2.1 Anatomi dan fisiologi Tulang Belakang Manusia
Tulang belakang (kolumna vertebralis) adalah pilar yang kuat,
Menurut Syaifuddin,2009 Ruas tulang belakang dibentuk oleh 33 os vertebra yang tersusun dari atas kebawah mulai dari leher sampai ke
melengkung dan dapat bergerak, serta berperan menopang tengkorak,
tulang ekor. Meliputi :
dinding dada, dan ekstremitas atas, melindungi medulla spinalis. Tulang
Pada manusia, tulang belakang terbagi atas lima bagian, yaitu:
belakang terdiri dari sejumlah vertebra yang dihubungkan oleh discus
a. 7 ruas tulang leher (vertebrae (vertebrae cervicalis) cervicalis) yang mendukung bagian
intervertebralis dan beberapa ligamentum. Setiap vertebra terdiri dari
leher
tulang spongiosa yang terisi dengan sumsum tulang merah dan dilapisi
b. 12
oleh selapis tipis tulang padat. (Gibson,J.2002)
ruas
tulang
punggung
(
vertebrae
dorsalis
)
yang
menghubungkantulang rusuk c. 5 ruas tulang pinggang (vertebrae (vertebrae lumbaris ) yang merupakan bagian terlemah pada tulang punggung, namun tulangnya merupakan tulang yang terbesar diantara tulang lainnya d. 5 ruas tulang kelangkang ( sacrum sacrum vertebrae ) merupakan potongan tulang pelindung yang menghubungkan bagian punggung dengan tulang panggul e. 4 ruas tulang ekor (vertebrae (vertebrae cocigues ) adalah akhir dari tulang belakang, tulang ini terdiri dari tulang punggung yang sangat kecil dan menyatu pada sumbu yang sama. Kolumna vertebralis adalah sebuah struktur lentur yang dibentuk oleh sejumlah tulang yang disebut vertebra atau ruas tulang belakang. Diantara tiap dua ruas tulang pada tulang belakang terdapat bantalan tulang rawan. Panjang rangkaian tulang belakang pada orang dewasa
Gambar 2.1 Anatomi tulang belakang
dapat mencapai 57-67cm. seluruhnya terdapat 33 ruas tulang, 24 buah diantaranya adalah tulang-tulang terpisah dan 9 ruas sisanya bergabung membentuk 2 tulang. (Evelyn,P.2002) 1
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Fungsi columna vertebralis adalah :
sekumpulan sistem saraf yang disebut sistem saraf pusat. Tulang
1) Menyangga berat kepala dan batang tubuh
belakang berbentuk tulang pendek dan tulang berjumlah 33 ruas.
2) Memungkinkan pergerakan kepala dan batang tubuh
Ruas-ruas tulang belakang membentuk sumbu tubuh yang tidak lurus.
3) Melindungi medulla spinalis
Jika dilihat dari samping, tulang belakang berbentuk melengkung.
4) Memungkinkan keluarnya nervus spinalis dari canalis spinalis
Lengkungan ini berfungsi untuk menunjang keseimbangan badan. Ruas
5) Tempat perlekatan otot-otot
tulang belakang saling berhubungan melalui saluran di tengah setiap
Vertebra yang khas terdiri dari corpus vertebra dan arcus vertebra.
ruas. Saluran tersebut melindungi sumsum tulang belakang yang terdapat
Corpus vertebra adalah bagian ventral yang member kekuatan pada
di dalam sepanjang tulang belakang.
columna vertebralis dan menanggung berat tubuh. Arcus vertebra adalah bagian dorsal vertebra yang terdiri dari pediculus arcus vertebra dan
2.2
lamina arcus vertebra. Pediculus arcus vertebra adalah taju pendek yang
2.2.1. Definisi
Lordosis
kokoh dan menghubungkan lengkung pada corpus vertebra, incisura
Lordosis adalah penyakit kelainan pada tulang belakang yang
vertebralis merupakan torehan pada pediculus arcus vertebra. Incisura
menyebabkan punggung penderita terlalu melengkung masuk pada
vertebralis superior dan incisura vertebralis inferior pada vertebra yang
daerah pinggang. Tulang belakang yang normal jika dilihat dari
bertetangga m embentuk sebuah foramen intervertebral. Pediculus arcus
belakang akan tampak lurus. Lain halnya pada tulang belakang
vertebra menjorok kearah dorsal untuk bertemu dengan dua lempeng
penderita lordosis, akan tampak bengkok terutama di punggung
tulang yang lebar dan gepeng yaitu lamina arcus vertebra. Foramen
bagian bawah (Ali,2010).
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1. Kondisi tubuh yang memang sudah buruk sejak anak-anak hingga orang dewasa. Berbagai kebiasaan buruk saat duduk maupun berdiri akan memperparah kondisi.Menurut Davis, 2010 sikap tubuh yang salah merupakan penyebab nyeri pinggang dan kelainan tulang belakang yang sering tidak disadari oleh penderitanya. Terutama sikap tubu h yang menjadi kebiasaan. Kebiasaan seseorang, seperti duduk, berdiri, tidur, mengangkat beban pada posisi yang salah dapat Gambar 2.2 Perbandingan tulang belakang normal dan penderita lordosis(sumber lordosis (sumber : www.nlm.niv.gov) Lordosis
adalah
tulang
belakang
membebek
menimbulkan nyeri pinggang. 2. Aktivitas berat
atau
Menurut Middleditch et al, 2005 selain sikap tubuh yang salah
kurvatura/pembengkokan tulang belakang bagian pinggang yang
yang seringkali menjadi kebiasaan, beberapa aktivitas berat juga
berlebihan. Lordosis adalah salah satu bentuk kelainan tulang
dapat menimbulkan lordosis, misalnya:
belakang dimana tulang cervical dan thorax melengkung ke arah
a. Jika berdiri dalam waktu yang sangat panjang, maka akan
depan sehingga penderita tampak seperti sedang membusungkan
terjadi pergeseran pada tulang belakang bagian pinggang.
dada. Lordosis ini sering sering juga disebut swayback disebut swayback atau saddle back.
Lordosis akan lebih terlihat pada mereka yang memiliki otot
(Muttaqin, 2010).
pada bagian pinggang lemah.
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e. Berjalan lebih dari 3,2 km dalam sehari dapat pula
Lordosis lebih sering terjadi pada perempuan, terutama saat
meningkatkan resiko timbulnya nyeri pinggang dan resiko
dalam masa kehamilan. Pada saat hamil, tubuh perempuan akan
terjadinya kelainan bentuk tulang punggung.
menghasilkan lebih banyak hormon relaksin untuk meregangkan
3. Masalah berat badan yang lerlebihan sehingga bisa menyebabkan tubuh tidak kuat menahan beban 4. Gangguan yang terjadi pada bagian tulang belakang yang menyebabkan lordosis (Benjamin et al, 2014) yaitu:
otot dan sendi daerah pinggul sehingga tulang punggung akan cenderung lebih melengkung ke depan mengikuti beban dari janin. (Davis, 2010). 6. Nutrisi
a. Spondylolisthesis adalah kondisi di mana tulang (vertebra) di
Nutrisi merupakan bahan untuk menghasilkan yang digunakan
tulang belakang slip keluar dari posisi yang tepat ke tulang di
dalam membantu proses pengaturan keseimbangan organ, otot,
bawahnya atau suatu
tendon, ligamen dan persendian. Apabila status nutrisi kurang,
kondisi dimana tulang belakang
tergelincir kedepan. b. Achondroplasia adalah gangguan di mana tulang tumbuh secara tidak normal yang dapat mengakibatkan perawakan pendek seperti kekerdilan. Gangguan pertumbuhan tulang
kebutuhan energi pada organ tersebut akan kurang sehingga dapat proses keseimbangan. 7. Faktor sosial dan gaya hidup Perilaku gaya hidup dapat membuat seseorang jadi lebih baik
yang menyebabkan jenis yang paling umum dari dwarfisme.
atau bahkan sebaliknya menjadi buruk. Seseorang yang memiliki
c. Osteoporosis adalah penyakit tulang yang paling umum di
gaya hidup yang tidak sehat misalnya selalu menggunakan alat
mana kepadatan tulang hilang mengakibatkan kelemahan
bantu dalam melakukan kegiatan sehari-hari, dapat mengalami
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2.2.3. Patofisiologi
Kolumna vertebralis dapat dianggap sebagai sebuah batang elastis yang tersusun atas banyak unit rigid (vertebrae) dan unit fleksibel
Adanya kelainan dalam kelengkungan tulang belakang ke depan mengakibatkan transmisi berat badan kearah depan tubuh, sehingga penderita merasakan mudah lelah.
(diskus intervertebralis) yang diikat satu sama lain oleh kompleks
2. Nyeri punggung ringan
sendi faset, berbagai ligament dan otot paravertebralis. Konstruksi
3. Kekakuan pada tulang belakang
punggung normal yang unik memungkinkan fleksibilitas sementara
Penderita mungkin mengeluh bahwa tidak dapat menekuk baik
disisi lain tulang punggung memberikan perlindungan yang maksimal
maju atau mundur. Jika pasien dapat menekuk sangat sulit dan
terhadap sumsum tulang belakang. Lengkungan tulang belakang akan
menyakitkan
menyerap goncangan vertical pada saat berlari atau melompat. Batang
4. Postur tubuh
tubuh membantu menstabilkan tulang belakang. Otot-otot abdominal
Punggung tampak menonjol kebelakang
dan toraks sangat penting pada aktivitas mengangkat beban.
Terdapat lengkungan bermakna antara punggung dan bokong
Postur tulang belakang yang cekung
Perut menonjol ke depan
Pantat menonjol
Kurva anterior pada spinal lumbal yang melengkung berlebihan pada saat pertumbuhan di dalam janin dapat memicu terjadinya lordosis (Brunner and Suddarth, 2002) Posisi duduk yang salah dapat menyebabkan pertumbuhan dan
5. Pada kasus ringan tidak terdapat tanda, gejala dan keluhan
posisi tulang individu mengalami kelainan. Kelainan tulang ini
6. Pada kasus berat dapat terjadi gejala antara lain; kesulitan
disebabkan oleh kebiasaan duduk yang salah. Lordosis ini paling
bernapas, mati rasa, kesemutan, nyeri sengatan listrik (Solberg,
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Kondisi ini terjadi karena berat yang berlebih di abdomen dan
dewasa hal ini jarang terjadi, namun bisa terjadi pada anak-anak
kurangnya kondisi otot abdomen dan tulang belakang. Ketika
dengan tumor sumsum tulang belakang setelah operasi untuk
seseorang membawa beban yang berlebih di bagian depan (area
mengangkat tumor.
abdomen) hal ini akan menarik tubuh bagian belakang ke depan.
4. Neuroomuscular lordosis
Ketika otot abdomen dan otot tulang belakang melemah, maka
Mencakup berbagai macam kondisi / gangguan yang dapat
tidak dapat memperthankan tulang belakang dan menarik tulang
menyebabkan berbagai jenis masalah kelengkungan tulang
belakang kedepan, sehingga membentuk kurvatura (kurva dengan
belakang
arah melengkung kedepan).
5. Lordosis secondary to Hip Flexion contracture
2. Congenital/ traumatic lordosis
Terjadi akibat mcontracture dari sendi pinggul yang menyebabkan
Trauma yang terjadi pada tulang belakang menyebabkan rasa
tulang belakang ditarik keluar dari garis tengah tubuh. Kontracture
nyeri pada tulang belakang. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan penderita
dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai hal antara lain; infeksi, cedera,
cenderung untuk mengistirahatkan daerah yang mengalami trauma
atau masalah ketidakseimbangan otot dari beberapa gangguan
(fraktur) dan membatasi pergerakan, agar rasa sakit pada tulang
yang berbeda.
belakang
rendah.
Hal
tersebut
dapat
mengakibatkan
otot
penyangga tulang belakang m enjadi lemah dan terjadi perubahan pada tulang belakang. Pada anak-anak ini sering terjadi akibat cedera olahraga, atau jatuh dari daerah tinggi.
(Nationwide Children, 2015) 2.4.1 Pemeriksaan Diagnostik
Pemeriksaan dilakukan
fisik
dengan
dengan meminta
Uji Adams pasien
Forward
membungkuk
Bend kedepan
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membungkuk ke depan kurva berbalik sendiri), umumnya tidak
lebih jauh dibanding kurva pada thorakal. Kemudian letakkan
menjadi perhatian. Jika kurva tidak bergerak, evaluasi medis dan
skoliometer pada apeks kurva, biarkan skoliometer tanpa
pengobatan yang diperlukan. (Benjamin et al, 2014).
ditekan, kemudian baca angka derajat kurva. Pada screening,
Tes-tes lain mungkin diperlukan, terutama jika kurva tampaknya
pengukuran ini signifikan apabila hasil yang dip eroleh lebih
"tetap" (tidak ditekuk). Tes diagnostik yang dapat dilakukan,
besar dari 5 derajat, hal ini biasanya menunjukkan derajat
yakni :
kurvatura > 200 pada pengukuran cobb’s angle pada
a.
Rontgen tulang belakang lumbosakral atau atau spine x-ray
radiologi sehingga memerlukan evaluasi yang lanjut. MRI
X-Ray Proyeksi Foto polos : Harus diambil dengan posterior
(jika ditemukan kelainan saraf atau kelainan pada rontgen).
dan lateral penuh terhadap tulang belakang dan krista iliaka
2.2.5. Penatalaksanaan
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4. Penurunan berat badan
Mendorongkan punggung bagian bawah ke atas dengan
5. Kawat gigi (pada anak-anak dan remaja)
kekuatan otot perut dan patat, tundukan kepala sambil
6. Operasi (pada kasus yang berat)
menarik nafas.
7. Jika lordosis ringan, maka pengobatan biasanya tidak diperlukan. Bagi kebanyakan orang, lordosis tidak menyebabkan masalah kesehatan yang signifikan jika tidak ditangani. Namun, karena tulang belakang bertanggung jawab untuk banyak gerakan dan fleksibilitas maka sangat penting untuk menjaga tulang
Kembali ke posisi semula dengan menghembuskan nafas.
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(Elsevier, 2007)
2.2.7. Prognosis
Jika kelengkungan kurang dari 20%, biasanya tidak perlu dilakukan pengobatan, tetapi penderita harus menjalani pemeriksaan Gambar 2.4Knee - chest curl 3. Abdominal Curl
Sikap awal : Telentang, siku di samping samping atas tubuh dan ditekuk 90
secara teratur setiap 6 bulan. Pada anak-anak yang masih tumbuh, kelengkungan biasanya bertambah sampai 25-30%, karena itu biasanya dianjurkan untuk menggunakan brace (alat penyangga) untuk membantu memperlambat progresivitas kelengkungan tulang
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lordosis. Lordosis bisa sembuh dengan bertambahnya usia, atau
di bawahnya atau suatu kondisi dimana tulang belakang
bahkan lebih parah dan atau malah tidak berefek sama sekali
tergelincir kedepan).
dengan bertambahnya usia.
6. Riwayat kesehatan sekarang :
2. Riwayat Perkembangan :
Sejak kapan timbul keluhan, lalu apakah ada riwayat trauma.
Riwayat perkembangan neonates saat kehamilan harus diperhatikan, misalnya diet yang cukup kalsium dan vitamin D. 3. Riwayat Sosial dan kebiasaan: Pekerjaan-pekerjaan punggung
dapat
yang
Pasien
dengan
lordosis
biasanya
mempunyai
karakteristik
penonjolan cekungan lumbal pada tulang belakang, perut cekung, pantat menonjol, dan hiperekstensi lutut.
meningkatkan
meningkatkan
resiko
tekanan
terjadinya
pada
lordosis.
7. Riwayat Psikososial Spiritual. Kaji respon emosi klien terhadap penyakit yang dideritanya,
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b. Mengkaji tulang belakang Lordosis (membebek, kurvatura tulang belakang bagian pinggang berlebihan) c. Mengkaji system persendian Luas gerakan dievaluasi baik aktif maupun pasif, deformitas, stabilitas, dan adanya benjolan, adanya kekakuan sendi. d. Mengkaji sistem otot Kemampuan mengubah posisi, kekuatan otot dan koordinasi, dan ukuran masing-masing otot. Lingkar ekstremitas untuk
b) Feel : nyeri. c) Move : penurunan rentang gerak sendi. 10. Pemeriksaan penunjang a. Rontgen tulang belakang : Nampak melengkung kedepan b. MRI (jika ditemukan kelainan saraf atau kelainan pada rontgen). B. Analisa Data
1. Data subjektif: a. Pakaian tidak pas
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adalah jauh lebih parah dan memerlukan perawatan yang lebih agresif daripada bentukbentuk lain dari skoliosis (Grivas, 2010). 3. Degeneratif Tidak seperti bentuk-bentuk lain dari skoliosis yang ditemukan pada anak-anak dan remaja-remaja, degenerative scoliosis terjadi pada dewasa-dewasa yang lebih tua. Ia disebabkan oleh perubahan-perubahan pada spine Ada tiga tipe-tipe utama lain dari skoliosis (Judarwanto, 2009) : 1. Fungsional Pada tipe skoliosis ini, spine adalah normal, namun suatu lekukan
abnormal
berkembang
karena
suatu
persoalan
ditempat lain didalam tubuh. Ini dapat disebabkan oleh satu kaki adalah lebih pendek daripada yang lainnya atau oleh kekejangan-kekejangan di punggung (Negrini, el.al., 2012). 2. Neuromuscular Pada tipe skoliosis ini, ada suatu persoalan ketika tulang-
yang disebabkan oleh
arthritis. Pelemahan dari ligamen-ligamen dan jaringan jaringan lunak lain yang normal dari spine digabungkan dengan spur-spur tulang yang abnormal dapat menjurus pada suatu lekukan dari spine yang abnormal (Negrini, el.al., 2012). 4. Lain-Lain Ada penyebab-penyebab potensial lain dari skoliosis, termasuk tumor-tumor spine seperti osteoid osteoma. Ini adalah tumor jinak yang dapat terjadi pada spine dan menyebabkan nyeri/sakit. Nyeri menyebabkan orang-orang untuk bersandar
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belakang ini ada dua yaitu karena faktor struktural dan
pada tulang belakang terganggu sehingga ruas tulang belakang
nonstruktural. Skoliosis dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor
akan melemah (Corwin, 2009).
yaitu karena faktor genetik, kongenital, idiopatik, neuromuskuler,
Kelainan bentuk tulang punggung ini berawal dari saraf-saraf
faktor hormonal, trauma, dan karena posisi duduk yang salah
yang lemah sampai lumpuh yang dapat memberikan tarikan pada
(Suratun dkk, 2008).
ruas-ruas tulang belakang pada posisi normal yang tidak seimbang
Faktor genetik dapat memicu skoliosis karena kekurangan
sehingga vertebra torakalis akan melengkung ke lateralis yang
asam folat pada saat kehamilan. Sehingga memiliki risiko tinggi
disertai rotasi. Lengkungan dapat berbentuk S atau C. Dengan
sambungan spinal pada bayi yang yang menyebabkan tulang
terjadinya pembengkokan tulang vertebra kearah lateral desertai
belakang tidak normal. Akibat dari tulang belakang yang tidak
dengan rotari tulang belakang, maka akan diikuti dengan
normal bisa menyebabkan tulang belakang melengkung miring ke
perubahan perkembangan sekunder pada tulang vertebra dan iga.
salah satu sisi. Faktor kongenital dapat menyebabkan kelainan
Oleh karena adanya gangguan pertumbuhan yang bersifat
pertumbuhan pada tulang belakang sehingga tulang belakang bisa
progresif, disamping terjadi perubahan pada vertebra, juga terjadi
melengkung atau miring ke salah satu sisi. Pada faktor
perubahan pada tulang iga, dimana bertambahnya kurva yang
neuromuskular ada suatu persoalan ketika tulang-tulang dari spine
menyebabkan deformitas tulang iga semakin jelas (Tambayong,
terbentuk. Misalnya tulang-tulang spine gagal membentuk
2000).
sepenuhnya dan gagal untuk berpisah dari yang lainnya. Skoliosis
Derajat lengkungan penting untuk diketahui karena dapat
yang disebabkan oleh faktor hormonal terjadi karena adanya
mempengaruhi stabilitas tulang belakang dan pergerakan pinggul
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2.4.5
terjadi kelelahan pada tulang dan sendi sehingga terjadi kekakuan
3. Nyeri punggung
otot dan menghambat untuk bergerak (Suratun dkk, 2008).
4.
Cara berjalan miring
Manifestasi Klinis
5.
Kepala terlihat tidak lurus dengan panggul
6.
Penampilan vertebra abnormal
Gejala-gejala yang paling umum dari skoliosis adalah suatu lekukan yang tidak normal dari spine. Seringkali ini adalah suatu
Biasanya cekung-cembung-cekung yang terliat menurun dari
perubahan yang ringan dan mungkin pertama kali diperhatikan
bahu sampai bokong
oleh seorang teman atau anggota keluarga. Dapat juga ditemukan
7.
Panggul yang miring
bahwa pakaian-pakaian mereka tidak cocok seperti yang mereka
8.
Iga menonjol disisi yang cembung
lakukan sebelumnya atau bahwa celana-celana panjang adalah
9.
Selubung toraks tidak simetris
lebih panjang pada satu sisi daripada yang lainnya (Grivas, 2010).
10. Vertebra spinalis tidak sejajar dan tampak membungkuk
Skoliosis mungkin menyebabkan kepala nampaknya bergeser
11. Tinggi krista iliaka yang tidak sama
dari tengah atau satu pinggul atau pundak lebih tinggi daripada
Dapat menyebabkan satu tungkai lebih pendek daripada
sisi berlawanannya. Jika skoliosis adalah lebih parah, ia dapat
tungkai lainnya
membuatnya lebih sulit untuk jantung dan paru-paru untuk bekerja dengan baik. Ini dapat menyebabkan sesak napas dan nyeri dada. Pada
kebanyakan
kasus-kasus,
skoliosis
adalah
tidak
menyakitkan, namun ada tipe-tipe tertentu dari skoliosis yang
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sistem yang berhubungan dengan deformitas skoliosis, dimana
Maturitas kerangka dinilai dengan beberapa cara, hal ini
sekitar 20% juga mengalamai anomali pada sistem perkemihan
penting
dan 5 % mengalami obstruksi uropati sehingga perlu dilakukan
pertumbuhan dan pematangan kerangka yang cepat. Apofisis
USG ginjal untuk mendeteksi kelainan ini.
iliaka mulai mengalami penulangan segera setelah pubertas;
Anomali
jantung
juga
bisa
ditunjukkan
karena
kurva
sering
bertambah
selama
periode
(10-15%
ossifikasi meluas ke medial dan jika penulangan krista iliaka
mengalami defek jantung kongenital) sehingga pemeriksaan bunyi
selesai, pertambahan skoliosis hanya minimal. Menentukan
jantung dilakukan untuk mendeteksi adanya murmur. Deformitas
maturitas skeletal melalui tanda Risser, dimana ossifikasi pada
skeletal, seperti deformitas pada tangan, kaki, dan kelemahan
apofisis iliaka dimulai dari Spina iliaka anterior superior (SIAS)
motorik perlu didokumentasikan secara lengkap. Pemeriksaan
ke posteriormedial. Tepi iliaka dibagi kedalam 4 kuadran dan
diagnosis dengan radiologi untuk menilai derajat skoliosis.
ditentukan kedalam grade 0 sampai 5. Derajat Risser adalah
1. X-Ray Proyeksi
sebagai berikut : Grade 0 menandakan tidak ada ossifikasi, grade 1
Foto polos harus diambil dengan posterior dan lateral penuh
menandakan penulangan mencapai 25%, grade 2 mencapai
terhadap tulang belakang dan krista iliaka dengan posisi tegak,
2650%, grade 3 mencapai 51-75%, grade 4 mencapai 76% dan
untuk menilai derajat kurva dengan metode Cobb dan menilai
grade 5 menunjukkan fusi tulang yang komplit. Sesungghunya
maturitas skeletal dengan metode Risser. Kurva struktural akan
diduga perataan atau reversi kifosis torak normal yang diterapkan
memperlihatkan rotasi vertebra ; pada proyeksi posterior-anterior,
pada simetri bidang korona, bersama dengan pertumbuhan akan
vertebra
mengakibatkan skoliosi idiopatik progresif. Foto lateral dengan
yang
mengarah
ke
puncak
prosessus
spinosus
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pasien dengan posisi membungkuk, kemudian atur posisi pasien karena posisi ini akan berubahubah tergantung pada lokasi kurvatura, sebagai contoh kurva dibawah vertebra lumbal akan membutuhkan posisi membungkuk lebih jauh dibanding kurva pada thorakal. Kemudian letakkan skoliometer pada apeks kurva, biarkan skoliometer tanpa ditekan, kemudian baca angka derajat kurva. Pada screening, pengukuran ini signifikan apabila hasil yang diperoleh lebih besar dari 5º, hal ini biasanya menunjukkan
Gambar 10. Pengkajian dengan Skoliometer
derajat kurvatura > 20º pada pengukuran cobb’s angle pada
Sumber : https://www.scoliosisjournal.com (2013)
radiologi
sehingga
memerlukan
evaluasi
yang
lanjutan
(Judarwanto, 2009). Pemeriksaan kurvatura untuk menilai adanya deformitas spina pada kongenital skoliosis yang bersifat minor biasanya dapat dilakukan dengan menganjurkan pasien berdiri kemudian membungkukkan badan. Sedangkan pada deformitas yang berat biasanya dapat dilihat deformitas yang nyata.
Gambar 11 Skoliometer
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Gambar 12 Langkah pertama pengukuran skoliosis
Gambar 15 Langkah keempat pengukuran skoliosis
3. Cob’s Method Istilah sudut cobb digunakan secara luas untuk mengukur
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Cara melakukan pengukuran sudut Cobb, Foto ronsen diperlukan
dengan pembengkokan di bawah 20 derajat dapat diatasi dengan
untuk mengukur sudut cobb:
terapi non-operatif dengan program rehabilitasi spine yang
a) Temukan ruas tulang belakang (vertebra) yang paling miring
berupa latihan-latihan secara khusus. Tujuan dari program latihan
pada puncak lengkungan dan tarik garis sejajar dengan ujung
ini adalah agar progress skoliosis dapat dihentikan, membuat
pelat vertebra bagian atas. atas.
badan lebih seimbang, tampilan lebih baik serta kualitas hidup
b) Temukan vertebra yang paling miring pada bagian bawah
lebih
baik.Rehabilitasi Spine untuk
penanganan
skoliosis
lengkungan dan tarik garis sejajar dengan ujung pelat
meliputi antara lain: latihan peregangan, penguatan otot serta
vertebra bagian bawah
perbaikan postur tubuh. Latihan ini harus dijalankan dengan
c) Buat garis tegak lurus pada kedua garis sejajar tersebut
teratur di bawah supervisi terapis dan menjadi home programe
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bulan untuk menilai progresivitas dari sudut sehingga dapat diputuskan tindakan yang akan dilakukan. b. Latihan Dapat dilakukan latihan sikap duduk, berdiri, berjalan, relaksasi
b. memilih waktu pertumbuhan kurang lebih 2 tahun lagi, derajat kelengkungan 20-300 dan jika perempuan belum mencapai periode menstruasi pertama, atau c. Masih bertumbuh dan memiliki derajat kelengkungan 20-
otot yang tegang, latihan pernafasan serta mobilisasi pada
300 yang semakin memburuk
jaringan lunak yang memendek.
Brace membantu mengurangi progresivitas kurva akan
c. Pemasangan penyangga (Orthosis/Brace); seperti penyangga dari milwaukee atau penyangga dari Boston. Brace merupakan penyangga tubuh yang sebaiknya di
tetapi tidak mengurangi besarnya deformitas. Brace harus digunakan 16-23 jam sehari dan harus dipakai sampai ada maturitas skeletal, yang biasanya terjadi pada usia 14 tahun
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bedah dilakukan sesuai derajat dari skoliosis. Intervensi
pasien, mendengarkan keluhan, memberikan peringatan
tersebut meliputi hal-hal sebagai berikut:
akan nyeri, mengkomunikasikan status emosional pasien
1. Convex growth arrest
dengan anggota tim kesehatan lain yang berkaitan, dan
2. Posterior fusion
menanyakan pasien apakah perlu mendatangkan pemuka
3. Combined anterior and posterior fusion
agama.
4. Hemivertebra excision 5. vertebrectomy Indikasi dilakukan operasi pada skoliosis adalah : 1. Terdapat progresivitas peningkatan derajat pembengkokan
2. Post operasi (Brunner & Sudarth 2003):
a. Kontrol nyeri pada pasien b. Mencegah terjadinya komplikasi dari pembedahan c. Kontrol infeksi dengan melakukan perawatan luka, dan
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2.4.9
Prognosis
Tulang rusuk akan menekan paru-paru dan jantung
Prognosis tergantung atas besarnya derajat kurva, deformitas
sehingga penderita akan mengalami kesulitan dalam bernapas,
dan maturitas skelertal. Pada derajat kurva yang ringan dengan
mudah lelah sehingga jantung tidak akan sempurna dalam
skeletal yang sudah matur umumnya tidak mengalami progresif.
memompa darah.
Program-program penyaringan sekolah telah membantu untuk
3. Deformitas berat
mengidentifikasi banyak kasus-kasus dari skoliosis secara dini. Ini mengizinkan
orang-orang
dirawat
dengan
pengamatan
atau
membangitkan semangat dan menghindari keperluan untuk operasi pada
banyak
kasus-kasus.
Kebanyakan
orang-orang
dengan
2.4.11
Asuhan Keperawatan A. Pengkajian 1. Anamnesa a. Data demografi : meliputi nama, usia, jenis kelamin,
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