ANTIBIOTICS A BIOLOGY PROJECT PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED BY ANUSHA PRASAD IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
CBSE GRADE XII IN BIOLOGY AT AT
AECS MAGNOLIA MAARUTI PUBLIC SCHOOL #36/909, ARAKERE, ARAK ERE, BANNERGHATT BA NNERGHATTA A
ROAD,, ROAD BANGALORE- 560076. 203 20!
CERTI"ICATE
This is to certif th!t ANUSHA PRASAD of Gr!"e XII# AECS MAGNOLIA MAARUTI PUBLIC SCHOOL# BANGALORE $ith re%ister &'()er ****************** ******************** ** h!s s!tisf!ctori+ s!tisf!ctori+ co(,+ete" the ,ro-ect i& Bio+o% Bio+o% o& TO STUDY DRUG RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA USING ANTIBIOTICS i& ,!rti!+ f'+fi++(e&t of the re.'ire(e&ts of A++ I&"i! Seco&"!r Schoo+ Certific!te E/!(i&!tio& 0AISSCE1 !s ,rescri)e" ) CBSE i& the e!r 2345623478 2345623478
Signature of the Signature of the Candid Candidate ate Teacher eacher In-Cha In-Charge rge
Signature of the Signature of the Prin rincipal pal Extern ernal Ex Exami aminer
"isco9ere" (e"ici&!++ 'sef'+ "r'%# the s&thetic!++ !&ti)!cteri!+ S!+9!rs!& &o$ c!++e" !rs,he!(i&e8 I& 4:;<# =i&ce&>o Ti)erio# of '&i9ersit of N!,+es "isco9ere" th!t ! (o+" i& $!ter h!s !&ti)!cteri!+ !ctio&8 !c tio&8 After After this i&iti!+ che(other!,e'tic co(,o'&" ,ro9e" effecti9e other ,er'se" si(i+!r +i&es of i&.'ir# )'t it $!s &ot '&ti+ 4;2: th!t A+e/!&"er F+e(i&% o)ser9e" !&ti)iosis !%!i&st )!cteri! ) ! f'&%'s %e&'s of the Pe&ici++i'(8 F+e(i&% ,ost'+!te" th!t the effect $!s (e"i!te" ) !& !&ti6 )!cteri!+ co(,o'&" &!(e" ,e&ici++i&8 He i&iti!++ ch!r!cteri>e" so(e o f its ,ro,erties# )'t he "i" &ot ,'rs'e its f'rther "e9e+o,(e&t8
The first s'+fo&!(i"e !&" first co((erci!++ !9!i+!)+e !&ti)!cteri!+ !&ti)iotic# Pro&stosi+# $!s "e9e+o,e" ) ! rese!rch te!( +e" ) Gerh!r" Do(!%? i& 4;52 i& B!er@s +!)or!tor Ger(!&8 Do(!%? recei9e" the 4;5; No)+e Pri>e for Me"ici&e for his efforts8
P$%&%''%$, () *%+( $(+' $(%%(%& 1%&+1 A'4$1+ "'%$ 7
SOME RESISTANT PA PATHOGENS THOGEN S
St!,h+ococc's !'re's Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus is o&e of the (!-or resist!&t ,!tho%e&s8 Fo'&" o& the ('co's (e()r!&es !&" the h' h'(! (!& & s?i& s? i& of !ro'&" ! thir" of the ,o,'+!tio&# it is e/tre(e+ !"!,t!)+e to !&ti)iotic ,ress're8 It $!s o&e of the e!r+ier )!cteri! i& $hich ,e& ,e&ic ici+i++i+i& & resist!&ce $!s fo'&"i& 4;7# -'st fo'r e!rs !fter the "r'% st!rte" )ei&% (!ss6,ro"'ce"8 Met Methic hici+i++i+i& & $!s the& the !&ti)iotic of choice# )'t h!s si&ce )ee& re,+!ce" ) o/!ci++i& "'e to si%&ific!&t ?i"&e to/icit8 Methici+ Methici++i& +i& resist!&t res ist!&t St!,h+ococc S t!,h+ococc's 's !'re's 0MRSA1 $!s first "etecte" i& Brit!i& i& 4;4# !&" is &o$ .'ite co((o& i& hos,it!+s8 MRSA $!s res,o&si)+e for 5 of f!t!+ c!ses of se, e,si sis s i& the U i& 4;;;# ', fro( 7 i& 4;;48 H!+f of !++ S8 !'re's i&fectio&s i& the US !re resist!&t to ,e&ici++i&# (ethici++i&# tet tetr! r!cc cc+i+i&e &e !&" erthro(ci& erthro(ci&88X
S(+(&&& $1 E$(+&&& Streptococcus and Enterococcus i&fectio&s c!& 's'!++ )e tre!te" $ith (!& "iffere&t !&ti)iotics8 E!r+ tre!t(e&t (! re"'ce the ris? of "e!th fro( i&9!si9e %ro', A stre,tococc!+ "ise!se8 Ho$e9er# e9e& the )est (e"ic!+ c!re "oes &ot ,re9e&t "e!th i& e9er c!se8 For those $ith 9er se9ere i++&ess# s',,orti9e c!re i& !& i&te&si9e c!re '&it (! )e &ee"e"8 For ,erso&s $ith &ecroti>i&% f!sciitis# s'r%er ofte& is &ee"e" to re(o9e "!(!%e" tiss'e8 Str!i&s of S8 ,o%e&es resist!&t to (!c (!cro ro+i+i"e "e !&ti)iotics h!9e e(er%e" ho$e9er# !++ str!i&s re(!i& '&ifor(+ se&siti9e to ,e&ici++i& ,e&ici++i&88X
P1$ +%$ Pseudomonas aeruginosa is ! hi%h+ ,re9!+e&t o,,ort'&istic ,!tho%e&8 ,!tho%e&8 O&e of the of the (ost $orriso(e ch!r!cteristics ch !r!cteristics of P8 P8 !er'%i&os! is its +o$ !&ti)iotic s'sce,ti)i+it# s'sce,ti)i+it# $hich is !ttri)'t!)+e to ! co&certe" !ctio& of ('+ti"r'% eff+'/X <
,' (,s ,'(, s $ith chro(oso(!++ e&co"e" !&ti)iotic resist!&ce %e&es !&" the +o$ ,er(e!)i+it of the )!cteri!+ ce++'+!r e&9e+o,es8 Pse'"o(o&!s !er'%i&os! h!s the !)i+it to ,ro"'ce HAs !&" it h!s )ee& fo'&" th!t HAs h!9e ,roo/i"!&t effects# !&" o9er e/,ressi&% (o"est+ i&cre!se" s'sce,ti)i+it to !&ti)iotics8 The st'" e/,eri(e&te" $ith the Pse'"o(o&!s !er'%i&os! )iofi+(s !&" fo'&" th!t ! "isr',tio& of re+A !&" s,ot %e&es ,ro"'ce" !& i&!cti9!tio& of the Stri&%e&t res,o&se 0SR1 i& ce++s $ho $ere $ith &'trie&t +i(it!tio& $hich ,ro9i"es ce++s )e (ore s'sce,ti)+e to !&ti)iotics8 X
C'(+%1% 1%**%&%' Clostridium difficile is ! &osoco(i!+ ,!tho%e& th!t c!'ses "i!rrhe!+ "ise!se i& hos,it!+s $or+"$i"e8 C+i&"!(ci& C+i&"!(ci&6resist!&t 6resist!&t C8 "iffici+e $!s re,orte" !s the c!'s!ti9e !%e&t of +!r%e o't)re!?s of "i!rrhe!+ "ise!se i& hos,it!+s i& Ne$ X
Yor?# Ari>o&!# F+ori"! !&" M!ss!ch'setts )et$ee& 4;:; !&" 4;;28 I:BJ Geo%r!,hic!++ "is,erse"X o't)re!?s of C8 "iffici+e str!i&s resist!&t to f+'oro.'i&o+o&e !&ti)iotics# s'ch !s ci,rof+o/!ci& !&" +e9of+o/!ci&# $ere !+so re,orte" i& North A(eric! i& 233<8 S'$'' $1 E. &'% Escherichia coli !&" coli !&" Salmonella co(e "irect+ fro( co&t!(i&!te" foo"8 Khe& )oth )!cteri! !re s,re!"# serio's he!+th co&"itio&s !rise8 M!& ,eo,+e !re hos,it!+i>e" e!ch e!r !fter )eco(i&% i&fecte"# $ith so(e "i&% !s ! res'+t8 B 4;;5# E8 co+i resist!&t to ('+ti,+e f+'oro.'i&o+o&e 9!ri!&ts $!s "oc'(e&te"8X
A&%$(&(+ $$%% O& No9e()er <# 2337# the Ce&ters for fo r Dise!se Co&tro+ Co &tro+ !&" Pre9e&tio Pre 9e&tio& & 0CDC1 re,orte" !& i&cre!si&% &'()er of Acinetobacter of Acinetobacter baumannii )+oo"stre!( )+oo"stre!( i&fectio&s i& ,!tie&ts !t (i+it!r (e"ic!+ f!ci+ities i& $hich ser9ice (e()ers X
i&-'re" i& the Ir!. Ir!. '$!it re%io& "'ri&% O,er! O,er!tio& tio& Ir!.i Free"o Free"o( ( !&" i& Af%h!&ist!& "'ri&% O,er! O,er!tio& tio& E&"'ri& E& "'ri&% % Free"o( Free "o( $ere tre!te"8 Most of these sho$e" ('+t ('+ti"r i"r'% '% resist!&c resist !&ce e 0MRAB1# $ith ! fe$ iso+!tes resist!&t to !++ "r'%s teste"8 X
M&&(+% (+&'% T') erc'+ T')er c'+os osis is is i&cre!si&% !cross the %+o)e# es,eci!++ i& "e9e+o,i&% co'&tries# o9er the ,!st fe$ e!rs8 TB resist!&t to !&ti)iotics is c!++e" MDR TB 0M'+ti"r'% Resist!&t TB18 The rise of the HI=AIDS e,i"e(ic h!s co&tri)'te" to this8 X
OB8ECTIE
O'r o)-ecti9e is to i"e&tif these "r'% resist!&t )!cteri! ) c'+ti9!ti&% the )!cteri! !&" ,+!ci&% the& i& !& e&9iro&(e&t of )!cteri!8
:
SCOPE AND AN D LIMIT LIMITA ATIONS I& o'r e/,eri(e&t $e ,+!& to t!?e !&ti)iotics i& ! "ish !&" se+ecti9e+ %ro$ )!cteri! th!t !re resist!&t to "r'%s8 The (!i& (! i& +i(it!tio&s !re the e.'i,(e&ts8 For 's to correct+ i"e&tif the "r'% resist!&t )!cteri! o't of the (!ss of the &or(!+ )!cteri!# $e &ee" ,o$erf'+ ,o $erf'+ (icrosco,es th!t !re &ot e!si+ !9!i+!)+e8
After c'+t'ri&% the )!cteri!# $e !+so &ee" to )e !)+e to 9erif these )!cteri! !re tr'+ "r'% resist!&t8 For this# $e &ee" to )e !)+e to co'&t the &'()er of )!cteri! i& the s!(,+e oe !t +e!st ?&o$ th!t their "e&sit i& ! %i9e& !re!8 O&ce !%!i& this $i++ )e "iffic'+t $itho't the re.'ire" e.'i,(e&t8
This fie+" of )!cteri! h!s i((e&se sco,e !&" c!& ,ro9i"e (ore efficie&t he!+thc!re sste(8 To"! To"! ! +ot +o t of ,eo,+e !re s'fferi&% fro( "r'% resist!&t )!cteri! )ec!'se &o&e of the "r'%s !re $or?i&% to c're the(8 Kith (ore rese!rch i& this fie+"# $e ,ro9i"e (ore t!r%ete" !,,ro!ch to ?i++ these h!r(f'+ )!cteri!8 E/isti&% Scie&tific Liter!t're o& &e$ (e"ic!tio& for "r'% resist!&t )!cteri! U&ti+ rece&t+# rese!rch !&" "e9e+o,(e&t 0RD1 h!s ,ro9i"e" &e$ "r'%s i& ti(e to tre!t )!cteri! th!t )ec!(e resist!&t to o+"er !&ti)iotics8 Th!t is &o +o&%er the c!se8 The ,ote&ti!+ crisis !t h!&" is the (!r?e" "ecre!se i& i&"'str RD# the i&cre!si&% ,re9!+e&ce of resist!&t )!cteri!8 I&fectio's "ise!ses ,hsici!&s !re !+!r(e" ) the ,ros,ect th!t effecti9e !&ti)iotics (! &ot )e !9!i+!)+e to tre!t serio's+ i++ ,!tie&ts i& the &e!r f't're8
As )!cteri!+ !&ti)iotic resist!&ce co&ti&'es to e/h!'st the s',,+ of effecti9e !&ti)iotics# ! %+o)!+ ,')+ic he!+th "is!ster !,,e!rs +i?e+8 Poor fi&!&ci!+ i&9est(e&t i& !&ti)iotic rese!rch h!s e/!cer)!te" the sit'!tio&8 A c!++ to !r(s r!ise" ) se9er!+ ,resti%io's scie&tific or%!&i>!tio&s ! fe$ e!rs !%o r!++ie" the scie&tific co(('&it# co(('&it# !&" &o$ the sco,e of !&ti)!cteri!+ rese!rch h!s )ro!"e&e" co&si"er!)+8 ;
THEOR: A&ti)iotics !re the che(ic!+ s')st!&ces ,ro"'ces ) (icroor%!&is(s to ?i++ other or%!&is(s or% !&is(s or ret!r" their the ir %ro$th8 Tetr!cc+i&e# Tetr!cc+i&e# Stre,to(ci&# Pe&ici++i& !re ! fe$ e/!(,+es of the !&ti)iotics $hich h!9e )ee& 'sef'+ i& tre!ti&% 9!rio's )!cteri!+ "ise!ses8 Co&ti&'o's 'se of ,!rtic'+!r !&ti)iotic !%!i&st !& (icroor%!&is( re"'ces its effect )ec!'se of ! fe$ )!cteri!+ ce++s "e9e+o, resist!&ce to !&ti)iotic# (! )e "'e to ('t!tio& !&" th's s'ch resist!&t st!i&s ?ee, o& %ro$i&% e9e& i& the ,rese&ce of !&ti)iotic !&" "o &ot res,o&" to tre!t(e&t8 Ge&es for resist!&ce to !&ti)iotics# +i?e the !&ti)iotics the(se+9es# !re !&cie&t8 Ho$e9er# the i&cre!si&% ,re9!+e&ce of !&ti)iotic6resist!&t )!cteri!+ i&fectio&s ste( fro( !&ti)iotic i& (e"ici&e8 A& 'se of !&ti)iotics c!& i&cre!se se+ecti9e ,ress're i& ! ,o,'+!tio& ,o ,'+!tio& of )!cteri! to !++o$ the resist!&t )!cteri! )! cteri! to thri9e !&" the s'sce,ti)+e )!cteri! to "ie off8 As resist!&ce to$!r"s !&ti)iotics )eco(es (ore co((o&# ! %re!ter &ee" for !+ter&!ti9e tre!t(e&ts !rises8 Ho$e9er# Ho$e9er# "es,ite ! ,'sh for &e$ !&ti)iotic ther!,ies there h!s )ee& ! co&ti&'e" "ec+i&e i& the &'()er & '()er of &e$+ !,,ro9e" "r'%s8 " r'%s8 A&ti)iotic A&ti)iotic resist!&ce therefore ,oses ! si%&ific!&t s i%&ific!&t ,ro)+e(8
43
44
E;PERIMENT
A%< To st'" the "r'% resist!&ce i& )!cteri! 'si&% !&ti)iotics8
R=%+$(< A,,!r!t's Re.'ire(e&t
Petri"ish
42
Steri+i>e" c'+t're t')es
Force,s
F+!s?s
45
Be!?ers
B'r&er
Che(ic!+ Re.'ire(e&ts
Pe&ici++i& !&" other !&ti)iotics
47
A%!r
St!rch
4 <
Disti++e" $!ter
4
PROCEDURE P++ + &'(+ * &(+%< 433(+ "isti++e" $!ter 7%(s of !%!r !&" 4% of st!rch $!s !""e" to ! test t')e !&" sh!?e& $e++8
The test6t')e $!s ,+!ce" o9er ! )'r&er !" )oi+e" for <(i&'tes8 Khi+e the so+'tio& $!s )oi+e"# 43,ieces of "r h! $ere !""e"8 The res'+ti&% (i/t're $!s the& ?e,t i& ! $!r( ,+!ce for <"!s for )!cteri!+ %ro$th8
4
C'(+ 1%<
Be!?er $!s t!?e& !&" (o+te& !%!r $!s ,re,!re" i& it8
S!(,+es fro( the )!cteri!+ c'+t're $ere t!?e& i& the ,etri"ish8
Tr!&sfer )!cteri! fro( !%!r test t')e i&to ,etri "ish co&t!i&i&% !&ti)iotics
Petri"ish $ere t!?e&8 4:
The $!r( c'+t're (e"i'( ,re,!re" i& the ,re9i'os ste, $!s ,o're" i&to e!ch ,etri"ish8 C!re $!s t!?e& to steri+i>e the ,etri"ish so !s to !9oi" !& '&&ecess!r %ro$th8 The c'+t're $!s s,re!" e9e&+8
A$(%%(%&< A so+'tio& so+'tio& of !&ti)iotics $!s (!"e ) "isso+9i&% "iffere&t !&ti)iotic t!)+ets i& "isti++e" $!ter8 E% ,e&ici++i& so+'tio&# tetr!cc+i&e so+'tio&8
4;
Fi+ter ,!,er c't i& circ+es $ere so!?e" i& !&ti)iotic so+'tio& !" ,+!ce" i& o&e ,!rt of the ,etri,+!te $ith c'+t're8
A&other ,etri"ish $ith !%!r $!s t!?e& !&" +!)e+e" Co&tro+@8 No !&ti)iotic $!s !""e" to this8
23
OBSERATION
A8 After o&e $ee?
Sl.no.
Antibiotic used Number of bacterial
Description
colonies
. Le9of+!/!ci& < Fe$ (e"i'( co+o&ies &e!r
2. the e"%e of the Petri "ish A(o/ici++i& : Fe$ (e"i'( si>e" co+o&ies 3. !ro'&" the fi+ter ,!,er
Cefi/i(e 4 S(!++ to (e"i'( si>e !. co+o&ies
Ro/ithro(ci& 2; De&se %ro$th of s(!++ 5. co+o&ies of )!cteri!8
Ci,rof+o/!ci& 7 Fe$ (e"i'( to +!r%e si>e" 6. co+o&ies
Cef,o"o/i(e 54 L!r%e &'()er of s(!++ to
(e"i'( si>e" co+o&ies
7. !ro'&" the e"%e8
Of+o/!ci& 57 S(!++ si>e" co+o&ies >. A>ithro(ci& 47 Me"i'( si>e" co+o&ies 9.
Co&tro+ 3 NA
24
B8 After t$o $ee?s
S+8&o8 A&ti)iotic 'se" N'()er of )!cteri!+ Descri,tio&
co+o&ies
48 Le9of+!/!ci& 5 Me"i'( co+o&ies &e!r the 28
e"%e of the ,etri "ish
A(o/ici++i& 7 Me"i'( si>e"
co+o&ies 58 !ro'&" the fi+ter ,!,er
Cefi/i(e ; S(!++ to (e"i'( si>e 78 co+o&ies
Ro/ithro(ci& 4< S(!++ si>e" co+o&ies <8 Ci,rof+o/!ci& 5 Me"i'( to +!r%e
si>e" 8 co+o&ies
Cef,o"o/i(e 25 L!r%e &'()er of s(!++ to
(e"i'( si>e"
co+o&ies 8 !ro'&" the e"%e8
Of+o/!ci& 24 S(!++ si>e" co+o&ies :8 A>ithro(ci& 44 Me"i'( si>e" co+o&ies ;8 Co&tro+ 3 NA
C8 After three $ee?s
S+8&o8 A&ti)iotic 'se" N'()er of )!cteri!+ Descri,tio&
co+o&ies
48 Le9of+!/!ci& 2 Me"i'( co+o&ies &e!r the 28 e"%e of the ,etri "ish
A(o/ici++i& 5 Me"i'( si>e"
co+o&ies 58 !ro'&" the fi+ter ,!,er
Cefi/i(e S(!++ to (e"i'( si>e 78 co+o&ies
Ro/ithro(ci& 42 S(!++ si>e" co+o&ies <8 Ci,rof+o/!ci& 5 Me"i'( to +!r%e si>e" 8 co+o&ies
Cef,o"o/i(e 4; L!r%e &'()er of s(!++ to
(e"i'( si>e"
co+o&ies 22
8 !ro'&" the e"%e8 Of+o/!ci& 45 S(!++ si>e" co+o&ies :8 A>ithro(ci& ; Me"i'( si>e" co+o&ies ;8 Co&tro+ 3 NA
RESULT
The o)ser9e" tre&" $!s th!t the &'()er of )!cteri!+ co+o&ies "ecre!se" $ith ti(e !&" f!(i+ re(!i&e" co&st!&t8 Ke c!& i&fer th!t the "ecre!se $!s )ec!'se )!cteri! $ith the ('t!tio& s'r9i9e"8 O9er ti(e !s o&+ the ('t!te" )!cteri! re(!i&e"# !&" the ,o,'+!tio& st!)i+i>e"8 Ke c!& ,re"ict th!t !fter ! fe$ (ore $ee?s# the ,o,'+!tio& (! sho$ !& ',$!r" tre&" $ith ('t!tio&s ,ro"'ce ,ro%e& $ith ('t!tio&s8
25
BIBLIOGRAPH: Ki?i,e"i! 6 The free e&cc+o,e"i! 6 0htt,e&8$i?i,e"i!8or%1
Co(,rehe&si9e Pr!ctic!+ Che(istr
27
2<
