Summer Training Report

Summer Training Report

Practical training report On

Construction of Educational Building At

Rajasthan State Road Development & Construction Corporation Ltd. Unit 3, Jaipur

Submitted in partial fulfillment for Degree of

Bachelor of Technology In

Civil Engineering

Submitted To: -

Submitted By: -

Prof. S.D. Thanvi

Akshay Khandelwal

Civil Engg. Department,

12EKTCE007

KITE, Jaipur

Department of Civil Engineering Kautilya Institute of Technology & Engineering, Jaipur Rajasthan Technical University, Kota 2015-2016 1 Department of Civil Engineering, KITE


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. V. B. MATHUR (J. EN., RSRDC), for giving an opportunity to work in this esteemed organization and their timely advise to understand my goals. I am grateful to Er. Mahesh Sharma , Er. Eshwar Prasad (Site Engineer) and Prime Infrastructure Ltd. for their invaluable guidance throughout my internship period.

My sincere thanks to the Department of Civil Engineering, KITE Jaipur for encouraging and motivating me to explore the practical side of Civil Engineering. I express my thanks to all those who helped me directly or by the way. Last, but not the least, I would like to thanks the authors of various research articles and books I referred.

AKSHAY KHANDELWAL KHANDELWAL 12EKTCE007

2 Department of Civil Engineering, KITE


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. V. B. MATHUR (J. EN., RSRDC), for giving an opportunity to work in this esteemed organization and their timely advise to understand my goals. I am grateful to Er. Mahesh Sharma , Er. Eshwar Prasad (Site Engineer) and Prime Infrastructure Ltd. for their invaluable guidance throughout my internship period.

My sincere thanks to the Department of Civil Engineering, KITE Jaipur for encouraging and motivating me to explore the practical side of Civil Engineering. I express my thanks to all those who helped me directly or by the way. Last, but not the least, I would like to thanks the authors of various research articles and books I referred.

AKSHAY KHANDELWAL KHANDELWAL 12EKTCE007



CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled “Construction “Construction of Trauma Centre and Medical College” at Pratap Nagar under “Prime Infrastructure Ltd”. Which is being submitted by Akshay Khandelwal, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Bachelor B achelor Technology in Civil Engineer, is a record of student’s own work under mu supervision and guidance.

The work is approved for submission.

Submitted By: -

Guidance By:-

Akshay Khandelwal

Prof. S.D. Thanvi

Roll no. 12EKTCE007

Civil Engineering Dept.,

B.Tech (7th SEM)

Kautilya Institute of Technology & Engineering, Jaipur



ABSTRACT

During my training, my study in this construction site includes several aspects such as Shuttering and types of Shuttering, Reinforcement of steel, Concreting, Vibrating, Curing and Water Proofing Course, RMC Plant, Indian Patent Flooring and also the different safety precautions undertaken at the site for the safety of labour and staff. In the present modern world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. In the field of Civil Engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking. Normally, the job is managed by a project manager, and supervised by a construction manager, design manager, construction engineer or project architect. For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential, involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the environment impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction site safety, availability of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding, etc.



Content

I. II. III.

IV. V. VI. VII. VIII.

Introduction Objective of the Project About the Project 

Location

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Construction type

Technical Report Maps & Drawing briefs Quality Control and Safety Measures Equipment used at Site Curing And Testing Arrangement at Site

IX.

Benefits of the Training

X.

Conclusion



1. Introduction

Building is a manmade structure having component such as, foundation, wall, roof, windows, doors etc. that protect and provide shelter human being and their goods from effect of harsh weather component like rain, sun, wi nd, dust etc. and theft. Factories, houses, schools, hospitals etc. are some common example of buildings. Buildings are very essential part of human civilization. The art of building construction is practiced by people from ancient times. Megalithic Temples of Malta are some of the oldest structure of world, dating back to 3500 to 2500 BC. Sanchi Stupa is the oldest standing structure of India. The material used in these buildings is mainly clay, stone, timber etc. and construction techniques adopted are more laborious, slow and less efficient. In modern world, the construction technique is much more advance and sophisticated. There are wide range of building products and system which are aimed primarily at groups of building types and markets. The design process for building is highly organized and draws upon research establishments that include study material properties and performance, official codes, safety standards, accordance of consumer needs. The construction process is also highly organized, it include the manufactures of various building component and system, skilled craftsmen, contactors to coordinate the work of craftsmen and consultants who specialize in construction management, quality control and insurance.

Classification of buildings

The buildings are generally classified on the basis of the functions they serve. Followings are the types of buildings based on occupancy: 1. Residential buildings 2. Educational buildings 6 Department of Civil Engineering, KITE


3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Institutional buildings Assembly buildings Business buildings Mercantile buildings Industrial buildings Storage buildings Hazardous building

Residential Buildings: These buildings include any buildings in which sleeping accommodation provide for normal residential purpose, with or without cooking and dining facilities. It includes single or multifamily dwellings, apartments, houses etc.

Educational Buildings: These includes any building used for schools, collages, or daycare purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not covered by assembly buildings.

Institutional Building: These include any building used for school, college or day-care purpose involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is n ot covered by assembly building.

Assembly Building: These are the buildings where group of people meet or gather for amusement, Recreation, social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition halls, museums, places of worship etc.



Business Buildings: These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of accounts and records and for similar purpose, offices, banks, professional establishments, court houses, libraries. The principal function of these building is transaction of public business and keeping of books and records.

Mercantile Buildings: These buildings are used as shops, stores, markets for display a sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail, offices, shops, storage services facilities incidental to the sale of merchandise and located in the same building.

Industrial Buildings: These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabrication , assembled , manufactured or processed , as assembly plant , laboratories ,dry cleaning plants , power plants , pumping stations , smoke houses, laundries etc.

Storage Buildings: These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or merchandise vehicles and animals, warehouse, cold storage, garage, trucks.

Hazardous Buildings: These buildings are used for the storage , handling , manufacture or processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidly and/or which may produce poisonous elements for storage handlings , acids or other liquids or chemicals producing flames , fumes and ex plosive , poisonous , irritant or corrosive gases producing of any material producing explosive mixture of dust which result in the division of matter into fine particles subjected to spontaneous ignition. 8 Department of Civil Engineering, KITE


2. Objective of the Project

A trauma center is a specialized hospital that treats victims of physical trauma i.e. “Physical trauma is defined as blunt, penetrating or burns injury that requires immediate medical treatment in order for the person who has sustained such injury to survive . Most often, these types of injury are the result of falls, auto accidents, gunshots, stabbings and/or burns. A trauma center is staffed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week with a trauma surgery team that is specially qualified to attend to traumatic injury. After the patient is stabilized, his/her continuum of care is the responsibility of the trauma center staff until the patient is released from the trauma center.

Trauma center should fulfill the following objectives: -

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To provide high standards of trauma care to the patients in accordance with international standards. This Trauma center will have full range of specialists (surgical and non-surgical) and equipment available 24 hours a day, and will be able to admit high volume of severely injured patients.

It will be a referral center for patients from neighboring regions who will require specialized trauma management and rehabilitation. Network all regional Trauma Centers in the state of Rajasthan for all aspects of trauma care including patient care, data collection and support the establishment of a National Trauma Registry. To provide immediate action and care to the severe physical emergency like road accident, fire burns, serious and typical surgeries.



3. ABOUT THE PROJECT

i.

LOCATION:The site is situated in Sector-8, Pratap Nagar, Sanganer, Jaipur n ear Narayana Multispecialty Hospital. The site has an easy access form the all the directions. The site can be reached from Tonk Road as well as from Jagatpura or Goner Road.

ii.

CONSTRUCTION TYPE:The construction type of building is Fire Resistive, Non-combustible (Commonly found in high-rise buildings and Group I occupancies). This is the TYPE 1A construction according to IBC. The building is a Reinforced Concrete Framed construction. Reinforced concrete (RC) frames consist of horizontal elements (beams) and vertical elements (columns) connected by rigid joints as well as further strengthened as necessary by the introduction of rigid floor membranes and external walls. These structures are cast monolithically — that is, beams and columns are cast in a single operation in order to act in unison. RC frames provide resistance to both gravity and lateral loads through bending in beams and columns.



ADVANTAGES OF THE FRAMED COSTRUCTION:

1. Speedy construction due to simplicity in geometry – consist of only columns and beams (or partially by the floor slab) as the main structural elements. 2. Very rigid and stable –able to resist tremendous vertical (dead load) and lateral loads (wind). 3. Reduced dead load –absent of thick shear wall etc. 4.Roofed over at an earlier stage –every floor slab being finished becomes a cover to protect the lower floors from sun and rain. 5. Offer large unobstructed floor areas –without obstacle between columns. 6. Flexible utilization of space. 7. Adaptable to almost any shape. 8. Easily altered within limits of frame –regular or non-regular grid system is very adaptable in spatial arrangement. 9. Offsite preparation possible –especially for prefabricated construction using precast concrete or structural steel elements. 10. May be designed to accommodate movement 11.Acceptable distribution of natural light –window openings can be provided easily on eternal walls. 12. Easy to design structurally including computer design –again, due to simple geometry.



4. Technical Report

Company

Prime Infrastructure Private Ltd.

Client

Rajasthan State Road Development & Co-operation

Location

Pratap Nagar

Date of Start

July 2013

Date of completion Number of columns

February 2016 237

Grade of concrete

In slab- M-25 In beam- M-25 In column- M-30

Cement Grade of Steel

ISI marked Binani Cement(OPC) Fe-500 IS: 1786 (HYSD TMT )

Steel bars diameter used

10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm

Till 15th December 2015 all the construction work of the building was completed with flooring. Only painting work was left on the left outer portion and inner walls. The sanitary, pipe fitting and electricity/lighting work was ru nning in full swing. The buildings have independent connections for electricity and water supply and all the connection work have been completed. All the floors plan of the trauma centre was symmetrical to each other as well as from the centre line of plan. The top floor of the building is protected from rain water entering the joints and the slab as WATER PROOFING COURSE has been done on the floor and the joints.





The whole building is divided into two blocks:i.) ii.)

Trauma Centre Medical College

The contract of Medical College was given to “GLOBAL INFRA. Pvt. Ltd.” The medical college also was given to RSRDC, Jaipur and its floor is completed till Aug-15. The tender of the medical college was only till the completion of first floor. The redistribution of tender was scheduled in Feb-2016.



5. Drawing and Maps Briefing

Plan of Pathology Department

The floor plans of all the five floor are same, so only one floor plan of fifth floor is attached in the report. Only the departments are changed on each floor otherwise the whole plan is same for each floor. Each floor is provided with the particular doctor’s chamber and the staff. Each department are also provided with their particular laboratories and equipment handling rooms.



6. Quality Control

It is very important to have a good quality control process on a project. Depending on the project or the client or executing agent for construction the Quality Control/Quality Assurance process could be very proscriptive.

Quality control is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer. On a construction site usually the contractor (or a third party) is responsible for performing Quality Control which is ultimately just making sure that they are completing the work safely and in compliance with the contract.

Quality Assurance is spot checking contract compliance, test results, and ultimately just making sure that the Quality Control Processes is working. On a construction site usually the Government or outside third party is responsible for performing Quality Assurance It is an overall management plan to guarantee the integrity of Quality Control Process.

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Quality control means rational use of resources.

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Quality control procedures implement i. appropriate mixing, ii. proper compaction, iii. correct placement and iv. adequate curing

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Quality control ensures i. strict monitoring of every stage of concrete production ii. rectification of faults iii. Quality control reduces maintenance costs. 16

Department of Civil Engineering, KITE


Common Mistakes practiced at sites 

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The cement sand mix in the mortar and brick masonry is made quite early, prior to its use and in larger quantities than required The construction materials like sand, bricks, Aggregate etc. are not washed and are full of deleterious material and dust. Compaction of bottom strata in foundation work is not carried out. During concreting of footing, the concrete is poured at a height greater than 1m. Generally, trapezoidal footings are resorted to where concrete is never vibrated. Reinforced concrete column, being an important part of the structure are neither mechanically vibrated nor machine mixed.

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They are cast in short lifts with increased number of joints.

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Cover to reinforcement in column, beams and slabs is insufficient.

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No cover to reinforcement in contact of the ground

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Misalignment of column at foundation level and rectification at higher level, leading to eccentric loading. Reinforced coping at plinth level being an important barrier to dampness is never densely cast.

Problems Encountered by common mistakes 

Cracks in concrete.

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Improper bonding between concrete and brick masonry.

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Spillage of plaster.

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Dampness of walls.

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Leakage of slabs.

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Cracks in brick masonry.

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Settlement of foundation and walls.



Causes of Mistakes Causes for poor quality can be summarized as: 

Ignorance

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Poor materials

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Poor design

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Poor detailing

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Poor workmanship

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Improper quantity of cement

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Improper concrete mix

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Excess water

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Inadequate compaction

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Substandard forms

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Inadequate curing

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Inadequate cover

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Poor construction practices

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Poor supervision

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Lack of technical knowledge



Cycle for assuring quality

1. PLAN:- In any quality assuring process PLAN is the foremost important step. While planning we have to include all the components in a construction site which needs to be checked for their quality assurance. 2. DO:- In this step we survey the construction site for its quality assurance and control. 3. CHECK:- In this step we check the components for its quality either at the site or in a laboratory. The component is taken from site to the laboratory at the site itself or at the nearest possible place to check its quality. 4. ACT:- In this step the decision is made aacording to the test performed at the component whether to make any changes or not.



RELATION BETWEEN QUALITY AND COST

With the increase of quality of design, cost increase is exponential but value addition initially increases, but starts saturating at of some point. Hence the optimum cost is arrived when slope of both the curves is same



6.2 SAFETY MEASURES

ALL OF OUR SAFETY RULES MUST BE OBEYED. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY RESULT IN A BIZARE ACCIDENT AT SITE. 1.

Keep your mind on your work at all times. No horseplay on the job. Injury or termination or both can be the result.

2.

Personal safety equipment must be worn as prescribed for each job, such as: safety glasses for eye protection, hard hats at all times within the confines of the construction area where there is a potential for falling materials or tools, gloves when handling materials, and safety shoes are necessary for protection against foot injuries.

3.

Precautions are necessary to prevent sunburn and to protect against burns from hot materials.

4.

If any part of your body should come in contact with an acid or caustic substance, rush to the nearest water available and flush the affected part. Secure medical aid immediately.

5.

Watch where you are walking. Don't run.

6.

The use of illegal drugs or alcohol or being under the influence of the same on the project shall be cause for termination. Inform your supervisor if taking strong prescription drugs that warn against driving or using machinery.



7.

Do not distract the attention of fellow workers. Do no engage in any act which would endanger another employee.

8.

Sanitation facilities have been or will be provided for your use. Defacing or damaging these facilities is forbidden.

9.

A good job is a clean job, and a clean job is the start of a safe job. So keep your working area free from rubbish and debris.

10.

Do not use a compressor to blow dust or dirt from your clothes, hair, or hands.

11.

Never work aloft if you are afraid to do so, if you are subject to dizzy spells, or if you are apt to be nervous or sick.

12.

Never move an injured person unless it is absolutely necessary. Further injury may result. Keep the injured as comfortable as possible and utilize job site first-aid equipment until an ambulance arrives.

13.

Know where firefighting equipment is located and be trained on how to use it.

14.

Lift correctly - with legs, not the back. If the load is too heavy GET HELP. Stay fit. Control your weight. Do stretching exercises. Approximately twenty percent of all construction related injuries result from lifting materials.

15.

Nobody but operator shall be allowed to ride on equipment unless proper seating is provided. 22

Department of Civil Engineering, KITE


16.

Do not use power tools and equipment until you have been properly instructed in the safe work methods and become authorized to use them.

17.

Be sure that all guards are in place. Do not remove, displace, damage, or destroy any safety device or safeguard furnished or provided for use on the job, nor interfere with the use thereof.

18.

Do not enter an area which has been barricaded.

19.

If you must work around power shovels, trucks, and dozers, make sure operators can always see you. Barricades are required for cranes.

20.

Never oil, lubricate, or fuel equipment while it is running or in motion.

21.

Before servicing, repairing, or adjusting any powered tool or piece of equipment, disconnect it, lock out the source of power, and tag it out.

22.

Barricade danger areas. Guard rails or perimeter cables may be required.

23.

Trenches over five feet deep must be shored or sloped as required. Keep out of trenches or cuts that have not been properly shored or sloped. Excavated or other material shall not be stored nearer than two feet from the edge of the excavation. Excavations less than 5 ft may also require cave in protection in some instances.

24.

Use the "four and one" rule when using a ladder. One foot of base for every four feet of height.



7. Equipment used at site

In a construction project various type of equipment are used at site to ensure the quality control of material, to provide elegance to super structure, to lift the heavy precast component and other construction material such as concrete, steel bars etc. , to place the precast component with precision, to reduce manmade mistakes and labour cost. Thus use of equipment accelerate the whole project.

In order to increase work efficiency, it is essential for people to be aware of the different types of equipment and their specific uses also just to initiate and further the improvement of work.

There are so many equipment used in the construction area. These equipment are dedicated to bring ease and convenience for people to have in their work. It is a fact that not all work can be done by man alone. It is essential for people and construction workers to improve their work and have convenience and improvement with the help of equipment.

Bulldozer: -



The bulldozer is a very powerful crawler that is equipped with a blade. The term bulldozer is often used to mean any type of heavy machinery, although the term actually refers to a tractor that is fitted with a dozer blade. Often times, bulldozers are large and extremely powerful tracked vehicles. The tracks give them amazing ground mobility and hold through very rough terrain. Wide tracks on the other hand, help to distribute the weight of the dozer over large areas, therefore preventing it from sinking into sandy or muddy ground. Bulldozers have great ground hold and a torque divider that’s designed to convert the power of the engine into dragging ability, which allows it to use its own weight to push heavy objects and even remove things from the ground. Due to these attributes, bulldozers are used to clear obstacles, shrubbery and remains of structures and buildings. The blade on a bulldozer is the heavy piece of metal plate that is installed on the front. The blade pushes things around. Normally, the blade comes in 3 varieties: 1. A straight blade that is short and has no lateral curve, no side wings, and can be used only for fine grading.

2. A universal blade, or U blade, which is tall and much curved, and features large side wings to carry more material around.

3. A combination blade that is shorter, offers less curvature, wings.

and smaller side

Backhoe Loader: Also referred to as a loader backhoe, the backhoe loader is an engineering and excavation vehicle that consists of a tractor, front shovel and bucket and a small backhoe in the rear end. Due to the small size and versatility, backhoe loaders are common with small construction projects and excavation type work. Originally invented in Burlington Iowa back in 1857, the backhoe loader is the most common variation of the classic farm tractor. As the name implies, it has a loader assembly on the front and a backhoe attachment on the back.



Anytime the loader and backhoe are attached it is never referred to as a tractor, as it is not normally used for towing and doesn’t normally have a PTO. When the backhoe is permanently attached, the machine will normally have a seat that can swivel to the rear to face the backhoe controls. Any type of removable backhoe attachments will normally have a separate seat on the attachment itself. Backhoe loaders are common and can be used for many tasks, which include construction, light transportation of materials, powering building equipment, digging holes and excavating, breaking asphalt, and even paving roads .You can often replace the backhoe bucket with other tools such as a breaker for breaking and smashing concrete and rock. There are some loader buckets that offer a retractable bottom, which enable it to empty the load more quickly and efficiently.

Tower Crane: Tower cranes are a common fixture at any major construction site. They're pretty hard to miss -- they often rise hundreds of feet into the air, and can reach out just as far. The construction crew uses the tower crane to lift steel, concrete, large 26 Department of Civil Engineering, KITE


tools like acetylene torches and generators, and a wide variety of other building materials.

Ready Mix Concrete Plant: Ready mix concrete plant is responsible to provide undisturbed flow of concrete to the construction site, so as the concreting can be done right after the shuttering and reinforcement work is completed. A ready-mix concrete plant consists of silos that contain cement, sand, gravel and storage thanks of additives such as plasticizers, as well as a mixer to blend the components of concrete. These components are gravity fed into the preparation bin. The quality of concrete can be maintained only if the formulation is carefully administered. The water dosage in particular must be very precise and the mixing itself must remain continuous and consistent. To accommodate all of these constraints concrete plants have been generally automated to ensure reliability throughout the manufacturing process.



Concrete Pump: A concrete pump is a machine used for transferring liquid concrete by pumping. There are two types of concrete pumps. The first type of concrete pump is attached to a truck or longer units are on semi-trailers. It is known as a boom concrete pump because it uses a remote-controlled articulating robotic arm (called a boom) to place concrete accurately. Boom pumps are used on most of the larger construction projects as they are capable of pumping at very high volumes and because of the labour saving nature of the placing boom.

The second main type of concrete pump is either mounted on a truck or placed on a trailer, and it is commonly referred to as a line pump or trailer-mounted concrete pump. This pump requires steel or flexible concrete placing hoses to be manually attached to the outlet of the machine. Those hoses are linked together and lead to wherever the concrete needs to be placed. Line pumps normally pump concrete at lower volumes than boom pumps and are used for smaller volume concrete placing applications such as swimming pools, sidewalks, and single family home concrete slabs and most ground slabs.



Other Tools: -

Compactors: If the site of the concrete slab is to be prepped with a sub base of any type, a compactor helps settle the stone or aggregate into position.

Levels: Both the sub base and slab surface must be level. A standard long-line level, or a laser level, will let you verify that the slab is completely to spec before pouring and after.

Tape measures: Concrete forms and slab depth need the same “measure twice, pour once” verification as any other material on the job site. They are also useful for testing placement and mapping.

Moisture retarders: Moisture or vapor retarders are used to prevent water vapor from intruding on a finished concrete slab. They are generally placed directly under on grade or below grade slabs.

Saws: -Reciprocating saws, circular saws or grinders can be necessary to cut rebar or forms on the jobsite. They can also be necessary if a problem develops under the slab and a portion of the concrete has to be removed after it has set and dried. Shovels: Shovels help distribute concrete around the jobsite to fill in gaps left during the pour process or for smaller applications. Square-ended shovels generally work better for concrete; rounded ones spread concrete unevenly.

Rakes: Using a rake is the quickest way to begin getting the freshly-poured concrete spread more uniformly into place. Garden rakes work but concrete rakes (also 29 Department of Civil Engineering, KITE


called “come along” rakes) have a more scooped blade for more easily pre leveling new concrete. Concrete rakes also have a tine on the back of the blade to help lift rebar or mesh into position before the concrete begins to harden.

Tampers: Tampers are used with low slump concrete to push the aggregate below the slab surface. There are types that are used standing on the wet concrete, or roller types that can be used from the slab edge.

Vibrators: Concrete vibrators help release trapped air pockets and excess water from the concrete mix to prevent possibly compromising problems in medium to high slump concrete.

Screeds: Screeds come in a variety of sizes and can be a specific tool (also called straight edges or bump cutters), or can be simple flat pieces of dimensional lumber. The purpose of a screed is to smooth concrete after it has been moved into place by scraping away any excess from the slab surface.

Bull floats: Bull floats are wide-bladed tools on a long (possibly telescoping handle) that provide the first pass for leveling ridges and filling voids in the concrete after the screed work has been done.

Magnesium floats: Magnesium floats (or mag floats) are smaller handheld floats typically used to float slab edges or to use for finish work on smaller slabs.

Trowels: Trowels also help smooth concrete surfaces for their finish coats before being left to dry. Hand-troweling is common for smaller slabs, or power trowels are often preferred for large slabs. There are varying types of trowels for specific concrete work.

Float blades and troweling blades: 30 Department of Civil Engineering, KITE


A variety of blade types is available for floats and power trowels, each designed to accomplish different finishes. Some care must be taken during the troweling stage not to burnish the surface and prolong drying time.

Groove cutter/jointer tool: For certain job types, grooving the surface also helps prevent cracking or excess damage from shrinkage as the concrete dries or during use.

Edger: An edger is a tool designed to round exposed concrete edges for a smooth finish.

Polishers: After the slab has dried sufficiently, polishers can be used to produce a surface finish effect, from a gentle smoothing of the surface for traction and safety to a mirror-like shine for an aesthetic finish.

Grinders: Grinding can also be used for aesthetic effects like a distressed finish, or is also sometimes necessary if a slab surface has been over-trowelled and excess moisture is sealed inside the slab.

Dust collection systems: When grinding, polishing, drilling or sawing concrete, a dust collection system helps clear the work area and protect the health of the onsite workers.

Thermo-hygrometers: Ambient conditions play a big role in determining drying time. A thermohygrometer helps monitor both temperature and relative humidity in the space around the concrete slab and inform potential remediation methods to speed drying time.

Hammer drills or rotary drills: Placing concrete anchors or doing relative humidity (RH) testing require drilling into a cured concrete slab. Hammer drills (or rotary drills) make the process easier 31 Department of Civil Engineering, KITE


by combining rotation with “percussion” – a pounding motion that breaks up the concrete faster for easier installation. And don’t forget the right bits for the job, too.

Concrete moisture meters: Concrete moisture meters can provide handy “spot checks” of drying slabs. However, care must be taken to remember that they, like the hood method or the calcium chloride method, only provide an indication of surface conditions.

Relative humidity (RH) test kit: For an accurate indication of the internal moisture condition of a drying slab, RH testing with in situ probes provides effective internal moisture measurement. Backed by ASTM F2170, RH testing can provide necessary moisture data for concrete and flooring installers alike and prevent possible moisture-related problems down the road.



8. Curing and test arrangement at site

Curing: There are various methods of curing. The adoption of a particular method will depend upon the nature of work and the climatic conditions. The following methods of curing of concrete are generally adopted.

1. Shading of concrete work: The object of shading concrete work is to prevent the evaporation of water from the surface even before setting. This is adopted mainly in case of large concrete surfaces such as road slabs. This is essential in dry weather to protect the concrete from heat, direct sun rays and wind. It also protects the surface from rain. In cold weather shading helps in preserving the heat of hydration of cement thereby preventing freezing of concrete under mild frost conditions. Shading may be achieved by using canvas stretched on frames. This method has a limited application only.

2. Covering concrete surfaces with hessian or gunny bags: This is a widely used method of curing, particularly for structural concrete. Thus exposed surface of concrete is prevented from drying out by covering it with hessian, canvas or empty cement bags. The covering over vertical and sloping surfaces should be secured properly. These are periodically wetted. The in terval of wetting will depend upon the rate of evaporation of water. It should be ensured that the surface of concrete is not allowed to dry even for a short time during the curing period. Special arrangements for keeping the surface wet must be made at nights and on holidays.

3. Sprinkling of water: Sprinkling of water continuously on the concrete surface provides an efficient curing. It is mostly used for curing floor slabs. The concrete should be allowed to set sufficiently before sprinkling is started. The spray can be obtained from a 33 Department of Civil Engineering, KITE


perforated plastic box. On small jobs sprinkling of water may be done by hand. Vertical and sloping surfaces can be kept continuously wet by sprinkling water on top surfaces and allowing it to run down between the forms and the concrete. For this method of curing the water requirement is higher.

4. Ponding method: This is the best method of curing. It is suitable for curing horizontal surfaces such as floors, roof slabs, roads and air field pavements. The horizontal top surfaces of beams can also be ponded. After placing the concrete, its exposed surface is first covered with moist hessian or canvas. After 24 hours, these covers are removed and small ponds of clay or sand are built across and along the pavements. The area is thus divided into a number of rectangles. The water is filled between the ponds. The filling of water in these ponds is done twice or thrice a day, depending upon the atmospheric conditions. Though this method is very efficient, the water requirement is very heavy. Ponds easily break and water flows out. After curing it is difficult to clean the clay.

5. Membrane curing: The method of curing described above come under the category of moist curing. Another method of curing is to cover the wetted concrete surface by a layer of water proof material, which is kept in contact with the concrete surface of seven days. This method of curing is termed as membrane curing. A membrane will prevent the evaporation of water from the concrete. The membrane can b e either in solid or liquid form. They are also known as sealing compounds. Bituminized water proof papers, wax emulsions, bitumen emulsions and plastic films are the common types of membrane used.

Whenever bitumen is applied over the surface for curing, it should be done only after 24 hours curing with gunny bags. The surface is allowed to dry out so that loose water is not visible and then the liquid asphalt sprayed throughout. The moisture in the concrete is thus preserved. It is quite enough for curing.



This method of curing does not need constant supervision. It is adopted with advantage at places where water is not available in sufficient quantity for wet curing. This method of curing is not efficient as compared with wet curing because rate of hydration is less. Moreover the strength of concrete cured by any membrane is less than the concrete which is moist cured. When membrane is damaged the curing is badly affected.

6. Steam curing: Steam curing and hot water curing is sometimes adopted. With these methods of curing, the strength development of concrete is very rapid.

These methods can best be used in pre-cast concrete work. In steam curing the temperature of steam should be restricted to a maximum of 750C as in the absence of proper humidity (about 90%) the concrete may dry too soon. In case of hot water curing, temperature may be raised to any limit, ay 1000C.

At this temperature, the development of strength is about 70% of 28 days strength after 4 to 5 hours. In both cases, the temperature should be fully controlled to avoid non-uniformity. The concrete should be prevented from rapid drying and cooling which would form cracks.



Test Arrangements Slump Test: This is a site test to determine the workability of the ready mixed concrete just before it’s placing to final position inside the formwork, and is always conducted by the supervisor on site. However in mid of concreting process , should the site supervisor visually finds that the green concrete becomes dry or the placement of concrete has been interrupted , a re-test on the remaining concrete should be conducted in particular of the pour for congested reinforcement area

Compacting factor test: This is a site test to determine the consistency or workability of concrete and is conducted in the lab or on site .Nowadays, this test is commonly replaced by the Slump Test to determine the workability of the green concrete

California Bearing Ratio: The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test is a simple strength test that compares the bearing capacity of a material with that of a well-graded crushed stone (thus, a high quality crushed stone material should have a CBR @ 100%). The CBR rating was developed for measuring the load-bearing capacity of soils used for building roads. The CBR can also be used for measuring the load-bearing capacity of unimproved airstrips or for soils under paved airstrips. The harder the surface, the higher the CBR rating. A CBR of 3 equates to tilled farmland, a CBR of 4.75 equates to turf or moist clay, while moist sand may have a CBR of 10. High quality crushed rock has a CBR over 80. The standard material for this test is crushed California limestone which has a value of 100.

Compression test: The Compression Test is a laboratory test to determine the characteristic strength of the concrete but the making of test cubes is sometimes carried out by the 36 Department of Civil Engineering, KITE


supervisor on site. This cube test result is very important to the acceptance of insitu concrete work since it demonstrates the strength of the design mix.

Rebound hammer: Rebound hammer test is done to find out the compressive strength of concrete by using rebound hammer as per IS: 13311 (Part 2) – 1992.The rebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the surface against which its mass strikes. When the plunger of the rebound hammer is pressed against the surface of the concrete, the spring-controlled mass rebounds and the extent of such a rebound depends upon the surface hardness of the concrete. The surface hardness and therefore the rebound is taken to be related to the compressive strength of the concrete. The rebound value is read from a graduated scale and is designated as the rebound number or rebound index. The compressive strength can be read directly from the graph provided on the body of the hammer.

Ultrasonic pulse velocity: This test is done to assess the quality of concrete by ultrasonic pulse velocity method as per IS: 13311 (Part 1) – 1992.The method consists of measuring the time of travel of an ultrasonic pulse passing through the concrete being tested. Comparatively higher velocity is obtained when concrete quality is good in terms of density, uniformity, homogeneity etc.



9. Benefits of Training

i.)

Increase Productivity: - Speaking to additional manpower allows you to take advantage of short-term support.

ii.)

Enhance Perspective:- The training enhances the perspective of the trainee of everything going around him/her in construction.

iii.)

Communication Skills : - training inproves the communication skills of the trainee with the labour and the employees controlling the site.

iv.)

Professionalism: - training improves the professionalism in the trainee as gets to know more about his/her field.

v.)

Creativity and Innovation : - the trainee becomes creative and innovative and new ideas generate in his/her mind. A whole new perspective opens in front of him/her.

vi.)

Diversity: - Diversity training usually includes explanation about how people have different perspectives and views, and includes techniques to value diversity.

vii.)

Safety: - Safety training is critical where working with heavy equipment, hazardous chemicals, repetitive activities, etc.,

viii.)

Quality Initiatives : - initiatives such as total quality management, quality circles, benchmarking, etc., require basic training about quality concepts, guidelines and standards for quality, etc


Summer Training Report

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