7 H u b Su A l l b C K-k l C. I 948, qul l bk J l , b K, b S u .7 T U S 95, uj bu bk ubl , ubl bk bu x qukl b b ll.7 E b U.S. u u l, , uj b l bk b U.S. l ll. Du u ll l u J l . Tu CIA’ l l k , uj J A l C Nl l. 7 M, 95, All u l , Au k uj x J ll Su A. uj Il J A l S. M ul uj uull Au . H l b S kenpeitai C Bu. 74 uj , . H l -bl ul l l u, llll, Il J A. M l l b G-, u , uj’ l U.S. u. G-’ Hl B N Yu K Bul (NYK) ub . Tu Au, G- u l J G P’ k MAu’ P . 75 A l u Cl. H kuō, , l uj,
4 I R J W C
Ku A u N I. Sl , H, l, , b C A Gl S O B, k l l uul J A 94–4. A , H bl J ul b “u ,” l b , ul b C S. H l G-, “ l ull.” 76 Nl, b H, G-’ Hl B u -u b u J Wllub’ l. O b H kikan, k CIA u “Wllub’ Sbl,” H’ l uj Mbu. 77 Tu H, uj b l l Wllub’ bu , C Nl l C. I Ju 95, G- b u C K-k’ u C bl C -u . Wllub’ ub H qu uj l l u l. H, CIA bl k u uj , u u uj’ l x k G-. 78 Pl u l M, uj k l. F CIA’ , , Wllub’ u l bu uj, l b l, ul 95 “ ll .” 79 T ’ l l “ u A l l G-, GHQ ll b k b [H’ u].” 8 I , l ll, Wllub l M 95 lk Cu C, l. 8 B 95, uj A b l J, bu llu . 8 H . T , bk b K , l u P M Y Su’ l xlul l U.S. l bul J’ . H l l Y P M’ u l u l. I Jul 95, H l u u b u Y l H Iō O k. D l u, uj H l u ’ l Lbl P , l A’ u ll ll J b
T Ill T W’ I 5
b J’ ll-k ll l. Nl, u u u Y ( 6–7).8 H u Y 954, bu ul l, , H uj l . I 95, uj l D b b l. uj’ 96 l bu L. L lkl, u l k V Nu G u 968. Alu CIA u Al 96 uj l N V, u ub k N V A. A CIA l uj L Ju, l b P L. T, b u, l uj ll I, Nl, C. I lkl uj l N V u L C, b C Cu Ju 96, bl Yu P. O u l C xu uj. Uul, u u u, u lu u uj’ .84
Ater the Occupation: Te CIA and Japanese Assets I 95 95, J ll k, l bl l, l u. M l ul J ll l bk Au, u, l- l l , l x G-, l , l . A u ull , Au u b l J l U S, b u G-. T l bk, Kb. Ol K Wb Wu b l ll . B 95, Au u l l ll xlu l l J A ll l u l ub, b ll u ul G-. 85 Fll, b Kb’ l ul l u H uj l J ll u u ll. T ul Kb’ -l xlu x l l J ll ul ubl Au . 86 M, CIA, G- u u J-l 95 u. I Al, GHQ H
6 I R J W C
Cu ’ Alll B Pl b Ex-Ml Ull, Ob 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H, ku, Vl. I.
T Ill T W’ I 7
8 I R J W C
C Hl R D G- ul b k , u l u l ll u ll- . B l , H kikan x.87 CIA Db, G- Kb ul u l bu lk u. R qu , Kb j G-’ l u, l u Kb b l l uu ll Nl S F.88 Fll, CIA u b , “ bl ” l J ll u l l u kikan. I u l bk J l, kikan bk ll, uk ll, b ll b u l J . J l jk b u G l ul , bu l l j u bl. T CIA , u l b l b; , u , b . O, u u u lu ll A G- CIC. 89
Ill l ul bl bk u , u U.S. ll lk J b x U.S. u xl. Ml, CIA lu J ll u kikan lkl b l l J Ill S uu. T CIA ul u G-’ l k, bu k u. I kikan , l b x J k , lk u, bl . Cl , ll ul lkl b b J Ill S. T, l , “ ll b l, u, l bk u.” 9 I lu u J ll , CIA uull uu G-
T Ill T W’ I 9
u O ku U.S.- J . T CIA u k ll b ul J, bu l G- bu ul. A l , b uul E A, ul J u, bu lu uul u k b , qul l, l u , l J , b G-’ . 9 T kl bl G-’ lx l l l J . F xl, Ob 958, Au kl ll l CIA b k b l ll . T l u CIA l u “l [ ] ll-k …”9 U.S. l J l l G- GHQ, U S xl l ll- J x-l u. T xl K Ok, bl CIA l 95, . K F M, K Fu’ 97 b ōjō’ b. H J F E, l l b k Pl Hb J’ l “ B U.S. E A.” 9 A , bul u ul u Cl A l ( ) ll l u , l . H l Sb 955 957. 94 I 958, K, b J, l D b ll l u Lbl D P (LDP). I , l uu P M K Nbuuk’ u . Sl l, j LDP’ Il Su C. K, u, . H l ll u J’ l u, l , u ull ll b U.S. J.95 , Fbu 959, K l U S u J u l , lu S D N Pl Pl B. M bl, K CIA D All Dull. H k l U.S.-J l bu ull J U.S. J Su . I CIA’ , K, ll l , ubll U S,
I R J W C
ul l LDP, ll - ll u. T CIA , , ubl u bu Cl A l D Cl Ill (DCI). T ll , “K b b bl u ubl l.”96 A l Ju 959, CIA J K “ l ul , b bl u, bbl ll b . H -A , , l u.”97 O Fbu 6, 959, K, b J Eb S O S’, DCI’ , l Dull J ll ulbl Cu l k u J bl uull Cu u. K k Dull u ll b CIA LDP’ Il Su C. Dull u, bu CIA ul b lul Cu l J. T u “ b CIA J uub bl ubj j CIA.” B l l ul b k u l, CIA J ul b l.98 K j u U.S.-J l. Dull ll k l bl K CIA u. Sx l, Auu, l K, l , CIA’ J l. I , Dull “xu ” ul k U.S.-J l . M ll, , “I l u b l l b u u u J…”99 I Nb, CIA qu ll u Dull’ l qu bu b K u k l. H, b Auu Nb 959, CIA l J b u bu K. B l 96, J lu K lbl ul u. Du u ll 959, b K ll u bl ll , ul u b u lbl. T ubl k xl u, lu l DCI, xl K:
T Ill T W’ I I S’ [K], u [] “bl u” lul l[,] A ll u[] E-W “l-l” bl l LDP l b Su . [H] l “l l” bl, b ll bl u ubl - [l l] ll … A u ll ul l.
T J K ul u l ul uu u. A , CIA l ul K — H K 96— u ul l 964. T u, u u l J. A , CIA lu K l K “xl lbl u u. T b u b u l l l u’ ll Wl W II.” CIA Hqu lu l u xl Db 965. T l, CIA K, P M S Eku’ LDP , bl Ok l ll , b u.4 Uul, u u lbl K’ . I 975, CIA ll l u ul K bu b . H l.
Te Lessons o Intelligence Gathering in Japan T N Subj Fl l b CIA l l bu ll l Cl W E A l lu ubj. I u J k U.S. . Uul, l ll u U.S. A ll, l Klu Bb, O Bl, R Gl Eu, ul F E u ul u u l u . T u, l b Eu F E, bu l b , u x u l ll .
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Ab ll, GHQ u bl. I l ll , G- u J l bl, l u Wllub u ul . J u bl ll k, bu CIA’ , G- l b ll xl l ll , l lu k l u. T u u l ub bl U.S. ll, ll b ll u . T CIA’ N Fl l J l l ’ k bu ll u qubl . CIA l bu ll u, ll bu l J u u llu ul u U.S. . T CIA’ G-’ J u ul l ul l u l, bu l b ll. CIA l qukl l ll, ll, l J l U.S. , bu l ll bu l l . I, ll l l u lu. T bl u k b J ll ubj u u. D , ul qu l, ll, l u. I l l SCAP’ l- ll -à- J u . Cul u l u Wllub’ k J b l. I Wllub ll , , , CIA k bu ?5 T CIA N Fl l ll bu ’ ll-k u u l u P M K Nbuuk 95 96.6 T x ’ ul l qu-l bku u, ll b ll l. T u l l K W CIA’ u ll l. Nl, l qu bu u , l b CIA u N W C J Il G Dlu A u b u qu uul ubj J-U.S. l l Cl W.
T Ill T W’ I
Notes .
.
.
4. 5. 6. 7.
S, xl, S M, Te Shadow Warriors o Nakano: A History o the Imperial Japanese Army’s Elite Intelligence School (W, DC: B’, ); Ml Sll, Te American Occupation o Japan: Te Origins o the Cold War in Asia (N Yk: Ox U P, 985); Ej k, Inside GHQ: Te Allied Occupation o Japan and Its Legacy , . Rb Rk Sb S (N Yk: Cuu Bk, ); J Wll, An Empire in Eclipse: Japan and the Postwar American Alliance System, A Study in the Interaction o Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy (Al Hl, NJ: Al P, 985); R B, l., U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis (W, DC: Nl A u Fu B N W C J Il G R I Wk Gu, 4). D k l u b k W C bul l uu P C T l . T u ul Cl A l k b bul. Hl jubl l u ub bul, ll u , . Al, l l b, bu b bul , x , u b l bul, ll l Nub bul G. T k W C bul b u bl, bu ll , ul l ul b ll . l Cl B C , lll l b l bl l, k ll . S J D, Embracing Deeat: Japan in the Wake o World War II (N Yk: W. W. N, 999), 46–69. Cl, b J A-P T b ul A l, bu kenpeitai b l C Ml. M A l ll kenpeitai b l . Tu u kenpeitai J, El-lu ll ulbl. k, Inside GHQ , 67. Au Bl Sk, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. M, Shadow Warriors o Nakano, 74. k, Inside GHQ, 65. Au lll SCAP bul, N Yu K (NYK) Bul k.
4 I R J W C 8. 9. .
. . . 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9. . . . . 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
M, Shadow Warriors o Nakano, 9. G- Ill S N, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. k Ruk S, NA, RG , Il Pu S, 9, ul l, bx , l: C 55–59. k l bl Au u C. Ill, k k ll Au ll . G- Ill S N, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. M, Shadow Warriors o Nakano, 97. Pll R. Pll, Te Japanese on rial: Allied War Crimes Operations in the East, 1945– 1951 (Au: U x P, 979), 6–66. S Au’ NA, RG , Il Pu S, 9, ul l, bx , l: C 55–59. Kb Bl Sk, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: Kb, . M, Shadow Warriors o Nakano, 8–86. A M, Wllub Kb bk J l k. Il , Kb l l l Au. CIA R ZJJA-8, u, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. S k, Inside GHQ , 65; Wll, An Empire in Eclipse , 66. CIA. R, “J.I.S. Uu Gu J Nl Rl,” M 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H, ku, Vl. . Sll, Te American Occupation o Japan, 9. “J.I.S. Gu J Nl Rl,” M 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H, ku, Vl. I. Ib. E l. k, Inside GHQ , 67. CIA M, , M 949, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. S CIA M 949 NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. Ib. D M, u uk (HQ 6 CIC D, 44 CIC D) L, 5 Fbu 949, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. CIA M, , M 949, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx
T Ill T W’ I 5
9.
. . .
. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 4.
7, l: Au, S. “F L O JIS Gu,” Sb 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. A l CIA b Ku “ Mj Gl F Bu,” bu l l . Mj Gl H Ku Bu C Bu A A l 944, bu xu 948 b u ul b k W C bul. I bl Ku u Mj. G.Ku Nk, Pl J, L. G. Ku Muj, Tl . “F L O JIS Gu,” Sb 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. “S S Pl A JIS Gu,” 4 Sb 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. Ak Yj, “Wb Wu: T A Ml Ml A, Db 94–M 94,” M H S, J K.S., Pu K L, ., New Perspectives in Malaysian Studies (Kul Luu: Pu S Sl Ml, ), . “F L O JIS Gu,” Sb 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. CIA R ZJL-446, 4 Sb 95, “F L O JIS Gu,” 9//5, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. CIA R ZJL-446, 4 Sb 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. Ib. F Ku A Mj S, ul bl -b , bl k O D C C A, Cu C ll. T CIA , “T l l ubl b , Ku bbl .” “F L O JIS Gu,” Sb 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. M, Shadow Warriors o Nakano, 97. CIA R ZJL74A, Ob 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H, ku, Vl. I. CIA R ZJL-9-C, Auu 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S.
6 I R J W C 4. 4. 4. 44. 45. 46.
47. 48. 49. 5. 5. 5. 5. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.
CIA R ZJL-788, Ju 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H, ku, Vl. I. “J.I.S. Gu J Nl Rl,” M 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H, ku, Vl. I. CIA Bl Sk, “K, Y,” NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. “948 P C R,” Fbu 95, NA, RG 6, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. “K, Y,” USAFPAC, O C Cu-Ill, 8 Ob 945, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. U CIA R, l , NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. A CIA, J l bl K kikan u zaibatsu. I bu l bk K x quk l ul l. U CIA R, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. CIA Bl Sk, “K, Y,” NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. CIC Ill Su, “K (W Cl),” NA, RG , R All Ol Ou Hqu, bx 78, l: K, Y. G- Su R, K, Y, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. 948 P C R, Fbu 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. Ib. Cu Ill R #8, K Y, 5 Al 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. CIA R ZJL-64, 9 Al 95 NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. Pl A J.I.S R Gu, Nb 95 NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. O R J.I.S. Gu U Uk, 8 Sb 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. J.I.S. Gu J Nl Rl, M 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. R A K Y, 5 Ju 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I.
T Ill T W’ I 7 59. 6. 6. 6.
6. 64. 65. 66. 67.
68. 69. 7. 7.
7. 7. 74.
J Ill S, 4 Ju 95 NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. Bku J.I.S. J Ml Pl, Sb 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. W K l CIA l 95 uk. J Su K u u J , K & C, K j . A 96 CIA bl “I ul l u K C-’l [u Su K’ KCIA] l b k ll lk K Y, l u K C-k Pk C-u Sul u l K.” CIA bl, , K Y Rl K C, L., 7 M 96, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. T u K’ CIA l l CIA LkM’ K . D, Embracing Deeat , 5–. Sbu H Al Cx, Kogun: Te Japanese Army in the Pacic War (Qu, V: T M C A, 959), 8. D, Embracing Deeat , 5–. CIA R, ul (lkl Al 95), NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H, ku, Vl. I. B 5, 5, ul J C Ml u Sk C M. Gl, M 946, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 9, l: uj, Mbu Vl. I. U CIA R, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 9, l: uj, Mbu, Vl. I. CIA R, ul (lkl Al 95), NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H, ku, Vl. I. uj Mbu A Du Al 95, 6 M 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: K, Y, Vl. I. K l ul uj’ bll , Senko sanzenri (Uu E), ubl. D, Embracing Deeat , 5–. J.I.S., Db 949, NA, RG 6, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 9, l: uj, Mbu, Vl. I. F L O J.I.S. Gu, Sb 95, NA, RG 6,
8 I R J W C
75. 76. 77.
78. 79. 8.
8. 8. 8.
84. 85. 86. 87.
ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. I l bl l j F E, J l l l b ll bl Cu C u V M. Ll k bu . k, Inside GHQ , 65–66. J R A b F J A O G Cl, M 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H, ku, Vl. I. T CIA uull H kikan l . T u CIA N Fl H u k bu J u u. T l lx G-’ l u . Kb ō l k. H ku, 8 Al 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 9, l: uj, Mbu, Vl. I. T l H’ uj’ bl ll ul. F J A O E R A, M 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 9, l: uj, Mbu, Vl. I. J R A b F J A O G Cl, M 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H, ku, Vl. I. J I.S. Pl, 6 M 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H, ku, Vl. I. J I.S. Pl, 9 M 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 9, l: uj, Mbu. Cu ’ Alll B Pl b Ex-Ml Ull, Ob 95, A H ku, Db 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H, ku, Vl. I. S ll uj’ bu NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx , l: uj, Mbu, Vl. II. FBI M, Du D, Pl D, FBI, Au, S, 6 M 96, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. J.I.S. Gu J Nl Rl, M 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H ku, Vl. I. H ku’ P, 9 M 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H ku, Vl. I. H k Dbl Buu, bu l 95 Hl F R Iu, l l -u ll u b -
T Ill T W’ I 9
88. 89. 9. 9. 9.
9. 94. 95.
96. 97. 98. 99.
. . .
bu l. H b bbl ul b l k x l H l ll M K, J Cu P. S Pu H ku O b M K, 9 M 95, A H ku, Db 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H ku, Vl. I. Dlu Kb Ill O, 6 Ju 95 l: Kb, , NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: Kb, . J.I.S. Gu J Nl Rl, M 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H ku, Vl. I. Ib. S, xl, CIA R ZJL-8, 5 Fbu 95, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: H ku, Vl. I. CIA M, C Ex L. Gl Au, 8 Ob 958, Iu C/IOB, Ob 958, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 7, l: Au, S. Ill Su, Al 944, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: K, Ok. Ok K Pl R Qu, u, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: K, Ok. CIA Cbl 78, Ju 959, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: K, Ok. K b 945 u 948 u . CIA Cbl 689, Db 958, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: K, Ok. CIA Cbl 744, 7 Ju 959, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: K, Ok. Mu R, V M. K Ok, 6 Fbu 959, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: K, Ok. Dull K, Auu 959, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: K, Ok. T CIA qu K u l ll u ul K’ ll l. D, A C F E C S [], Nb 959, P/ NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: K, Ok. D, C S [] C, F E S, P/, Ju 96, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: K, Ok. CIA Pl R Qu (PRQ), Nb 965, NA, RG 6, ZZ-
I R J W C
. 4.
5.
6.
8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: K, Ok. CIA Mu, C, F E D, 6 Db 965 NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: K, Ok. CIA R FJA 55, 5 Sb 968, NA, RG 6, ZZ-8, CIA N Fl, bx 6, l: K, Ok. A , Ok, b B-5 N V, bl uu b bk J . I, Wllub’ , G- u u u l Su Su, lll xu Dll ll . G- ll b C T Su J, u l b , qul l . S Su’ l NA, RG 9, A C S, G-, Ill, R I R R Pl N Fl, 4B, bx , l: Su, Su. N ll l b ubl U.S. l 994. S “C.I.A. S Mll Su J R 5 6,” New York imes , 9 Ob 994. Tu CIA S D l kl l b CIA LDP, u u b.
About the Contributors Greg Bradsher k Nl A 977, u
’ FBI R Al k F ’ I Wk Gu N A. A ubl l N l, Wl W II F Klb, u xl J “Z” Pl, FBI ull , xu, Fl . Edward Drea u Cu Cll Bul, N Yk. A l
J V, M.A. l l S U k, J, P.D. M J H U K. H u U.S. A C & Gl S Cll U.S. A W Cll C, R Al D, U.S. A C Ml H W, D.C. H ubl k lu MacArthur’s ULRA: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942-1945 In the Service o the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Robert Hanyok C Cl H Nl
Su A. H M.A. U Ml, Bl Cu. H b l l N W C J Il G R I Wk Gu . H k Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945, ubl 5. James H. Lide Il D H
A, I., l ul b Rkll, Ml.
