Rules of Thumb

BS CHANGES TO RULES OF THUMB (UK qfhedition) BG 14l2003 This publication is currently being updated. Please be aware that the data in the first 3 sections: Space and Weight Allowances, Equipment and Solar Loads, and Comfort Factors, no longer apply to prevailing construction practice. BSRIA advises that engineers should treat the data accordingly and use it with extreme care.

A BSRIA Guide

www.bsria.co.uk

Rules of Thumb (UK 4th edition)

Guidelines for building services Edited by Kevin Pennycook

BG 14/2003

Contents Contents ContentsContents Space and weight allowances TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE

1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8:

Floor space allowance for services Space allowances for plant rooms Miscellaneous services Space allowances for services Space allowances for service ducts and shafts Space allowances for catering facilities Floor space allowance per occupant Plant weight allowances

2 3 6 7 8 9 9 10

Equipment and solar loads TABLE 1: Cooling loads TABLE 2: Cooling plant TABLE 3: Solar gains TABLE 4: Heat loads

12 12 13 13

Comfort factors TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE

1: External conditions 2: Ventilation and air conditioning 3: Room air movement 4: Noise levels 5: Comfort data sheet

14 14 15 16 17

System features TABLE 1: Sizing and operating characteristics of plant

18

Energy and carbon issues TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE

1: Energy conversions 2: Energy benchmarks for offices 3: Energy benchmarks for local authority buildings 4: Energy benchmarks for hospitals 5: Energy benchmarks for industrial buildings – volume 6: Energy benchmarks for industrial buildings – area 7: Energy benchmarks for sports and recreational use 8: Energy benchmarks for hotels 9: Energy benchmarks for banks and agencies 10: Energy benchmarks for schools 11: Energy benchmarks for further and higher education 12: Energy benchmarks for MOD establishments 13: Lighting systems benchmarks

24 24 25 28 29 29 30 32 33 35 35 36 38

Water consumption TABLE 1: Hot water demand – daily TABLE 2: Water demand – daily

40 41

Electrical systems TABLE 1: Electrical supplies and loads

44

Cost data TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE

1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9:

Mechanical and electrical services costs Cost data as a percentage of total services costs Services costs as a percentage of total construction cost Capital costs Office fit-out costs Annual service charges Annual mechanical and electrical costs Annual utility costs Whole life costs (air conditioning)

References for all sections

45 46 50 50 53 55 55 57 58 60

The story behind this guide The story behindthis this guide guide The story behind The story behind this guide The story behind this guide

Acknowledgements This publication is the fourth update of the Technical Note TN 17/95: Rules of Thumb first issued in 1995. The rules have been collected from various contemporary sources in the building services industry and can reasonably be held to reflect current design practices. The sources include major design offices, individual engineers and public domain information published by BSRIA and others. The third edition of Rules of Thumb, issued in 2001, was vetted by an industry review team, comprising: John Louis Auguste (Bovis LendLease), Dennis Bastow (NHS Estates), Brian Charlesworth (Troup Bywaters & Anders), Laurie Clark (Cundall Johnston & Partners), Michelle Field (Buro Happold), Manus Freeman (SVM Partnership), Nigel Hawkes (Fulcrum Consulting), Glen Irwin (Roberts & Partners), Bob Keenan and Dr Ian Selby (Sheppard Robson, on behalf of the British Council for Offices), Nick Mead (ACDP), Nigel Pavey (Foremans), Richard Tudor (WSP Group), and Gay Lawrence Race and John Sands (BSRIA). We would also like to thank AMEC Capital Projects, BAA plc, N G Bailey, Building Design Partnership, Foggo Associates, Foremans Ltd, Hoare Lea & Partners, Max Fordham & Partners, Stanhope, and Whitby Bird & Partners for their help. This fourth edition, compiled and edited by Kevin Pennycook, contains all the data compiled for the third edition, plus updated cost information, new energy data compiled from the latest energy consumption guides, and a new section on water consumption. One or two inaccuracies and ambiguities have also been corrected since the publication of the third edition. Readers are advised to use this new edition in place of the previous one, and to transfer over any personal rules of thumb they have compiled in the light of experience.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher. BSRIA Guide 14/2003

August 2003

ISBN 0 86022 626 3 Printed by The Chameleon Press Ltd

How to use this guide How to use this guide How to use this guide HowHow to use this guide to use this guide What this guide will do Rules of Thumb has been written to help engineers in the initial stages of designing a building and its services. By gathering many of the most common rules of thumb into one document, BSRIA has provided a powerful source of initial design data that every engineer should find indispensible. Thumb rules (or heuristics as they are more properly known) are extremely useful values to inform the early process of design, such as project inception and outline briefing, feasibility planning, the assessment of global loads and space requirements. They are also useful for getting a initial grasp of services costs. Rules of Thumb will help engineers carry out “what if” calculations, and assist senior engineers in checking the work of more junior engineers. The data in this book have been derived from a wide variety of authoritative sources, all of which are clearly referenced. Users will find rules of thumb for many different building types and building services systems arranged as tables, and in alphabetical order. The essential services data were originally assessed for usefulness and relevance by a panel of experienced, practising services engineers. Any data which were remotely questionable, or which might mislead users of the information, were carefully vetted.

What this guide will not do While every effort has been made to establish current practice, the guide’s authors are keen to point out that the thumb rules are merely aids to the design process. They must not be used in place of detailed design data. The responsibility for the safe and appropriate use of this data therefore rests with the engineer. This guide has been designed to be your own personal reference document. Use it, transfer your own data to it, and guard it jealously. And please let us know how it works and where it can be improved. Roderic Bunn Publisher BSRIA 2003

2

Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003

During the early stages of design prior to system analysis or plant selection Plant room sizes, riser cupboard locations and plant capacities Poor information that fails to allow for installation, commissioning or maintenance

26 26

15 – 30% 15 – 2 5% 3 – 4 5%

Hi-tech building

Fan coil system

VAV system

26

26

26

02 – 0 5%

1 – 2% 03 – 1% 3 – 5% 4 – 6%

Central plant

Toilet extract

Supply and extract system

All air low velocity system

Lift motor rooms

Refrigeration (excluding cooling towers)

Ventilation

For references see page 60

26

05 – 1 5%

Electrical services (excluding sub-stations and standby generation sets)

26

26

26

26

03 – 1 5%

Cooling towers and air-cooled condensers

Air conditioning (excluding boilers and refrigeration)

26

6 – 10%

Offices and commercial

26

4%

Simple factory

Ref

All services

Rule of thumb

Application

Other information

Your notes and comments

Space and weight allowances

Design area

TABLE 1: Floor space allowance for services (as a percentage of floor area)

When to use: Where to use: Watch out for:


3

Boilers, pumps, piping and space for installation and maintenance

Calorifiers, pumps, pipework, controls and space for installation and maintenance

Boilers (floor area and height)

Calorifiers (floor area and height)


Boiler plant and calorifiers

(1 m3) (5 m3) (10 m3) (15 m3)

25 m2 x 3 m 30 m2 x 3 m 45 m2 x 3 m 60 m2 x 3 m

10 m2 x 3 m 20 m2 x 4 m 25 m2 x 5 m 60 m2 x 3 m

Vertical (1 m3) Vertical (5 m3) Vertical (10 m3) Vertical (15 m3)

Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal

29 29 29 29

15 m2 x 3 m 25 m2 x 3 m 80 m2 x 4 m 140 m2 x 5 m

Output: 100 kW Output: 200 kW Output: 1000 kW Output: 4000 kW

29 29 29 29

29 29 29 29

26 26

29

29

29

Ref

0 8 – 1 8% 1 – 2%

Oil tank room

5 m2 per m3/s

Without extract/ recirculation

Boilers (percentage floor area)

8 m2 per m3/s

With extract/ recirculation

25 + kW/200 m2

Rule of thumb

Air handling units

Other information Space for installation and maintenance

Application

Air cooled condenser and controls

Design area

TABLE 2: Space allowances for plant rooms (floor area) Your notes and comments

Table 2 continued

4


With pumps, pressurisation, pipework and control panels

Located outside. Includes space for installation and maintenance

Single cold water tank Includes space for installation and maintenance but add space for pressurisation plant or circulation pumps

Minimum storage for hot and cold outlets

Chillers (water cooled) Floor area times height

Chillers (air cooled)

Cold water storage

Cold water storage


Application

Design area

29 29 29 29 29 29

39 m2 53 m2 75 m2 84 m2 98 m2 116 m2

45 litres/person 40 litres/person 135 litres/bed space 90 litres/bed space 7 litres/meal 15-20 litres/pupil 90 litres/pupil

135 litres/bed space

Hotel Hostel Restaurant Day school Boarding school Children’s home or residential nursery

20

20

20

20

20

20

20 20

29 29 29

29 29 29 29

50 m2 x 3 m 63 m2 x 3 m 83 m2 x 3 5 m 108 m2 x 4 m

FA: 10 + V/0 75 m2 FA: 10 + V/1 6 m2 FA: 10 + V/2 4 m2

Ref

Rule of thumb

Office – with canteen Office – no canteen

FA: Floor area V: gross storage m3 1 m high 2 m high 3 m high

Output: 200 kW Output: 400 kW Output: 600 kW Output: 800 kW Output: 1000 kW Output: 1200 kW

Output: 1000 kW Output: 2000 kW Output: 3000 kW Output: 4000 kW

Other information

TABLE 2: Space allowances for plant rooms (floor area) continued Your notes and comments



5


Hot water storage

Cold water storage

Design area

Minimum storage capacity

Application

21

21

35 litres/bedroom 45 litres/bedroom 5 litres/person 5 litres/person 25 litres/person

50 litres/bed 70 litres/bed 40 litres/bed

20 litres/person

Hotels, budget Hotels, 4/5 star Offices, shops and factories Schools: nursery, primary, secondary Schools, boarding Hospitals: district general, surgical ward and medical ward Hospitals, paediatric Hospitals, geriatric Sports changing: sports hall and swimming pool

Sports changing: field and all-weather pitch 35 litres/person Places of assembly such as libraries, museums and cinemas

1 litre/person (excluding staff)

21

25 litres/bed space

Children’s home, elderly sheltered and elderly care home

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

20 litres/bed space

Student and nurses’ homes

21

20

115 litres/bedroom


Nursing or convalescent home

20

Ref

Dwellings


Rule of thumb

Nurses’ home

Other information


Table 2 continued

6


Single module system (add space

Uninterruptible power supply

Front panel controls, wall-mounted or floor standing

Oil storage tanks, distillate and residual fuel oils

Control panels and distribution boards

LTHW boiler plant component criteria for leakage containment


Application

Design area

TABLE 3: Miscellaneous services

Standby sets and accessories

2000 kVA transformers Switchgear

Application

Standby generation

Sub-station

Cooling towers

Design area

If tank fails, walls and doors treated to contain spillage

Fixing height range (above finished floor or operating platform level)

Other information

FA: floor area

HV switchgear HV + LV switchgear

FA: floor area (kW: heat rejection)

Other information

Tank contents + 10%

1200 – 1800 mm

Rule of thumb

FA: 15 + kVA/30 m2

47 m2 14 m2 27 m2

FA: 50 + kW/66 m2

Rule of thumb

TABLE 2: Space allowances for plant rooms (floor area) continued

19

18

Ref

29

29 29 29

29

Ref





7

250 mm 450 mm 450 mm

Chilled ceilings

Fan coils

Ducted air system


Power and communications

Lighting

100 – 200 mm

200 – 250 mm

300 mm

Multi-core cables and lighting cables

Power and data (heavy line)

Computer rooms

16

16

16

16

150 – 300 mm

27

Downlighter

7 – 16 mm per m run

access) 16 100 – 150 mm (

150 mm diameter

27

27

27

16

16

16

16

16

Ref

Fluorescent

Soil and waste

250 mm

Surface chilled beams

10 – 25 mm per m run

350 – 450 mm

Recessed chilled beams

100 mm diameter

450 mm

VRV

Drainage

350 – 750 mm

VAV

Rule of thumb

Air conditioning

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 4: Space allowances for on-floor services (depth of clear space in ceiling/floor void) Your notes and comments

8



Service ducts

Pipework

Mechanical service riser

Lift shafts

Air ducting

Design area Typical ducting size

Other information

Vertical service duct

Three-sided riser

Simple pipework riser

15 – 23 m

2:1 to 4:1

2%

Aspect ratio of vertical service duct Total duct area as a percentage of gross floor area

690 mm

100 mm x 100 mm 120 mm x 120 mm 130 mm x 130 mm

Floor space served by vertical service (radius)

Minimum depth from services to (open) access door/panel

Pipe: 20 mm diameter Pipe: 25 mm diameter Pipe: 32 mm diameter

30

30

30

17

30 30 30

17

30

30

0 2 m2/m3/s

3+A(N-4)/250 m2

Ref

Rule of thumb

Depth needed to open access door/panel when width of door varies with size/type of pipe or depth of service/duct 690 mm

Between 4 – 18 floors Internal shaft area in office-type buildings A: floor area/ storey (250 m2 min), N: floors

Application

TABLE 5: Space allowances for service ducts and shafts Your notes and comments



9

Ratio of kitchen space to dining space

Ratio of kitchen space to dining space

For single sittings

For multiple sittings 1:1

033:1 to 0 5:1

04 m2/meal 0 25 m2/meal

Rule of thumb

4

4

4 – 6 m2/person

15 m2 (or more) per person

Trading desks, call centres, workstations


Enclosed offices

4

12 – 17 m2/person

General offices

Other information

Ref

Application

31

31

31 31

Ref

Rule of thumb

Design area

TABLE 7: Floor space allowance per occupant (net internal area)

Minimum needs: Up to 100 meals Up to 500 meals

Kitchens including preparation and storage

Kitchen and dining facilities

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 6: Space allowances for catering facilities



10


1500 kW 3000 kW 4500 kW

500 kW 1000 kW 1500 kW

500 kVa 1000 kVa 1500 kVa

100 kVa 300 kVa 500 kVa

Single water-cooled liquid chiller

Single air-cooled liquid chiller

Single generator

Single UPS system


500 kW 1000 kW 1500 kW 2000 kW

Single non-storage mild-steel heating calorifier

1250 kg 2750 kg 4250 kg

5000 kg 8000 kg 11 000 kg

6 000 kg 11 000 kg 14 000 kg

10 000 kg 20 000 kg 30 000 kg

150 kg 225 kg 275 kg 325 kg

1250 kg 2500 kg 3300 kg

4 m3 8 m3 12 m3

Single storage steel calorifier

1500 kg 4250 kg 6500 kg

500 kW 1500 kW 2500 kW

Rule of thumb

Single boiler

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 8: Plant weight allowances

59 59 59

59 59 59

59 59 59

59 59 59

59 59 59 59

59 59 59

59 59 59

Ref



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11

12

Rules Of Thumb BSRIA 2003

34 34 34 34

160 W/m2 400 W/m2 approx 150 – 300 W/m2 125 W/m2

Banks

Computer suites

Hotels

Offices (general)

34

140 W/m2

Retail buildings

05 kW/kW 0 78 kW/kW

Central plant Distributed plant

Electrical power for refrigeration plant


36 36

140 W/m2 45 W/m3

Load/m2 of floor area Load/m3 of floor vol.

Distributed cooling plant

kW/kW cooling capacity

36 36

125 W/m2 40 W/m3

Load/m2 of floor area Load/m3 of floor vol.

Central cooling plant

36 36

Rule of thumb

Other information

Design area

Ref

34

220 W/m2

Restaurants

Application

34 34

120 W/m2 180 W/m2

Perimeter zones up to 6 m

TABLE 2: Cooling plant

34

75 W/m2

Interior zones more than 7 m from windows 60% glazing 65% glazing

Ref

Other information

Rule of thumb

Design area

Application

For estimates of thermal loads used to assess plant and terminal equipment sizes To determine total solar and internal gains, multiply the loads by total floor area Actual solar gains depend on glazing and shading, and contribution of thermal mass

TABLE 1: Cooling loads

When to use: How to use: Watch out for:



Equipment and solar loads


13

Out-of-town building

Plus brise soleil

Plus brise soleil

Clear double-glazed with internal blinds

As above with flat slab

As above with coffered slab

34 34 34 16 16

70 W/m2 60 W/m2 110 W/m2 10 W/m2 12 W/m2

Offices

Residential buildings

Retail buildings

Heat gains


Metabolic Lighting Small power loads (diversified over minimum of 1000 m2)

Offices

General offices

4

34

80 W/m2

Industrial buildings

15 W/m2

34

100 W/m2

Floor area

Educational buildings

General buildings

34

39 39

39 39

90 W/m2 (30 W/m3)

1860 W instant 1680 W lag (mass)


39 39

34 34

250 W/m2 of glass 150 W/m2 of glass


Ref

Rule of thumb

Ref

Other information

All data for 6 m deep, 1500 mm wide module. U-value 33 W/m2K.

South facing East-West facing

Other information

Rule of thumb

Design area

Application

(June-Sept) (June-Sept)

Windows with internal blinds

TABLE 4: Heat loads

Application

Design area

TABLE 3: Solar gains (over floor area)



14


Offices

Offices

Type A IT rooms

Ventilation: recommended maximum temperature

Air conditioning: recommended maximum temperature

IT rooms by classification


Application

Design area

TABLE 2: Ventilation and air conditioning

Summer design temperature for air conditioning

Rate of lowering outdoor design temp. with altitude above sea level

Specifically designed and built for IT equipment (ideally, isolated from office areas)

95% operation/year

95% operation/year

Other information

Dry bulb temperature Wet bulb temperature

Dedicated IT room required

24C (or lower)

25C

38

4

4

Ref

37 37

28C 19 C

Rule of thumb

37

-06 C/100 m

37 37

-3C -1C

With 20% surplus boiler capacity

Single-storey building Other buildings

37

-4C

Without surplus boiler capacity

Winter design temperatures for heating

Ref

Rule of thumb

Application

Design area

Other information

During the early stages of design When setting inernal environmental conditions based on known or assumed loads Specific client requirements, and contexts that allow greater latitude in design settings

TABLE 1: External conditions




Table 2 continued

Comfort factors


15


Maximum recommended mean air velocities

Design area

Application

08 m/s 02 – 0 3 m/s

Papers will lift at velocities in excess of Television and broadcasting studios

2

37

37 37 37 37 37 37 37

015 m/s 0 25 m/s 0 15 m/s 0 2 m/s 0 25 m/s 0 3 m/s 0 2 m/s

In Winter In Summer At 21C At 22C At 23C At 24C On back of neck

38

38

Ref

Ref

Non air-conditioned office, room or workspace

Air-conditioned office, room or workspace

Rule of thumb

Rule of thumb

Other information

Room where IT equipment is used at workstations (may use natural or mechanical ventilation)

Type C IT rooms

TABLE 3: Room air movement

Designed for intensive use of IT equipment at workstations (where air-conditioning must be used)

Type B IT rooms

IT rooms by classification (continued)

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 2: Ventilation and air conditioning continued



16


Bedrooms, theatres, churches Small offices, libraries, living rooms General offices, classrooms, small shops NR 35 Reception areas, restaurants Kitchens, computer rooms, large shops Factories

Quiet rooms

Private rooms

Public rooms

General areas

Work areas

Industrial areas


Up to NR 40 Up to NR 45 Up to NR 50 Up to NR 55 Over NR 70

7m 4m 2 2 m 1 2 m Too noisy

Marginal

If less than 5 dBA

Limiting distances for speech intelligibility (background noise level)

Complaints expected

If more than 10 dBA

External noise level criteria for new noise (above background noise)

Up to NR 50 Up to NR 60 Up to NR 75 Over NR 75

Satisfactory Slightly difficult Difficult Unsatisfactory

Intelligibility of telephone conversation at background noise levels

NR 50 or above

NR 45

NR 40

NR 30

NR 25

NR 20

Concert halls, sound studios

Very quiet rooms

Rule of thumb

Recommended maximum background noise levels

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 4: Noise levels

37 37 37 37 37

37

37

37 37 37 37

37

37

37

37

37

37

37

Ref


Comfort factors


17

21-23C

21-23C

21-23C

18C

23-25C

21-23C

24-25C

Education (teaching spaces)

Exhibition hall/conference facilities

Factory/warehouse

Fitness/health clubs (equipment rooms)

Hospitals (ward and patient areas)

Hotels (bedrooms)

Libraries (reading rooms)

21-23C

23-26C

Retail (shops/stores)

Swimming pools (pool halls)



British Council for Offices

2

Various sources including CIBSE Guide

1

24C

Offices (general, BCO data)

1

21-23C

21-23C

Computer rooms (general)

Museums and galleries (display, storage)

21-23C

23-26C

19-21C

22C

19-21C

22-23C

19-21C

22-24C

12-18C

11-21C

19-21C

19-21C

19-21C

19-21C

Internal design temperature Summer Winter

Cinemas (sedentary role)

Building Type

TABLE 5: Comfort data sheet1

05 ac/h

05-1 ac/h

025-05 ac/h

1 ac/h

025-075 ac/h

1 ac/h

2 ac/h

075 ac/h

025-25 ac/h

025-05 ac/h

2 ac/h

1 ac/h

05 ac/h

Infiltration (ac/h)

0-15 l/s/m (of wetted area)

2

8 l/s/person

8-12 l/s/person

8 l/s/person

8 l/s/person

8 l/s/person

8 l/s/person

10 – 12 ac/h

8 l/s/person

8 l/s/person

8 l/s/person

8 l/s/person

8 l/s/person

Ventilation fresh air

300 lux

500-750 lux

300-500 lux

200 lux

300 lux

50-100 lux

50-100 lux

300 lux

750-1000 lux

300 lux

300 lux

300 lux

300 lux

Lighting level (Lux)

NR40-NR50

NR35-NR45

NR25-NR40

NR30-NR35

NR30-NR35

NR20-NR30

NR30-NR35

NR30-NR40

NR45-NR65

NR40

NR25-NR35

NR35-NR45

NR25-NR30

Noise level (NR)

18


During outline design before the architect has finalised space planning For determining the spatial and operational characteristics of main plant The rules for boiler and cooling plant are based on unit floor area or unit volume


Condensing boilers

Boiler efficiency Efficiency losses

Boiler plant efficiency

Boiler plant Typical seasonal efficiencies

Power per unit area

Sill diffusers

Ceiling diffusers

Underfloor or warm water system

Typical efficiency Blowdown (steam) Casing Flue

Allowance for grille

Maximum height

Limit of throw Surface projections

36 36

120 W/m2 floor area 40 W/m3 volume

90%

22

36 36 36 36

36

Allow 0 3 m width

75% 2% 3% 15 – 20%

36

36

36

16 36

66% of ceiling height

8m Not to exceed 50 mm within 1m of diffuser outlet

10 – 40 kPa 033 – 1 72 bar

36

06 – 2 m/s

Air discharge

16 16

30C (max) 13C (min)

Air supply temperatures

Ref

36 16

Rule of thumb 2 5 – 4 m/s 10 – 2 5 m/s

Heating mode Cooling mode

Other information

Heating coil Cooling coil

Application

Boiler plant capacity

Non-zoning partitions

Air distribution From source

Water pressure drop Steam pressure drop

Coil water velocity

Air handling units Air face velocity

Design area

TABLE 1: Sizing and operating characteristics of plant



Table 1 continued

System features


19

Electrical input (kW)

Air temperature rise

Fans


1C per kPa

Low pressure systems Class A Medium pressure systems Class B High pressure systems Class C

Air leakage system loss percentage

Total fan pressure

16 x total fan pressure (kPa) times volume flow rate (m3/s) 36

Low velocity supply Low velocity extract High velocity supply 6% 3% 2%

900 Pa 400 Pa 1 5 – 2 kPa

36

15 15 15

36 36 36

36 36

Typical system resistances (including air handling plant)

1 Pa/m 8 Pa/m

Low velocity systems High velocity systems

36

25 m/s

Maximum pressure drop rates (per metre run)

Through free area

36 36

3 – 5 m/s 7 5 – 15 m/s

Inlet louvres

Low velocity systems High velocity systems

36

36

22

22

22

22

22

Ref

Ductwork

Ductwork Typical duct velocities

40 litres/kW

Fuel storage

Volume per kW

1 kW/person

Class D oil

70%

80 – 82%

Typical good boiler

High efficiency boilers

Non-condensing boilers

85%

75%

83/72C flow/return

Standard fixedtemperature emitters

87%

Rule of thumb

Good boiler design closely matched to demand

Weather compensated

Other information

Standard size radiators variable temperature circuit

Application

Chiller plant capacity

Boiler plant Typical seasonal efficiencies (continued)

Design area


Table 1 continued

20

Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003 15 – 50 mm pipe diameter 075 – 1 5 m/s

0 25 litres/m 0 4 litres/m 0 6 litres/m 1 2 litres/m 1 5 litres/m


1 m/s 1 2 m/s 2 m/s maximum

Small bore Microbore Corrosive water

Water velocity (system)

6%

Conventional pipe systems Over 50 mm diameter 100 – 300 Pa/m

Initial pressure per 100 m pipe run

Conventional pipe systems Over 50 mm diameter 125 – 3 m/s

Water velocity

15 mm diameter pipe 20 mm diameter pipe 25 mm diameter pipe 32 mm diameter pipe 40 mm diameter pipe

36 36 36

16

36

36

36

36 36 36 36 36

36 36

1 2 litres/kW 5 litres/kW

Extruded aluminium Steel panel radiators

Water pressure

Steam pressure drop

Pipework Capacity per unit length of of steel pipe

36 36

1 5 litres/kW 3 litres/kW

Boilers Aluminium cast radiator

Capacity per unit of power produced (boilers, radiators)

23 23 23

Ref

6 x boiler size (kW)+10% 3 10 x boiler size (kW)+10% 3

1 4 litres/s per m3 35 litres/s per m3 2 1 litres/s per m3

Rule of thumb

36

Conventional system

Capacity per unit area of radiator surface

Approximate value Approximate value

Other information

1 litre/m2

Domestic systems Commercial systems

Offices Restaurants Retail stores, halls, theatres

Application

Heating systems Total system volume (system size, in litres)

Fans (continued) Fan capacity of ventilated space

Design area

TABLE 1: Sizing and operating characteristics of plant continued Your notes and comments

Table 1 continued

System features


21


IT facilities Sizing guidelines for downflow units

Water treatment Additives required

Pumps Head pressure (pump head)

Capacity per unit of finned area

Steam velocity

Design area

Width 700 mm Depth 400-700 mm Height 2000 mm Width 1300 mm Depth 400-700 mm Height 2000 mm Width 1900 mm Depth 800 mm Height 2000 mm Width 2500 mm Depth 800 mm Height 2000 mm Width 3000 mm Depth 800 mm Height 2000 mm Width 3700 mm Depth 800 mm Height 2000 mm Width 5000 mm Depth 800 mm Height 2000 mm

16-20 kW

25-32 kW

39-50 kW

60-70 kW

77-90 kW

100 kW

30% of system volume

Add 10% to water

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

16

36

36

36

49 litres/m2

036 x index circuit length

36 36 36

Ref

40 – 60 m/s 30 – 40 m/s 20 – 30 m/s

Rule of thumb

3-12 kW

Glycol concentration

Frost protection

Net sensible cooling

With steel pipework

Pressure (in kPa), length (m)

Superheated steam Saturated steam Exhaust

Other information

Copper pipework

Finned tube coils

Application


Table 1 continued

22



Airflow rates

Operating conditions

Typical cooling and power requirements for IT cabinets and racks

IT facilities continued

Design area

53

53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53

53

025 to 0 35 1/sm2

Range: 5 to 35oC Change: +/- 0 3oC/min Range: 20 to 80% rh Change: +/- 10%/h Range: 22 +/- 1oC Change: +/- 0 5 K/min Range: 40% to 60% Change: +/- 10%/h 1 m3/s of air for 12 kW of cooling

Equipment temperature

Equipment humidity

Room temperature

Room humidity

Per m2 of cabinet/ rack floor area

Cooling with water

53

Ref

53

Per m2 of cabinet/ rack floor area

Cooling with air

3 to 4 kW/m2

Rule of thumb

300 to 400 l/sm2

Per kW/m2 of cabinet/rack floor area

Other information

Electrical load

Application

TABLE 1: Sizing and operating characteristics of plant continued Your notes and comments

System features


23



24


Natural Gas Oil Electricity Coal

Application

Average


Good practice Typical Good practice Typical Good practice Typical

Gas or oil (delivered)

Electricity (delivered)

Good practice Typical


Energy costs over treated floor area



Naturally ventilated (open plan) Type 2, purpose-built, sometimes converted industrial space, 500 – 4000 m2


Energy costs over treated floor area (tfa)

Naturally ventilated (cellular) Type 1, simple relatively small building, sometimes converted residential, 100 – 3000 m2

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 2: Energy benchmarks for offices – annual consumption

CO2 to carbon

Carbon dioxide emission (Kg CO2/kWh delivery) by fuel

Design area

Other information

When determining total building energy consumption From briefing onwards through to design and operation (See also CIBSE TM22) Change to the carbon conversion ratios which are continually being updated

TABLE 1: Energy conversions


kg kg kg kg

CO2/kWh CO2/kWh CO2/kWh CO2/kWh

Ref 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

£3.50 m2 tfa £6.00 m2 tfa 79 kWh/m2 151 kWh/m2 33 kWh/m2 54 kWh/m2 £4.50 m2 tfa £7.00 m2 tfa 79 kWh/m2 151 kWh/m2 54 kWh/m2 85 kWh/m2

1

1 1 1 1

Ref

Rule of thumb

Divide by 3 67

019 025 046 030

Rule of thumb



Energy and carbon issues


25

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

97 kWh/m2 178 kWh/m2 128 kWh/m2 226 kWh/m2

£13.00 m2 tfa £20.00 m2 tfa 114 kWh/m2 210 kWh/m2 1 1

1 1

£8.00 m2 tfa £14.00 m2 tfa

234 kWh/m2 358 kWh/m2

Ref

Rule of thumb



Naturally ventilated civic offices

Good practice Typical Good practice Typical

Fossil fuel


Fossil fuel

Electricity consumption




Fossil fuel

Air conditioned civic offices



Town hall

Other information

Application

Design area

Ref 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

Rule of thumb 84 kWh/m2 111 kWh/m2 112 kWh/m2 170 kWh/m2 97 kWh/m2 178 kWh/m2 128 kWh/m2 226 kWh/m2 54 kWh/m2 85 kWh/m2 79 kWh/m2 151 kWh/m2


TABLE 3: Energy benchmarks for local authority buildings (annual consumption for net lettable area)








Energy costs



Air conditioned (prestige) Type 4, national or regional head office, purpose-built to high standards, intensively used and extensive storage, parking and leisure facilities, 4000 – 20 000 m2


Energy costs

Air conditioned (standard) Type 3, purpose-built, speculative often intensively used, 2000 – 8000 m2

Other information

Application

Design area

Table 3 continued

26



Museums

Libraries

Leisure centre (with swimming pool)


Fossil fuel


Fossil fuel




Fossil fuel




Fossil fuel





Fossil fuel

Small pool



Dry sports centre

Other information

Application

Design area

Ref 40 40 40 40

40 40 40 40

40 40 40 40

40 40 40 40

40 40 40 40

Rule of thumb 64 kWh/m2 105 kWh/m2 158 kWh/m2 343 kWh/m2






TABLE 3: Energy benchmarks for local authority buildings (annual consumption for net lettable area) continued



27


Depots

Day centre

Community centres

Temporary homeless units


Fossil fuel


Fossil fuel

Electricity



Fossil fuel

Electricity



Fossil fuel

Electricity



Fossil fuel

Electricity


Electricity


Fossil fuel

Hostels



Residential care homes

Other information

Application

Design area

Ref 40 40 40 40

40 40 40 40

40 40 40 40

40 40 40 40

40 40 40 40

40 40 40 40








Table 3 continued

28


Electricity

Electricity

Car parks, open

Car parks, closed

Typical

Typical

Other information

Ref 40 40

Rule of thumb 1 kWh/m2 25 kWh/m2


Long-stay hospital

Cottage hospital


Fossil fuel


Fossil fuel




Fossil fuel





Fossil fuel

Acute hospital



Teaching hospital

Other information

Application

Design area

Ref 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41

Rule of thumb 107 GJ/100 m3 151 GJ/100 m3 420 GJ/100 m3 510 GJ/100 m3 9 2 GJ/100 m3 134 GJ/100 m3 524 GJ/100 m3 633 GJ/100 m3 6 8 GJ/100 m3 9 7 GJ/100 m3 55 0 GJ/100 m3 61 0 GJ/100 m3 6 0 GJ/100 m3 8 9 GJ/100 m3 49 7 GJ/100 m3 64 3 GJ/100 m3

TABLE 4: Energy benchmarks for hospitals (annual consumption for heated volume)

Application

Design area



TABLE 3: Energy benchmarks for Local Authority buildings (annual consumption for net lettable area) continued



29

Space heating (fossil fuel)

Factory

42

130 kWh/m2

125 kWh/m2

Medium-weight construction up to 5000 m2 Good practice Medium-weight construction over 5000 m2 Good practice 42

42

Lightweight construction over 5000 m2 Good practice 92 kWh/m2

Ref

42

Rule of thumb

Lightweight construction up to 5000 m2 Good practice 96 kWh/m2

Other information



Good practice Good practice Good practice

Fans, pumps, controls(electricity)

Lighting (electricity)

Other (electricity)

Good practice

Other (electricity) Good practice

Good practice


Heating and hot water (fossil fuel)

Good practice

Fans, pumps, controls (electricity)

Factory with office

Good practice


General manufacturing

Other information

Application

Design area

43

20 kWh/m2

43 43 43

10 kWh/m2 20 kWh/m2 25 kWh/m2

43

43

20 kWh/m2

100 kWh/m2

43

43

Ref

10 kWh/m2

125 kWh/m2

Rule of thumb


TABLE 6: Energy benchmarks for industrial buildings (annual consumption for gross floor area)

Application

Design area

TABLE 5: Energy benchmarks for industrial buildings (annual consumption for heated area)

Table 6 continued

30

Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003 Good practice Good practice


Other (electricity)

43

10 kWh/m2

43 43 43

5 kWh/m2 5 kWh/m2 10 kWh/m2

43

43

15 kWh/m2

80 kWh/m2

43

43

Ref

6 kWh/m2

90 kWh/m2

Rule of thumb



Heating fuel




Local dry sports centre

Other information

Application

Design area

Ref 44 44

44 44

Rule of thumb 64 kWh/m2 105 kWh/m2

158 kWh/m2 343 kWh/m2


TABLE 7: Energy benchmarks for sports and recreational use (annual consumption for gross floor area)

Good practice


Good practice

Other (electricity)

Good practice

Good practice



Good practice


Storage and distribution

Good practice


Light manufacturing

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 6: Energy benchmarks for industrial buildings (annual consumption for gross floor area) continued



31


Ice rink

Sportsground changing facility

Fitness centre

Combined centre


Heating fuel


Heating fuel




Heating fuel




Heating fuel




Heating fuel





Heating fuel

Leisure pool centre



Local 25 m swimming pool centre

Other information

Application

Design area

Ref 44 44 44 44

44 44 44 44

44 44 44 44

44 44 44 44

44 44 44 44

44 44 44 44








32



Smaller hotel Extra for air conditioning

Smaller hotel No pool or air conditioning

Business or holiday hotel Extra for air conditioning

Business or holiday hotel No pool or air conditioning



Fossil fuel




Fossil fuel




Fossil fuel






Fossil fuel



Fossil fuel

Luxury hotel Extra for air conditioning



Luxury hotel No pool or air conditioning

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 8: Energy benchmarks for hotels (annual consumption)

1160 kWh/bedroom 2900 kWh/bedroom

13 920 kWh/bedroom 20 880 kWh/bedroom










Rule of thumb

45 45

45 45

45 45

45 45

45 45

45 45

45 45

45 45

45 45

45 45

45 45

Ref




33


Fossil fuel




Rule of thumb

45 45

45 45

45 45

Ref





Fossil fuel


Fossil fuel

Bank, gas heating, no cooling



Bank, gas heating, with cooling




Fossil fuel

Bank, all electric, no cooling



Bank, gas heating, no cooling

Other information

Application

Design area

Ref 45 45 45 45

45 45

45 45 45 45

45 45 45 45


100 kWh/m2 140 kWh/m2




TABLE 9: Energy benchmarks for banks and agencies (annual consumption for gross floor area)

Note: based on 58 m2 of hotel gross floor area per bedroom



Extra for pool All hotel categories


Fossil fuel

Smaller hotel continued Extra for air conditioning

Other information

Application

Design area

Table 9 continued

34




Fossil fuel

Bank, gas heating, with cooling





Fossil fuel

Agency, all electric, with cooling



Agency, gas heating, with cooling




Fossil fuel

Agency, all electric, no cooling



Agency, gas heating, no cooling



Bank, all electric, with cooling



Bank, all electric, no cooling

Other information

Application

Design area

Ref 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45

Rule of thumb 100 kWh/m2 140 kWh/m2 100 kWh/m2 150 kWh/m2 70 kWh/m2 100 kWh/m2 130 kWh/m2 190 kWh/m2 55 kWh/m2 75 kWh/m2 150 kWh/m2 230 kWh/m2 90 kWh/m2 160 kWh/m2 85 kWh/m2 125 kWh/m2 150 kWh/m2 230 kWh/m2 120 kWh/m2 210 kWh/m2


TABLE 9: Energy benchmarks for banks and agencies (annual consumption for gross floor area) continued



35


Fossil fuel

Ref 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49

Rule of thumb 20 kWh/m2 28 kWh/m2 126 kWh/m2 173 kWh/m2 24 kWh/m2 30 kWh/m2 136 kWh/m2 174 kWh/m2


Electrical consumption Fossil fuel Electrical consumption Fossil fuel Electrical consumption Fossil fuel Electrical consumption Fossil fuel Electrical consumption Fossil fuel Electrical consumption Fossil fuel

Research

Lecture hall

Office

Library

Catering

Recreation


Electrical consumption Fossil fuel

Teaching

Further and higher education (target energy consumption)

Other information

Application

Design area

Ref 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Rule of thumb 22 kWh/m2 151 kWh/m2 105 kWh/m2 150 kWh/m2 108 kWh/m2 412 kWh/m2 36 kWh/m2 95 kWh/m2 50 kWh/m2 150 kWh/m2 650 kWh/m2 1100 kWh/m2 150 kWh/m2 360 kWh/m2


TABLE 11: Energy benchmarks for further and higher education (annual consumption for gross floor area)




Fossil fuel

Secondary schools



Primary schools

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 10: Energy benchmarks for schools (annual consumption for gross floor area)

36



Hangers

Stores/warehouses

Motor transport facilities

Workshops

Multi occupancy facility

Design area

Low heating and uninsulated

Heated and uninsulated

Unoccupied

Occupied

Application

54 54

12 kWh/m2 315 kWh/m2

Fossil fuel

54

444 kWh/m2

Fossil fuel Electricity consumption

54

21 kWh/m2

54

54 kWh/m2


54

3 kWh/m2

54

187 kWh/m2


54

34 kWh/m2

54

317 kWh/m2


54

20 kWh/m2

54

175 kWh/m2


Fossil fuel

54

29 kWh/m2

54

225 kWh/m2


54

Ref

29 kWh/m2

Rule of thumb


Other information


TABLE 12: Energy benchmarks for MOD establishments (annual consumption for treated floor area)



37


Catering facilities

Messes with integral accommodation

Heated, insulated and refurbished

Hangers (continued)

Junior ranks’ mess

Officers’/sergeants’ combined mess

Sergeants’ mess

Officers’ mess

Unheated

Very low heating or store with low activity

Application

Design area

54 54

14 kWh/meal 25 kWh/meal

Fossil fuel

54

36 kWh/meal


54

21 kWh/meal

54

39 kWh/meal


54

22 kWh/meal

54

44 kWh/meal


54

54

235 kWh/m2

25 kWh/meal

54

75 kWh/m2

54


Fossil fuel


nil

Fossil fuel

54

54

100 kWh/m2 9 kWh/m2

54

54

220 kWh/m2 9 kWh/m2

54

Ref

23 kWh/m2

Rule of thumb


Fossil fuel


Fossil fuel


Other information


38



Sports and recreational buildings (Gross floor area)



Sports halls


Long stay

Leisure and conventional pool hall


Cottage


Type 4 office



Type 3 office

All acute


Type 2 office

Hospitals (Treated floor area)


Type 1 office

Offices (Treated floor area) See page 24 and 25 for type definition

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 13: Lighting systems benchmarks (annual consumption) Ref 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41 41 41 41 41 41 44 44

44 44

Rule of thumb 12 kWh/m2 15 kWh/m2 12 kWh/m2 18 kWh/m2 12 kWh/m2 20 kWh/m2 12 kWh/m2 20 kWh/m2 20 kWh/m2 40 kWh/m2 12 kWh/m2 23 5 kWh/m2 11 kWh/m2 22 kWh/m2 26 kWh/m2 50 kWh/m2

26 kWh/m2 43 kWh/m2




39


Common areas


Good practice Good practice


Spectator areas

300 lux 500 lux


Fitness/health suites

General factory lighting (Treated floor area)


Ice rink

Sports and recreational buildings (Gross floor area)

Other information

Application

Design area

44 44 44 44

44 44


41 kWh/m2 61 kWh/m2

42 42

44 44

26 kWh/m2 50 kWh/m2

5-6 W/m2 8-10 W/m2

Ref

Rule of thumb


40

Rules Of Thumb BSRIA 2003 200 litres/bed

110 litres/bed 125 litres/bed 70 litres/bed

With canteen No canteen

Day school Boarding school

District general

Surgical and medical wards

Paediatric wards

Geriatric wards

Offices, shops, factories

Schools

Hospitals


115 litres/bedroom 135 litres/bedroom

Budget Four/five star

Hotels

15 litres/pupil 114 litres/pupil

15 litres/person 10 litres/person

90 litres/bedroom

Care home

55 litres/bedroom

More than three bedrooms

70 litres/bedroom

75 litres/bedroom

Two bedrooms

Student accommodation, nurses , childrens and sheltered home

115 litres/bedroom

Single bedroom

Dwellings

Rule of thumb

Application

Design area

Other information

When determining user water needs and storage From briefing onwards through to design and operation Extraneous loads that may increase required pumping capacity/hours of operation

TABLE 1: Hot water demand, daily


21

21

21

21

21 21

21 21

21 21

21

21

21

21

21

Ref


Water consumption


41

135 – 150 litres/bedroom 21 200 litres/bedroom 21

Budget Four/five star

With canteen No canteen

Hotels

Offices, shops, factories


150 litres/inmate

Prison

45 litres/person 40 litres/person


Children’s home, and elderly care home

21 21

21

21

21

21

21


Over three bedrooms

21

Nurses’ homes and sheltered home

100 litres/bedroom

Two bedrooms

21

90 – 100 litres/bedroom

130 litres/bedroom

Single bedroom

Dwellings

Ref

21

21

21

21

Ref

Student accommodation

210 litres/bedroom

Application

Design area

Rule of thumb

1 litre/person (excluding staff)

Museum, theatre, cinema and night club

TABLE 2: Water demand, daily

2 litres/person (excluding staff)

Art gallery, bars and library

Other information

35 litres/person

Field and all weather pitch

Places of assembly

20 litres/person

Sports hall and swimming pool

Rule of thumb

Sports changing rooms

Other information

Application

Design area



Table 2 continued

42



Places of assembly

Sports changing rooms

140 litres/bed

Geriatric wards

6 litres/person (excluding staff) 3 litre/person (excluding staff) 4 litres/person (excluding staff)

Art gallery, library and museum

Theatre and cinema

Bars and night club

35 litres/person

300 litres/bed

Paediatric wards

Field and all weather pitch

220 litres/bed

Medical wards

20 litres/person

220 litres/bed

Surgical wards

Sports hall and swimming pool

600 litres/bed

90 litres/pupil

Boarding

District general

20 litres/pupil

Secondary

Hospitals

15 litres/pupil

Nursery and primary

Rule of thumb

Schools

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 2: Water demand, daily continued

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

Ref


Water consumption


43



44



Total load (kVA) Design allowance for future expansion (percentage)

35

35

16

16

35

60 W/m2

10 W/m2

200 – 400 W/m2

500 – 1000 W/m2 Total kW/0 8

Add 25% to existing capacity

Net area

Net area

Air conditioning

Passenger lifts

Small computer room

Bespoke call centre

Total building load

Percentage increase in load

35

4

15 W/m2

16

16

Small power diversified over a minimum of 1000 m2

Assisted start

16

16

Ref

10 – 12 W/m2

Electrical motors

3-phase supply Direct on-line starting

Rule of thumb

Lighting

Above 4 kW rating

Electrical motors Electrical motors

Electrical supply

Electrical services load Per square metre of building floor area for offices unless otherwise stated

Above 3 kW rating Up to and including 3 kW rating

Application

Design area

Other information

To determine electrical supply requirements in buildings When assessing the connected capacity in terms of unit floor area Allowances for expansion, particularly for on-floor communications rooms

TABLE 1: Electrical supplies and loads



Electrical systems


45

As a general guide to the outline services costs of specific building types At the briefing stage onwards and during assessment of m&e tenders Additions or amendments to the generic building type which might alter costs

Non air-conditioned Fully air-conditioned Fully air-conditioned

District general Private

For letting (category A standard)

Owner occupied

Civic

Hospitals

Offices

Offices


Warehouses

High bay

£220 – £346 £308 – £364 £346 – £407

Science buildings:

Physics Biology Chemistry

£230 – £285

Arts buildings

Universities

£89 – £177

£168 – £252

Secondary and middle schools

£73 – £100 £99– £130

Schools

Two-storey houses Medium-rise flats

Local authority

£361 – £516

£217 – £289 £320 – £516

£175 – £196 £271 – £423

£405 – £573 £428 – £674

£66 – £166

Rule of thumb

Residential housing

Non air-conditioned Fully air-conditioned

Owner occupied

Factories

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 1: Mechanical and electrical services costs (£/m2 of total floor area)


25

25

25

25

25 25

25

25 25

25 25

25 25

25

Ref


Cost data

Cost of m&e services by building type

46


Mechanical services, public health services and fire protection

Offices: urban commercial Category A fit-out


Public health installation Mechanical services Electrical services Fire protection

Offices: urban commercial Shell and core only

Electrical services

Space heating and air 2000 data treatment Electrical installation Protective installation Communication installation BMS and associated equipment Builders work in connection

Offices: city Category A fit-out

1999 data

1999 data

Sanitary fittings 2000 data Disposal installation Water installation Space heating and air treatment Electrical installation Protective installation Communication installation BMS and associated equipment Builders work in connection

Offices: city Shell and core only

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 2: Cost data as a percentage of total services cost

34%

66%

12

12

12 12 12

47% 32% 8%

6

3%

12

6

6%

13%

6

4%

6

3%

6 6

6

10%

31% 10%

6

8%

6

6 6 6

47% 14% 7%

46%

6 6 6

Ref

2% 6% 3%

Rule of thumb


Cost data


47

Space heating and 2001 data air treatment Ventilation systems Electrical installations Protective installations Communications installations BMS and associated equipment

Public health 2000 data installation Mechanical installation Refrigeration installation Electrical installation Protective installation Communication installation Specialist installation (BMS and point of sale installation) Builders work in connection

Public health 2002 data installation Mechanical installation Electrical installation Lift installation

Public health installation Mechanical installation Electrical installation Lift installation Medical gases installation

Data / computer services

Supermarkets Services fit-out

School buildings

Hospital Standalone specialist unit


Mechanical services Electrical services

Offices: out of town commercial Category A fit-out

1999 data

1991 data

Public health Mechanical services Electrical services

Offices: out of town commercial Shell and core

Other information

Application

Design area

10% 41% 37% 6% 6%

12% 48% 38% 2%

1%

3% 16% 47% 21% 5% 4% 3%

56 56 56 56 56

55 55 55 55

10 10 10 10 10 10 10

14

14

8% 2%

14 14 14 14

11 11

11 11 11

Ref

30% 6% 51% 3%

78% 22%

13% 57% 30%

Rule of thumb

10


Table 2 continued

48


Public health 2002 data installation Mechanical installation Electrical installation Lift installation

University buildings


Cinemas: multiplex (shell construction)

Sanitary fittings 1999 data Disposal installation Water installation Space heating and air treatment Electrical installation Lift installation Protective installation Communication installation Ice floor refrigeration BMS Builders work in connection Disposal installation 2000 data Water installation Electrical installation Lift installation

Arenas (indoor)

Other information

Application

Design area 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 13 13 13 13

8% 8% 1% 1% 3% 3% 1% 1% 0 6% 0 2% 4 0% 5 8%

Ref

2% 1% 1%

Rule of thumb

58 58 58 58

57

9% 8% 38% 50% 4%

57 57 57 57

Ref

7% 50% 33% 1%

Rule of thumb

TABLE 3: Services costs per square metre as a percentage of total construction cost

Public health 2003 data installation Mechanical installation Electrical installation Lift installation Services associated with swimming pool

Sports and leisure centres

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 2: Cost data as a percentage of total services cost continued



Cost data


49

Sanitary fittings 1998 data Disposal installation Water installation Space heating and air treatment Electrical installation Lift installation Protective installation Communication installation Builders work in connection

Health clubs


Sanitary fittings 2000 data Disposal installation Water installation Space heating and air treatment Electrical installation Lift installation Protective installation Communication installation BMS Builders work in connection

Convention centre

2000 data

Other information

Water installation Space heating and air treatment Electrical installation Communication installation BMS Builders work in connection

Protective installation Communication installation Builders work in connection

Application

Cinemas: multiplex (cinema fit-out)

Design area 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

34% 04% 14% 18 4% 90% 40% 20% 10% 02% 07% 12% 72% 69% 30% 06% 34% 10% 14% 10% 06% 10% 125% 71% 05% 03% 36% 16%

Ref

06%

Rule of thumb


TABLE 3: Services costs per square metre as a percentage of total construction cost continued

50



Office up to 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2 Office up to 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2

Office over 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2

Full air conditioning using VAV

Full air conditioning, using fan-assisted VAV

Full air conditioning, using three-pipe VAV

Full air conditioning, ventilated (active) chilled beams

Full air conditioning, chilled beam, exposed multi-service raft

Full air conditioning, concealed (passive) chilled beams

Full air conditioning, chilled ceiling

Full air conditioning, displacement ventilation

Office up to 3000 m2

Comfort cooling, two-pipe VRV

Full air conditioning using fan coils

Office over 3000 m2

Comfort cooling, two-pipe variable refrigerant volume

£108 – £144/m2

£165 – £195/m2

£135 – £165/m2

£190 – £220/m2

£155 – £185/m2

£118 – £139/m2

£155 – £185/m2

£155 – £185/m2

£155 – £175/m2 £139 – £160/m2

£93 – £113/m2

£93 – £113/m2

£113 – £134/m2 £108 – £124/m2

Office up to 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2

Comfort cooling, two-pipe fan coil

Air conditioning, including ventilation

Rule of thumb

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 4: Capital costs (for gross area)

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25 25

25

25

25 25

Ref


Cost data


51


£93 – £113/m2 £155 – £175/m2 £139 – £160/m2

Office over 3000 m2 Office up to 3000 m2 Office up to 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2

Comfort cooling, two-pipe variable refrigerant volume

Comfort cooling, two-pipe VRV

Full air conditioning with fan coils

Full air conditioning with VAV

£155 – £185/m2

£190 – £220/m2 £135 – £165/m2 £165 – £195/m2


Full air conditioning, ventilated (active) chilled beams Office over 3000 m2

Office over 3000 m2

Office over 3000 m2

Office over 3000 m2

Full air conditioning chilled beam exposed multi-service raft

Full air conditioning, concealed (passive) chilled beams Office over 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2

Full air conditioning three-pipe VAV

Full air conditioning, chilled ceiling

Full air conditioning displacement ventilation

Full air conditioning, chilled ceiling/perimeter chilled beam

£175 – £205/m2

£108 – £144/m2

£118 – £139/m2

Office over 3000 m2

Full air conditioning with fan-assisted VAV £155 – £185/m2

£155 – £185/m2

£93 – £113/m2

£108 – £124/m2

Office over 3000 m2

two-pipe fan coil

including ventilation continued

£113 – £134/m2


Comfort cooling,

Air conditioning,

Rule of thumb

Other information

Application

Design area

25

25

Ref

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25 25

25

25


Table 4 continued

52


Normal services

Dry risers

Water installation

Fire protection


BMS including motor control panels and control cabling

Normal services

Sanitaryware and above ground disposal installation

£20 – 25/m2 £20 – 25/m2

Full air conditioning, with chilled beams

25

£15 – 20/m2

Full air conditioning, variable air volume

25

£1 – 2/m2

25

25

25

25 25

25

25

25 25

25 25

25 25

25 25

25 25

Ref

£5 – 15/m2 £9 – 17/m2

£22 – 35/m2


£10 – 15/m2

£4 – 12/m2

Office up to 3000 m2 Low rise office over 3000 m2

£57 – 67/m2 £45 – 62/m2


Full air conditioning, fan coil/chilled ceiling

Sprinkler installation

LPHW

Heating installation including gas installations

£220/m2 £191/m2

£235/m2 £202/m2

3000 m2 office 10 000 m2 office

Chilled ceiling with perimeter chilled beams 3000 m2 office 10 000 m2 office

£224/m2 £179/m2


Fan coil system

Passive chilled beam system

£246/m2 £195/m2


VAV

Air conditioning Cost for all plant and equipment, distribution ductwork and pipework, BMS and all associated electrical work

Rule of thumb

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 4: Capital costs (for gross area) continued Your notes and comments

Cost data


53


Extension of lighting into general office areas, Lighting Guide 3 luminaires to 350 – 400 lux

Electrical installations Extension of small power distribution into general office areas

Radiators and pipework

LPHW perimeter heating

Conventional or modular

Wiring

Luminaires to ceiling and wall washers to cores

Including luminaires, wiring and emergency packs

Including lead and plug; one per10 m2

Floor outlet boxes

Generally

No floor boxes

Busbar and cables only

Extension of control/ BMS into general office areas

Extra over raised floors; one per 5 m2

Extra over suspended ceiling

Floor diffusers

Chilled ceiling

Underfloor a/c system

£25 – 30/m2

£8 – 10/m2

£33 – 40/m2

£5 – 6/m2

£10 – 15/m2

£10 – 20/m2

£20 – 30/m2

£10 – 20/m2

£115 – 160/m2

£125 – 150/m2

£20 – 30/m2

No heating

Underfloor displacement ventilation

52

£95 – 135/m2

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

Ref

Rule of thumb

£100 – 140/m2

VAV

Mechanical installations Extension of hvac into general office areas

Other information

Four-pipe fan coil units

Application

Design area

TABLE 5: Office fit-out costs Your notes and comments

Table 5 continued

54


Extension of sprinkler network into general office areas

Protective installations


£3000 – 3500 each

£2000 – 2500 each

Access control to door including recessed lock, card readers

Internal closed circuit television (fixed)

£3 – 8/m2

£4 – 8/m2

£3 – 4/m2

£9 – 12/m2

Rule of thumb

£18 – 30/m2

One box per 10 m2 with four outlets each

Fully addressable

Other information

IT/data cabling (category 6 including cabinets and patch panels)

Public address system

Fire alarms

Passive infrared lighting controls for general office areas

Lighting continued

Communications

Application

Design area

TABLE 5: Office fit-out costs continued

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

Ref


Cost data


55


48 48

48 48 48

£700/100 m2 £550/100 m2 £1800/100 m2 £1050/100 m2 £1950/100 m2 £1700/100 m2

Factory/office

Warehouses

Offices, air conditioned

Offices, non air conditioned

Call centres

Banks/building societies

48

48

£550/100 m2

Factories

Mechanical and electrical maintenance costs

Ref

Other information

47 47 47

47 47

£0.52/ft2 £3-8/m2 £0.36/ft2 £0.32/ft2 £0.13/ft2

46

46

46

Ref

£0.22/ft2

£0.49/ft2

£0.91/ft2

Rule of thumb*

Rule of thumb

Application

Design area

TABLE 7: Annual M&E maintenance costs (gross floor area)

*Note all values are in Imperial values as per the original source

Enclosed, non-air conditioned Part enclosed Open

Enclosed Air conditioned

Average service charge for lift maintenance

Lifts

Average service charge for m&e services maintenance

Average service charge for heating maintenance

Non air conditioned

Shopping centres

Average service charge for heating and air conditioning maintenance

Air conditioned

Offices (let)

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 6: Annual service charges (lettable area)



Table 7 continued

56


48 48

£900 / 100 m2 £1400 / 100 m2


48

£1250 / 100 m2

48 48 48

48 48 48 48 48 48

£850 / 100 m2 £1850 / 100 m2 £1150 / 100 m2

£1550 / 100 m2 £1000 / 100 m2 £800 / 100 m2 £1300 / 100 m2 £1200 / 100 m2 £1250 / 100 m2

Swimming pools

Sports centres

Sports centres with swimming pools

Primary schools

Secondary schools

Universities

Museums

Libraries

Nursing homes and hospices

Hospitals

Shops (non-food)

Supermarkets

48

£550 / 100 m2

Shopping centres, non air-conditioned

48

£750 / 100 m2

Ref

Shopping centres, air-conditioned

Rule of thumb

Mechanical and electrical maintenance costs continued

Other information

Application

Design area

TABLE 7: Annual M&E maintenance costs (gross floor area) continued Your notes and comments

Cost data


57


51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51

£500/100 m2 £550/100 m2 £2050/100 m2 £900/100 m2 £3000/100 m2 £1300/100 m2 £550/100 m2 £450/100 m2 £3100/100 m2 £1350/100 m2 £1250/100 m2 £1050/100 m2 £2200/100 m2 £1200/100 m2 £1650/100 m2 £550/100 m2 £600/100 m2 £1050/100 m2 £1450/100 m2 £1050/100 m2

Factory/office

Warehouses

Call centres

Banks/building societies

Shopping centres, air-conditioned

Shopping centres, non air-conditioned

Supermarkets

Shops (non-food)

Hospitals, general and acute

Nursing homes and hospices

Swimming pools

Sports centres

Sports centres with swimming pools

Primary schools

Secondary schools

Universities

Museums

Libraries

Offices, non air-conditioned

Offices, air-conditioned

51

£700/100 m2

Factories

Utility costs

Ref

Other information

Rule of thumb

Application

Design area

TABLE 8: Annual utility costs (gross floor area) Your notes and comments

58



6 6 6 6 6

£780/m2 £680/m2 £640/m2 £430/m2 £340/m2

Two-pipe fan coil unit

Four-pipe fan coil unit

Chilled ceiling

Displacement ventilation

Ref

Variable air volume

All 2000 price levels whole-life (net present) costs

Rule of thumb

6

Fan-assisted variable air volume

Air conditioning systems for City of London office

Other information

£820/m2

Application

Design area

TABLE 9: Whole life costs for air conditioning systems (gross floor area) Your notes and comments

Cost data



59

60


Energy use in offices Television studios, Section B2, page B2-14 Fry Technology (Fernox Manufacturers) Best Practice in the Specification for Offices Cost model: Convention centres Cost model: City offices Cost model: Indoor arenas Cost model: Call centres Cost model: Private health clubs Cost model: Supermarkets Cost model: Out-of-town commercial offices Cost model: Urban commercial offices Cost data: Multiplex cinemas Cost model: Data/computer centres DW/144 Specification for Sheet Metal Ductwork, Part 8, Appendix A Air leakage from ductwork, system leakage loss Industry review – Rules of Thumb publication, May 2001 Space requirements for plant access, operation and maintenance: Defence Works Functional Standard, Design and Maintenance Guide 08 – Section 4, Figure D4 mechanical surface risers Space requirements for plant access, operation and maintenance: Defence Works Functional Standard, Design and Maintenance Guide 08 – Section 4, Figure D10 control panels and distribution boards Space requirements for plant access, operation and maintenance: Defence Works Functional Standard, Design and Maintenance Guide 08 – Section 5, Section 5.1 central station plant, 5.1.1 LTHW boilers Public health engineering, extract from Table 2.3 Recommended minimum storage of cold water for domestic purposes for hot and cold outlets Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide Energy efficiency in buildings, Table 9.1 seasonal (boiler) efficiencies

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

21 22

20

19

18

17

16

Title

Ref

1998

1999 2002 1998

CIBSE Guide G CIBSE Guide F

1999

1996

1996

1996

CIBSE Guide G

Defence Estate Organisation (Works), MoD



2001

Heating and Ventilating Contractors’ Association Rules of Thumb Industry Review Committee

2000 1986 2000 2000 2000 2000 1999 1999 1998 2000 1999 1999 2000 2001

Year

Energy Consumption Guide 19 CIBSE Guide B Fry Technology UK Ltd BCO Guide 2000 Building 3 November 2000 Building 24th March 2000 Building 10th September 1999 Building 16th July 1999 Building 31st December 1998 Building Services Journal April 2000 Building Services Journal April 1999 Building Services Journal February 1999 Building 5th May 2000 Building Services Journal January 2001

Publication

CIBSE Institute of plumbing CIBSE

CIBSE

HMSO

HMSO

HMSO

BSRIA

HVCA

BRECSU CIBSE Fry Technology British Council of Offices The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group

Publisher

0-900953-87-X 1-871956-40-4 0-900953-861

0-900953-87-X

0-11-772785-7

0-11-772785-7

0-11-772785-7

Not published

0-903783-27-4

0-9524131-2-4 0007-3318 0007-3318 ISSN 1365-5671 ISSN 1365-5671 ISSN 1365-5671 ISSN 1365-5671 ISSN 1365-5671 ISSN 1365-5671 ISSN 1365-5671 ISSN 1365-5671

ISBN

References


61

Energy efficiency in buildings, Table 6.2 basic fan capacity benchmarks Energy efficiency in buildings, Table 7.1 chiller plant capacity Spon’s Mechanical and Electrical Services Price Book 2003 Space allocation for services, Table 2: floor space Space allocation for services, Table 3: depth of ceiling space Space allocation for services, Table 4: depth of floor space Space allocation for plant rooms, Table 6: floor area Space allocation for service ducts and shafts, Table 7 Space allocation for catering facilities, Table 9 Cost of m&e services by type of building and service, Table 10 System capital and maintenance costs, Table 11 Thermal loads, Table 12 Electrical loads by type of load, Table 14 Sizing and operating characteristics of air system plant, Table 16 Design requirements or rules of thumb for air systems, Table 17 Guide to the Accommodation and Operating Environment for Information Technology (IT) Equipment Facade Engineering: Fun with Facades Preliminary guidance on Best Value Performance Indicator 180 Energy consumption in hospitals

Benchmarking tool for industrial buildings: heating and internal lighting

Energy efficiency in industrial buildings and sites

Energy use in sports and recreational buildings

Energy Assessment and Reporting Methodology: Office Assessment Method (latest appendix) Service charge analysis for offices Service charge analysis for shopping centres Review of maintenance costs Saving Energy in Schools: A Guide for Headteachers, Governors, Premises Managers and School Energy Managers

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

42

43

44

45

46 47 48 49

39 40 41

Title

Ref

of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd

Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition

CIBSE CIBSE Spon Press BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA

Publisher 0-900953-861 0-900953-861 0-415-30122-X 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8

ISBN

1999 2002 2002 2003 1998

Energy Consumption Guide 73

2001

2002

2002

Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme

CIBSE Jones Lang LaSalle Jones Lang LaSalle RICS

Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme

1-90085-8924

0-900953-93-4

1996 BSI 0-580-26705-9 1997 The Builder Group ISSN 1365-5671 (To be published as an energy consumption guide by Action Energy) 1999 Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme

1998 1998 2003 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995

Year

CIBSE Technical Memorandum TM22 Office OSCAR Retail OSCAR BMI Special Report




BS 7083, 1996 Building Services Journal, August 1997 Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Energy Consumption Guide 72

Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules

CIBSE Guide F CIBSE Guide F

Publication

62


55 56 57 58 59

54

School Buildings Hospitals Sports and Leisure Centres University Buildings Space and weight allowances for building services plant, inception stage design

Energy efficiency in further and higher education: cost effective low energy buildings Review of Occupancy Costs 2003 Cost models Cooling Solutions for IT: A Guide to Planning, Design and Operation Energy use in Ministry of Defence Establishments

50

51 52 53

Title

Ref

TN 9/92

Services Services Services Services

Journal Journal Journal Journal

January 2002 March 2002 June 2002 September 2002 1992

2002 2002 2002 2002

2003 1999

BG 5/2003 Energy Consumption Guide 75 Building Building Building Building

2003 2003

1999

Year

BMI Special Report Building 17 April 2003


Publication

BSRIA

BSRIA Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group

Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme RICS The Builder Group

Publisher

1365-5671 1365-5671 1365-5671 1365-5671 0-86022-345-0

ISSN ISSN ISSN ISSN

0-86022-616-6

1-90085- 8932 ISSN 0007-3318

ISBN

References

Available now from BSRIA Design tools and practical guides to help you in your daily design routines

Design Checks for HVAC This guide provides a quality control framework for building services engineers

Guide to HVAC Building Services Calculations This guide contains practical methodologies for a range of standard calculations used in the design of hvac systems Find these and other titles at www.bsria.co.uk/bookshop You can also order securely 24 hours a day, and sample before you buy!


63

For independent and authoritative research, product testing, consultancy and market intelligence, look no further than BSRIA.

Our 120-strong team of building services experts can provide the best solutions to the most searching questions. And you can be assured of complete confidentiality and individual service at all times. The sheer range of our expertise, gained from nearly 50 years of experience, means we are able to meet the technical and information needs of everyone involved in building services, from consulting engineers, contractors and manufacturers to building operators, government bodies and utilities. As a member-based organisation, we can also provide that vital focus for co-operative research between industry and government. BSRIA's information and library service is second to none. Our impressive range of technical and business publications will ensure that you get the most up-to-date market statistics and the best advice on building services technology. And if you want to test new products and innovative systems, then BSRIA's two well-equipped laboratories in Bracknell and Crowthorne will supply the answers you seek.

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