Tata Consultancy Services Vs. State of Andhra Pradesh AIR 2005 SC 371
Commercial Transaction
Facts •
That That Tata ata Cons Consul ulta tancy ncy Servic Services es (her (herei ein n afte afterr the the Appe Appell llan ants ts)) provi provided ded cons consul ulta tancy ncy services including Computer Consultancy Services.
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PrePre-ma manu nufa fact ctur ured ed soft softwa ware re or Comp Comput uter er Soft Softwa ware re Pack Packag ages es off off the the shel shelff (can (canne ned d software1) is sold in the capacity of sub-licensees. (oracle, lotus etc.)
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Furthe Furtherr, as a part of the the busine business, ss, custo custom m made soft softwar waree is also also made and and loaded loaded on their their customer’s computers. (hereinafter referred to as “uncanned software”)
Legal History
In respect of the canned software the Commercial Tax Officer, Hyderabad, passed an orde orderr under under the the provi provisi sion onss of the the Andh Andhra ra Prade Pradesh sh Gene Genera rall Sale Saless Tax Act, Act, 1957 1957 [hereinafter called 'the Act'] holding that the software are goods. The Commercial Tax Officer accordingly levied sales tax on this software.
The Appellate Deputy Commissioner of Commercial Taxes also held that the software were goods and liable to tax. However, the matter was remanded for working out the tax.
The Appeal of the Appellants, before the Sales Tax Appellate Tribunal, Andhra Pradesh, was dismissed.
The Appellants then filed a Tax Revision Case in the Andhra Pradesh High Court, which was also dismissed
Issue Whether Whether the canned software software sold by the Appellants Appellants can be termed termed to be "goods" and as such assessable to sales tax under the said Act? 1
'Canned "software" means that is not specifically created for a particular consumer. consumer. The sale or lease of, or granting a license to use, canned software is not automatic data processing and computer services, but is the sale of tangible personal property. property. When a vendor, in a single transaction, sells canned software that has been modified or customized for that particular consumer, the transaction transaction will be considered the sale of tangible personal property if the charge for the modification constitutes no more than half of the price of the sale."
Relevant Statutory Provisions Andhra Pradesh General Sales Tax Act, 1957 Section 2(h) – “goods” means all kinds of movable property other than actionable and incl includ udes es all mater materia ials ls,, arti articl cles es and and claims claims,, stocks stocks,, shares shares and securi securitie ties, s, and commodities including the goods (as goods or in some other form), involved in the
execution of a works contract or those goods used or to be used in the construction, fitting out, improvement or repair of movable or immovable property and also includes all growing crops, grass and things attached to or forming part of the land which are agreed to be severed before sate or under the contract of sale and also includes motor spirit. Section 2(n) – “Sale” with all its grammatical variations and cognate expressions means every transfer of the property in goods whether as such goods or in any other form in pursuance of a contract or otherwise by one person to another in the course of trade or business, for cash, or for deferred payment, or for any other valuable
consideration or in the supply or distribution of goods by a society (including a cooperative society), club, firm or association to its members, but does not include a mortgage, hypothecation or pledge of, or a charge on goods . * Section 2(n) contains explanatory notes which aren’t not immediately relevant
Appellant’s Contentions Mr. Mr. Sorabjee contended that : 1. Goods Goods as define defined d in the act act {Sec {Sec 2(h)} 2(h)} denote denote only only tangible property and software being innately intangible was not a good and therefore outside the purview of the act. To substantiate his point, variety of literature was relied upon: ➢
“A software program is essentially a series of commands issued to the hardware of the computer that enables the computer to perform in a particular manner”
➢
“Comparing the sale the sale of software with the sale the sale of soap, it was found relevant to observe that a soap once bought could be cut, sold further, even rented out…but the same could not apply to software thus showing an inherent difference in the two commodities.
➢
“Though the floppy disc, the CD-ROM and the hard disc are each tangible commodities software re embedde embedded d in these these media media are are that that coul could d be bough boughtt sold sold and reso resold ld,, the softwa intangible and fall into a very ver y different category.” category.” 2
2. Provis Provision ionss of the Copyrig Copyright ht Act, Act, 1957 suffic sufficien iently tly defined defined computer computer programm programmee as a literary work and being the intellectual property of the programmer. In his view, while purchasing a book or a painting one purchased the final expression of the idea whereas in the case of a software, one purchased only the set of commands which would enable the final expression later. 3. Rely Relyin ing g on Americ American an juri jurisp spru ruden dence ce whic which h is admit admitte tedl dly y divi divided ded on the the issu issuee Mr. Mr. Sorabjee pointed out, ➢
“It has been held that even though the intellectual intellectual process is embodied in a tangible tangible and physical manner, that is on the punch cards, magnetic tapes, etc. the logic or intelligence of the program remains intangible property”.
➢
“It has been held that the same information could have been transmitted from the originator to the user by way of telephone lines or fed directly into the user's computer by the originator originator of the programme programme and that as there would be no tax in those cases merely because the method of transmission is by means of a tape or a disc, it does not constitute purchas purchasee of tangib tangible le person personal al proper property ty and the same same remain remainss intangi intangible ble person personal al property”.
Respondent’s Contentions Mr. Mr. Dwivedi contended contende d that: 1. It was brough broughtt to the notice notice of the the court court that there there existe existed d a plet plethor horaa of Amer Americ ican an judgments which took a different view of nature of software. “ It is held that the original copyright version is not the one which operates the computer of the customer but the physical copy of that software which has been transferred to the buyer. It has been held that when one buys a copy of a copyrighted novel in a bookstore or recording of a 2
referredfrom book by Mr. Rahul Rahul Matthan; "The Law Relating to Computers Computers and the Internet" by Mr. Rahul Matthan,
copyrighted song in a record store, one only acquires ownership of that particular copy of the novel or song but not the intellectual property in the novel or song ”. song ”. (As there exist more copies of the same available for consumption) 2. Articl Articlee 366(12) 366(12) of the Constitu Constitutio tion n was referred referred to bring out the meaning meaning of the term “goods”. He also elucidated the broad ambit of entry 54 of the state list which confers power to levy sales tax on the state. Under entry 54, other incorporeal and intangible properties had also been held to be goods. goods.
3. Commissioner of Sales Tax, Madhya Pradesh, Indore v. Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board, Jabalpur , MANU/SC/0156/1968 “It is needless to repeat that it is capable of abstraction, consumption …It can be transmitted, transferred, delivered, stored, possessed etc. in the same way as any other movable property” The Test Test as expounded: expounde d: “It has been held that properties which are capable of being abstracted, consumed and used and/or transmitted, transferred, delivered, stored or possessed etc etc.. are “goods” “goods” for the purposes of sales tax.” 4. In H. Anraj v. St. of Tamil Nadu3, even beneficial interest in movable property has been held to be a ‘good’ for the purposes of sales tax. (Lottery tickets). 5. In Associated Cement Companies Ltd. v. v. Commissioner of Customs, Customs, [(2001) 4 SCC 593] Stretching the principle even further, The Customs Act has been read to incorporate technical drawings, manuals and ‘know how’ also as goods under section 2(22)(e) (other movable property) – the reasoning being “But the moment the information or advice is put on a media, whether paper or diskettes or any other thing, that what is supplied becomes a chattel. It is in respect of the drawings, designs etc. which are received that payment is made to the foreign collaborators. It is these papers or diskettes etc. containing the technological advice, which are paid for and used. The foreign collaborators part with them in lieu of money. It is, therefore, sold by them as chattel for use by the Indian importer. The drawings, designs, manuals etc. so received are goods on which customs duty could be levied.” 3
MANU/SC/0318/1985,
It is a misconception to contend that what is being taxed is intellectual input. What is being taxed under the Customs Act read with the Customs Tariff Act and the Customs Valuation Rules is not the input alone but goods whose value has been enhanced by the said inputs
Opinion of the Court 1. Copyright Copyright Act and the Sales Tax Tax Act Act are also not statutes statutes in pari pari materia materia and as such the definition contained in the former should not be applied in the latter.4 therefore the appellants arguments in this respect do not hold goo d. 2. In India the the test, to determin determinee whether a property property is "goods", "goods", for purposes purposes of sales sales tax, is is not whether the property is tangible or intangible or incorporeal..It would become goods provided it has the attributes thereof having regard to (a) its utility; (b) capable of being bought bought and sold; sold; and (c) capable capable of transm transmitt itted, ed, transf transferr erred, ed, delive delivered red,, stored stored and possessed. The test is whether the concerned item is capable of abstraction, consumption and use and whether it can be transmitted, transferred, delivered, stored, possessed etc. Admittedly in the case of software, both canned and uncanned, all of these are possible 3. The term "goods "goods"" as used used in Artic Article le 366(12) 366(12) of the Consti Constitut tution ion of India India and as defined defined under the said Act are very wide and include all types of movable properties, whether those those proper propertie tiess be tangibl tangiblee or intangi intangible ble.. The observ observati ations ons made made by this this Court Court in Associated Cement Companies Ltd. (supra) are agreed upon. 4. There There is no distin distincti ction on between between branded branded and unbrande unbranded d software software.. In both cases, the software is capable of being abstracted, consumed and use. In both cases the software can be transm transmit itted ted,, transf transferr erred, ed, delive delivered red,, stored stored,, posses possessed sed etc. etc. Thus Thus even even unbran unbranded ded software, when it is marketed/sold, may be goods. However the SC declined to express opinion thereon because in case of unbranded software other questions like situs of contract of sale and/or whether the contract is a service contract may arise. 5. In interpreti interpreting ng an expression expression used in a legal legal sense, the the courts are are required required to ascertain ascertain the precise connotation which it possesses in law. 6. A softwar softwaree may be intellectual intellectual property property but but such personal personal intellectual intellectual property property containe contained d in a medium is bought and sold. Each one of the mediums in which the intellectual 4
MANU/SC/0648/2000.. Jagatram Ahuja v. Commr. of Gift-tax, Hyderabad MANU/SC/0648/2000
property is contained is a marketable commodity. commodity. They are visible to senses. They may be be a medium through which the intellectual property is transferred but for the purpose of determining the question as regard leviability of the tax under a fiscal statute, it may not make a difference. What is essential for an article to become goods is its marketability. marketability.
7. St. Albans Albans City City and District District Council Council v. International International Computers Computers
Mr. Mr. Sora Sorabj bjee ee subm submit itte ted d that that this this Cour Courtt in Associ Associate ated d Cement Cement Compani Companies es Ltd. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Customs [(2001) 4 SCC 593] has misapplied the principles contained in St. Albans City and District Council v. International Computers [1996 (4) All ER 481]. the judgement of the later reads as a s follows : "During the course of the hearing, the word 'software' was used to include both the (tangible) disk onto which the COMCIS program had been encoded and the (intangible) program itself. In order to answer the question, however, it is necessary to distinguish between the program and the disk carrying the program. In both the Sale of Goods Act, 1979, s 61, and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982, s. 18, the definition of goods includes 'all personal chattels other than things in action and money'. Clearly, Clearly, a disk d isk is within this definition. Equally clearly, clearly, a program, p rogram, of itself, is not." As regard utility of an instruction manual, it was observed: "Suppose I buy an instruction manual on the maintenance and repair of a particular make of car. The instructions are wrong in an important respect. Anybody who follows them is likely to cause serious damage to the engine of his car. In my view, the instructions are an integral part of the manual. The manual including the instructions, whether in a book or a video cassette, would in my opinion be 'goods' within the meaning of the 1979 Act, and the defective instructions would result in a breach of the implied terms in Section 14. "As I have already said, the program itself is not 'goods' within the statutory definition. Thus a matter of the program in the way I have described does not, in my view, constitute a transfer of goods. It follows that in such circumstances there is no statutory implication of terms as to quality or fitness for purpose."
The question which arose in that case was as to whether the defendant therein had breached its contract to supply the plaintiffs with a computer system to be used in administering their collection collection of community community charge by providing valid software software which significan significantly tly overstated overstated the relevant population of their area and, thus, caused them to suffer a loss of revenue. The suit for damages was allowed. allowed. It was held by the Court of Appeals that the submission submission on behalf of the appellant was that the question as to whether as between the plaintiffs and the defendant the plaintiffs dealt as consumer or on the defendant's written standard terms of business within Section 3(1) in the light of the definition of 'business' in Section 14 was answered in the negative on the ground that one cannot be said to deal on another's standard standard terms of business, negotiate negotiate with those terms before entering into the contract. Glidewell, J. noticed that in that case the evidence was that in relation to many of the programme releases, an employee of ICL went to St. Albans' premises where the computer was installed taking with him a disk on which the new programme was encoded and himself performed the exercise of transferring the programme into the computer. The learned Judge despite holding that the programme itself is not 'goods' held that such term would employ to all types of contracts that the programme will be reasonably capable of achieving the intended purpose. The definition of goods in the said Act does not merely include personal chattels but all articles, commodities and materials. The definition of goods in the said Act was wider in term than in Sale of Goods Act, 1979 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982. Furthermore, here, we are not concerned with a programme which is not a part of the disk but a programme contained in a disk.
Question as to Interpretation 1.
“
Two methods of statutory interpretation have at times been adopted by the court.
One, sometimes called literalist, is to make a meticulous examination of the precise words used. The other sometimes called purposive, is to consider the object of the relevant provision in the light of the other provisions of the Act - the general intendment
of the provisions. They are not mutually exclusive and both have their part to play even in the interpretation of a taxing statute”.5 2. “The “The Courts Courts will will reject that that construc constructio tion n which will defeat defeat the plain plain intention intention of the Legislature even though there may be some inexactitude in the language used. Reducing the the legi legisl slat atio ion n futi futili lity ty shal shalll be avoi avoide ded d and in a case case wher wheree the the inte intent ntio ion n of the the Legislature cannot be given effect to, the Courts would accept the bolder construction for the purpose of bringing about an effective result. The Courts, when rule of purposive construction is gaining momentum, should be very reluctant to hold that Parliament has achieved nothing by the language it used when it is tolerably plain what it seeks to achieve”. 6
Decision It was held that canned software sold by the Appellants can be termed to be "goods" and are assessable to sales tax under the said Act and hence the appeal was dismissed.
Comment 1. The court court has restra restraine ined d from from indulging indulging into into the classi classific ficati ation on of goods goods in terms terms of tangible and intangible. it has failed to answer the following contention: If the software which is essentially a series of commands was transmitted through a telephone conversation then would that conversation be liable to tax?” 2. Broadening Broadening the ambit ambit of “goods” “goods” for for tax may be justified justified,, but by the the present present reading reading it unneces unnecessar sarily ily compli complicat cates es matter matterss for then then all convers conversati ations ons or any mode mode of
5
Inland Revenue Commissioners v. Trustees of Sir John Aird's Settlement [1984] Ch. 382
6
In Balram Kumawat v. Union of India and Others MANU/SC/0628/2003
transmission would be liable to tax and it would be unfeasible to track all such methods for the purpose of tax. Also this would give rise rise to the debate whether such a ‘conversation’ would be service or sales. If both it would raise the tax burden and stifle the industry. 3. After After the instant instant case it was predict predicted ed that even unbranded unbranded /custo /customi mized zed softwar softwaree would also have got considered considered as ‘goods’ ‘goods’ and it was only a question question of time before the States realized their powers to levy sales tax/VA tax/VAT on unbranded un branded software. 4. But But it has so happene happened d that that Cent Centre re has has compl complet etel ely y outsm outsmar arte ted d the the Stat States es with introducing introducing service service tax. The President President of India gave her assent assent to The Finance Finance Bill, 2008 on 10th May, 2008. Several taxable services' scope has been enlarged with effect from 16th May 2008. Among the services whose scope has been enlarged, is: Consul Consultin ting g engineer engineers' s' service servicess which which will will remove remove the exclusi exclusion on in relati relation on to computer computer Software engineering. engineering. From a legal point of view, view, it would be appropriate appropriate to treat even unbranded software as ‘goods’ rather than as ‘services’ and hence, the Centre’s Centre’s move is bound to result in a lot of litigation. 5. As such, such, software software product product companies, companies, who who license license out their their software software products products to their their customers are paying pa ying VA VAT and now, now, the Budget 2008-09 levies service tax on them, in resp respec ectt of the the same same tran transa sact ctio ion. n. On the the one one hand hand,, it stil stilll pays pays VAT on the the branded/canned software. Now, a hefty 12.36% as service tax will also be payable on the unbranded /customized software. 6. The The Fina Finance nce Mini Minist stry ry's 's clari clarifi fica cati tion on on the the intr introd oduc ucti tion on of serv servic icee tax tax on the the Informatio Information n Technology echnology Software Software Service Service runs as follows: follows: "Software "Software consists consists of carrier medium such as CD, Floppy and coded data. Softwares are categorized as "norma "normall softwa software" re" and "speci "specific fic softwa software" re".. Normal Normalise ised d softwa software re is mass mass market market product generally available in packaged form off the shelf in retail outlets. Specific software is tailored to the specific requirement of the customer and is known as customized software. Packaged software sold off the shelf, being treated as go ods".
This is an inclusive definition which will cover virtually all activities related to the software services sector. As per the definition, 'Information Technology Software Service' includes the right to use IT software, which incidentally, is already covered under the VA VAT law. law. Hence, there is very likely to be a conflict between service tax and
VAT on the right to use IT software which would include licensing of software products. Almost all of the activities of the software sector will have to fall under the sale logic involving payment of VA VAT or under the services logic involving payment of service tax. 7. Excise Excise duty being being increas increased ed on packaged packaged softwar softwaree from 8 per cent to 12 per cent, cent, bringing at par with customised software attracting a service tax of 12 per cent.
