Search Engine Optimization A Presentation Submitted in partial in partial fulfillment fulfillment for the for the award of award of the the Degree of Bachelor of Bachelor of Technology Technology in Department of Department of Computer Computer Engineering Engineering
Guide Name
Submitted By:
Mrs. Prakrti Trivedi
Abhishek Vijayvargia College ID: 08CE06
Department of of Computer Computer Engineering Govt. Engineering College, Ajmer Rajasthan Technical University March , 2012
i
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CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the Seminar entitled “Search Engine Optimization” in the practical fulfilment fulfilment for the award award of degree of “Bachelor of
Technology” in the department of Computer Engineering with specialization in Computer Science & Engineering and submitted to department of Computer Engineering , Engineering College, Ajmer is a record of my own work carried under the guidance of Mrs. Prakriti Trivedi , Department of Computer Engineering , Engineering College, Ajmer.
I have not submitted the matter presented in the project anywhere for the award of any other degree.
Abhishek Vijayvargia (08CE06) Computer Science and Engg.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is with profound gratitude that we express our deep indebtedness to the departmental
Ajmer. Without their support and guidance it head of Govt. Engineering College, Ajmer. would not have been possible for this presentation to have materialized and taken a concrete shape. My personal thanks to our seminar guide Mrs. Prakrti Trivedi who extended full support and cooperation at every stage of our project. I would also like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the guidance and support from Mr. Dheerendra Mathur(H.O.D. of Computer Engineering & Information Technology) for undergoing presentation.
I am indebted to my parents and friends for their constant constant encouragement encouragement and helping me in my endeavor. Last, but not the least, I would like to thank everyone who has contributed for successful completion of my seminar.
Date :
Abhishek Vijayvargia
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No.
Contents
1.
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
2.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3.
4.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
ii
iii
iv
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
1
5.
ABSTRACT
6.
Chapter 1
Introduction to Search Engine Optimization
1.1
What is a search engine
2
1.2
How internet search engine work
2
1.3
Web Crawling
3
1.4
Meta tags
5
1.5
Building the index
5
1.6
Building The search
6
2-10
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6.
8.
9.
1.7
Search Engine Relationship
7
1.8
Why SEO ?
8
Chapter 2
SEO Basics
11-20
2.1
Create Unique, accurate page titles
11
2.2
Make use of description meta tags
13
2.3
Improve the structure of your URL
16
2.4
Make your site easier to navigate
19
Chapter 3
Optimizing Contents
3.1
Offer quality content and service
22
3.2
Write better anchor text
24
3.3
Use heading tags properly
26
3.4
Optimizing use of images
27
Chapter 4
Promote website in a right way
4.1
Make effective use o robots.txt
22-29
30-33
30
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10.
11.
12.
4.2
Promote your website in a right way
Chapter 5
Tools and SEO services
5.1
Make use of free webmaster tools
34
5.2
Take advantage of web analytics service
35
5.3
Helpful resources for webmaster
35
Chapter 6
Conclusion and future Scope
36
6.1
Conclusion
36
6.2
Future Scope
36
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
31
34-35
37
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NUMBER
DESCRIPTION
PAGE No
Figure 1.1
Internet Search Engine Working
3
Figure 1.2
Search Engine Relationship
8
Figure 2.1
Unique and accurate page title
13
Figure 2.2
Description meta tag
15
Figure 2.3
Improving URL structure
18
Figure 3.1
Offer Quality Content
24
Figure 3.2
Write better anchor text
25
Figure 3.3
Use heading tags appropriately
27
Figure 4.1
Use of robots.txt
31
Figure 4.2
Site Promotion
32
Figure 4.3
Google maps
33
Figure 5.1
Make use of free webmasters tools
34
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ABSTRACT
Internet search engines are special sites on the Web that are designed to help people find information stored on other sites. Early search engines held an index of a few hundred thousand pages and documents, and received maybe one or two thousand inquiries each day. Today, a top search engine will index hundreds of millions of pages, and respond to tens of millions of queries per day. Before a search engine can tell you where a file or document is, it must be found. To find information on the hundreds of millions of Web pages that exist, a search engine employs special software robots, called spiders, to build lists of the words found on Web sites. When a spider is building its lists, the process is called Web crawling. Once the spiders have completed the task of finding information on Web pages (and we should note that this is a task that is never actually completed -- the constantly changing nature of the Web means that the spiders are always crawling), the search engine must store the information in a way that makes it useful. Searching through an index involves a user building a query and submitting it through the search engine. The query can be quite simple, a single word at minimum. Building a more complex query requires the use of Boolean operators that allow you to refine and extend the terms of the search. Search engine optimization is a technique by which we can understand the working of a search engine and according to it we can change or site or put some additional code or modify them in order to quickly entered in the search engine website. With the help of search engine optimization we can make our web pages or entire website appears earlier in the search engine result when a specific keyword is entered in the search box. We can optimize the content in order to increase rank of our website. There is no easy or sustainable way in order to solve this but for one. The really only good way to ensure that your site gets gets linked is to ensure that that it contains good content. content. For any site on the web, web, incoming links are very important, important, especially for Search Engine Optimization. In fact, you may find that this is the hardest part part of SEO for you to implement. But many people have found that incoming links are less important, especially where you have more specific and unique content on your site. This is as
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Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION TO SEO
1. What is a search engine? A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web and FTP servers. The search results are generally presented in a list of results often referred to as SERPS, or "search engine results pages". The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. fil es. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are maintained only by human editors, search engines also maintain real-time information by running an algorithm on a web crawler. On the back end, a search engine is a piece of software that uses algorithms to find and collect information about web pages. The information collected is usually keywords or phrases that are possible indicators of what is contained on the web page as a whole, the URL of the page, the code that makes up the page, and links into and out of the page. That information is then indexed and stored in a database. On the front end, the software has a user interface where users enter a search term — a word or phrase — in an attempt to find specific information. When the user clicks a search button, an algorithm then examines the information stored in the back-end database and retrieves links to web pages that appear to match the search term the user entered.
2. How Internet Search Engines Work Internet search engines are special sites on the Web that are designed to help people find information stored on other sites. There are differences in the ways various search engines work, but they all perform three basic tasks:
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3. Web Crawling When most people talk about Internet search engines, they really mean World Wide Web search engines. Before the Web became the most visible part of the Internet, there were already search engines in place to help people find information on the Net. Programs with names like "gopher" and "Archie" kept indexes of files stored on servers
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(There are some disadvantages to calling part of the Internet the World Wide Web -- a large set of arachnid-centric names for tools is one of them.) In order to build and maintain a useful list of words, a search engine's spiders have to look at a lot of pages. How does any spider start its travels over the Web? The usual starting points are lists of heavily used servers and very popular pages. The spider will begin with a popular site, indexing the words on its pages and following every link found within the site. In this way, the spidering system quickly begins to travel, spreading out across the most widely used portions of the Web. Google began as an academic search engine. In the paper that describes how the system was built, Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page give an example of how quickly their spiders can work. They built their initial system to use multiple spiders, usually three at one time. Each spider could keep about 300 connections to Web pages open at a time. At its peak performance, using four spiders, their system could crawl over 100 pages per second, generating around 600 kilobytes of data each second. Keeping everything running quickly meant building a system to feed necessary information to the spiders. The early Google system had a server dedicated to providing URLs to the spiders. Rather than depending on an Internet service provider for the domain name server (DNS) that translates a server's name into an address, Google had its own DNS, in order to keep delays to a minimum. When the Google spider looked at an HTML page, it took note of two things:
The words within the page Where the words were found
Words occurring in the title, subtitles, meta tags and other positions of relative importance were noted for special consideration during a subsequent user search. The Google spider was built to index every significant word on a page, leaving out the articles "a," "an" and "the." Other spiders take different approaches.
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4. Meta Tags Meta tags allow the owner of a page to specify key words and concepts under which the page will be indexed. This can be helpful, especially in cases in which the words on the page might have double or triple meanings -- the meta tags can guide the search engine in choosing which of the several possible meanings for these words is correct. There is, however, a danger in over-reliance on meta tags, because a careless or unscrupulous page owner might add meta tags that fit very popular topics but have nothing to do with the actual contents of the page. To protect against this, spiders will correlate meta tags with page content, rejecting the meta tags that don't match the words on the page.
All of this assumes that the owner of a page actually wants it to be included in the results of a search engine's activities. Many times, the page's owner doesn't want it showing up on a major search engine, or doesn't want the activity of a spider accessing the page. Consider, for example, a game that builds new, active pages each time sections of the page are displayed or new links are followed. If a Web spider accesses one of these pages, and begins following all of the links for new pages, the game could mistake the activity for a high-speed human player and spin out of control. To avoid situations like this, the robot exclusion protocol was developed. This protocol, implemented in the meta-tag section at the beginning of a Web page, tells a spider to leave the page alone -- to neither index the words on the page nor try to follow its links. l inks.
5. Building the Index
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engine might assign a weight to each entry, with increasing i ncreasing values assigned to words as they appear near the top of the document, in sub-headings, in links, in the meta tags or in the title of the page. Each commercial search engine has a different formula for assigning weight to the words in its index. This is one of the reasons that a search for the same word on different search engines will produce different lists, with the pages presented in different orders. Regardless of the precise combination of additional pieces of information stored by a search engine, the data will be encoded to save storage space. For example, the original Google paper describes using 2 bytes, of 8 bits each, to store information on weighting -- whether the word was capitalized, its font size, position, and other information to help in ranking the hit. Each factor might take up 2 or 3 bits within the 2-byte grouping (8 bits = 1 byte). As a result, a great deal of information can be stored in a very compact form. After the information is compacted, it's ready for indexing. An index has a single purpose: It allows information to be found as quickly as possible. There are quite a few ways for an index to be built, but one of the most effective ways is to build a hash table. In hashing, a formula is applied to attach a numerical value to each word. The formula is designed to evenly distribute the entries across a predetermined number of divisions. This numerical distribution is different from the distribution of words across the alphabet, and that is the key to a hash table's effectiveness. In English, there are some letters that begin many words, while others begin fewer. You'll find, for example, that the "M" section of the dictionary is much thicker than the
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OR - At least one of the t he terms joined by "OR" must appear in the pages or documents. NOT - The term or terms following f ollowing "NOT" must not appear in the pages or documents. Some search engines substitute the operator "-" for the word NOT. FOLLOWED BY - One of the terms t erms must be directly followed by the other. NEAR - One of the terms must be within a specified number of words of the t he other.
7. Search engine Relationship The latest comScore search engine rankings for October largely tell the same old story, with Google’s continued dominance. U.S. Search Engine Rankings from comScore
The search engine rankings for October 2011, according to comScore, were:
Google grew to 65.6 percent (up from 65.3 percent in September); down from 66.3 percent year‐over‐year (October 2010). Yahoo fell to 15.2 percent (down from 15.5 percent); down from 16.5 percent YoY. Bing grew to 14.8 percent (up from 14.7 percent); up from 11.5 percent YoY. Ask fell to 2.9 percent (down from 3 percent); down from 3.6 percent YoY. AOL held stead at 1.5 percent; down from 2.1 percent YoY.
More than 18 billion searches were conducted in October (up 6 percent vs. September). Google lead the way with 11.9 billion searches (up 6 percent); both Yahoo and Bing
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On the social side, Facebook continued its dominance, with 52.41 percent of visits. Googleowned YouTube (second, with 22.94 percent of visits) and LinkedIn (sixth, with 1.01 percent of visits) also saw continued growth. Twitter was the third most popular social network in the UK, with 3.36 percent of visits.
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engine robots which have difficulties with this kind of URL and they may well stop at the question mark, and so not actually look at the query string. By using a search engine friendly URL; you are helping both your ranking and users of your site. Many sites have seen an incredible improvement just because they have changed the URL scheme on it. However, the modification and rewriting of a site’s URL can be a little tricky. t ricky.
Getting Linked : There is no easy or sustainable sustainable way in order to solve solve this but for one. The really only good way to ensure ensure that your your site site gets gets linked linked is to ensure that it contains good content. content. For any site on the web, web, incoming links are very important, especially for Search Engine Optimization. In fact, you may find that this is the hardest part of SEO for you to implement. But many people have found that incoming links are less important, especially where you have more specific and unique content on your site. Make it Accessible to All : This is as important as all things previously mentioned. It is important that you make your site accessible to those who are visually impaired, as this will help search engine robots find their way around it also. It is important to remember that Google is blind, so even if you are not bothered whether whether blind people use your site or not (which we all should be in today’s world); you still need for it to be accessible. accessible. What this means is that you you should use real headings, paragraphs and lists, and avoid using anything which may interfere with the search engines spiders.
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Avoid the use of Frames : Although it is possible to provide workarounds that will allow a search engine robot to crawl frame based sites, these will still cause problems for any visitors who find that site site through a search engine. What happens happens is that when someone follows a link from a search result to a frame based site, they will end up on an an orphaned document. document. This will, in most cases, cases, create confusion confusion for the user, as in many cases, vital parts of the site will be lost, such as navigational links. Browser Detection – Be Careful : If you have to use some kind of browser detection, then make sure that it does not break when a search engine spider or any other unknown agent comes along. Unfortunately, if the spiders can not get in, then your site will not be found. Do not waste your time with Meta Tags : You will find that most search engines do not place a great deal of value on the content contained within Meta Tags today. This is because they they have been used too much much by spammers. So instead, if you need
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Chapter-2
SEO BASICS 1. Create unique, accurate page titles A title tag tells both users and search engines what the topic of a particular page is. The
tag should be placed within the tag of the HTML document. Ideally, you should create a unique title for each page on your site.
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Our homepage shows up as a result, with the title listed on the first line (notice that the query terms the user searched for appear in bold)
If the user clicks the result and visits the page, the page's title will appear at the top of the browser
Titles for deeper pages on your site should accurately describe the focus of that
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• Use brief, but descriptive titles - Titles can be both short and informative. If the title is too long, Google will show only a portion of it in the search result. Avoid: • using extremely lengthy titles that are unhelpful to users • stuffing unneeded keywords in your title tags
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The beginning of the description meta tag for our homepage, which gives a brief overview of the site's offerings
Description meta tags are important because Google might use them as snippets for your pages. Note that we say "might" because Google may choose to use a relevant section of your page's visible text if it does a good job of matching up with a user's query. Alternatively, Google might use your site's description in the Open Directory Project if your site is listed there (learn how to prevent search engines engines from displaying ODP ODP data). Adding description meta tags to each of your pages is always a good practice in case Google cannot cannot find a good selection of text to use in the snippet. snippet. The Webmaster Central Blog has an informative post on improving snippets with better description description meta tags. Snippets appear under a page's title and above a page's URL in a search result.
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One of our deeper pages, with its unique description meta tag used as the snippet, appears as a result
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3. Improve the structure of your URLs Creating descriptive categories and filenames for the documents on your website can not only help you keep your site better organized, but it could also lead to better crawling of your documents by search engines. Also, it can create easier, "friendlier" URLs for those that want to link to your content. Visitors may be intimidated by extremely long and cryptic URLs that contain few recognizable words.
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Our homepage appears as a result, with the URL listed under the title and snippet
Below is another example showing a URL on our domain for a page containing an
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• using excessive keywords like "baseball-cards-baseball-cards"baseball-cards-baseball-cardsbaseball- cards.htm" • Create a simple directory structure - Use a directory structure that organizes your content well and is easy for visitors to know where they're at on your site. Try using your directory structure to indicate the type of content found at that URL. nesting of subdirectories subdirectories like dir1/dir2/dir3/dir4/dir5/dir6/ Avoid: • having deep nesting page.html"
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4. Make your site easier to navigate The navigation of a website is important in helping visitors quickly find the content they want. It can also help search engines understand what content the webmaster thinks is important. Although Google's search results are provided at a page level, Google also likes to have a sense of what role a page plays in the bigger picture of the site.
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for your site. To learn more about Sitemaps, the Webmaster Help Center provides a useful
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XML Sitemap file for your site helps ensure that search engines discover the
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Chapter – 3
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• deceptively hiding text from users, but displaying it to search engines
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