TKHte"om
Ubc
Edited
L.
Dr.
of
tbe
East
by
CRANMER-BYNG
S.
A.
KAPADIA
TAOIST
TEACHINGS
Series
WISDOM
TEACHINGS
TAOIST
FROM
THE
OF
BOOK
AND
LIONEL
AUTHOR
OF
"THE
SAYINGS
NOTES,
M.A.
GILES,
"SUN
TZU
ON
THE
ART
TZU," "THE CONFUCIUS," ETC. OF
OF
CHINESE,
THE
INTRODUCTION
WITH
TZtt
LIEH
FROM
TRANSLATED
BY
EAST
THE
OF
LAO
OF
WAR,' SAYINGS
^Wto*
LONDON
JOHN
MURRAY,
ALBEMARLE 1912
STREET,
W.
All
Rights
Reserved
TO
MY
WHOSE
FATHER
TRANSLATION
AWAKENED
FIRST
THE
OF
LOVE
OF
52a:*51
CHUANG
IN
TAOIST
TZU
ME
LORE
EDITORIAL
of
object
The
definite
very
the
between
humble
and
good-will
the their
in
to
a
in
example deeper
a
lofty
sphere,
own
highest that
Action.
of
new
neither
of
world
Thought
of
but
the
land.
that
Oriental
great
the
of
nations
L. S.
northbrook
society, Cromwell
Kensington,
Road, S.W.
CRANMER-BYNG. A.
KAPADIA.
confident
are
thought spirit
true
fears
nor
the
the
of
followers
They
of
and
endeavour,
colour.
and
21
are
they
of
despises
creed
this
knowledge
philosophy revival
In
be
understanding
"
and
a
things
shall
books
and old
the
West
all
above
these
is
series
this
desire
way,
of
East
of
They
ambassadors
the
Editors
one.
their
in
that,
NOTE
ideals may
Charity of
and
help which another
TEACHINGS
TAOIST
INTRODUCTION
of
history
The
divided
stage,
the
into of
stage
degeneration. known
to
Taoism
the
"
and
that
be
Confucius.
in
a
the
to two
The Tao
The
system
;
code
teachings Te Ching,
generation principle on
to
based and
9
which
of
of
Lao not
down
on
filial
before what some-
Tzu,
as
such
as
from
people
the
they
fucianism Con-
ness righteous-
are
are
as
as
long
handed
among
year
than
just
however,
being
the
to
flourished
cases,
Tzu,
consequently
altruism
have
single
Lao
expounder
an
moral
by
easily imagine
generation
large.
the
said
The
preserved can
of
is,
dissimilar.
one
as
a
only
beginnings
this, and
rather
buttressed
may
"
Tzu
is
of
the
place
of
stage
stages
medium
veniently con-
primitive
the
philosopher
than
founder
actual
piety
would earlier
Lao
regard
and
traditionally assigned
is
much
the
the
:
these
of
be
may
stages
the
figure, Some
B.C.
first
through
us
birth
604
three
development,
The
semi-historical whose
philosophy
Taoist
are
based
at
is
10
INTRODUCTION
simple enough,
but
fileis surrounded to assert
that
any
their
by
applicationto everyday
difficulties.
great system of philosophy has
from the brain of sprung assertion is probably as true other
body
Lao
This
is
one
man
but
;
of Taoism
the
of any
as
of
speculation. into a singlephrase, the injunction
Condensed of
It is hazardous
Tzii
to
Nature."
is, "Follow
mankind
good practicalequivalentfor the Chinese expression, Get hold of Tao," although Tao does not exactlycorrespond to the word Nature, of the sum as ordinarilyused by us to denote It phenomena in this ever-changing universe. to me, seems however, that the conception of Tao have been reached, originally, must through this channel. Lao Tzii, interpretingthe plain a
"
"
concludes
that
"
facts
of
behind ultimate and
Nature
her
his
before
manifold
Reality which
eyes,
workings in its
there
essence
unknowable, yet manifests
exists
an
able is unfathom-
itself in laws
ple, unfailingregularity. To this Essential Princithis Power underlyingthe sensible phenomena of Nature, he gives,tentativelyand with tion, hesitathe Way," though fully the name of Tao, the inadequacy of any to express name realising of the idea of that which is beyond all power comprehension. Christian with A ideas, foreigner,imbued naturallyfeels inclined to substitute for Tao the the to denote term by which he is accustomed
of
"
INTRODUCTION
iupreme in
Being God. if he is prepared
Old
broader
the
or
New
impresses the of
Taoist
from
active
the
other.
this
is
the
term
effect
active
is
This
will
observer. disputed by any intelligent he begins to draw inferences from from parts company Believing,as he does, that
but
a
manifestation
moved equally re-
the
the
on
malevolence
or
which
Taoist
Nature
benevolence
evil
fact
a
chiefly
inexorable
him
to
seems
"
God
which
operations of
goodness or
from
"
missibl ad-
find in either the
we
That
in the
only
impersonality.The
and
hand, and
use
Testament.
cause
one
to
than
sense
absolute
is their
law
But
"
much
a
11
on
hardly
be
It is when it
that
the
Christian.
average
visible Universe
the
of the invisible Power
is
behind
it,he feels justifiedin arguing from the known and concluding that, whatever to the unknown, Tao be in itself (which is unknowable), it is may by a personal certainlynot what we understand God
"
not
a
God
endowed
with
(and humanity, not even remarkable anticipationof Hegel) a of
In
other
distinctions
unreal
of
morality depend,
coalesce The He
into
which
on
one-sided
a
God.
illusoryand
all human
systems and
vices
One.
Christian
or
find
we
conscious
for in it all virtues
takes
a
else he manner.
reads
different view facts which
prefersto ignorethe
him,
here
the
transcends
words, Tao
butes attrispecific
the
them
His
in
an
God, if no
altogether.
Nature
shows
arbitrary and longeranthro-
INTRODUCTION
12
pomorphic, is undeniably anthropopathic. He is a personalDeity, now lovingand merciful,now irascible and is open to jealous, a Deity who and qualitiessuch as entreaty. With prayer these, it is difficult to see how he can be regarded Man. of these Which as anything but a glorified views
two
the
"
for mankind There
can
The to
to
be
weakness
the conduct be
no
Taoist
or
hold, may
the Christian be
"
it is best
of
dispute. doubt which is the more logical. of Taoism lies in its application
of life.
Lao
a
Tzu
matter
was
not
content
metaphysician merely, he aspiredto be a practicalreformer as well. It was man's business, he thought, to model himself as closelyas possible the great Exemplar, Tao. It follows on a as of course that his precepts are matter mostly of a negative order, and we are led straightto the doctrine of Passivity or was Inaction, which bound misunderstood and perverted. to be fatally Lao Tzu's teaching has reached us, if not in its of its native purity, originalform, yet in much in the Tao Te Ching. One of the most potent for the high antiquity of this marvellous arguments to
a
little treatise is that
it shows
no
decided
corruptionwhich is discernible in the second of our periods,representedfor us by the I have writingsof Lieh Tzu and Chuang Tzu, called it the period of development because of the extraordinaryquickening and blossoming of the buds of Lao Tzu's thought in the supple and trace
of the
INTRODUCTION
imaginativeminds of these canker, alas ! is alreadyat but
rich
so
before
tells
himself.
us
Yii-k'ou, and
in
Prime
the
when
not
in the
learn that
we
the
by
he
before
(see p. of pages he could
insufficient
the
On
full
that
long
it
yet.
as
beyond
what Lieh
was
name
livingin
was
the
;
of colour
feast
author
our
398
year
the
B.C.,
killed Yang was nently 109). He figurespromiChuang Tzu, from whom
Minister
revolution
a
notice
His
it appears
State
Cheng
of
of the flower
the heart is the
hardly
little is known
Very he
we
philosophers.The
two
luxuriant
and
that
us
13
Tzu
"
* the wind." ride upon tioned ground that he is not men-
Ssu-ma
historian
Ch'ien,
a
certain
led to declare Sung dynasty was Tzu that Lieh was only a fictitious personage invented by Chuang Tzu, and that the treatise his name which was a forgery of passes under This theory is rejectedby the comlater times. pilers of the great Catalogue of Ch'ien Lung's of Chinese represent the cream Library, who scholarshipin the eighteenthcentury. Although has evidentlypassed through the Lieh Tzii's work editors and of many hands gathered numerous critic of
the
accretions, there in all
which
by
Lieh
"
He
volume,
is thus
taken
a
probabilitywas
Tzu's
older
remains
nucleus
considerable
committed
to
writing
and is therefore disciples, genuine parts of Chuang
immediate
than
the
depicted from
an
in
the
design
illustrated work
the
on
on
cover
of this
Ink-tablets,
INTRODUCTION
14
There
Tzu. the
two
matter
are
authors,
book
and
indeed
to both
common
Tzu's
obvious
some
bears
an
analogiesbetwee certain
a
; but
whole
the
on
unmistakable
of
amount
Lieh
impress of
its
The
with genialityof its tone contrasts the somewhat hard brilliancy of Chuang Tzu, and certain a kindly sympathy with the aged, the of this life, not excludingthe poor and the humble brute itself felt throughout. creation, makes The and Taoism ism Confucianopposition between is not so sharp as we find it in Chuang Tzu, own.
and
Confucius
himself
is
greater respect. This alone favour of the priorityof Lieh doubt
that
widened
as
the time
breach went
treated
much
strong evidence in Tzu, for there is no
is
between on.
with
the Lieh
two
Tzu's
systems work
is
long as Chuang Tzu's, and is now divided into eight books. The seventh of these deals exclusivelywith the doctrine of the egoistic philosopher Yang Chu, and has therefore been omitted altogetherfrom the present selection. Nearly all the Taoist writers are fond of parables is this and allegorical of them tales,but in none branch of literature brought to such perfection in Lieh Tzu, who as Chuang Tzu himself surpasses about
as
a
half
master
as
of anecdote.
His
stories
are
almost
invariably pithy and pointed. Many of them of dramatic evince not only a keen sense effect, nature. but real insightinto human Others may somewhat fantastic and wildly imaginaappear
INTRODUCTION
15
issued out who of story of the man of this class. solid rock (p. 50) is a typicalone It ends, however, with a streak of ironical humour tive.
The
which
may
lead
reallybelieved
himself
in
appears " That
to
has
end
an
than
avoided
life
which
lightin
the
later Taoist
4
'Lieh
the
the
can
no
Tzu
already
which
we
solid and
perpetuate
have the
in his
the
overlaid
problem
is the
that
:
while
with
that
age
regarded
of the
core
to
as
elixir of life.
possess' now,
of the
Taoism
to
mentioned
authentic been
help having
little doubt
of
be
more
is deceived
would
Tzu
solution
have
decadent
death
speculationson
teaching, has
own
end
leaves
Lieh
best
Tzu" a
the
out
That
the
I
and
;
shut
to
calculations."
Perhaps theory
Lieh
the
livingcreature can that he who hopes
So
or
in
whether
the
born.
been his
other
which
doubt
of transcending possibility laws. soberer His judgment like the following: passages, life must by the law of its being
natural
come
to
us
the taining con-
Master's much
of
followed.
period little need be said here. It is represented in literature by the lengthy treatise of Huai-nan Tzu, the spurious episodes in Lieh Tzu and a host of minor andChuangTzu, Of
this third
writers, works
as
the
Chang Chan, under
of
some
the
whom
genuine an
tried relics
to
of
off their pass ancient sages.
officer of the
Eastern
a.d.), is the author
Chin
Banqueting Court dynasty (fourth century
of the
best
commentary
on
INTRODUCTION
16
Lieh
Tzu
from
extracts
;
will
commas,
Taoism its
the
In
pages.
as
its
only
was
time
a
of
the
set-off
against
Confucian in
mythology
of
its
of
the
itself
well
own
Chinese
as
fancy,
the
floating
it
the
deserves
people.
needed stiffness and
of
the
porating incor-
folklore
from
exquisite
many
of
were
reviving mass
be
to
elements
which
down
come
for
hardly
the
For
had
subsequent
uncompromising
ideal.
which
as
ages,
the
is
run
religion
its
art
colour
long
national
and
supplied
although
had a
verted in-
following
Chan,
into
and
romance
the
system
and
It
between
in
Chang
beginning,
over-estimated.
as
of
literature
on
mystery,
found
development
just
influence
be
philosophical
a
course,
it, placed
lasting
the
and
earliest creations
gratitude
COSMOGONY
18
'There
is
uncreated
Creative
a
there
;
is
a
Principlewhich is itself Principle of Change which
is able to unchanging. The Uncreated life ; the Unchanging is able to effect create but is produced cannot which change. That continue producing ; that which is evolved cannot but continue evolving. Hence there is constant The law of evolution. production and constant evolution at constant production and of constant to operate. time no ceases
is itself
The
the
commentator
Four
can
never
and
the
is
be
involved once annihilated."
Yang,
in
is it with
so
Seasons.
Yin
The
Yin
the
So is it with the
:
living things
of
destiny
which
That
"
says
Positive and the Yang are Nature, alternately predominating
and
Principlesof
Negative
the
in
day
and
night.
Uncreated
The
we
surmise
may
to
be
how
can
Alone
in
itself. "
be
The
Supreme,
proved
We
?
Non-Engendered
can
only
beginning
One, without
The
the
Unchanging
is illimitable.
Alone, and
that
the
Book
"In
written
'
:
The
and
to
goes
We
suppose without
may
its
of
Ways the
Spiritof
and
"
that
reality mysteriously
end."
fro, and
surmise are
it is
its
that
its range it stands
inexhaustible.'
Yellow
Emperor the Valley dies not
it
is
; it
ABSOLUTE
THE
called
be
may
19
The Mysterious Feminine. be must Mysterious Feminine
the
issuing-pointof the of the regarded as the Root all eternity, it uses to
Universe.
sisting Subwithout
its force
effort.' The
above
the
is
passage
attributed
and
Yellow
of the
Book
to
now
Lao
Emperor is incorporated
in
is itself
evolved
engendered
and
elements
of
the
engenders by which untouched by self-evolved,
Master
old
of
But
the
of
cause
that
which
then
were
existence
"
has
all
things
Self-
has
itself
it
and of
engendered
it would
names."
Earth.
engendered ;
out
of
nothing,
and
from
of what
engendered
Earth out
wisdom,
and
Heaven is
in
inspiredmen Yang as the
the
of substance
and
Yet
The
"
:
are
evolution.
of these
one
any
substance
is devoid
were
came
? into
of themselves."
Hence
Change,
Yin
total
Heaven
They
Ching,
all things is itself
cessation.
Tzii said
the
sum
which
that
"
Lieh
regarded
Te
Tao
substance, appearance,
strength,dispersionand be a mistake to call it by The
the
but
Tzu.
That, then, which unengendered ; that "
longer extant,
no
great Principleof great Origin,a great Beginning, a great Simplicity. In the great Change we
a
Primordial
say,
there
is
a
COSMOGONY
20
In the great yet manifest. In the Origin lies the beginning of substance. great Beginning, lies the beginning of material substance
is
not
form. "
separation of the Yin their forms." objects assume
After
classes
and
the
of
Yang,
the
when
Simplicity lies the beginning of and essential substance, form qualities.When essential still indistinguishably qualities are blended Chaos means together it is called Chaos. intermixed and not that all things are chaotically The purer and another. yet separated from one the lighter elements, tending upwards, made In
the
great
Heavens
the
grosser made downwards, ;
heavier
and
elements, Substance, Man ; and,
the Earth. tending harmoniously proportioned, became Heaven Earth and containing thus and evolved element, all things were
The
Master
Heaven the
and of
uses
Lieh
Tzii
perfect in every function to produce it.
bodies
to
to teach
It is the
The
virtue
of
support others
function
It is Heaven's
direction.
life and
It is Earth's
and
:
of the Sage, and Earth, the powers the myriad things in Creation, are
not
over
"
said
spiritual produced." a
to
function them.
and
spread to
It is the
to influence
of created
form
a
canopy
material
tion Sage'sfunc-
them
things to
for
good.
conform
LIMITATION their proper things in which the
FUNCTIONS
Earth
being so, there are excel, though they lie
may
of Heaven
scope
21
That
nature.
to
outside
OF
in which
matters
;
Sage has no concern, though they afford free For it is clear that that which play to others. life cannot form and over imparts and broods the
support material supports material for good ; for
good
travel
not
Yin
of
or
will be
either
qualityof
the
and
in suitable
Yang
; the
natural
and
and
influences instincts
environment either
;
does
Therefore
will be
fluence in-
the
of the
teaching of the Sage of altruism of righteousness; or created objects will be either soft conform
depart
cannot
and
sphere.
own
Earth
All these
hard.
or
the
to
forms
teach
teaches
counter
its
which
cannot
and
of Heaven
Way
that
who
one
run
outside
;
bodies
is fixed
which
that
to
cannot
bodies
from
to their proper
the
nature
province assigned
them." *
#
#
life,and on the other, there is that which produces life ; there is form, and there is that which imparts form ; there is sound there is that which causes sound, and ; which there there is that is colour, and causes On
one
hand, there
tjiere is taste, and
colour
;
causes
taste.
The
source
there
of life is death
produces life never of form
is
is matter
comes
; but
to
that
; an
is that
but
that
end.
The
which
which
which
origin imparts form
COSMOGONY
22
has
material
no
lies
the
in
of
sense
causes
sound
is
source
of colour colour
The
causes
taste
All these
principleof W
u
but
;
The
which
duces pro-
the
palate ; but perceived by
never
phenomena
which
ear.
itself to
lies in the is
that
but
;
sound
that
the
to
manifests
never
genesis of
audible
is vision
taste
sense.
hearing
never
origin of
which
The
existence.
that of the
functions
are
eye. that
Inaction.
Wei, Inaction, here
stands
for
the
inert, unchanging
Tao.
To
be
at
will
either
bright or obscure, soft alive or or long, round square, cold, buoyant or sinking,treble or
hard, short or dead, hot or bass, present or absent, black or white, sweet or bitter,fetid or fragrant : this it is to be devoid of of knowledge, yet all-knowing, destitute yet all-powerful. power, or
"
Such
On took
is Tao.
his a
espied
journey meal by
an
to
Po
Feng,
both life or
know
old show the
the
it to him.
Master
Master
pulled aside Turning to
said is
no
"
:
such
Lieh
His
roadside.
skull, and
that there
death.
Wei, the
to
That
thing
Tzu
followers the his
growth under-
disciple
skull and as
absolute
I
WHAT "
If
regard
we
ourselves
principle as such thing
of
life in
and
the
KNEW
23
he
is dead.
Absolute,
itself, it follows
since that
But there
*
Book
the "
of
does note
Ti
Tao
shape Heaven
p.
19.
motion
its rise out and
This
there of
substance
and
all have
we
of
ness happi-
in motion
shadow
;
passage
does
does
it
not
sound
is gender en-
set
in
echo."
but not
in the
occur
Ching.
Without takes
methods
Emperor
engender sound,
not
on
Yellow
set
but
substance,
See
no
*
the
Substance
:
motion
be
other."
any
*
written
such
no
can
knowledge is better than all your prolonging life,a more potent source
In
at
death."
as
than
of
is
there
This of
road looked
passing along the
as
alive
am
standpoint
the
from
I
then
evolution,
SKULL
THE
is
generation. Being Not-Being. That which has no
must
come
Earth, then, have end.
an
But
an
whither
to
an
end, the
even
end
end. as
leads
is unknown.
us
"
into comes conglomeration, substance end. That there is dispersion, it comes to an being ; when But mortals though alis what mean we by beginning and end. for us, in a state of conglomeration, this condensation constitutes of substance a beginning, and its dispersion an calm and the standpoint of dispersion, it is void end, from condensation of substance the beginning, and that constitute what in end. Hence there is perpetual alternation the and Truth is the underlying constitutes beginning and end, ^hat there is neither any beginning nor any end at all."
When
there
is
COSMOGONY
24
The
of evolution
course
without
a
began,
in
beginning Not-Being.
paradoxical
A and
of
way
stating that
is
it
where
up
there
started,
it
beginning
no
end.
no
which
That
life returns
has
has Lifeless ; that which Insubstantial. the into
Lifeless, is
substance
the
into
again
again
returns
I call the This, that the original Lifelessness. This, Insubstantial, is not the original
not
I call the
that
finishes
it
;
where
ends
Insubstantiality. "
That
which
here
is
possessed life, and of
death, whereas neither
knows
(Tao), which which
That
being be
life
in
avoided
a
constant
has
which come
the
to
an
than
in
The
have
evolution.
of
by
here
law
the
the end
can
living creature So
or
extinction
the
from
process
; and
the
born. having been perpetuate his life
the
into
We
life must end
formerly
has
beginning again the life-giving Principle unchanging selves, life,and the living things them-
extinction."
nor
is itself without are
Lifeless
the
subsequently passed original Lifelessness
the
between
distinction
termed
that to
shut
he
its
more
help hopes to can
who
out
no
of
death
is deceived
his calculations.
element in man is allotted to spiritual by Heaven, his corporealframe by Earth. is ethereal part that belongs to Heaven dispersive,the part that belongs to Earth
him
The and is
COSMOGONY
26
this state,
the
of
from
though not attaining to infancy,he is already different adolescence.
in
was
rest, and
returns
Confucius
the
He
he
to
his
Absolute.
clothed in
was
what
comes
was
in the wilds. with
to
death, he
over travellingonce caught sight of an aged man
he
when
In
perfection
a
T'ai
Mount
roaming deerskin, girded played on a lute.
singingas he My friend," said Confucius, what is it that makes The old man so replied: happy ? you I have a me happy. God great deal to make all things, and of all His creations created man a
rope, and
was
"
"
"
"
is the man
:
there the
noblest.
being
Therefore I
am
one,
rated
I have
behold emerge
the
from
highly
more
be
it is better
to
I
second
have
a
happiness. Furthermore, never
be
a
.
latter.
never
lot to
my
that is my first ground for happiness Then, and is a distinction between male female,
former
since
fallen to
It has
or
sun
their
already walked
some
the
a
the
than
male
and
;
ground for
are
born
who
and
who
moon,
swaddling-clothes.But
the
earth
for the
space
of
That is my third ground for ninety years. lot of the happiness. Poverty is the normal the appointed end for all human scholar, death ing beings. Abiding in the normal state, and reachis there last the at appointed end, what What make that should an me unhappy ? "
"
DEATH
excellent
GIVES it
thing
able to find
a
REST
is," cried
*
"to
Confucius,
of consolation
source
27
*
be !"
in oneself
*
Tzii
Kung was tired of philosophy,and confided his feelings to Confucius, saying : "I yearn for rest." Confucius replied: "In life there is no rest." "
To
toil in anxious
bolstering
up
the
planning
bodily frame
for
the
these
"
future, the
are
to
slave
businesses
in of
life."
"
" ? " Is rest, then, nowhere to be found Oh, " " look at all the graves repliedConfucius ; yes ! in the wilds, all the vaults, all the tombs, all the
funeral
urns,
found."
be
Tzu
and
life,but
"
the
causes
do
of the
They
not
of
think
in the
Tzii said eyes and
"
:
of the
is, Death
feel the
evils of death, but
not
*
*
An
excellent
ancients.
subdues the good, boundary-line of virtue. That
"Men
You
it confers."
*
Yen
"
cower."
to
joy realise its bitterness. They old age, but not its peaceful-
of the
which
repose
base
Confucius.
feel the weariness ness.
is to
rest "
right,"said
of
where
! claimed exGreat, indeed, is Death It gives rest to the nobleKung.
hearted, and are
know
may
you
"
abolishes
It
thing was gives rest
wicked.
all
artificial
Death
and
Death to
the
is
the
temporary
COSMOGONY
28 distinctions this
"The
have
journey. Those who are of returning have not Should
their home. his
from
none
to
his
native
kith
the
are a
on
men
think
and
off from
himself
off
tion. reprobathere
being homeless, who Imagine one
error.
to
away return
to
never
dead
universal
incur
in
is
leaves
village,separates himself from all his kin, dissipates his patrimony and
and
wanders
cut
man
one
any
good
huei-jen
as
themselves
cut
all mankind
see
dead
journey
a
on
home, he would
But
the
returned). But if the returned, the livingare
have
who
of
hold
only
evil, which
spoke
ancients who
(men men
good relativity.
of
world
and
between
: "
the
four
what
of the
corners
of
manner
earth,
is this 1
man
as a surely set him down fligate proand a vagabond. On the other hand, and the imagine one who clingsto respectability things of this life,holds cleverness and capacity himself builds in high esteem, a reputation, up his fellow men and plays the braggart amongst what to stop : without manner knowing where
will
world
The
"
of
once
man,
surely
look
upon
lost their way,
yet
and
with
one,
not
knows
with
hold
aloof."
him
whom
a
Both
the
world
the to
this ?
as
counsel.
and
wisdom
is
more,
world
will
of
great
gentleman of
these
will consort
other.
consort
The
and
Only from
have
men
with the
whom
the
Sage to
EVOLUTION "
as
He
life and
regard
Earth
and
diminished
here
from
Evolution
:
the
perceive
can
Heaven
"
said
Hsiung who
But
who
sleeping, and holds aloof forgetfulness of their return."
in
steeped
those
and
waking
Yii
with
consorts
29
is
those
merely who
are
never-ending.
secret
processes things that
Thus,
?
death
of are
augmented there ; things in one made whole that are place suffer loss in and augmentation, fullness Diminution another. the constant and decay are accompaniments of life and death. They alternate in continuous are
succession, and interval.
whole
The
But
of
body
without a progresses of material substance intermission.
not
are
we
we
do
in
perceive the process perceive the process of
wisdom
and
his hair
skin, his nails and
any substance spiritual
not
completion,nor do we decay. Man, likewise, from becomes something different form,
of
the whole body ; pause suffers decay without
of
and
conscious
birth
to
old
day in every in conduct.
age face His
continuallygrowing hood and continuallyperishing. In infancy and childthere is no stopping nor respitefrom change. Though imperceptiblewhile it is going on, it may
be
verified
afterwards
so
afraid
was
the
once
if
a
man
universe
in the
would
pieces, leaving his body
wait."
we *
*
*
There
are
Ch'i State who
was
collapse and fall to without a lodgment,
COSMOGONY
30
that
he
could
neither
sleep nor
Another
eat.
pitying his distress,went to enlightenhim. he is nothing more than Heaven," said, accumulation of ether, and there is no place
man, "
an
"
where
ether
is not.
Processes
of contraction
expansion, inspirationand expiration are taking place up in the heavens. then should be afraid of a collapse? you
and tinually con-
Why
"
man
said
"
It
:
of
and
the
is true
ether
;
that but
Heaven
the
is the
sun,
The an
cumulation ac-
moon,
will
they not fall down upon us ? His informant and stars replied: "Sun, moon likewise only bright lightswithin this mass are of ether. Even to fall, supposing they were they could not us by their impact." possibly harm "But what if the earth should fall to pieces ? "The earth," replied the other, "is merely an fills and blocks agglomeration of matter, which stars
"
,:
"
up the four corners of it where matter
of space. is no There part is not. All day long there is
treadingand the earth. Why then fallingto pieces? constant
tramping should
you
on
the be
surface
afraid
of
of its
"
was Thereupon the man of his fears relieved and rejoiced exceedingly. And his instructor also joyful and in was easy But mind. Tzu Ch'ang Lu laughed at them both, saying : Rainbows, clouds and mist, wind and these rain, the four seasons are perfected "
"
forms
of accumulated
heavens.
Mountains
ether, and go to make up the rivers and and cliffs, seas,
DAY
THE and
metals
DISRUPTION
OF
rocks, fire and
timber
"
31
these
are
fected per-
stitute agglomerated matter, and conthe earth. Knowing these facts, who that be can destroyed ? they will never say and earth form Heaven only a small speck in the greatest the midst of the Void, but they are of Being. This much is certain : things in the sum
forms
even
as
of
their
understand, slow
to
nature
they
so
to
come
is hard
to
will
be
slow
He
who
end.
an
fathom,
hard
to
to
pass away, fears lest they
pieces is assuredlyvery the truth. far from He, on the other hand, who be destroyed has also says that they will never and Heaven the reached not right solution. but neither of necessity pass earth must away, will revert to destruction apart from the other. should
suddenly
fall to
immediate is no that though there speaker means must universe danger of a collapse, it is certain that our and distant at of the law natural some obey disintegration, of decay will be date disappear altogether. But the process be so gradual as to imperceptible. The
Who, not
having
be
The and
alarmed
smiling and
upholds
the
Whether can
?
said
the
of
disruption,would
"He
: are
who
discussion,
are
both
though
or
one
that
maintains
destructible, and
destructible
know,
of the
heard
Tzii
contrary, are
day
"
earth
they never
face
Lieh
Master
Heaven
we
to
he
who
equally at fault. not is something may
hold
this
COSMOGONY
32 view
and
the
going
other's
and
or
about
Whether
destruction
should
why
no,
it ?
The
livingand the dead, coming, know nothing of each
the
state.
world
that.
another
*
my
head
*
of the Ch'i State
Kuo
of
the
Mr.
Hsiang
The
latter travelled
the
other
Kuo
trouble
"
*
Mr.
I
the
awaits
for the
told
Sung
him.
"It
was
very
to Ch'i
of his
secret
rich,while
very
State
Sung from
was
is because
"
and
poor. asked
prosperity. Mr. I am a good I began to be a
The first year thief," he said. thief,I had just enough. The second
ample.
third year,
The
year, I had great harvest.
I
reaped a of time, I found And, in course myself the owner of whole Mr. Hsiang was villagesand districts." thief in the word overjoyed ; he understood "
"
its literal sense,
but
did
he
understand
not
the
Accordingly, he climbed walls and broke into houses, grabover bing everything he could see or lay hands upon. But before long his thefts brought him very he into trouble, and he was of what strippedeven had previously possessed. Thinking that Mr. Kuo had basely deceived him, Hsiang went to him with bitter a complaint. "Tell me," said Mr. did you how set about Kuo, being a thief ? had happened, On learning from Mr. Hsiang what true
way
of
becoming
a
thief.
':
"
he
cried
brought
out
to
"
:
Alas
this pass
and
alack
because
!
you
You went
have
the
been wrong
COSMOGONY
34
already a thief in respect of your own body ? You are stealingthe harmony of the Yin and the Yang in order to keep alive and to maintain your How much then, are you a bodily form. more, suredly, thief with regard to external possessions! Asnot
Heaven
from
the
a
myriad of these
one
any of
and
earth
as
of
thefts
your
self-seekingand
trouble.
Those
By seen,
all
to
rain
"
and
who
For of
therefore
out
out
no
in
landed
spirit
a
in you of property,
take
possession private,are thieves.
with
the
have open
like.
the
abstain
one
in
tion. retribu-
bring no
taking possession of public property," as we Lieh Tzu means utilisingthe products of Nature
help acquiring rid
carried
are
carried
public or
from
taking property, public
also thieves.
private,are "
confusion
"
Those or
betokens
therefore
who
whether
To
thefts
were
claim
Nature.
own
your
thought. Mr. Kuo's spiritof justice,and But
of
objects
dissociated
be
cannot
can some
best
help possessing property will
in
or
the
a
body,
other
which
world.
Such
and
no
cannot
thefts
one
be are
can
got conscious un-
thefts."
The treat as
and earth is to great principleof Heaven publicproperty as such and private property
such.
Knowing
this
which principle,
of
us
is
a
ALL
thief, thief
and ?
MEN
at
advocate
of
in
the
With
metaphysical
is
impress
to
distinctions. social
him,
nor
theft
everything
standpoint.
Lieh of
aspect
that
view
common-sense
the
anecdote
communism,
of
punished.
this
mundane
of
interested
of
which
time
same
35
is
us
not
a
"
object
The
the
THIEVES
ARE
the
with
us
Tzu
is
he
is
a
is
crime
intended
rebel
reality un-
much
not
He
question.
does
the
is
not
against which to
be
must
lead
an
the
up
to
BOOK
THE
Yellow
The
him
to
and
and
spirit,
his
became
further
a
the
that
all
up
period
Empire his
was
and
people.
But,
and
of
fifteen
haggard
and
spite
pale,
of
trying
his
grieved
summoned
his
all, his his
and
he
he
;
in
Then,
years,
exhausted in
and
and
confused.
disorder
in
strength in
sallow,
dull
ears
melancholy
grew
became
intelligence,
wisdom
of
he
his
his
smell
of
senses
up
of
for
pleasures
his
gratified
the
on
looked
careful
was
sought
years
Empire
He
complexion
sensations
for
the
that
Nevertheless,
taste.
fifteen
for
head.
its
well-being,
eyes,
EMPEROR
sat
rejoiced
as
physical
YELLOW
Emperor
and
throne,
II
to
face
resources
rule remained
dull
sensations
the
and
confused. "
The
practice
establishing spiritual
enlightened
virtue
but
government,
will
only
not
succeed
disorganise
in the
faculties."
Then and
good
of
Yellow
the said
"
:
My
Emperor fault
is 36
want
sighed of
heavily
moderation.
ENERGY
MISDIRECTED The
suffer
I
misery
37
from
comes
over-attention
own self,and the troubles of the Empire my ' in everything.' from over-regulation Thereupon, his abandoned all his schemes, threw he up
to
and
bells
all
removed
his
dismissed
palace,
ancestral
written
attendants,
proclamations,
of his cuisine, and retired to live at leisure in private apartments attached fasted he in heart, and There the Court. to
heart
in
Fasting
See
of
Musings
For
three
journey
to not
distant
from
reach
of
Only
the
by
the
p.
the
ship soul
sleep,the Chinese
hun to
from
It or
any
of the
desires
on
without
or
of
made
he
a
of miles
itself.
cravings;
beyond
was
spiritualpart quit the body. or
was
personal fell asleep
of thousands
far.
travel
food
intended.
Hua-hsii, situated
so
could
he
that
State.
vehicle
or
kingdom simply went
without
Ch'i
from
not
are
Then
of
tens
many
earthly body will
71.
abstained
he
kingdom
This it
Mystic,
months
how
I know
the
mortification
government. daytime, and dreamed
the
In
a
Chinese
commentator, abstention
Actual
in
intervention in
bodily
of
forms
other
or
says
from the
the
control.
under
be
oneself
freeing
means
which,
desires, after
control.
under
body
his
brought
naturally
delicacies
the
down
cut
mortal
soul
head
is
or
the
foot.
supposed
ruler ;
people were they simply folIts
lowed
joy
YELLOW
THE
38
their life
in
to
came
natural
alike.
untimely
no
and
to
they were They nor
course
loss
instincts.
abhorrence
nor
attachment thus
EMPEROR
self
of
ends.
neither
existed
not
others
to
from
hence
;
them.
one
profit
All
were
by the emotions equally untouched fear. sympathy, of jealousy and
of love
and
Water
had
drown
to
no
cuts
to
power
and
blows
them,
caused
nor
them
fire
neither
;
hatred
and
aversion
among
they
felt neither
love
another
to
thus
;
They
from
exempt
inclination
death
indifference
nor
knew
felt neither
They
burn
injury
;
nor
make pain, scratching or tickling could not the air as itch. them They bestrode though cradled in treading on solid earth ; they were and Clouds as though resting in a bed. space obstructed mist their vision, thunder-peals not turbed could their ears, not stun physical beauty distheir hearts, mountains and not valleys hindered their steps. They moved about not like gods. his the Yellow from When Emperor awoke
dream, told
he
summoned what
them
his
he
three
Ministers "
had
three
For
seen.
and
"
he I have been months," said, living a life of leisure, fasting in heart, subduing my body, in casting about of nourishingmy method
and
the
lives
the secret.
of
others.
mind
my
But
for
life and
own
I
failed
the
true
regulating to
discover
HUA-HStJ
OF
KINGDOM
THE
to nourish is wrong one's own life, wrong others. No do this by to attempt
"It those
be
that
I know
Now
sought through hold
and
of
light
successful."
out, I fell asleepand
Worn
regulate
to
the
of
intelligence can
39
the
Perfect
the
senses.
me,
yet
within
dreamed
this dream. is not
Way This
I
to
Way I impart
cannot
be
know it
to
you. "
If
the be
cannot
Way
be
sought through the through the senses."
cannot
communicated
it
senses,
twenty-eight years after this, there was great orderliness in the Empire, nearly equalling in the And when that kingdom of Hua-hsu. ascended the on high, the people Emperor For
him
bewailed
for
hundred
two
without
years
intermission.
Lieh Kao
Po
he rode
.
could
Lao
the
friend. of
system
home
again on
away
the
wings
as
long
Sheng disciple.He without
as
heard dwelt
fifteen
of with
teacher, and he
of the
Lieh
was
had
fully philosophers,
two
"
Yin
months
When
these
There Tzu, ch. 1 : ride upon the wind, and travel
Chuang
staying
for his
Shang
for his
Tzu
mastered
Cf
had
Tzu
Tzu
wind. again.
whithersoever
he
He
wished,
days."
this, and Lieh
visitinghis
own
became
Tzu
for
home.
his many
While
YELLOW
THE
40
he his
received
time Yin
no
Lieh
this
incessant "
replied: from
have
now
I
have
come
I used
think
have
and
I
mind my right and wrong,
years,
profit and
of
Master
of
were
loss.
bestowed
one
thing. any-
But
you. "
low
so
what
Kao, for not
from
my
him, and
enjoyed
the
of three
space
venture
lipsdid
down,
Sit
?
learned
I
served
did my
with
me
feeling,and so I Tzii said : Formerly, of penetration, a man
fallen
Po
instruction
that
Lieh
tell you I had After
friendshipof
the
rid
will
Master.
Yin
tell
not
vexed
me
now
you
"
would
Why Sheng
:
coming ? ago, I sought
you
you
"
him
to
settled, un-
follower
his
and
again."
to
and
got
still
was
became
said
time
you, Sir, but made That
mind
and
Tzu
going
Some
departure,but Lieh Tzii Yin Sheng went away, his
returned
he
more.
once
months
many
so
So
sign.
no
into
he
answer.
his
initiated
be
to
asked, and each Becoming impatient,
times
announced
Sheng
still gave but after
begged
Ten
arts.
secret
he
him,
with
was
EMPEROR
not
reflect
to
venture
Then, for the
glance upon
on
speak
to
first
time, my
me
and
"
that
all.
was
"To
be in reality entertaining the
though one's
without
resentment
glance
mere
"
At
venturing to utter and harbouring
was
the end
ideas
them, secret
of is
a
profitand of
case
passions
;
loss,
hiding
hence
vouchsafed."
of five years
a
change had taken
a
YELLOW
THE
42
loss, I had was
knowledge,
no
others.
myself or
I knew
instructor,
my
EMPEROR either
neither that
nor
that
the
mouth
all
:
frozen, bones
and
eye
the
were
body
my
all melted of what
what
was
and
that
under
man
no
was
blended
were
and
ear
ear,
the Master
other
friend. Internal and External my into Unity. After that, there was between
touching
as
distinction and
nose
nose,
mind was My in dissolution, my flesh and conscious together. I was wholly unbody was resting on, or my same.
feet.
my
I
this way leaves or
borne
was
the
wind, like dry chaff In fact, I knew not whether fallingfrom a tree. the wind I on the wind. was or riding on me have in whole not Now, season spent one you teacher's have lost house, and yet you your patience two or three times already. Why, at this rate, the atmosphere will never support of your the earth will atom an body, and even be
unequal The
only
mind
of its
How
can
be
He it
on
the
to
way
to
weight
etherealise
of
the
limbs
of your
one
body
being
to
purge
!
the
passions.
expect
you
charioted
the
on
walk
to
wind
?
in the
Hearing this, Yin Sheng was could hardly trust himself he ventured was long ere
deeply to to
word. *
*
void
or
to
"
*
ashamed.
breathe, and utter
another
TAOIST
A
had
Fan
Mr.
in
succeeded
but of
the
Tzu
marked
out
of
three
he
turned
for distinction
spoke unfavourably were banished. People thronged his hall in Tzu Hua as they went to Court. way followers
his
that
the
to
clever
Ministers
partial
a
he
encourage
office
no
while
;
contend
ponent ex-
kingdom in high
was
the
who
an
Chin, taking
whom
on
as
whole
He
with
par
Hua,
fame
the
him.
Prince
standing on a State. Any one
eye was of whom
art, and
before
with
43
named
son
black
down
favour
a
achieving great
of the
bowed
CHARLATAN
those
forthwith the
same
used
to
amongst
always bullying the slow-witted, and the strong riding the weak. sulted rough-shod over Though this rein blows and wounds being dealt before in the habit of troubling his eyes, he was not it. Day and about night, this sort of thing and practically became served as an amusement, themselves,
a
custom
so
in the
ones
were
State.
day, Ho Sheng and Tzu Po, two of Fan's set off on a leading disciples, journey and, after traversing a stretch of wild country, they put up old peasant named for the night in the hut of an During the night, the two Shang Ch'iu K'ai. travellers conversed together, speaking of Tzu Hua's reputationand influence,his power over the how of others, and the fortunes he could make One
rich
man
Shang
poor
Ch'iu
and
K'ai
the was
poor
man
livingon
rich. the
Now,
border
of
YELLOW
THE
44
he his
shouldering
this
borrowed
establishment.
This
man's
for
followers, however, silken garments and
noses was
advanced
a
rode
with
in years
and
weather-beaten
a
Hua's
Tzu
worldly set, who wore in high carriagesand stalked about in the air. Seeing that Shang
were
cordingl Ac-
provisions and, off
set
the
conversation.
some
basket,
under
round
crept
overheard
and
window
had
He
starvation.
EMPEROR
face
Ch'iu in
deficient
their
with
K'ai
strength,
clothes
and
of
no
all despised him. and particularcut, they one he became Soon a regulartarget for their insults and ridicule,being hustled about and slapped on ever, the back and what not. Shang Ch'iu K'ai, how-
showed
least annoyance, and their wit having exhausted disciples,
never
last the him of
in this way,
the
tired of the fun.
grew
jest,they took the old and the word top of a cliff, a
dared
whosoever
be
rewarded
There
with an
was
eager
with
man
himself
hundred
a
and
response,
the
to
earth
muscle
edge. like
of
his
a
And bird
lo ! on
the
he
the was
that
silver.
Shang
Ch'iu
first to wafted a
way
would of
wing, not
on
to the
over
ounces
K'ai, in perfectgood faith, was over
them
passed round
was
throw
to
So, by
at
leap down
bone
or
ciples, disMr. Fan's body being hurt. regarding this as a lucky chance, were to great merely surprised, but not yet moved wonder. Then in the they pointed to a bend is a foaming river below, saying: "There
A
MAN
the bottom
preciouspearl at had
be
can
again
he
when
And
on
TAO
45
of that
river,which
diving." Shang Ch'iu K'ai their suggestion and plunged in. came out, sure enough he held a the
for
acted
OF
his hand.
pearl in
Then, at last, the whole company suspect the truth, and Tzu Hua gave
began
to
that
orders
costly viands and silken raiment prepared ; then suddenly a great fire kindled round the pile. walk If you was can through the midst of these flames," he said, to keep what can "you are welcome get of you an
array be should
of
"
embroidered
these a
reward."
stuffs,be it much
Without
moving
a
or
as little,
muscle
of
his
face, Shang Ch'iu K'ai walked straightinto the back came fire, and again with his garments and
unsoiled
his
body unsinged. Mr. Fan and his disciples realised that he now in possessionof Tao, and all began to make was their apologies, did not know, Sir, We saying : that you had Tao, and were only playing a trick We insulted you, not knowing that you on you. divine You have were a man. exposed our stupidity,our deafness and our blindness. May "
venture
we "
Secret
"
Even
real
to
ask
I have
in my
what
the
Great
Secret
none," repliedShang Ch'iu own
mind
I have
no
clue
as
is ?
"
K'ai. to the
Nevertheless, there is one point in it all which I must A try to explain to you. short time ago, Sir, two of yours came disciples cause.
YELLOW
THE
46
EMPEROR
put up for the night in my of Mr. them extollingthe power and
he
able
was
the
making
I believed not
make
to
rich this
and
poor
I
the as
hither.
came
and
Fan,
how
people'sfortunes,
mar
and implicitly,
great
very
man
or
I heard
hut.
poor man the distance
rich. was
arrived,
Having
unreservedlyaccepted as true all the statements made and was only afraid lest by your disciples, of putting the come opportunity might never them not triumphantly to the proof. I knew what body occupied, nor yet part of space my where danger lurked. My mind was simply One, and material objects thus offered no resistance. that That is all. But having discovered now, were deceiving me, my inner man disciples your and of doubt into a state is thrown perplexity, of sight and hearing while outwardly my senses I
themselves.
re-assert
justhad
burned
and
with shall
my
within
heart
horror, and my limbs tremble never again have the courage
water
that
happened would
time
to meet
road,
the
me
with
freezes fear.
to
go
I
near
fire."
or
From
on
death,
to
being drowned
from
providentialescape
a
that I have
I reflect
When
forth,when a beggar or far
so
from
actuallydismount
Fan's
Mr. a
poor
disciples
horse-doctor
jeering at him, they and
offer him
a
humble
salute. Tsai
Wo "
heard Is this
fucius. story, and told it to Constrange to you ? was the reply. this
"
so
"
The
inanimate
to can
cardinal
Compare His
and
heaven
move
points without
familiar
the
spirits ; he earth, and fly to the six rance. encountering any hind-
Bible
in the
passage
confined
not
are
powers
47 his influence
perfectfaith can extend things and disembodied
of
man
FAITH
OF
POWER
THE
(Matt.
to
xvii.
20).
walking
in
perilousplacesand passingthrough water and fire. belief was If Shang Ch'iu K'ai, whose false,found obstacle
no
in external
certainlywill equallysincere In
his Master
Tzu
Fan,
case,
Hua
was
their
and
beasts.
much
more
parties are
this in mind."
though he himself was merely an impostor.
Keeper of Animals the Chou dynasty, had an skilled was Yang, who birds
bear
man,
sincere,
King Hsuan, of assistant named Liang
under
The
wild
how
both
when
so
Young
K'ai's
Ch'iu
Shang
be
that !
matter,
in
the
When
park-enclosure, all
the
management he
fed
them
of in
showed
animals
tractable, although they ospreys. comprised tigers, wolves, eagles and female Male and freelypropagated their kind, themselves
and
The
tame
their numbers
and
multiplied.
difficultyof getting
is well-known
to
wild
naturalists.
animals
to
breed
in
captivity
YELLOW
THE
48
The
EMPEROR
different
The should
impart
gether, species lived promiscuously toclawed nor bit one another. yet they never afraid lest this man's secret King was
die
with
him,
and
it to the
Keeper. Keeper and
commanded
him
to
So
Liang Yang appeared before the "I said : am only a humble have servant, and really nothing to impart. I fear the King has been leading you to expect some With regard mysterious secret. method of feedingtigers, all I have to say to my is this : when yieldedto, they are pleased ; when is the natural Such opposed, they are angry. But neither dispositionof all livingcreatures. their pleasurenor their anger is manifested out withBoth a cause. are reallyexcited by opposition.
Anger reaction
"In either
former
directly, pleasure indireotly, owing when the opposition is overcome.
feeding tigers,then, live animals
or
whole
I avoid carcasses,
to
the
natural
giving them lest in the
killing,in the latter the act of tearingthem excite them to pieces,should to fury. Again, I time their periods of hunger and repletion, and I gain a full understanding of the causes of their anger. Tigers are of a different but, like him, they are docile species from man, with them those who treat kindly,though they will show their lives are attacked. fight when case
the
act
of
YELLOW
THE
50 "
There
change conscious
disturbance
was
his
outward
of the
fact
in
be
their instinct
Chao
glow
he ?
That
a
thus
human
accompanied birds
the
out to
men
set
of the
a
flames
is to say,
a
man
passing miraculously
a
Central
the
growth, under-
forest, and
whole
visible for
was
of
company in the
hunt
the
fire to
Suddenly rocky cliff,
a
a
could
How
being.
by
became
"
led
Tzu
mind, ;
was
around.
from
his
They dropped sparks in which
miles
that
thousand
Mountains.
the
in
demeanour
deceived
Hsiang
hundred
EMPEROR
a
hundred
appeared, emerging
out
of the
actual
stone
itself.
and
to hover
seen
was
in the air amidst
the flames
for a Everybody took him the fire had disembodied passed, spirit. When of he walked trace no quietly out, and showed Hsiang Tzii having been through the ordeal.
and
the
smoke.
thereat, and
marvelled
him
detained
for
the
bodily form possessing the seven undoubtedly a man, which his breathing besides channels of sense, So and his voice also proclaimed him a man. it was that the prince inquiredwhat secret power enabled him to dwell in rock and to walk through do you fire. What mean replied by rock ? the man what do you mean Hsiang by fire ? ; of is Tzii said : out What came just now you of careful
purpose he was
examination.
In
"
"
"
"
"
MIND
THE rock
RULES
what
;
**
fire."
just now nothing
you I know
BODY
THE
51
through is them," replied the walked
of
man. "
to
It
this extreme
was
The of the
incident
Wei "
an
From
the
to
came
What
:
"
harm
I
what
metal the
of
surface
"
the
who
man
into
"
yet
my
heart
only
Master achieves
with
has
of them
Passing
the power through solid of fire
things
or
on
become
friend," asked the my " I have do all this ! " Tzii
impurities and
find
it,
Why,
cannot
of
Wen
this must
close unison
all these
you succeeded," said
not
him
about
the
heard
have
him.
water"
him."
"
can
Marquis
stone, walking in the midst
or
possibleto Marquis,
I
hinder
or
of
ears
spoke to Tzii Hsia extraordinary man
say," repliedTzii Hsia, harmony with Tao enters external objects,and none to
enabled
that
unconsciousness
feats."
State, who "
saying be !
above
the
perform
of
leisure to
"
Hsia, in cleansing discarding wisdom.
discuss
M And
the
matter
in
pursued the Marquis, "does not the Master himself perform these feats ? The Master," repliedTzu Hsia, is able to do these things,but he is also able to refrain from Which answer hugely doing them." delightedthe Marquis. tentative
fashion." "
why,"
"
"
*
There without
may
be
*
*
similarity in
similarityin
outward
form.
understanding There
may
YELLOW
THE
52
also
form
similarityin understanding. The of understanding and world
The
without
similarityin Sage embraces similarity pays no regard to similarity in general is attracted by
be
of form.
EMPEROR
indifferent to similarityof form, but remains creatures similarity of understanding. Those in shape they love that them resemble and with
consort
fear
shape they
The
Chinese
foot
head,
and
that
at
them
long,
feet
seven
in
The
distance.
a
shorter
being considerably
time
an
set
even
erect, is called
follow that
man
a
though will still recognise him virtue
have
or
beasts. beast
the
on
teeth
or
the
of teeth
feet, hair on its jaws, and
in
But
man.
it does
have
the
this be the
case,
as
back
of their
one
form. or
mind
of
other
men
which
the
on
a
species
own
Creatures
horns
not
head,
extensile talons, which head flyoverall fours, are called birds and
run
on
But
it does
not may if this be
from
not
of his outward
wings
serrated
a
may
Even
brute.
even
keep
differently shaped
walks
in
differ from
skeleton
a
at
that
ours.
hands its
and
has
that
creature
than
those
;
have so,
not
follow
that
the
mind
of
a
it is nevertheless
a
bird
or
a
Yet, assigned to
man.
speciesbecause of the difference in form. P'ao Hsi, Nii Kua, Shen Nung and Hsia Hou had faces, ox-heads serpents' bodies, human
another
OUTWARD and
yet their
virtue
of
was
the
not
were
saintliest.
Yin, Huan the Ch-'u State, were
Hsia
of the
Chieh
53
Thus, their forms
tigers'snouts.
human,
CRITERION
NO
FORM
of the
dynasty, Chou
State, and Mu of all external respects, as facial appearance Lu
of the in
possession of
the
channels
seven
of
and like
sense,
of savage yet they had the minds in brutes. Howbeit, seeking perfect wisdom, form outward attend to the alone, which men
other
unto
will not
men
;
bring
them
to
near
it.
Emperor fought with Yen Ti the field of P'an-ch'uan, his vanguard was posed comon of bears, wolves, panthers, lynxes and while his ensign-bearerswere eagles, tigers, ospreys, This was forcible impressment falcons and kites. The Emperor of animals into the service of man. Yao K'uei with the entrusted regulation of When
the
Yellow
music. K'uei
was
a
composite being, half beast, His
virtue.
have
had
"
the
and
covetous
When
the
of
latter
varying cadence, of
sound
Shao
flew
down
the
He
to
a
music. on
assist.
the
musical
animals
When
the
flute,the This
hand,
of irreproachable is said
to
insatiably gluttonous,
was
the
tapped all the
other
the
on
man,
was
stone
in
danced
to
the
strains
of
the
phoenix itself the
attraction
In what, then, of music. the power differ from of birds and beasts minds
of animals do
the
heard
were
son,
pig." quarrelsome. heart
half
by
YELLOW
THE
54
minds
the
of
different,and
are
innate,
even
that
as
desire is for
mutual
shun
They
mountainous
make
for
male
warmth
the
middle,
the
stronger
They show drinking-places,and
the when
there
dwelt
and
was
that
the
not
is food. moved
until
they began
scattered
bands.
the
the
mother
In
about
is
instincts
There
female, and her
and
open
ones
are
another
one
call the in
stationed
to
on
the way to their fellows
earliest ages, company
age of emperors to be afraid and broke now,
in
place themselves
ones
the
And
to
common
source.
and
limited un-
plain and keep parts ; they flee the cold they settle,they ; when they travel,they preserve
the outside.
It
human
flocks ; when The fixed order. young
the
But
life,but their
of
between
gather in a
utter
tion communica-
Their
man.
any
the
attachment
young. the to
of
from
pairing between
and
which
unknown.
is
propagation
derived
not
is
by
they
penetration of the Sage are that is why he is able to lead them : of animals bidding. The intelligence
his
are
the secret
sounds
and
wisdom
do
the
effected
be
may
Only
?
men
EMPEROR
with and
they man.
kings
into away in this final period,
they habituallyhide and keep out of man's way At the present so as to avoid injury at his hands. day, the Chieh-shih people in the Ear East can in many cases interpret the language of the six domestic animals, although they have probably but an imperfectunderstanding of it.
MEN
AND
ARE
BRUTES
KIN
55
of divine men antiquity,there were were enlightenment who perfectly acquainted with the feelingsand habits of all livingthings, and the languages of the thoroughly understood various their at species. The latter assembled bidding, and received the instruction imparted These to them, exactly like human beings. and understanding, sages declared that, in mind wide of the living there was no gulf between any and with blood breath. And, species endowed therefor e, knowing that this was so, they neglected that came to them or none passed over
In remote
.
.
.
for instruction.
K'ang of the Sung State. The Prince, however, stamped his The foot, rasped his throat, and said angrily: and strength. I am things I like are courage not fond of your good and virtuous people. What Hui
Yang
to
went
visit Prince
"
"
stranger like you have to teach me ? I have a secret," repliedHui Yang, whereby brave be or strong, can opponent, however my either harming me by thrust prevented from Would not or Highness care to by blow. your can
a
"
"
know "
that
that
is
about."
"
1
the stabs indeed
to
"
Capital! certainlysomething I Hui on Yang went secret
cover
him
and
blows
with
"
K'ang
exclaimed
should "
:
To
of one's
shame.
But
;
like to hear render
opponent my
effectu inis
secret
YELLOW
THE
56
is
brave
imply
opponent, however
your
strong, afraid to stab or being afraid, however, does
or
all ! His
he has
that
not
the will to do that
method
secret
operates so Not having the
is absent.
does love
will make
which
one
EMPEROR
and
do
to
Now,
even
the
will to
harm, the
But
good.
my and
at
always
not
so.
connote necessarily
not
strike
to
my
will ever, how-
desire is
secret
to one
child in the woman man, whereby every Empire shall be inspiredwith the friendlydesire another ! This and do is to love good to one all social distinctions, something that transcends the mere better than is much and possession of and Highness no strength. Has your courage this ? mind secret to acquire such a as "Nay," anxious I am said the Prince, to learn it. What is the secret, pray ? " Nothing else," replied than the teachingsof Confucius Hui Yang, and "
"
"
"
Tzii.
Mo
A
philosopher of the utilitarian chiefly on
famous
propounded, universal
Neither
fourth
century
grounds,
B.C.,
doctrine
who of
love."
of
these
two
possessed any they held no
men
and
princes ; yet they were leaders. rank, and yet they were of the crane
the
their
glimpse of
necks them.
Empire, and
old and
stand
For it
was
All
young,
land, official
the used
habitan into
tiptoe to catch a their object to bring
on
BOOK
III
DREAMS
the
In
He
west.
make
and
and
rivers
flow
solid
encounter
There
was
effect
also
could Mu
King him
like
revered
of
daintiest
the
singing-girls magician, as
as
a
new
built
his
for
too
ugly
building entirely
of
to
live
with.
bricks
to
and 58
cares.
served
his
for
a
the
So
please
him
with of
number
wood,
the
King him. and
a
use
King's and
rancid,
erected
form,
gratification.
condemned as
could
and
god,
regaled
express
cooking
he
selected
and
of
variety
external
aside
set
apartments, food,
obstructed.
internal
a
as
He
however, the
mean,
of
suite
spacious
him
prince.
a
the
men's
away
whole
falling,
which
changing
spirit
without
countless
the
to
besides
and,
;
end
mountains
being
transformations
and
changes
without
far
water,
transplant air
a
the
and
overturn
thin
on
was
in
fire
backwards,
bodies
no
kingdom
a
stone,
cities, ride
there
Chou,
through
pass
metal
and
towns
of
from
came
could
penetrate
Mu
King
who
magician
he
of
time
The
palace bines concu-
Mu It
had was
gorgeously
A decorated
PALACE in red
DELIGHT
OF
and
white, The
no
59
skill
being spared
five
royaltreasuries were pavilion was empty by the time that the new feet high, overtopping complete. It stood six thousand Mount called Chung-nan, and it was Then the King proTouch-the-sky Pavilion. ceeded to fillit with maidens, selected from Cheng and Wei, of the most exquisiteand delicate beauty. anointed with fragrant perfumes, proThey were vided with jewelled hairpins and earrings, and arrayed in the finest silks,with costlysatin trains. Their faces were powdered, and their eyebrows studded with precious their girdles were pencilled, in its construction.
stones, wherever
played
they to
fresh
with
sweet
before
The
scents
honoured
the
times
a
some
magician
;
and
new
could
he
month
jewelled raiment him
wafted
were
Ravishing guest by
went.
; several
bands
set
and
not
music
Imperial presented day he had
delicious
well
was
the
was
every
abroad
refuse
food. to
take
palace of delight. But he had not dwelt there very long before he invited him the King to accompany on a jaunt. So the magician's sleeve, and the King clutched soared with him higher and higher into the up sky, until at last they stopped,and lo I they had the magician's own reached palace. This palace of gold and built with beams silver,and was incrusted with jade. It towered pearls and high above the region of clouds and rain, and up
his
abode
in
this
DREAMS
60
the foundations It
like
appeared
the
view.
eye
and
there, ken.
a
the
ear,
it rested
stupendous sights and sounds
The
abounded mortal
whereon
scents
were
and
such
as
unknown.
were
cloud-mass
to
it offered flavours
exist
not
to
which within
The
King verily believed that he in the Halls of Paradise, tenanted was by God to the mighty Himself, and that he was listening of the music spheres. He gazed at his own palace on the earth below, and it seemed to him better than a rude pileof clods and brushwood. no The King would gladly have stayed in this place for decade after decade, without a thought the magician invited for his own But country. him another to make journey, and in the new sun nor moon to, neither region they came be seen in the could heavens above, nor any rivers below. The seas or King's eyes were dazed by the quality of the light,and he lost of vision ; his ears the power stunned were by that assailed them, and he lost the the sounds of his bones facultyof hearing. The framework and
his internal
and
refused
whirl,
a
begged "
This
to
his
the
function.
intellect
magician
His
became to
take
out
thoughts
effect of
Spontaneity."
of gear in were
clouded, and him
back
Void, where region of the Great and be traversed meant to blurred, assuredly not The and brain of dizziness ordinary man. eye was
the
thrown
were
organs
he
again. all is dim
by was
the the
THE
UNREALITY
PLEASURE
OP
him Thereupon, the magician gave and the King experienced a sensation through space. .
When
with looked that
it
the
in
of
front
falling
found
freshness.
from, and
that
;
they
had
told
attendants
his
he
where
asked
He
He
him.
him,
still full of sediment
was
their
come
round
attendants
wine
viands, and
lost
he
the
of
consciousness, he found his throne just as before,
selfsame
at
shove,
to
sittingon
the
a
.
awoke
he
himself
.
61
and
saw
looked
at
not
yet
he him
had that
This only been sitting quietly there. three threw King Mu into a reverie, and it was he months before he was himself again. Then made further inquiry, and asked the magician had Your to explain what Majesty happened. and were I," replied the magician, only in the spirit, and, of course, wandering about had
"
"
bodies
our
difference
dwelt
in
between your
and
at
your spaces
were
During
from
the
What
essential
that
sky-palace we Majesty's palace on earth, travelled we through and park ?
standpoint
of
the
Absolute,
both
unreal.
your been have
the
all.
at
between
Majesty's own
palaces
to
is there
the
Looked
you
moved
never
retirement in
reality of
a
from
public affairs,
perpetual state of doubt in experience. But your
as a
DREAMS
62
universe
where
progress,
and
fast how
conceptions, attained
?
changes
slow
and
the
can
everlastinglyin are purely relative Ideal be ever fully
are
"
The
only some sky-palace was Kong's, just as the King's palace was than
the
hovel
of
peasant.
a
To
finer
degrees only strive
some
for
than
the
degrees finer something that
desires and and for all satisfy man's aspirations once is only labour lost. The continues with account an story of the King's marvellous But West. the to journey though he drained the cup of pleasure to the dregs, the upshot of it all was We that he never to Tao. seek truly attained may the moral Tzu. : Without in a saying of Lao going out of world know the whole doors, one looking out ; without may of window, The farther of the Heaven. one see Way may shall
"
travels, the
one
Lao
less
one
know."
may
learn
magic from the venerable Yin Wen. After a period of three he no communication, having obtained years, Yin asked humbly permission to go home. Wen bowed, and led him into the inner apartment. his attendants, There, having dismissed he spoke to him follows : as Long ago, when Lao Tzu was setting out on his journey to the
Ch'eng
Tzii
went
to
"
West, has
he
the
addressed
breath
and
life,all that
Illusion.
said
'
:
All
possesses
that
bodily
point at which creation begins,the change effected by the Dual called are Principles these respectively Life form,
is
of
me
mere
The
"
and
Death.
That
which
underlies
the
manifold
DEATH
IS
EVOLUTION
workings of Destiny is called which produces and transforms
63
Evolution
that
;
bodily substance is called Illusion. The Creator's ingenuity is mysterious, His operations secret and profound. In
He
truth, "
The
Creator,"
conception be
is inexhaustible
of
from
seen
differs
the
commentator's
a
that
the
the
possess constitutes
line
to
energy
relapse
ingenuity
form
is
shallow.
patent
that mind
become and
then, "
If
to
a
make
to
that
wishes person that his own
the
fact
the
absurdity
of
an
How
It
?
should
is His
but
may
the
spontaneity unites
matter
which
does
which
with
follows
not,
on
that
its eye, and it arises anon,
to
make
body illusion
is
workings and
are
it
anon
who
knows
that
Life
that
Death
is
really
learn
magic
illusions.
study
material
causes
the
both a
"
:
the
nothingness."
of
are
a
away,
destroyed.' Only one is really Illusion, and Evolution, can begin to I
widely personal God how
bodily substance,
a
passes
Therefore
and
of
Essential
is
You
eternal.
but
;
note
mystery.
into
The
from
conscious
of evolution
account,
is Tao
course,
Tao
Creator
extensive
of
and
of the
a an
from
How
subject?
study
are
me.
we,
"
illusion,in spite of reduced to illusion, we are
studying
of
an
illusion."
Lao
Ch'eng Tsii returned home, and for three months the words of the pondered deeply over Yin Venerable Wen. Subsequently, he had the power of appearing or disappearing at will ; he
could
reverse
the
order
of
the
four
seasons,
DREAMS
64
produce
thunderstorms
summer,
make
in
The the
Master
dreams mind
and
follows
in
if
abstraction, vanish
rely
on
of
their
understand
This
Lieh
Tzu
to
held
themselves.
are
dreams
that
can
processes means
'The
of
future
without
by
certain
be
checked
men
existence
in
dreams
our
those
who cannot
do
in dreams
not
of evolution.
omitted
in
the
present day, opinion of his own festations maninot were just arbitrary events, but the effects of regular further significance. They any
processes (as Lieh
of
mind
the
With
faith
abstraction, dreaming
pure
substance.
perceptions you
put
a
causes,
produced
is
waking
our
with
alternatingprocesses
portending antecedent
in
feelings and
our
previous passage, Contrary to the received
selection.
never
dream
A
concentrate
can
who
the
refers
we
waking
Those
argue.
substance
of
that
will
"
:
event
an
;
he
days
is the
substances.
It
of minds
creeping
his art, so that the to after generations.
said
Tzu.
in
coming together of sensible Hence our feelingsby day and by night are the meetings of mind
consciousness
with
of his
down
Lieh
meeting
our
handed
not
was
ice
and
flying things creep
things fly. But to the end made public display of any secret
and
winter
old
of the Tzu
mind,
believes
will also
if these
they can) by
cease.
passed
self-oblivion, and
and
their
slept
waking without
DREAMS
66
he
and
cares,
solicitude
always thinking with
was
affairs of his
the
about
anxious Thus
estate.
and body alike, and wearing out mind at night he also used to fall asleep utterly exhausted. that he was Every night he dreamt menial man's another on servant, running about of every business description,and subjected to possible kind of abuse and ill-treatment. every in his sleep, and and He would mutter groan This relief until obtained no morning came. in a serious illness, state of things at last resulted Yin and Mr. besought the advice of a friend. he
"
was
Your
life," his
in
station
and
distinguished one, property far
are
dream ease
in
in above
that for
you
have
In
these
abundance. the you
If
average.
are
wealth
destiny. should
What
and
be
balance is
want
you
and
night you exchange
that is only the proper affliction,
human
that
pleasant as that is beyond But waking moments. On to hearing what compass." power friend said, Mr. Yin lightenedhis servant's dreams
your
and
allowed
whereupon proportion.
A
when
man
his
his
was
he fell in
as
mental
own
malady
gatheringfuel with
a
deer
worry
began
to
in the
that
had
a
respects you at
servant
a
said, "is
friend
to
your your
his
toil,
abate
decrease
Cheng been
;
in
State
startled
DREAMS from
usual
its
DREAMS
WITHIN He
haunts.
67
chase, and
gave
overjoyed at his good luck ; but, for fear of discovery,he hastily the carcass concealed in a dry ditch, and covered it up with brushwood. Afterwards, he forgot succeeded
the
in
He
killingit.
spot where
had
he
was
deer, and
the
hidden
affair convinced that the whole finallybecame He told the story to people was only a dream. he met he went as along ; and one of those who heard it, following the indications given, went with his the deer. and found On reaching home made the followingstatement to booty, this man
his
"
wife
Once
:
wood-cutter couldn't
dreamt
the
remember I have
it.
Now
his
dream said
dreamt
a
was
his
a
is you
a
he
a said, deer, but
had
put that
it appears "
dream."
true
met
you deer.
got
deer, so
"
he
place where
wife, "it
that
had
he
the
found
time,"
a
upon that
On
who
the
trary," con-
have
must
who
wood-cutter
had
Here have a deer, true caught a you It is ? enough. But where is the wood-cutter I true." that has come evidently your dream have certainlygot a deer," repliedher husband ; "
"so
what
his dream
does or
it matter
mine
?
to
us
whether
it
was
"
had Meanwhile, the wood-cutter home, gone all disgusted at at not having lost the deer. For
But
he
thought
the
same
the
whole
thing
night,he
saw
have
must
in
a
been
dream
a
dream.
the
place
DREAMS
68
where of
he had
the
who
man
seek
had
him
with
in order
out
he also dreamt
it,and
taken
in accordance
morning, to
reallyhidden
to
it.
So, the his dream, he the
recover
the matter quarrel ensued, and brought before the magistrate, who in
these
wood-cutter,
"
terms
You,"
:
went
deer.
A
finally ment judg-
was
he
next
gave said to
the
"
began by reallykillinga deer, but dream. Then a wrongly thought it was you that had really dreamt got the deer, but you be a reality. The to wrongly took the dream other man reallytook your deer, which he is now His the other wife, on disputing with you. both man and deer in hand, declares that he saw be said to have a dream, so that nobody can all. Meanwhile, here is the killed the deer at itself in court, and between you."
deer
The
case
reported
was
Cheng State, who have
must
question was
but
the
latter the was
referred
confessed
part not
that a
better
Prince
the
to
divide
of
it
the
"
:
the
dreamt
The
part that
said
had
you
Why, the magistrate whole thing himself ! "
to
the
Prime
himself was
dream.
unable dream
a "
If
you
Minister, to
from want
entangle dis-
the to
distinguish between waking and dreaming," he have to go back to the Yellow said, you would But both these sages are Emperor or Confucius. alive who dead, and there is nobody now can "
draw
any
such
distinction.
STRANGE
A Of
the
between
So
it is
course,
the
implied
DISEASE that
there
is
69
distinction
real
no
two.
thing you magistrate'sdecision," best
can
do
uphold
is to
the
Yang-liHua-tzii, of the Sung State, was afflicted in middle Anything age by the disease of amnesia. he received in the morning he had forgottenby the evening ; anything he gave away in the evening he had forgottenthe next morning. Out-of-doors, he forgotto walk ; indoors, he forgotto sit down. recollection of he had At any given moment, no had what just taken place ; and a little later on, had recollect what he could not even happened All his family were then. perfectly disgusted with
their were
were
from
him.
Fortune-tellers
proved
divinations
sought out, but ; physicianswere of
no
the
avail. Lu
their
were
summoned,
unsuccessful exorcisms
were
;
but
wizards
tual ineffec-
called in, but their remedies At last, a learned professor
State
volunteered
his
services,
Hua-tzii's declaringthat he could effect a cure. half wife and family immediately offered him their landed property if only he would tell them The how to to work. set professor replied: be dealt with This is a case cannot which by of auspices and diagrams ; the evil cannot means be removed and incantations, nor by prayers successfullycombated by drugs and potions. "
DREAMS
70
What and
I shall
try
the
to
do
is to
influence
his mind
of this
thoughts ; in that is likelyto be brought about." a cure way Accordingly,the experiment was begun. The professor exposed his patient to cold, so that he forced to beg for clothes ; subjected him to was hunger, so that he was fain to ask for food ; left him in darkness, so that he was obligedto search for light. Soon, he was able to report progress to the sons of the house, saying gleefully The : turn
current
"
disease
be
can
checked.
But
the
I shall
methods
down secret as a employ have been handed be made known to family, and cannot my must, therefore, be public. All attendants I must
and
patient."
The
be
shut
professor was
up
alone allowed
with to
in
the missed, dismy
have
his way, and for the space of seven days no one what knew was going on in the sick man's chamber. to an came Then, one fine morning, the treatment of so to relate,the disease end, and, wonderful years'standing had entirelydisappeared ! many Hua-tzii No had sooner regained his senses, however, than he flew into a great rage, drove his wife out of doors, beat his sons, and, snatching up a spear, hotly pursued the professorthrough On being arrested and asked to explain the town his conduct, this is what he said : Lately,when I was were steeped in forgetfulness, my senses of the benumbed that I was so quite unconscious .
"
existence
of
the
outer
world.
But
now
I have
ABSENT-MINDEDNESS been
brought suddenly half
of
events
hate
have
to
tentacles to invade
peace
will, I fear,
to
turmoil
of
state
my continue
if I could
but
recapture
If this is the some
much
stronger will it be
resemblance
was
once
Yen
the
was
Ch'u
was
On
the
in
experience.
short
the
Oh
!
of that
moment
on
a
infirmity
mental
whose
man
Highest Principle [Tao], how entering the realm of the Absolute the
the the
flushed
a
man
who, though born Ch'u, and it was only
up in he returned
northernmost
bounded
through played a of
to
brought
was
his old age that
to
mind
my
"
There
Yen,
of
sentiment
bears
itself !
emotions
!"
blessed oblivion "
these
; and
now a
and
joy, love their myriad
out
keep
I
that
the
and
throw
to
of
Preservation
loss, sorrow
begun
71
perception
a
lifetime.
a
destruction, gain and and
BLESSING
A
by the
to
State
left bank
his native of of
ancient the
in in
country. China,
while
Yangtsze.
thither, as they were passing Chin State, his fellow-travellers practicaljoke on him. They pointed
way the
city
and
said: "
Yen
State
with
excitement.
;
"Here
is the
whereupon the Pointing out
capital old a
man
certain
his own shrine, they told him that it was village a altar,and he heaved deep sigh. They showed is where him "This a house, and said: your
BREAMS
72
"
lived
ancestors
Finally,
eyes.
lie
ancestors
himself
they
buried."
We
is
been
the
only
mortified
Chin ;
journey's the and
much
city
and
tombs
less
when
altars of acute.
into
State."
and
his
old
of
aloud.
Their
victim
ancestors,
with
his
laughter.
cried
they
Yen,
control But
of
you,"
a
your
could
roars
really
of
front
where
man
they
he
in
his
in
up
tomb
wept
hoaxing
and
end,
the
is
and
burst
have
him
The
longer,
no
fellow-travellers "
This
:
welled
tears
brought "
said
and
mound
the
and
;
;
this
greatly
was
arrived
at
their
see
before
him
did
the his
actual emotion
abode was
CONFUCIUS
74 "
Five
The
Emperors excelled in the exercise of altruism and righteousness. I do not know that And the Three sages." they were Sovereigns: surelythey were sages ? "
"
The Fu
Tliree
Sovereigns always denote the legendary rulers Nung and the Yellow Emperor.
Hsi, Shen
Three
"The that
"
suited
were
were
Sovereigns
sages
or
to
I
no
their
excelled
in
But
age.
the
virtues
whether
they
say."
reallycannot
of learning of Confucius, the warlike prowess and Yao and of the Wu, T'ang humility self-abnegation and Shen of Fu Hsi Shun, the rude Nung, simply simplicity dates accommorepresent the ordinary activities of the sage who of the world himself to the necessities he lives in. They Those not the qualitieswhich make them are qualities sages. neither word deed can are as nor truly such adequately The
wide
and
express."
there,then," cried much astonished, that is reallya countenance expression of Confucius' who
"Why,
the
is
"
and
replied after
he
people governs
of
the
West
not, yet there
a a
is
pause: true no
Minister,
sage
?
"
The
changed, the "Among
sage
disorder.
dwells. He
He
speaks
He makes not, yet he is naturally trusted. is spontaneous reforms, yet right conduct
no
and
great and incomprehensible is he find no to call him that the people can name by. I suspect that this man in is a sage, but whether universal.
So
he
truth
is
a
is not
or
sage
WEST
THE
IN
SAGE
TRUE
A
a
sage
in the
above
75
I do
not
know."
Jesus
to
Jesuit
early
The
But
Christ.
is almost
certain
shape before
The
he
the
me
!
could
day. thereby, far and
morning
would
with
them,
the
of
and any
Tzu
twenty
and
them,
"
There
cussions dis-
hold
which
spread
years
next-door
his
mysterious harmony at old they arrived
was
a
intercourse."
mutual
Philosopher
neighbour, passed between the street they
visit
no
when
therefore
Nan-kuo
in
Tzu
doctrines,
their
between age
other.
each
seen
without
simply
means
had
having "
the
of Nan-kuo."
followers
convinced Master
was
they met though they had not
as
The
unaffected
was
wide.
for
made
out
count
to
were
every
fame
in
sought him
who
of those
down
settled
Tzu
and
Nan-kuo but
*
reckoned, though one Lieh Tzu, however,
all
Confucius
:
be
not
in
"
Lieh
Master
"
himself
to
awhile
meditated
*
the number
Nan-kuo
definite
taken
had
work
Shang
*
When
it
era.
said
fool of
a
allusion
an
considerations)
other
from
present
from
Then
making
the
Christian
the
saw
(apart
that
Minister
silence. is
missionaries
and
that
and there
Nan-kuo
disciplesof was enmity Tzu
;
and
at
Lieh
Tzu
between
last,one
felt their
who
CONFUCIUS
76 had
the Ch'u
from
come
about
"How
it, saying: and
you kuo
Nan-kuo
State
Tzu
spoke
to Lieh
it, Sir, that
comes
"
"
enemies?
are
Tzu Nan-
the appearTzu," repliedthe Master, "has ance of fullness,but his mind is a blank.
By
means
no
a
term
of
disparagement,
in the
mouth
of
a
Taoist.
hear, his eyes do not see, his does not speak, his mind mouth is devoid of knowledge, his body free from would agitation. What be the object of visitinghim ? However, we will thither to see." me try, and you shall accompany with him went Accordingly, forty of the disciples Nan-kuo to call on Tzu, who turned out to be a His
do
ears
not
creature. repulsive-looking
Taoist
writers
deformity
made
sages,
delight in attributingugliness and
to
doubt
no
as
a
sort
of
foil
or
set-off
grandeur.
inward
their
to
seem
their
to
show
of
receiving his guests, but Body and soul only gazed blankly at Lieh Tzu. seemed to be unable not to belong together,and world. to respond to the stimuli of the external He
"
void
The of
no
soul
subjugated the body. sense-impressions, the countenance
Hence
between stimuli
had
the ?
"
seemed How two.
it
as
if
could
there
they
were
The
mind
remained no
respond
being less. motion-
co-operation to
external
BLANKNESS
MIND
OF
Suddenly, Nan-kuo
77
singledout the hinderof Lieh Tzu's and most row began to disciples, talk to them quite pleasantlyand simply,though in the tone of a superior. "Fraternising distinctions
of
and
be
occupied
with
rank
Tzu
the or
hindmost
standing
;
row,
meeting
responding thereto, he with
did
not
he a
recognised sympathetic
no
fluence, in-
his mind
allow
to
external."
the
astonished at this,and when were disciples a puzzled expression. they got home again,all wore
The
Their
Master
Lieh
them
said to
Tzu
"
:
He
who
He thought is silent. who has attained to perfect knowledge is also He silent. who silence in lieu of speech uses stitutes reallydoes speak. He who for knowledge subof mind blankness really does know. ledge knowWithout words and speaking not, without and knowing not, he really speaks and knowing Saying nothing and really knows. nothing, there is in realitynothing that he does know. This not not say, nothing that he does is how the matter stands, and there is nothing further to be said. Why are you thus astonished
has
reached
without
Lung "
Wen
the
cause
Shu Chih
?
stage
of
"
said to Wen lived in the
time
Chih
:
of the
Six States, and
acted
aa
.
physician to
Prince
Wei
of
Ch'i
[378-333
B.C.].
Another
CONFUCIUS
78 account in
the
Wen
You
and
the
are
period, him
and
State
Sung
the
physician of
'
by making
with
of
master
Can
replied Wen
cured
he
that
his
whereupon
angry,
symptoms honour," said
of
it, Sir have
"you
desire.
your
cunning
cure
you
Chih,
the
Please
decried
native
in my
?
let
"So
far,"
know
me
disease."
your
"
have
I
arts.
only acquainted
Lung Shu, "to do I consider nor village,
native be
able
an
Autumn
Ch'i
of
disease.
me
was
vanished."
sickness
a
he
Spring
"
Prince
"
that
says
first
hold
"I
it
no
praised in my it a disgrace to
be
State.
Gain
excites
in
I look upon life joy, and loss no sorrow. in the same riches in the light as death, upon as so same lightas poverty, upon my fellow-men swine, and upon myself as I look upon my many I dwell in my home fellow-men. as though it were caravanserai, and regard my native district a mere with no more feelingthan I would a barbarian me
no
Afflicted
State.
rewards
and
honours
I
as
in these
am
fail to
rouse
various
ways,
pains
me,
and
good or bad fortune to I Thus influence me, me. joy or griefto move ing am incapableof servingmy sovereign,of associatwith my friends and kinsmen, of directing my wife and servants children, or of controlling my penaltiesto
and
overawe
me,
retainers.
"Men
are
controlled
minds
are
open
bodies
are
sensitive
to
influences
by external
impressions to injury or
of
good
the
and
reverse.
in
so
far
as
evil, and But
one
their their who
DIVINE is able
ENLIGHTENMENT
79
discern
multiform a connecting unity in the most of the universe, be uncondiversity will surely, in his survey scious of the differences between positive and negative." to
What that
will
it ?
cure
this, and
what
is there
remedy
"
Chih
Wen with
is
disease
repliedby asking Lung Shu to stand his back to the light, while he himself faced light and looked at him intently. Ah ! he after a while, "I see that a good square "
the said
"
heart is hollow. of your You within are an of being a true sage. Six of the orifices in ace your heart are open and clear,and only the seventh is blocked up. inch
It in
his
was
ancient
an "
heart
(the
This, however,
belief that seat
of
the
is doubtless
the
had
sage
due
Pu-tse, men,
and
art
in
is of
the
no
that a
case
fact that which
is
in which
avail."
Cheng State,
Tung-li in
the
to
are
shallow
my
orifices
understanding).
mistaking for a disease reallydivine enlightenment. It is
you
seven
men
was
rich in wise
of administrative
talent.
the vassals of Pu-tse Po certain was a Among Feng Tzu, who happened to travel through Tungli and had a meeting with Teng Hsi. A
noted
sophist
of the
sixth
century
B.C.
CONFUCIUS
80
The
latter cast
asked me
with
them,
have
what
Hsi
Teng
then
"
smile
a
sport
some
understood
glance at
a
Would
:
with
this
would
he
turned
be Po
to
acquainted with the you tation ? " he inquired.
true "
his
followers, and like to
you
stranger at, and
?
see
They
assented. "Are
Feng Tzii. theory of receive
To
"
Susten-
sustenance
from
to support oneself, others, through inability It placesone in the category of dogs and swine. is man's to other prerogativeto give sustenance
creatures, and That
you
abundant the
to
fellows your and comfortable
and
food
Government. and
and
Young penned up
are
shambles
the
for his
them
use
:
in
what
are
own
purposes. provided with
clothingis due old, you
herd
like cattle destined
respect
are
you
to gether, to-
for
to
be
"
distinguishedfrom dogs and swine ? Po of his no Feng Tzu made reply, but one disregardingthe rules of precedence, company, Has your Excellency stepped forward and said : in Ch'i heard of the variety of craftsmen never "
and
Lu
others
? are
Some clever
are
skilled
workers
potters and carpenters, in metal
and
leather
;
good musicians, trained scribes and learned in accountants, militaryexperts and men All kinds of craftsmanship the ritual of ancestor- worship there are fully represented. Now, if there
are
.
there
were
no
division
of ranks
and
duties, mutual
be co-operation would impossible. higher social standing are lacking in
Those
of
technical
V
BOOK
T'ang the
of
Yin
of
"
there
that
suspected
He
:
individual
did
antiquity,
saying
"In
things
"
!
exist
Ko,
Hsia
questioned
beginnings
T'ANG
OF
QUESTIONS
THE
and
Chaos,
only
was
nothing
more."
"
"
If
could
how
the
of
be
may can
we
"
be
That the
beginning and
be
of
conceive
which
of
beginning may,
beginning
call
we
a
new
contrariwise, succeed
one
?
the
"
"
T'ang,
have
fixed
end
at
thing, be another
distinguished." 82
limit.
the
Beginning How
beginning.
period
the and end
until
present that of at
end
and
beginning be
may any
an
the
precise
no
end
and
end,
time
pursued
will
denying
present
To
:
is
Or
"
"
replied there
things
?
in
Ko,
Hsia
?
now
right
the
case,"
after
nor
be
at
replied
existence
ages
that
in
Ko
Hsia
in
things
Things before
no
be
future
of
existence
then,"
exist
not
they
of
men
"
did
things
to
either
moment
which
may we
something. last
?
they
call End cannot
a
ANTINOMY
THE But
when
in space,
it
comes
anterior
or
OF
SPACE
to
something
to
events
in
83
outside
time,
matter
ledge know-
our
fails us." "
Then, upwards and
direction Ko "
is
space
"
replied:
It
was
not
so
downwards
finite
a
I do
much
quantity !
"
know."
not
that
in every
and
he
did
know
not
as
it is
that
unknowable."
T'ang
question again with
the
asked
more
be that insistence, and Ko said : "It may is infinite, be that it is limited. it may or I tell ?
exist
there beyond infinity within the non-infinity,and
again
that
can
Lieh
But
which
Tzu
in
that
this
of
universe
We to a negative. contraries, even back, however, to our starting-point,for, as be
must
points out,
that
which
stands
that
which
It
for
is this
succeeded
is not
infinite
is finite
and by non-infinity, that
the
infinityand
unlimited
and
allow
not
relativity there are only brought the
commentator
unlimited
really
infinitymust the
enables
me
be
unlimited to
of
extent
conceive
to
me
unlimited
limited.
that
consideration"
not-unlimited"
not
and
and
the
does
again
must
unlimited.
is not
means
space How
of its
by apprehend
space,
being
but
finite
limited." *
*
T'ang is there
continued
beyond
his
the
*
inquiries,saying
Four
Seas
?
"
"
:
What
QUESTIONS
THE
84
is, the inhabited
That
world
"
Just replied: province of Ch'i." Ko
"How "
can
I
country. of
east
similar
that
different
nowise
of the
there
?
"
Chinese.
the
to
is here
asked
in the
T'ang.
I travellingeastwards," said Ko, the inhabitants the land of Ying, where
to
were
known
as
what
prove
T'ANG
"
When
came
you
OF
Ying,
those
from
inquired
the
about
that
found
and
their
this
in
part
countries
they, too, were wards, Travelling west-
neighbour. I came the to inhabitants Pin, where I inquired similar to our own were countrymen. of Pin, and that the countries found west about I That is how again similar to Pin. they were that the regions within the Four Seas, the know Four
to
Wildernesses
of the Earth
enclosed
nowise
are
ourselves
we
and
inhabit.
Uttermost
Four
the
Ends
different from
the country lesser is always
Thus, the
ever reaching an greater, without and Heaven the end. enclose earth, which closed enmyriad objects of creation, are themselves
by
in "
some
which
That
a
outer contains
shell. heaven
and
earth
is the
Great
Void."
and earth Enclosing heaven objects within them, this outer and
there
immeasurable. is
some
How
mightier
do
and
we
universe
the
shell
know in
myriad
is infinite but
that
existence
outside
our
give
can
no
the
He to
being
the
support the
on,
for the
Mount
the
is
An
and
of the
"
was
Ao
the
a
refine
to
and
of matter."
five constituents
corners
Atlas
and
north-western
used
them
heavens.
gigantic sea-turtle.
corner.
that
so
that
earth.
Heaven
why
dips
not
that
downwards and
moon
sun,
quarter.
hand, is now south-east, so that
only
Kung
north-west, towards
four
able
was
man,
legs of
Heaven
connects
That
themselves
are
Hsu Kung fought with Chuan throne, and, blundering in his rage against Pu-chou, he snapped the pillarwhich
Later
At
"
Chinese
This
divine
a
of the
essence
off
cut
we
imperfect. Hence of old fashioned many-coloured to repair the defective parts.
stone
Kua,
extract
questionto which
a
and
of
85
answer.
Nii Kua
it is that
"Nii
is
earth, then, objects,and therefore
material
blocks
That
?
own
Heaven
"
MYTH
EXPLANATORY
AN
The
earth,
large enough all rivers
and
to
travel
stars on
the
the
other
fill up the roll in streams to
direction." ingenious theory
to account
for the
apparent
westward
revolution trend
of
The
The man
and
as
also
easterly
the
for
T'ai-hsingand
mountains
of
area
an
bodies, rivers.
Chinese
700
Wang-wu, li, and
square
rise
in the
altitude, originallystood
enormous
of
north
Ho-yang. Mountain, an old Simpleton of the North of ninety, dwelt opposite these mountains, their northern vexed in spirit because was the
blocked
all the
district
Chi
of the
flanks go
heavenly
great
cover
an
south
the
two
which to
of the
T'ANG
OF
QUESTIONS
THE
86
and
travellers,who
to
way round.
So
way broached and
he
called
had
his
to
family
"
Let us," he plan. utmost forth our strength to clear this obstacle, and cut right through the away What to Han-yin. until we mountains come say ? except his wife, They all assented you made who My goodman objections and said : the strength to sweep has not a dunghill, away such mountains let alone two as T'ai-hsingand will you Besides, where put all the Wang-wu. The others that you dig up ? earth and stones them the throw on replied that they would
together, said, "put
a
"
"
"
promontory by his son
and
pickaxes,and at
the
it away
So the old man, followed grandson, sallied forth with their
of P'o-hai.
the three of them
rocks, and in baskets
A widowed
woman
cutting up to
the
who
began hewing away the soil,and carting
promontory lived
near
of P'o-hai.
had
a
little
MOUNTAINS
MOVING
only just shedding his skipping along to give them could. Engrossed in their toil, he
boy who, though milk
teeth,
what
help
they of the
came
he
was
home
went
never
87
except
the
at
once
turn
season.
The
Old Man
Wise
laughing and urged
them !"
witlessness
is your
of the River-bend to
"
stop. "
he said.
burst
Great
With
out
indeed
the poor
remaining strength of your decliningyears in removing a hair's breadth will not succeed the
much
mountain,
rock
North
the
who
Mountain
to
not
despite
I
sons
You
unreasonable.
and
and
and
his turn,
grandsons
the
mountain
grandson will
those
sons
should last ?
no
I "
all this
With .
will receive
and
me,
That
die out, while
Why then ground at
behind
son
a
grandson.
a
line will not
the
"
shall leave
my
to
sigh,the Simpleton of Surely it is you replied:
son, compared with the widow's strength. Though I myself puny
through him in beget sons have
of
mass
be
his
die,
must
vast
a
narrow-minded
are
are
With
soil."
and
whole
less the
you of
on
will also
posterity,
the other
increment
or
hand tion. addi-
despair of levellingit The
Wise
Old
Man
of
nothing to say in reply. deities heard of One of the serpent-brandishing the undertaking and, fearing that it might never and told God be finished,went Almighty, who touched was simple faith, and by the old man's of K'ua 0 to transport commanded the two sons the
River
-bend
had
the
mountains,
the
other
In
the
K'ua
O
Ever in the
southern
south-west.
then, the
north
unbroken
north-east,
extreme
of
Yung.
far
apart strength. as
region lying
Han
and
of
god
a
T'ANG
corner
is,
That
apparently
since
the
to
one
the
to
was
OF
QUESTIONS
THE
88
in the
between
has
south
possible.
as
been
Chi an
plain. the
Roughly,
modern
province of
*
of Lu
Kung-hu ill at the
*
*
Ch'i-yingof
and
time, and
same
Honan.
called
both
Chao
fell
aid of the
in the
great Pien-ch'iao. A
famous
physician
Pien-ch'iao
them
well
were
internal
reason
fifth century
was
and
mineral
you
is also
which
has
Would
you
from
organs
b.o.
both, and
again he told them been suffering from was
they had the
cured
of the
that one
when the
they malady
that attacked
without, and
for
that
curable
by the applicationof vegetable each of But," he added, drugs. the of a congenitaldisease, victim along with the body itself. grown this ? like me to grapple with now "
"
"
"
his hear Yes ; but asked to They said, diagnosis first." Pien-ch'iao turned to Kung-hu. Your mental powers," he said, are strong, but "
"
"
QUESTIONS
THE
90
T'ANG
OF
where
children naturally Ch'i-ying'swife and not recognise him, while Ch'i-ying went and not was Kung-hu's house recognised
did to
either.
This
led
families, and
the
in
but
Chou He
west.
turned
back
called
was
tour
a
crossed
how
the
he
of
as
bitrator. ar-
matter
inspection
K'un-lun
the
before
in
two
restored.
more
made
the
between
explaining once
of
Mu
King
his was
peace
lawsuit
a
Pien-ch'iao
On
stood,
to
reached
range, Yen the
mountains.
"
The
On a
plaee
where
the
sun
sets."
journey, before arrivingin China, artificer was presented to him, by him in received Shih. King Mu
his return
certain Yen
name
audience, and
asked
what
he
could
do. "
"I
that Shih, anything," replied Yen But please to command. Majesty may your is a piece of work, already finished,that there like to submit first to your I should Majesty's inspection." Bring it with you to-morrow," will look at it together." and we said the King, Shih called again the next So Yen day, and was "Who the to duly admitted royal presence. the asked is that man accompanying you ? handiwork. own King. "That, Sire, is my will
do
"
"
"
A
AUTOMATON
MARVELLOUS
can
that
any
one
would
It up
taken
have
King stared
The
sing and he can act." at the figure in astonishment. rapid strides, moving its head He
91
with
walked and it
down, for
a
so
live
its chin, artificer touched being. The He and it began singing, perfectly in tune. and it started touched its hand, posturing, It went through any keeping perfect time. of movements number suggested by its owner's fancy. The King, looking on with his favourite of his harem, and inmates concubine the other not real. could hardly persuade himself that it was As the performance was drawing to an end, made his eye and winked the automaton sundry human
advances
to
the
ladies
in
attendance
on
the
threw the This, however, King into King. have Shih a put Yen passion, and he would the latter, in death the spot had not to on mortal terror, instantly pulled the automaton And it reallywas. what to pieces to let him see lo ! it turned to be merely a conglomeration out of leather, wood, paint, variously glue and coloured white, black, red and blue. Examining all the internal it closely,the King found complete liver,gall,heart, lungs, spleen, organs and intestines and, over these, kidneys,stomach their and limbs with and bones again, muscles and teeth hair, all of them joints, skin and with fashioned artificial. Not a part but was "
"
the
utmost
nicety and
skill ;
and
when
it
was
92
THE
QUESTIONS
T'ANG
OF
figure presented the when first brought in. The same as appearance the heart, King tried the effect of taking away and found the that would mouth no longer together again,
put
utter
sound
a
could
eyes
Now
the
King
deep breath,
he
human
skill is
Creator
?
for
with
him
Mo
had "
to
Ti, with
the
wooden
Shu
sky
made
kite
the
would
away of power
motion. loco-
"
it be
Can
:
that par with he an gave he took which
a
that
of the order home
his handiwork.
cloud-scalingladder, flyingkite, thought that they of
cloud-ladder
a
the
took
his
limits
assail
which
and
with
his
the
and
a
forthwith
Shu,
reached Pan
really on
chariots, in
Pan
the
delighted. Drawing
exclaimed
artificer
liver, and
the
away
was
And
the
Now, and
"
extra
two
took
longer see ; he the legs lost their
no
and
kidneys,
he
;
the
heights fly for
human
achievement.
by
he
of
which
heaven
three
;
days
could
Mo
Ti
without
mount
made
a
coming
down."
But
when
had
been
Yen
Shih's
wonderful
piece knowledge,
of
work
the two brought to their boast to philosophers never again ventured of their accomplishments, and ceased to busy and the themselves so frequently with square compasses. *
Hei
Luan
of Wei
*
had
* a
secret
grudge against
A Ch'iu Lai
the
spirit was slight. You he
ate, and
of
wind.
very
could he
others. Hei
Luan.
His
he
and
bones
This
arrow,
and
to
but his
upon Lai Tan
You
the the
have
for
Lai
steel would
show
no
Tan a
the
was
the
and
flesh
in brute men.
were
cast
stretch
out
bend
from
scar
his
have
his breast
sharp
help
with
hundred
would
bare
or
seek
Luan
a
and
He
blade
his native
had
match
to
day,
in
revenge
would
of his
mould.
body
Trustingto
a
his
Hei
very
rice that
swore,
he
sinews, skin
superhuman
his neck
"
was
he
that
ferocious character
strength in
Nevertheless
sword,
take
ashamed
was
his
on
of
he
to
was
of every gust his heart, he
mercy in anger
strong enough
and
;
Lai Tan's
grains of
the
at
all the
For
from
most
him
Ping-chang, plotted
the
count
was
fight,and
blood
Ch'iu
slew
father's enemy. fierce, but his body
open
hand
he
againsthis
vengeance
not
of
son
93
which
Ping-chang, for Tan,
was
BLOOD-FEUD
to
or
the
the
break, impact.
fully strength,he looked disdaina as mere fledgling.
friend Shen
T'a, who
said to him
bitter feud
:
against Hei Luan, and Hei Luan treats with sovereign contempt. you is your What plan of action ? Shedding tears, Lai Tan besought his friend's counsel. Well," said Shen told that K'ung Chou of T'a, "I am has inherited, through an Wei ancestor, a sword formerly possessed by the Yin Emperors, of such magical power that a singlechild wielding a
"
"
QUESTIONS
THE
94
it
hosts of an flightthe embattled Why not sue for the loan of this army. ? this Tan advice, Lai Acting on
entire
"
sword betook
himself
K'ung
to
Chou.
his
Wei
and
wife
and
"
"
You
man.
however,
interview
an
may
let
of
with
supplicants, of handing
children, and then stated his three swords," repliedK'ung
I have request. with but Chou, a
had
Following the usage through the ceremony
first went
over
TCANG
to
put
can
he
OF
of
none
them
which
choose describe
can
you
you like.
kill
First,
their
qualities.The first sword is called visible Light-absorber.'It is inwhen to the eye, and swing it you you tell that there is anything there. cannot Things struck surface, and by it retain an unbroken it will pass through a man's body without it. The his knowing is called second Shadowme
'
'
container.' the
If
you point of
face
north
and
examine
it
dawn, when day meets night and darkness is giving way to light,it appears something misty and. dim, as though there were is not discernible. there, the shape of which Things struck by it give out a low sound, and it passes causing through men's bodies without them third is called pain. The Nightany in broad tempered,' because daylight you only and not the brightnessof its blade, its shadow see while the sword itself but at night you not see
just
at
*
the "
dazzlinglightwhich Alluding
to
its
it emits.
reflectingpower."
THREE
THE The
which
objects
with
sibilant
a
closes
remains
heirlooms
SWORDS
it strikes
sound, but
have
generations,but have They lie stored away
three
These
thirteen
in actual
been
no
precious
for
down
never
through cleavage
felt, but
is
handed
been
line of
the
the blade.
on
95
cleft
are
Pain
immediately.
up
blood
MAGIC
use.
box, the seals of which have "In been broken." never spite of what tell me," said Lai Tan, like to I should you the then third sword." borrow K'ung Chou returned his wife and children to him, and they in
a
"
fasted
in
day, and
together for
presented
received home
"
dusk
the
both
chose
sword
low
two
handled
the
third
and
seen."
Grasping his his enemy, stupor at his out
his
body
the
navel, but
off
third
seventh
On
the
he
knelt
to
down
Tan, who
Lai
and
obeisances
went
again.
He
of
of
the
it with
days. evening,
seven
it. as
Hei three
in
new
Luan's times
found
window.
three Hei
he
as son
with
hittingthe empty
because
swords
the
Lai
weapon,
and
Thinking fast
of
Tan
be
it could
sought
now
him
lyingin
He
cut
drunken
a
clean
through
the neck and places between Luan was quite unconscious
he
was
dead, Lai
could, and happening at the door, he struck his air
sword. .^
Hei
made
Tan
But
it
Luan's
son
to at was
meet
him
like
laughed
THE
96
QUESTIONS "
and
said
that
silly way will
It
Why
:
be
OF
are
with
remembered
motioning
you
hand
your
T'ANG
that
in
me
"
?
the
to
sword
invisible
was
in
daylight.
Realising kill
to
a
last
at
Lai
man,
that
the
sword
heaved
Tan
a
had
no
and
sigh
power
returned
home. When of "
Hei
his
do
"
back."
my
feeling
pain
a
limbs.
Lai
and,
ago
the
Thus,
of
In
blood-feud,
magic
sword
futility to
son.
of
in to
the
his
this must
which kill
vendetta
of
use
may
divine
he
lived.
Lieh
is
be
been !
sure
leads
satirising feature
powerlessness represent
perpetuates
my
three
have
terrible
The
in
made
only
Tzu a
symbolically which
a
weapons
been
also
little time
to
us,
of
am
stiffness
to
hates
:
small
"I
somehow
allegory, have
the
here
was
wife
exposed given me
has
door,
he
How
a
effects
lie
the
at
me seem
which
times
know,
you
it.
and
body,
my
improper
discomfiture.
lawless
in
which
the
with
angry
by letting me he ? growled ; "it and aching pains in said his Why," son,
Tan,
cause
the
mean
meeting
gestures,
was
from
"
throat
sore
a
he
you
draught
a
recovered
debauch,
What
to
Luan
itself
the from
of of
"
to
the the the
essential father
EFFORT
98
he
princes,yet Ch'en
and The
See
The
he
DESTINY
reduced
was
to
sore
p.
115.
straits between
Ts'ai.
Sayings of Confucius,
conduct
not
AND
of that
surpass
of
Chou,
Yin
the
of the Three
did
dynasty,
Men
of
Virtue, yet
occupied a kingly throne. Tzu, Chi
Wei
Hsin,
Chi
by
while
Ch'i.
I
Shou-yang,
P'eng that
and
man
was
while
Chi
Shih
waxed
results
an
you
untimely
honours
"
to
to
humiliation
at
Chan-
at
Yuan
Yen
the to
wicked
?
"
"
;
sage
and
the
wise
fool,poverty
to the
good and wealth to the say," rejoined Effort,
rich
death
discomfiture
impious,
death
to
compassed by your allotted long life to
were
is it that
high
Chou
accept the overlordshipof in Heng usurped sole power starved
the
to
success
the
of
disembowelled.
Ch'i
awarded
you
all relatives
were
Shu
and
Tsu
Kan
last-named
and
If these
efforts, how
Pi
not
T'ien
Po
ch'in.
and
orders
would
Cha
Wu,
Tzu
whose
If
to as
,
the you
reallyno control over events, is it not, then, owing to your management that thingsturn out as they do ? Destiny The replied: Destiny very name I have
"
"
'
Something already immutably shows
that
there
can
be
'
fixed.
no
question of
manage-
FIGHT in the
ment
push
on
and
When
case.
when
;
it is
early death, humble
and these
ultimate
it be
otherwise
here
?
it
Chu
What
shows
a
knowing
why
is there
room
minds
that
"
for
is
the
management
man
has
from
God.
sons,
finallycalled Yii
men
You
knowledge quacks." The
and
and
summoned,
was
his bed.
Such
Chi of
excess
has
possess not ?
control, and
our
become
Liang
emotion
be
to
Himself no
who
:
should God
Liang,
degenerate. Will you something which will enlighten then chanted the Yang Chu
"
followingwords How
:
Chi
his illness had
round "
Chu
1
called
aid
weeping
children
my
friend
medical
kindly sing them
Dr.
Of could
how
ignorant ;
days' time
seven
Yang
to
which
all
"
themselves.
of
am
is, without
had
very grave ; his sons stood
"
poverty
"
?
Destiny.
fell ill. In
their
and
rank
high
success,
"
Yang
said
I
causes,
what of
meaning
and
and
naturally
come
Being
crooked,
failure
99
I is straight, way Old age I let be.
the
station, riches
their
"
FATE
AGAINST
NOT
and
however, Dr.
three Lu.
shared
did
Over look
knowledge his destiny for no help
this for
I know
is not
in
can
the
by
truth, but
sorcerers
and
understand, and physicians, Dr. Chiao, not
They
all
diagnosed
his
EFFORT
100
complaint "
first
:
and
;
Dr.
said
he
DESTINY
Chiao
delivered
and
hot
The
AND
cold
his
opinion
elements
of
your in not
"
Chi
are Liang, the harmonious accord, and impermeable and infundibular parts are mutually disproportionate. ordered to disThe origin of your malady is traceable appetites,and to the dissipationof your and Neither vital essence care. through worry God devil is to blame. nor Although the illness
body,"
is
"
Liang said ruck," and Yii
fed
speedily got
little
has
hours
milk.
gradual growth. You are replied: them to give him "
:
God,
nor
to man,
when
form
at
and
sent
Not
him
do
indeed
away
? !
to
up
Chi
"
laden
long after, his
it
"
You
with
cried with
are
Chi
a
are
Liang told
neither
Lu to
spirits. It of
this
possible good "
one
twenty-four
of agency in the mind
endowed
What you
of
attributable
the
to
were
you
birth.
drugs physician
is
fore-ordained
already
was
some
nor
freely
good doctor," and food. Lastly, Dr.
a
illness
Your
too
It is incurable."
"
born
were
were
led
have
which
causes
of
said
You
matter
a
Dr
Then
illness is not
Your
in
developed the
;
"
:
Chi
common
him.
of
force, and
nervous
mother's
with
of the
one
rid
said
and
treatment."
to
only
are
forward
too
that
amenable
You
:
came
with
is
it
grave,
to
can
dence Provi-
bodily herbs
heaven-born
Liang
;
and
he
presents.
illness
disappeared
of itself.
DEATH Duke
Ching
the
a
of
Ch'i
into
a
lovely scene
wooded
!
To
"CEIEF
101
Across travelling
was
capital. Gazing
he burst
FOR:
CAUSE
the
at
the
in the direction
of the Ox-mountain
flank
northern of
NO
before
view
him,
flood of tears, exclaiming: " What and ! How verdant luxuriantly think
that
I
day
some
die
must
kingdom, passingaway like running such no thing as only there were to stir from induce me death, nothing should in attendMinisters ance Two of the this spot." from the Duke, him, on taking their cue who also began to are saying: "We, weep, Highness's bounty, whose dependent on your leave my ! If water and
is of
food on
horses
unbroken
do
not
to
want
have
sort, who
inferior
an
in
or
joltingcarts
die.
How
"
to
ride
even
we
less
much
our
"
sovereign liege! Yen Tzu, meanwhile, broad
smile
on
his face.
his tears am
and, looking at with stricken griefon
K'ung How
and
Chii
is it that
mingle
alone you the worthy
replied: "If perpetualpossession of
standing by, with a Duke The wiped away him, said : To-day I journey, and both my
was
"
their can
smile
ruler
with
tears
were
3
"
mine.
Yen
to remain
Tzu in
T'ai and realm, Duke would Huan still be exercisingtheir sway. Duke in perpetual If the bold ruler were to remain possession,Duke Ling would Chuang and Duke But still be ruling the land. if all these rulers would in possession,where now were Highyour his
-EFFORT
102
he
ness
?
Why,
and
ordinary garb
Condemned
to
had
have
DESTINY
standing in
clad in coir cape The
AND
of
a
hat
hard
death.
Again,
life
occupy
this throne
did
how ?
fields,
peasant.
for
brooding yourself come
you
By
would
earth, you
on
time, I warrant,
no
furrowed
!
Chinese
a
the
series
a
of
over
t(
successive
reigns and removals, until at last your turn came. And and lament are over you alone going to weep That is unmanly. this order of things ? It was the sightof these two objects an unmanly prince and his fawning attendants that was affording food for laughterjust now." me Duke ashamed and, raising Ching felt much his goblet, fined himself and his obsequious of wine courtiers two apiece. cups "
"
There who
was
once
when
his
for
son
man,
died
testified "
hardly be equalledby parent. Why, then, do you that
now
he
is dead
During my
grieve.
son
Now
the was
that
whole
born, my
son
?
"
"
"
Wu,
time," repliedTung-men before
love
could
son
him
son.
Wei, grief. His
no
The
:
never
is
bore
you
that
of any
not
mourn
There
was
when
period I
of
Wu
Tung-men
said to him
house-steward your other
a
I
that
had
dead, I
had
no
elapsed
occasion am
a
only
to
in
STOICISM
NATURAL
the
condition
same
What
There
is
similar
official of
But
and
and reverse.
story
of
Plutarch
after
the
death
the
craftsman power.
human
forces.
the of
losses,
then,
vSee
p.
of
Here
occupies
strives
to
has the
official we
in
exactly
according
measures
trader
himself his
master
have
we
with
art,
the
see
of
seasons
trader
craftsman
the
wife
the
tion opera-
97.
drought,
success,
"
?
his
son.
a
daughter.
their
his
had
I
mourn
consoling
husbandman
the
to
Here
pursues
"effort."
before
was
takes
season,
the
gain,
Or
I,
husbandman
the
seasons
a
terms
The to
have
reason
I
as
103
the
both
opportunities
working
and
with
meets
experiences finds
rain
of
gains failure or
Destiny.
the
VII
BOOK
CAUSALITY
the
In
of Lieh
course
ch'iu
Tzxi-lin, the
must
familiarise
Lieh
conduct." what "
mean
you
Look
at
latter
your
said
"
by the theory shadow," said
will know." you his shadow. When
Will
turned
his
body
when
his
the shadow that
the were
the
external
Law
looked
bent, the
body
was
right, up-
straight. Thus appeared of straightness and ness crookedattributes inherent in the shadow, but correnot sponded wise, to certain positionsof the body. Likeit
and
extension
are
not
inherent
subject, but take place in obedience causes. quents Holding this theory of conseis to
The
and
was
was
contraction in
;
"
"
at
crooked
theory of of regulating explain you
consequents ? and his Master,
Lieh
was
You
:
of
then
shadow
"
Hu-
the
talk
:
by
him
to
with
can
you
Tzu
instruction
said
yourself
before
consequents
Tzii's
of
be
at
Causality
home
in the
is the
foundation
104
antecedent. of all science.
to
CAUSALITY
106
You
"
Yu
and
Yen, you Yii, Hsia, Shang the
will find
you
Chou, you great teachers
Of
able
learned
hit the
to
Yin
know
and
sages,
preservationor has
which
not
Kuan
are
Tzii .
for three
years,
himself.
Kuan
Do
said
all
case,
do
oneself. hit of comes,
The
is
not
"Mental
his the
and Once
target ? not," was
"
of
opinion "Do
shooting.
you Kuan
said
the
reply. not good enough yet," rejoined Lieh Tzii withdrew and practised he again presented after which Yin
do
Tzii
asked,
as
before
hit the why you target ? "In do." Lieh that Tzii, "I that Hold well. knowledge fast,
let it
slip."
bodily equilibrium you
know
the
are
causal
will have
left
be
to
sought
which process the to determine
will be able target, you Destiny beforehand, and when
above
: "
the
you
the
was
know
you
"Yes,"
I
No,
you
Yin
hit
you
Tzii.
"Then
on
asked
he
when
archery and,
target, he
Tzii
why
Yin
you
weigh
may
Law."
supreme
Tzu
Kuan
and
decay,
or
of
Causality.
Lieh
"
of
instance
no
Nung
books
the
and
destruction, fullness
obeyed this
of Shen
virtues examine
may
of
utterances
but
the
consider
may
the
critical
within makes tions opera-
moment
nothing undone."
principledoes
not
apply only
to
LEARN
PUT
TO
TRUST
OTHERS
IN
107
shooting,but also to the government of a State and to the Sage Therefore personal conduct. facts of preservation investigates not the mere and
destruction, them
bring
rather
but
which
causes
about.
Tzii
said
man
will confide
Lieh
the
Those
"
excel
who
in
beautybecome vain ; those who in excel strength become violent. To such, it is useless to speak of Tao. is not yet turning grey Hence, he who if he but will surely err speak of Tao ; how much less can he put it into practice! No
"
And
aggressive. will remain
"
The
if
even
is
Who
The
"
and
who
whom
no
render
fullness
of
their
assistance
?
ears
and
to
eyes
"
in others
trust
dences, confi-
no
attitude
mental
Their
of years without
wisdom
support.
they keep
them
puts his
man
confides
man
without
made.
are
himself
shows
aggressive will accept
the
they can
wise
reaches
he
in
of distrust, and
one
blocked.
he
one
in
solitaryand
arrogant
others
:
without
:
thus
decay, perfection
bewilderment.
In
of a State, then, the hardest government of others,rand thing is to recognise the worth
the
to
not
"
rely upon
If you
think
out
succeed
plans
for
one's
in
own."
recognising worth,
you,
and
the
able
then
will
act
the for
wise you.
will
By
CAUSALITY
108
rejecting talent
never
outside,
will
you
find
State
the
govern."
to
easy
from
There
Sung who carved a mulberry leaf out of jade for his prince. It took three it imitated to complete, and years Nature so exquisitelyin its down, its glossiness, and its general configurationfrom tip to stem, that, if placed in a heap of real mulberry leaves, it could This be distinguishedfrom them. not man was subsequently pensioned by the Sung State as a reward for his skill. Lieh Tzii,hearing was
of
it,said
to
make
"If
: a
with
trees
once
much
Lieh a
wore
about
Tzii
hungry
Yet
Yang
allowance Tzii
came
two
low
be
will
skill
and
rely
as
on
Yang,
bows
is
a
Prince
of
scholar
in possession
Cheng.
he is,livingin destitution, It surely Highness 's dominion. have
you
to
and
likingfor
no
that
directed
should
be
receive
the
grain
out
"
here
forthwith of
and very poor, A certain stranger
was
look.
Tzii
it to
your be that
cannot
years few very
Sage
science
Yii-k'ou,"said he,
within
three
of Tao."
of Tao.
Tzu
them.
on
human
on
Master
Lieh
Creator
The
evolution
1
the
leaves
the
spoke
it took
would
so
his face
in
man
single leaf,there
not
The
a
declined
sent
to
scholars an
him.
messengers,
the
?
official Lieh made
gift,whereupon
TZtJ
LIEH the
by "
went messengers the house.
his
wife, who
I have
family of a man pleasure. Yet
was
her breast
and
when
now,
cried
the
life of
a
Tzii
did of
smiled
know
not
grain
been
would
a
have
on,
is the
masses
against Tzii Yang, It is
implied
his life,inasmuch of his
as
a
Shih a
was
The
Prince
His
present
actual
not
rebellion
him. of
independence would
pensioner
I did
why in
else's
one
spiritsaved
shared
have
fate
the
of
scholar
Lu and
*
*
had the
two
sons,
other
a
one
of
soldier.
whom The
accomplishmentsthe means the with Marquis ingratiatinghimself
former
found
in his
Ch'i, who engaged princes. The other his
sends
patron.
Mr.
and
and
Master
some
reason
slew
Tzu's
*
of
at
rose
and
Lieh
that
himself.
done
been
the
ease
the
on
prompting. That accept the gift." Later
and
The "
replied: me
wife
suggestion of another. question of punishing me, that
made
was
If it had too
about
:
of your starved it ! I suppose
account
and
aloud
Prince
your
refuse to accept you appearance, will call that 'destiny'!" you
Lieh
entered re-
confronted
that
live
Tao
Tzu
Lieh
and
understood of
109
he
present of food, on
a
you
away, There
beat
always
POVERTY
IN
him
as
tutor
to
the
of
young
proceeded to Ch'u, with the King of that State by favour won well so military talents. The King was brother
CAUSALITY
110
pleasedthat
installed
he
Thus
troops.
both
their
him them
of
head
of
shedding
his
in
succeeded
and
family
the
at
riching en-
lustre
on
kinsfolk.
their
Mr. Now, a certain Meng, the neighbour of the followed Mr. who sons Shih, also had two selfsame professions. Being straitened, however, envying the affluence of the by poverty, and Shih family, he called at his neighbour's house, know
the
of
their
rapid The two brothers readilygave rise in the world. to Mr. Meng, whereupon the desired information the eldest son immediately set off for Ch'in, hoping wanted
and
the
to "
moral
his
that At
to
the
and
the
outbid
of
lines
I
had
him second
hoping
that
in
said
to
Wei the
keep
govern
up
State
my
power, a
large the
on
righteousness,ruin and the outcome." So saying, castrated,
man
and
had
meanwhile,
son,
But
stead. "
himself
east, and
is to
in
gone to Wei, his militaryknowledge would stand
good
was
King said : feudal princes
the
another
one
unfortunate
by powerful
in
be
But
away.
The
him
and
would
the
turned
to
altruism
annihilation he
tried
him
recommend
all the
great essential If
army.
State.
moment
present
strugglingto
are
would
culture
of that
King
secret
:
Mine
the is
a
Marquis
weak
State
of
Wei
hedged
ones.
bounded
Cheng
by on
Chin the
and south.
Ch'i
on
the
north, Lu
on
TIMELINESS
111
is to preserving tranquillity and show the larger States subservience to to conciliate the lesser ones. If I were to rely on armed force,I could only expect utter destruction. I must to depart unscathed, allow this man not or a
of
method
My
may find his way to some side." terrible thorn in my he
ado,
he
On
cut
off his feet and
their
return,
beating their imprecations said
"
:
while
missing
was
was
That
back
more
Lu.
to
fell
to
uttered
Shih, however, hitting off the right
in it
be
Mr.
failure.
means
identical with
different.
him
family despair, and
Shih.
consists
So, without
sent
in
Success
moment, method
Mr.
on
State and
whole
the
breasts
other
is not
ours,
due
only
Your result
the
flaw
to
any it because
in
but simply not was itself, well timed. Nothing, in the ordering of this world, is either at all times right or at all times What formerly passed current wrong. may is now rejected nowadays be rejected ; what into use again. The fact by and by come may that a thing is in use or in disuse forms no of right or wrong. criterion There is whatever of for rule thumb no seizing opportunities, or hittingoff the rightmoment, adapting oneself
the
to
action
circumstances
wit.
If
you the
; are
it is all
deficient
a
in
matter
that,
of you
Confucius a learning strategical giftsof a Lii Shang, and yet remain go." you poor wherever possess
of
native
or
you
may the will
112
CAUSALITY
The
Meng family were
frame
of
lesson will not
with
Wen
are
need
of
to
Ch'u
Tzu
aloud.
"
the
into army of attackingthe Duke
Chin
sided. sub-
the
*
*
the intention
whereat
resigned
more
indignation had right," they said ; be repeated."
*
Duke
a
their
mind, and Yes, you
"
in
now
put
an
his
threw
head
of
back
field
Wei, and
of being asked the reason I was his behaviour, he replied: thinking of the experience of a neighbour of mine, who was family. escorting his wife on a visit to her own worms, On the way, he came a woman across tending silkwho him attracted greatly,and he fell into conversation with her. Happening to look
laughed
On
"
what
up,
should
receivingthe recollection
home
"
He own
do as
of
the
!
that made
point, and
wife
own
admirer
an
of this incident saw
his
but
see
attentions
Duke
The
he
It
As who
behave to you rides roughshod
others, towards
will
others
so
the
turned
forthwith
Before he got back his army. force had alreadycrossed his northern
the
was
laugh."
me
with
also
an
ing invad-
,
!
frontier
behave
accomplishment
to
you. his
of
to others desires, in the belief that it will not occur circumstanced the like, will in all probability find himself
to
above." *
*
In
the
Chin
State, which
robbers, there lived able
to
tell
a
*
robber
a
certain
by
was
Ch'i
his face
infested
with
Yung, who was ; by examining
CAUSALITY
114
of
shame,
will not
you
find
them
turning
into
robbers.5' The Prime
all the
thrust
shrewd up
cleverness
to
ferret
out
Using
the
will escape. excites hatred
in
the
at
all the
Duke
"
The
rest.
scant
the
the
which
eventually Apply says : cunning rogue "
commentator
*
of
judge
are
crime
only
evil
an
'
is
replied: "A good its general build superlativehorse "
tracks
elusive fleeting, lies
:
Tzu horses, of whom Chuang speaks Chinese Musings of a Mystic, p. 66.
in years. I whom
family your for in your horses
no
Lo
See
advanced
now
*
said to Po
of
look
leaves
State
'
respect.
member to
be
to
fled to
wrongdoing, and the gift of intuition to expose That wicked. sagacity is
of Ch'in
Mu
famous
You
robbers
brigand
*
A
Hui
saying."
empty
with
Sui
State.
swallowed
no
appointed
Minister, and
Ch'in A
then
Marquis
"
as
lower
horse and
stead be
?
air.
The
Po
Lo
out
by
But no
any
employ
"
picked
raises
something
thin
could
appearance.
that
one
is
can
Is there
the
dust
and
evanescent
talent
and
of
my
plane altogether: they can tell a good horse when they see one, but they tell a superlativehorse. I have cannot a friend, of fuel however, one Chiu-fang Kao, a hawker in things appertaining to and vegetables,who is nowise inferior. horses Pray see him." my sons
on
a
Duke him
the
later, he
kind
"
Oh, it However, the
look
out
be
to
horses
?
"
he
Has
together.
he
is
There
sent
made
worth is
Duke.
the
reply.
fetch
!
"
That
colour
know
about
of
that
of it.
mess
beast's
he
as
it,
stallion
Lo.
nice
sigh
a
a
the
I commissioned a
can
far
as
added.
to
for Po
whom
heaved
really got
then
"Ah,
Lo
sent "
was
he
coal-black
a
earth
on
Po
asked
distinguisha
even
What
"
being
horse, has
a
cannot
!
sex
Sha-ch'iu,"
had
he
that
mare,"
one
turned
for he
Why,
"
some
months
Three
news
is it ?
displeased,the Duke of yours," he said,
friend
or
in
now
horse
a
the
dun-coloured
a
on
animal
Much
to
is
of
steed.
a
with
It is
one.
What
for
returned
115
subsequently despatched
and
so,
quest "
found "
did
Mu
on
HORSE
SUPERLATIVE
THE
satisfaction. "
?
thousand
he of
cried.
put
me
us. comparison between Kao What ism. keeps in view is the spiritualmechanIn making sure of the essential, he forgets the homely details ; intent on the inward qualities, he loses sight of the external. he He what sees
wants
to
He
see.
and
see,
looks
at
no
not
the
what
things
he he
does
not
ought
to
want
to
look
at,
and
neglectsthose that need not be looked at. clever a judge of horses is Kao, that he has him to judge something better than horses." When be
a
the
horse
arrived, it turned
superlative horse.
out
So it in
indeed
to
CAUSALITY
116
Yii
Mr.
Another
His
was
a
for the
name
household
hoards
of
wealthy
of the
man
in the
State
Wei
rolling in
was
silk and
and
money
Liang
fourth
State.
century
b.o.
riches, and
his
valuables
other
It was his custom to quite incalculable. have banquets served, to the accompaniment of music, in a high upper hall overlooking the main sit drinking road ; there he and his friends would with bouts of their wine and amusing themselves gambling. One gallantshappened day, a party of young In the chamber above, to pass along the road. a as usual, and lucky going on play was were
dice, which resulted in the capture loud burst of merriment a fishes,evoked
of the
throw of both from
the
players.
alluded here game in the middle. river The
"
to
played
was
rat
young
in the
midst
men
held
of the an
a
board
with
happened that a dropped the carcass
it
Preciselyat that moment, which was sailingoverhead a
on
company
angry
kite of
The
outside.
consultation
a
on
the
been they said, "has a long day, and enjoying his wealth for many has always treated his neighbours in the most have although we now, arrogant spirit. And offended him, he insults us with this dead never If such rat. an outrage goes unavenged, the
spot:
"This
Mr.
Yu,"
NEMESIS world
will look
117
of
poltroons. Let utmost us summon our resolution, and up combine with accord and his to wipe him one of existence ! The whole family out party the evening signifiedtheir agreement, and when of the appointed day had they collected, come, for the exterminated fully armed attack, and member of the family. every us
upon
set
a
as
"
"
Pride
and
ways in
more
insulting an
this
others
habitual
lead
ruin calamity and was one. family destroyed, he had no thought particular instance due nevertheless, the catastrophe was ; and his conduct." in of modesty courtesy
extravagance
than
lack
Mr.
*
*
In
Yuan overcome
the
east
of China
lying there, order
to
fetched
and
an
?
feed
honest
What man
of to
was a
a
bowl
but
journey A
way.
of
name
named
man
was
certain
him
Ch'iu, saw of
rice-gruelin him. After swallowing three Ching Mu opened his eyes and
mouthfuls, Yuan "Who are murmured, of Hu-fu, and my name cried Yuan Ching Mu, Ch'iu
there
Hu-fu, of the
from
though al-
*
Ching Mu, who set off on the by hunger on
robber
in
to
Yii's
are
and
you
a
? " you is Ch'iu." "
are
not
"I
am "
you
feeding me
cannot
eat
your
Oh
a
native
misery ! the
"
robber
for ? food/'
I
am
So
saying, he clutched the ground with both hands, and began retching and coughing in order to bring it up again. Not succeeding,however, he fell flat on his face and expired.
CAUSALITY
118
the
Now
doubt, but
the
the
food
Because
thereby. eat
from
man
food
is tainted
he
Hu-fu
he a
brought is
man
with
out
robber, to refuse the ground that
a
*
to
it
*
brother, named
younger
day wearing
one
affected
not
was
no
lost all power of the nominal and the real.
*
Chu's
robber,
a
offers you, on crime, is to have
discriminatingbetween
Yang
was
suit of white
a
that
he
had
Pu,
went
clothes.
It
change, and back dressed in a suit of black. His came dog failed to recognise him in this garb, and rushed out at him, barking. This made Yang Pu angry, and he was going to give the dog a beating,when Do You not beat him. no are Yang Chu said : he. than wiser For, suppose dog went your to
on
came
rain, so
to
"
away
white
to tell me
and that
home
came
you
would
* "
aiming
at
wake.
You
provoke strife
will
The
You
may
but
fame
rich
and
cautious
about
*
*
mean
strange
good
?
"
will
to
without
to
come
fame
sure
without
Han-tan
Hence
you
without
follow
in
its
wishing
strife,yet emulation
certainlyresult.
good people of
do
have
pelf is be
it
you
*
may
pelf,but
emulation
is very
man
You
may
think
not *
Yang Chu said : thinking about fame, nevertheless.
black, do
to
and
the
superior doing good." *
were
in the
habit,
TELEOLOGY New
119
Year's
nor, day, of presentingtheir GoverChien of live pigeons. Tzii, with a number This pleased the Governor much, and he very rewarded the donors. To a stranger who liberally the asked meaning of the custom, Chien Tzii on explained that the release of livingcreatures New Year's the day was sign of a benevolent disposition. But," rejoined the stranger, the of your people being aware Excellency'swhim, no doubt themselves exert to catch as pigeons many must as possible,and large numbers get killed in the process. If you reallywish to let the birds live,the best way would be to prohibit the people from at all. If they have to be capturing them caught first in order to be released, the kindness does not compensate for the cruelty." Chien Tzii acknowledged that he was right. every
"
"
Mr.
T'ien, of the Ch'i State, was holding an ancestral banquet in his hall,to which a thousand As he sat in their midst, bidden. guests were with presents of fish and came many up to him
Eyeing them game. How with unction : "
to
man
grow,
!
and
He
makes
creates
approvingly, he exclaimed is Almighty God generous of grain to the five kinds the the finny and feathered
Mr. All benefit." tribes, especially for our T'ien's to the guests applauded this sentiment of a Mr. Pao, echo ; but the twelve-year-old son came regardlessof seniority,
forward
and
said
:
CAUSALITY
120 1 '
You
of
are
the
universe
ourselves,and than
my lord. stand in
wrong,
is of
one
another.
All the the
fit for
are
God
Man
particularspecies preys
these
and
therefore for
provide
to
or
In
reading
Christian "
food
for
to
reflect
until
man's
that
and
we
swept
gnats,
our
ago
doctrine
very
it
do pressly ex-
beginning of fifty years
to
arose
?
blood, and
mosquitoes and tigersand wolves." the
that use
flesh ; but created God man
before
the that
man's
only about solemnly preach this
Darwin
those
of
words, penned
teleology used
design,"
that
benefit
these
it is curious
era,
of
the
eats
expressly for
assert
another.
it be maintained
can
Mosquitoes and gnats suck his tigersand wolves devour not
upon
order to subserve
catches
food, but how
creates
as
greater intrinsic value is only by reason of size,
It
of others.
category
same
no
strength or cunning that some gains the mastery, or that one None of them are produced in uses
livingcreatures
away
for
ever.
A
having lost his axe, suspected his of having taken it. Certain neighbour's son in his gait,his countenance and his peculiarities him the thief. In his out as speech, marked man,
and in fact his whole actions, his movements, demeanour, it was plainly written that he and other had stolen the axe. ever, no By and by, howwhile diggingin a dell,the owner came across
the
missing implement.
The
next
day,
when
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