THE LITTLE RED BOOK OF
SANSKRIT PARADIGMS Essential Grammatical Tables for Students Sixth Edition McComas Taylor 2009
i
Preface The key to the successful study of Sanskrit lies in knowing where to look things up, in dictionaries, grammars and tables of paradigms. First as a student, and later as a teacher, I used the grammatical tables in the texts written by Macdonell, Coulson, Bucknell and Egenes. Each of these has its strengths, yet none is particularly well suited to the needs of the beginning student. To meet this need, I have compiled from the above sources all the most common and useful paradigms that a student is likely to encounter in the first few years of study. I have attempted to present the information clearly and unambiguously, concentrating on common forms, and omitting rarely encountered ones. While acknowledging my great debt to all my kind teachers, I dedicate this slim volume to my dear students.
ii
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
gaja ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in a – masculine phala ‘fruit’. Nominal stems in a – neuter senā ‘army’. Nominal stems in ā – feminine muni ‘sage’. Nominal stems in i – masculine śuci ‘pure’. Nominal stems in i – neuter śruti ‘scripture’. Nominals stems in i – feminine guru ‘elder’. Nominal stems in u – masculine mṛdu ‘soft’. Nominal stems in u – neuter dhenu ‘cow’. Nominal stems in u – feminine dhī ‘intellect’. Nominal stems in ī – feminine, monosyllabic nadī ‘river’. Nominal stems in ī – feminine strī ‘woman’ ( irregular). Nominal stems in ī – feminine bhū ‘earth’. Nominal stems in ū – feminine, monsyllabic vadhū ‘woman’. Nominal stems in ū – feminine rājan ‘king’. Nominal stems in an – masculine ātman ‘self’. Nominal stems in an – masculine
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
iii
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
nāman ‘name’. Nominal stems in an – neuter kartṛ ‘maker’. Nominal stems in ṛ – masculine pitṛ ‘father’. Nominal stems in ṛ – masculine svasṛ ‘sister’. Nominal stems in ṛ – feminine mātṛ ‘mother’. Nominal stems in ṛ – feminine bhagavat ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in at/ant – masculine bhagavat ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in at/ant – neuter sumanas ‘benevolent’. Nominal stems in as – masculine/feminine manas ‘mind’. Nominal stems in as – neuter hastin ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in in – masculine dhanin ‘rich’. Nominal stems in in – neuter marut ‘wind’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – masculine vāc ‘speech’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – feminine mad/asmad ‘I’/’we’ tvad/yuṣmad ‘you’ tad ‘he’ – masculine (also yaḥ, kaḥ) tad ‘it’ – neuter (also yat, kim)
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
iv
34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
tad ‘she’ – feminine (also yā, kā) ayam ‘this’ – masculine ayam ‘this’ – neuter ayam ‘this’ – feminine asau ‘that’ – masculine asau ‘that’ – neuter asau ‘that’ – feminine nayant ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – masculine nayant ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – neuter Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, nī ‘lead’, parasmaipada/active endings Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, nī ‘lead’, ātmanepada/middle endings Class 2 (root class), dviṣ ‘hate’, parasmaipada/active endings Class 2 (root class), dviṣ ‘hate’, ātmanepada/middle endings Class 2 (root class), as ‘be’, parasmaipada/active endings Class 2 (root class), han ‘kill’, parasmaipada/active endings Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu ‘sacrifice’, parasmaipada/active Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu ‘sacrifice’, ātmanepada/middle endings
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
v
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62.
Class 5 (ṇu class) , su ‘press’, parasmaipada/active endings Class 5 (ṇu class) , su ‘press’, ātmanepada/middle endings Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh ‘obstruct’, parasmaipada/active Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh ‘obstruct’, ātmanepada/middle endings Class 8 (u class), kṛ ‘do’, parasmaipada/active endings Class 8 (u class), kṛ ‘do’, ātmanepada/middle endings Class 9 (nā class), krī ‘buy’, parasmaipada/active endings Class 9 (nā class), krī ‘buy’, ātmanepada/middle endings Perfect paradigms, parasmaipada/active endings Perfect paradigms, ātmanepada/middle endings Sandhi rules: vowels Sandhi rules: consonants
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
vi
The Alphabet
अ
a
आ
ā
इ
i
ई
ī
उ
u
ऊ
ū
ऋ
ṛ
क
ṝ
ऌ
ḷ
ख
ḹ
ए
e
ऐ
ai
ओ
o
औ
au
अं
ṃ
अः
ḥ
क
ka
ख
kha
ग
ga
घ
gha
ङ
ṅ
च
ca
छ
cha
ज
ja
झ
jha
ञ
ñ
vii
ट
ṭa
ठ
ṭha
ड
ḍa
ढ
ḍha
ण
ṇa
त
ta
थ
tha
द
da
ध
dha
न
na
ऩ
pa
प
pha
फ
ba
ब
bha
भ
ma
म
ya
य
ra
र
la
व
va
श
śa
ष
ṣa
स
sa
ह
ha
viii
Tricky Combinations
त्र
tra
ऻ
jña
श्व
śva
द्द
dda
द्य
dya
त्त
tta
ऺ
kṣa
श्र
śra
द्र
dra
द्ध
ddha
क्त
kta
क्र
kra
श्च
śca
दृ
dṛ
रू
rū
प्त
pta
ष्ट
ṣṭa
ष्ठ
ṣṭha
हृ
hṛ
रु
ru
ix
Generic endings for nominals Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Dual
Plur.
M. F.
N.
M. F.
N.
M. F.
N.
-ḥ -am
-
-au -au
-ī -ī
-aḥ -aḥ
-i -i
-ā -e -aḥ
-ā -e -aḥ
-bhyām -bhyām -bhyām
-bhyām -bhyām -bhyām
-bhiḥ -bhyaḥ -bhyaḥ
-bhiḥ -bhyaḥ -bhyaḥ
-aḥ -i -
-aḥ -i -
-oḥ -oḥ -au
-oḥ -oḥ -ī
-ām -su -aḥ
-ām -su -i
x
Vowel strength Simple (weak)
a, ā
i, ī
u, ū
ṛ, ṝ
ḷ
guṇa (middle)
a
e
o
ar
al
vṛddhi (strong)
ā
ai
au
ār
--
Use/meaning of cases Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative Vocative
subject of sentence direct object of main verb with, by (with saha and vinā) for and indirect object from ‘s – indicated possession in, on, at (location) direct address
xi
1. gaja ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in a – masculine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
gajaḥ gajam gajena gajāya gajāt gajasya gaje gaja
gajau gajau gajābhyām gajābhyām gajābhyām gajayoḥ gajayoḥ gajau
gajāḥ gajān gajaiḥ gajebhyaḥ gajebhyaḥ gajānām gajeṣu gajāḥ
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
1
2. phala ‘fruit’. Nominal stems in a – neuter
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
phalam phalam phalena phalāya phalāt phalasya phale phala
phale phale phalābhyām phalābhyām phalābhyām phalayoḥ phalayoḥ phale
phalāni phalāni phalaiḥ phalebhyaḥ phalebhyaḥ phalānām phaleṣu phalāni
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
2
3. senā ‘army’. Nominal stems in ā – feminine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
senā senām senayā senāyai senāyāḥ senāyāḥ senāyām sene
sene sene senābhyām senābhyām senābhyām senayoḥ senayoḥ sene
senāḥ senāḥ senābhiḥ senābhyaḥ senābhyaḥ senānām senāsu senāḥ
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
3
4. muni ‘sage’. Nominal stems in i – masculine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
muniḥ munim
munī munī
munayaḥ munīn
muninā munaye muneḥ muneḥ munau mune
munibhyām munibhyām munibhyām munyoḥ munyoḥ munī
munibhiḥ munibhyaḥ munibhyaḥ munīnām muniṣu munayaḥ
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
4
5. śuci ‘pure’. Nominal stems in i – neuter
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
śuci śuci
śucinī śucinī
śucīni śucīni
śucinā śucine śucinaḥ śucinaḥ śucini śuci
śucibhyām śucibhyām śucibhyām śucinoḥ śucinoḥ śucinī
śucibhiḥ śucibhyaḥ śucibhyaḥ śucīnām śuciṣu śucīni
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
5
6. śruti ‘scripture’. Nominals stems in i – feminine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
śrutiḥ śrutim śrutyā śrut-yai/-aye śrut-yāḥ/-eḥ śrut-yāḥ/-eḥ śrut-yām/-au śrute
śrutī śrutī śrutibhyām śrutibhyām śrutibhyām śrutyoḥ śrutyoḥ śrutī
śrutayaḥ śrutīḥ śrutibhiḥ śrutibhyaḥ śrutibhyaḥ śrutīnām śrutiṣu śrutayaḥ
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
6
7. guru ‘elder’. Nominal stems in u – masculine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
guruḥ gurum guruṇā gurave guroḥ guroḥ gurau guro
gurū gurū gurubhyām gurubhyām gurubhyām gurvoḥ gurvoḥ gurū
guravaḥ gurūn gurubhiḥ gurubhyaḥ gurubhyaḥ gurūṇām guruṣu guravaḥ
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
7
8. mṛdu ‘soft’. Nominal stems in u – neuter
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
mṛdu mṛdu mṛdunā mṛdune mṛdunaḥ mṛdunaḥ mṛduni mṛdo
mṛdunī mṛdunī mṛdubhyām mṛdubhyām mṛdubhyām mṛdunoḥ mṛdunoḥ mṛdunī
mṛdūni mṛdūni mṛdubhiḥ mṛdubhyaḥ mṛdubhyaḥ mṛdūnām mṛduṣu mṛdūni
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
8
9. dhenu ‘cow’. Nominal stems in u – feminine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
dhenuḥ dhenum dhenvā dhenvai dhenvāḥ dhenvāḥ dhenvām dheno
dhenū dhenū dhenubhyām dhenubhyām dhenubhyām dhenvoḥ dhenvoḥ dhenū
dhenavaḥ dhenūḥ dhenubhiḥ dhenubhyaḥ dhenubhyaḥ dhenūnām dhenuṣu dhenavaḥ
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
9
10. dhī ‘intellect’. Nominal stems in ī – feminine, monosyllabic
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
dhīḥ dhiyam dhiyā dhiye/yai dhiyaḥ/yāḥ dhiyaḥ/yāḥ dhiyi/yām dhīḥ
dhiyau dhiyau dhībhyām dhībhyām dhībhyām dhiyoḥ dhiyoḥ dhiyau
dhiyaḥ dhiyaḥ dhībhiḥ dhībhyaḥ dhībhyaḥ dhiyām/nām dhīṣu dhiyaḥ
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
10
11. nadī ‘river’. Nominal stems in ī – feminine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
nadī nadīm nadyā nadyai nadyāḥ nadyāḥ nadyām nadi
nadyau nadyau nadībhyām nadībhyām nadībhyām nadyoḥ nadyoḥ nadyau
nadyaḥ nadīḥ nadībhiḥ nadībhyaḥ nadībhyaḥ nadīnām nadīṣu nadyaḥ
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
11
12. strī ‘woman’ ( irregular).. Nominal stems in ī – feminine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
strī strīm/striyam
striyau striyau strībhyām strībhyām strībhyām striyoḥ striyoḥ striyau
striyaḥ strīḥ/striyaḥ
striyā striyai striyāḥ striyāḥ striyām stri
strībhiḥ strībhyaḥ strībhyaḥ strīṇām strīṣu striyaḥ
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
12
13. bhū’earth’. Nominal stems in ū – feminine, monsyllabic
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
bhūḥ bhuvam bhuvā bhuve/vai bhuvaḥ bhuvaḥ bhuvi/ām bhūḥ
bhuvau bhuvau bhūbhyām bhūbhyām bhūbhyām bhuvoḥ bhuvoḥ bhuvau
bhuvaḥ bhuvaḥ bhūbhiḥ bhūbhyaḥ bhūbhyaḥ bhuvām/nām bhūṣu bhuvaḥ
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11, strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
13
14. vadhū’woman’. Nominal stems in ū – feminine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
vadhūḥ vadhūm vadhvā vadhvai vadhvāḥ vadhvāḥ vadhvām vadhu
vadhvau vadhvau vadhūbhyām vadhūbhyām vadhūbhyām vadhvoḥ vadhvoḥ vadhvau
vadhvaḥ vadhūḥ vadhūbhiḥ vadhūbhyaḥ vadhūbhyaḥ vadhūnām vadhūṣu vadhvaḥ
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
14
15. rājan ‘king’. Nominal stems in an – masculine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
rājā rājānam rājñā rājñe rājñaḥ rājñaḥ rājñi/rājani
rājānau rājānau rājabhyām rājabhyām rājabhyām rājñoḥ rājñoḥ rājānau
rājānaḥ rājñaḥ rājabhiḥ rājabhyaḥ rājabhyaḥ rājñām rājasu rājānaḥ
rājan
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11, strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
15
16. ātman ‘self’. Nominal stems in an – masculine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
ātmā ātmānam ātmanā ātmane ātmanaḥ ātmanaḥ ātmani ātman
ātmānau ātmānau ātmabhyām ātmabhyām ātmabhyām ātmanoḥ ātmanoḥ ātmānau
ātmānaḥ ātmanaḥ ātmabhiḥ ātmabhyaḥ ātmabhyaḥ ātmanām ātmasu ātmānaḥ
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
16
17. nāman ‘name’. Nominal stems in an – neuter
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
nāma nāma nāmnā nāmne nāmnaḥ nāmnaḥ nāmni/nāmani
nāmnī/nāmanī
nāmāni nāmāni nāmabhiḥ nāmabhyaḥ nāmabhyaḥ nāmnām nāmasu nāmāni
nāma/nāman
nāmnī/nāmanī nāmabhyām nāmabhyām nāmabhyām nāmnoḥ nāmnoḥ nāmnī/nāmanī
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11, strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
17
18. kartṛ ‘maker’. Nominal stems in ṛ – masculine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
kartā kartāram kartrā kartre kartuḥ kartuḥ kartari kartar
kartārau kartārau kartṛbhyām kartṛbhyām kartṛbhyām kartroḥ kartroḥ kartārau
kartāraḥ kartṝn kartṛbhiḥ kartṛbhyaḥ kartṛbhyaḥ kartṝṇām kartṛṣu kartāraḥ
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
18
19. pitṛ ‘father’. Nominal stems in ṛ – masculine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
pitā pitaram pitrā pitre pituḥ pituḥ pitari pitar
pitarau pitarau pitṛbhyām pitṛbhyām pitṛbhyām pitroḥ pitroḥ pitarau
pitaraḥ pitṝn pitṛbhiḥ pitṛbhyaḥ pitṛbhyaḥ pitṝṇām pitṛṣu pitaraḥ
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
19
20. svasṛ ‘sister’. Nominal stems in ṛ – feminine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
svasā svasāram svasrā svasre svasuḥ svasuḥ svasari svasar
svasārau svasārau svasṛbhyām svasṛbhyām svasṛbhyām svasroḥ svasroḥ svasārau
svasāraḥ svasṝḥ svasṛbhiḥ svasṛbhyaḥ svasṛbhyaḥ svasṝṇām svasṛṣu svasāraḥ
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
20
21. mātṛ ‘mother’. Nominal stems in ṛ – feminine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
mātā mātaram mātrā mātre mātuḥ mātuḥ mātari mātar
mātarau mātarau mātṛbhyām mātṛbhyām mātṛbhyām mātroḥ mātroḥ mātarau
mātaraḥ mātṝḥ mātṛbhiḥ mātṛbhyaḥ mātṛbhyaḥ mātṝṇām mātṛṣu mātaraḥ
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
21
22. bhagavat ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in ant/vant/mant – masculine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
bhagavān bhagavantam bhagavatā bhagavate bhagavataḥ bhagavataḥ bhagavati bhagavan
bhagavantau bhagavantau bhagavadbhyām bhagavadbhyām bhagavadbhyām bhagavatoḥ bhagavatoḥ bhagavantau
bhagavantaḥ bhagavataḥ bhagavadbhiḥ bhagavadbhyaḥ bhagavadbhyaḥ bhagavatām bhagavatsu bhagavantaḥ
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
22
23. bhagavat ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in ant/vant/mant – neuter
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
bhagavat bhagavat bhagavatā bhagavate bhagavataḥ bhagavataḥ bhagavati bhagavat
bhagavatī bhagavatī bhagavadbhyām bhagavadbhyām bhagavadbhyām bhagavatoḥ bhagavatoḥ bhagavatī
bhagavanti bhagavanti bhagavadbhiḥ bhagavadbhyaḥ bhagavadbhyaḥ bhagavatām bhagavatsu bhagavanti
Note: feminine bhagavatī is declined like nadī. gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
23
24. sumanas ‘benevolent’. Nominal stems in as – masc/fem
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
sumanāḥ sumanasam sumanasā sumanase sumanasaḥ sumanasaḥ sumanasi sumanaḥ
sumanasau sumanasau sumanobhyām sumanobhyām sumanobhyām sumanasoḥ sumanasoḥ sumanasau
sumanasaḥ sumanasaḥ sumanobhiḥ sumanobhyaḥ sumanobhyaḥ sumanasām sumanaḥsu sumanasaḥ
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
24
25. manas ‘mind’. Nominal stems in as – neuter
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
manaḥ manaḥ manasā manase manasaḥ manasaḥ manasi manaḥ
manasī manasī manobhyām manobhyām manobhyām manasoḥ manasoḥ manasī
manāṃsi manāṃsi manobhiḥ manobhyaḥ manobhyaḥ manasām manaḥsu manāṃsi
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
25
26. hastin ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in in – masculine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
hastī hastinam hastinā hastine hastinaḥ hastinaḥ hastini hastin
hastinau hastinau hastibhyām hastibhyām hastibhyām hastinoḥ hastinoḥ hastinau
hastinaḥ hastinaḥ hastibhiḥ hastibhyaḥ hastibhyaḥ hastinām hastiṣu hastinaḥ
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
26
27. dhanin ‘rich’. Nominal stems in in – neuter Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
dhani dhani dhaninā dhanine dhaninaḥ dhaninaḥ dhanini dhani/dhanin
Dual dhaninī dhaninī dhanibhyām dhanibhyām dhanibhyām dhaninoḥ dhaninoḥ dhaninī
Plur. dhanīni dhanīni dhanibhiḥ dhanibhyaḥ dhanibhyaḥ dhaninām dhaniṣu dhanīni
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
27
28. marut ‘wind’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – masc
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
marut marutam marutā marute marutaḥ marutaḥ maruti marut
marutau marutau marudbhyām marudbhyām marudbhyām marutoḥ marutoḥ marutau
marutaḥ marutaḥ marudbhiḥ marudbhyaḥ marudbhyaḥ marutām marutsu marutaḥ
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
28
29. vāc ‘speech’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – fem
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
vāk vācam vācā vāce vācaḥ vācaḥ vāci vāk
vācau vācau vāgbhyām vāgbhyām vāgbhyām vācoḥ vācoḥ vācau
vācaḥ vācaḥ vāgbhiḥ vāgbhyaḥ vāgbhyaḥ vācām vākṣu vācaḥ
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
29
30. mad/asmad ‘I’/’we’
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
aham mām/mā
āvām āvām/nau
vayam asmān/naḥ
mayā
āvābhyām
asmābhiḥ
mahyam/me
āvābhyām/nau
asmabhyam/naḥ
mat/mattaḥ
asmat/asmattaḥ
mama/me
āvābhyām āvayoḥ/nau
mayi
āvayoḥ
asmāsu
asmākam/naḥ
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
30
31. tvad/yuṣmad ‘you’
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
tvam tvām/tvā
yuvām yuvām/vām
yūyam yuṣmān/vaḥ
tvayā
yuvābhyām
yuṣmābhiḥ
tubhyam/te yuvābhyām/vām
yuṣmabhyam/vaḥ
tvat/tvattaḥ
yuṣmat/ yuṣmattaḥ
tava/te
yuvābhyām yuvayoḥ/vām
tvayi
yuvayoḥ
yuṣmāsu
yuṣmākam/vaḥ
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
31
32. tad ‘he’ – masculine (also yaḥ, kaḥ)
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
saḥ tam tena tasmai tasmāt tasya tasmin
tau tau tābhyām tābhyām tābhyām tayoḥ tayoḥ
te tān taiḥ tebhyaḥ tebhyaḥ teṣām teṣu
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
32
33. tad ‘it’ – neuter (also yat, kim)
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
tat tat tena tasmai tasmāt tasya tasmin
te te tābhyām tābhyām tābhyām tayoḥ tayoḥ
tāni tāni taiḥ tebhyaḥ tebhyaḥ teṣām teṣu
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
33
34. tad ‘she’ – feminine (also yā, kā)
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
sā tām tayā tasyai tasyāḥ tasyāḥ tasyām
te te tābhyām tābhyām tābhyām tayoḥ tayoḥ
tāḥ tāḥ tābhiḥ tābhyaḥ tābhyaḥ tāsām tāsu
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
34
35. ayam ‘this’ – masculine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
ayam imam anena asmai asmāt asya asmin
imau imau ābhyām ābhyām ābhyām anayoḥ anayoḥ
ime imān ebhiḥ ebhyaḥ ebhyaḥ eṣām eṣu
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
35
36. ayam ‘this’ – neuter
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
idam idam anena asmai asmāt asya asmin
ime ime ābhyām ābhyām ābhyām anayoḥ anayoḥ
imāni imāni ebhiḥ ebhyaḥ ebhyaḥ eṣām eṣu
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
36
37. ayam ‘this’ – feminine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
iyam imām anayā asyai asyāḥ asyāḥ asyām
ime ime ābhyām ābhyām ābhyām anayoḥ anayoḥ
imāḥ imāḥ ābhiḥ ābhyaḥ ābhyaḥ āsām āsu
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
37
38. asau ‘that’ – masculine
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
asau amum amunā amuṣmai amuṣmāt amuṣya amuṣmin
amū amū amūbhyām amūbhyām amūbhyām amuyoḥ amuyoḥ
amī amūn amībhiḥ amībhyaḥ amībhyaḥ amīṣām amīṣu
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
38
39. asau ‘that’ – neuter
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
adaḥ adaḥ amunā amuṣmai amuṣmāt amuṣya amuṣmin
amū amū amūbhyām amūbhyām amūbhyām amuyoḥ amuyoḥ
amūni amūni amībhiḥ amībhyaḥ amībhyaḥ amīṣām amīṣu
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11, strī 12 bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
39
40. asau ‘that’ – feminine Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Gen. Loc.
asau amūm amuyā amuṣyai amuṣyāḥ amuṣyāḥ amuṣyām
amū amū amūbhyām amūbhyām amūbhyām amuyoḥ amuyoḥ
amūḥ amūḥ amūbhiḥ amūbhyaḥ amūbhyaḥ amūṣām amūṣu
Voc.
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl.
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
40
41. nayant ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – masc
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
nayan nayantam nayatā nayate nayataḥ nayataḥ nayati nayan
nayantau nayantau nayadbhyām nayadbhyām nayadbhyām nayatoḥ nayatoḥ nayantau
nayantaḥ nayataḥ nayadbhiḥ nayadbhyaḥ nayadbhyaḥ nayatām nayatsu nayantaḥ
gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21
41
42. nayant ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – neuter
Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
nayat nayat nayatā nayate nayataḥ nayataḥ nayati nayat
nayantī nayantī nayadbhyām nayadbhyām nayadbhyām nayatoḥ nayatoḥ nayantī
nayanti nayanti nayadbhiḥ nayadbhyaḥ nayadbhyaḥ nayatām nayatsu nayanti
Note: Feminine present active participles nayantī decline like nadī
42
43. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, nī ‘lead’, parasmaipada/active endings
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1
nayāmi
anayam
nayāni
nayeyam
2
nayasi
anayaḥ
naya
nayeḥ
3
nayati
anayat
nayatu
nayet
1
nayāvaḥ
anayāva
nayāva
nayeva
2
nayathaḥ
anayatam
nayatam
nayetam
3
nayataḥ
anayatām
nayatām
nayetām
1
nayāmaḥ
anayāma
nayāma
nayema
2
nayatha
anayata
nayata
nayeta
3
nayanti
anayan
nayantu
nayeyuḥ
43
44. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, nī ‘lead’, ātmanepada/middle endings
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1
naye
anaye
nayai
nayeya
2
nayase
anayathāḥ
nayasva
nayethāḥ
3
nayate
anayata
nayatām
nayeta
1
nayāvahe
anayāvahi
nayāvahai
nayevahi
2
nayethe
anayethām
nayethām
nayeyāthām
3
nayete
anayetām
nayetām
nayeyātām
1
nayāmahe
anayāmahi
nayāmahai
nayemahi
2
nayadhve
anayadhvam
nayadhvam
nayedhvam
3
nayante
anayanta
nayantām
nayeran
44
45. Class 2 (root class), dviṣ ’hate’, parasmaipada/active endings
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1
dveṣmi
adveṣam
dveṣāṇi
dviṣyām
2
dvekṣi
adveṭ
dviḍḍhi
dviṣyāḥ
3
dveṣṭi
adveṭ
dveṣu
dviṣyāt
1
dviṣvaḥ
adviṣva
dveṣāva
dviṣyāva
2
dviṣṭhaḥ
adviṣṭam
dviṣṭam
dviṣyātam
3
dviṣṭaḥ
adviṣṭām
dviṣṭām
dviṣyātām
1
dviṣmaḥ
adviṣma
dveṣāma
dviṣyāma
2
dviṣṭha
adviṣṭa
dviṣṭa
dviṣyāta
3
dviṣanti
adviṣan
dviṣantu
dviṣyuḥ
45
46. Class 2 (root class), dviṣ ’hate’, ātmanepada/middle endings Present Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1 dviṣe
adviṣi
dveṣai
dviṣīya
2 dvikṣe
adviṣṭhāḥ
dvikṣva
dviṣīthāḥ
3 dviṣṭe
adviṣṭa
dviṣṭām
dviṣīta
1 dviṣvahe
adviṣvahi
dveṣāvahai
dviṣīvahi
2 dviṣāthe
adviṣāthām
dviṣāthām
dviṣīyāthām
3 dviṣāte
adviṣātām
dviṣātām
dviṣīyātām
1 dviṣmahe
adviṣmahi
dveṣāmahai
dviṣīmahi
2 dviḍḍhve
adviḍḍhvam
dviḍḍhvam
dviṣīdhvam
3 dviṣate
adviṣata
dviṣatām
dviṣīran
46
47. Class 2 (root class), as ‘be’, parasmaipada/active endings
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1
asmi
āsam
asāni
syām
2
asi
āsīḥ
edhi
syāḥ
3
asti
āsīt
astu
syāt
1
svaḥ
āsva
asāva
syāva
2
sthaḥ
āstam
stam
syātam
3
staḥ
āstām
stām
syātām
1
smaḥ
āsma
asāma
syāma
2
stha
āsta
sta
syāta
3
santi
āsan
santu
syuḥ
47
48. Class 2 (root class), han ‘kill’, parasmaipada/active endings
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1
hanmi
ahanam
hanāni
hanyām
2
haṃsi
ahan
jahi
hanyāḥ
3
hanti
ahan
hantu
hanyāt
1
hanvaḥ
ahanva
hanāva
hanyāva
2
hathaḥ
ahatam
hatam
hanyātam
3
hataḥ
ahatām
hatām
hanyātām
1
hanmaḥ
ahanma
hanāma
hanyāma
2
hatha
ahata
hata
hanyāta
3
ghnanti
aghnan
ghnantu
hanyuḥ
48
49. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu ‘sacrifice’, parasmaipada/active
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1
juhomi
ajuhavam
juhavāni
juhuyām
2
juhoṣi
ajuhoḥ
juhudhi
juhuyāḥ
3
juhoti
ajuhot
juhotu
juhuyāt
1
juhuvaḥ
ajuhuva
juhavāva
juhuyāva
2
juhuthaḥ
ajuhutam
juhutam
juhuyātam
3
juhutaḥ
ajuhutām
juhutām
juhuyātām
1
juhumaḥ
ajuhuma
juhavāma
juhuyāma
2
juhutha
ajuhuta
juhuta
juhuyāta
3
juhvati
ajuhavuḥ
juhvatu
juhuyuḥ
49
50. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu ‘sacrifice’, ātm./middle endings
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1
juhve
ajuhvi
juhavai
juhvīya
2
juhuṣe
ajuhuthāḥ
juhuṣva
juhvīthāḥ
3
juhute
ajuhuta
juhutām
juhvīta
1
juhuvahe
ajuhuvahi
juhavāvahai
juhvīvahi
2
juhvāthe
ajuhvāthām
juhvāthām
juhvīyāthām
3
juhvāte
ajuhvātām
juhvātām
juhvīyātām
1
juhumahe
ajuhumahi
juhavāmahai
juhvīmahi
2
juhudhve
ajuhudhvam
juhudhvam
juhvīdhvam
3
juhvate
ajuhvata
juhvatām
juhvīran
50
51. Class 5 (nu class) , su ‘press’, parasmaipada/active endings Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
Sing.
1 2 3
sunomi sunoṣi sunoti
asunavam asunoḥ asunot
sunavāni sunu sunotu
sunuyām sunuyāḥ sunuyāt
Dual
1
asunuva/ asunva asunutam
sunavāva
sunuyāva
2
sunuvaḥ/ sunvaḥ sunuthaḥ
sunutam
sunuyātam
3
sunutaḥ
asunutām
sunutām
sunuyātām
1
sunumaḥ/ sunmaḥ sunutha sunvanti
asunuma/ asunma asunuta asunvan
sunavāma
sunuyāma
sunuta sunvantu
sunuyāta sunuyuḥ
Plur.
2 3
51
52. Class 5 (nu class) , su ‘press’, ātmanepada/middle endings Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1
sunve
asunvi
sunavai
sunvīya
2
sunuṣe
asunuthāḥ
sunuṣva
sunvīthāḥ
3
sunute
asunuta
sunutām
sunvīta
1
asunuvahi/ asunvahi asunvāthām
sunavāvahai
sunvīvahi
2
sunuvahe/ sunvahe sunvāthe
sunvāthām
sunvīyāthām
3
sunvāte
asunvātām
sunvātām
sunvīyātām
1
asunumahi/ asunmahi asunudhvam
sunavāmahai
sunvīmahi
2
sunumahe/ sunmahe sunudhve
sunudhvam
sunvīdhvam
3
sunvate
asunvata
sunvatām
sunvīran
52
53. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh ‘obstruct’, parasmaipada/active
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1
ruṇadhmi
aruṇadham
ruṇadhāni
rundhyām
2
ruṇatsi
aruṇat
runddhi
rundhyāḥ
3
ruṇaddhi
aruṇat
ruṇaddhu
rundhyāt
1
rundhvaḥ
arundhva
ruṇadhāva
rundhyāva
2
runddhaḥ
arunddham
runddham
rundhyātam
3
runddhaḥ
arunddhām
rundhhām
rundhyātām
1
rudmaḥ
arundhma
ruṇadhāma
rundhyāma
2
runddha
arunddha
runddha
rundhyāta
3
rundhanti
arundhan
rundhantu
rundhyuḥ
53
54. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh ‘obstruct’, ātm./middle endings
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1
rundhe
arundhi
ruṇadhai
rundhīya
2
runtse
arunddhāḥ
runtsva
rundhīthāḥ
3
runddhe
arunddha
runddhām
rundhīta
1
rundhvahe
arundhvahi
ruṇadhāvahai
rundhīvahi
2
rundhāthe
arundhāthām
rundhāthām
rundhīyāthām
3
rundhāte
arundhātām
rundhātām
rundhīyātām
1
rundhmahe
arundhmahi
ruṇadhāmahai
rundhīmahi
2
runddhve
arunddhvam
runddhvam
rundhīdhvam
3
rundhate
arundhata
rundhatām
rundhīran
54
55. Class 8 (u class), kṛ ‘do’, parasmaipada/active endings
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1
karomi
akaravam
karavāṇi
kuryām
2
karoṣi
akaroḥ
kuru
kuryāḥ
3
karoti
akarot
karotu
kuryāt
1
kurvaḥ
akurva
karavāva
kuryāva
2
kuruthaḥ
akurutam
kurutam
kuryātam
3
kurutaḥ
akurutām
kurutām
kuryātām
1
kurmaḥ
akurma
karavāma
kuryāma
2
kurutha
akuruta
kuruta
kuryāta
3
kurvanti
akurvan
kurvantu
kuryuḥ
55
56. Class 8 (u class), kṛ ‘do’, ātmanepada/middle endings
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1
kurve
akurvi
karavai
kurvīya
2
kuruṣe
akuruthāḥ
kuruṣva
kurvīthāḥ
3
kurute
akuruta
kurutām
kurvīta
1
kurvahe
akurvahi
karavāvahai
kurvīvahi
2
kurvāthe
akurvāthām
kurvāthām
kurvīyāthām
3
kurvāte
akurvātām
kurvātām
kurvīyātām
1
kurmahe
akurmahi
karavāmahai
kurvīmahi
2
kurudhve
akurudhvam
kurudhvam
kurvīdhvam
3
kurvate
akurvata
kurvatām
kurvīran
56
57. Class 9 (nā class), krī ‘buy’, parasmaipada/active endings
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1
krīṇāmi
akrīṇām
krīṇāni
krīṇīyām
2
krīṇāsi
akrīṇāḥ
krīṇīhi
krīṇīyāḥ
3
krīṇāti
akrīṇāt
krīṇātu
krīṇīyāt
1
krīṇīvaḥ
akrīṇīva
krīṇāva
krīṇīyāva
2
krīṇīthaḥ
akrīṇītam
krīṇītam
krīṇīyātam
3
krīṇītaḥ
akrīṇītām
krīṇītām
krīṇīyātām
1
krīṇīmaḥ
akrīṇīma
krīṇāma
krīṇīyāma
2
krīṇītha
akrīṇīta
krīṇīta
krīṇīyāta
3
krīṇanti
akrīṇan
krīṇantu
krīṇīyuḥ
57
58. Class 9 (nā class), krī ‘buy’, ātmanepada/middle endings
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
Present
Imperfect
Imperative
Optative
1
krīṇe
akrīṇi
kriṇai
krīṇīya
2
krīṇīṣe
akrīṇīthāḥ
krīṇīṣva
krīṇīthāḥ
3
krīṇīte
akrīṇīta
krīṇītām
krīṇīta
1
krīṇīvahe
akrīṇīvahi
krīṇāvahai
krīṇīvahi
2
krīṇāthe
akrīṇāthām
krīṇāthām
krīṇīyāthām
3
krīṇāte
akrīṇātām
krīṇātām
krīṇīyātām
1
kriṇīmahe
akrīṇīmahi
krīṇāmahai
krīṇīmahi
2
krīṇīdhve
akrīṇīdhvam
krīṇīdhvam
krīṇīdhvam
3
krīṇate
akrīṇata
krīṇatām
krīṇīran
58
59. Perfect paradigms, parasmaipada/active endings
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
dṛś ‘see’
kṛ ‘do’
vac ‘speak’
dhā ‘put’
1
dadarśa dadarśitha
uvaca/ uvāca uvaktha/
dadhau
2
cakara/ cakāra cakartha
dadhitha dadhau
dadhātha/
3
dadarśa
cakāra
uvacitha uvāca
1
dadṛśiva
cakṛva
ūciva
dadhiva
2
dadṛśathuḥ
cakrathuḥ
ūcathuḥ
dadhathuḥ
3
dadṛśatuḥ
cakratuḥ
ūcatuḥ
dadhatuḥ
1
dadṛśima
cakṛma
ūcima
dadhima
2
dadṛśa
cakra
ūca
dadha
3
dadṛśuḥ
cakruḥ
ūcuḥ
dadhuḥ
59
60. Perfect paradigms, ātmanepada/middle endings
Sing.
Dual
Plur.
dṛś ‘see’
kṛ ‘do’
vac ‘speak’
dhā ‘put’
1
dadṛśe
cakre
ūce
dadhe
2
dadṛśiṣe
cakṛṣe
ūciṣe
dadhiṣe
3
dadṛśe
cakre
ūce
dadhe
1
dadṛśivahe
cakṛvahe
ūcivahe
dadhivahe
2
dadṛśāthe
cakrāthe
ūcāthe
dadhāthe
3
dadṛśāte
cakrāte
ūcāte
dadhāte
1
dadṛśimahe
cakṛmahe
ūcimahe
dadhimahe
2
dadṛśidhve
cakṛdhve
ūcidhve
dadhidhve
3
dadṛśire
cakrire
ūcire
dadhire
60
61. Sandhi rules: vowels (a space indicates a word break) Final vowels -a/-ā -ā-ā-e-e-o-o-ar-ai-ai-au-au-
-i/-ī -ya-yā-ī-ī-yu-yū-yṛ-ye-yai-yo-yau-
-u/-ū -va-vā-vi-vī-ū-ū-vṛ-ve-vai-vo-vau-
-ṛ -ra-rā-ri-rī-ru-rū-ṝ-re-rai-ro-rau-
-e -e ‘-a ā-a i-a ī-a u-a ū-a ṛ-a e-a ai-a o-a au-
-ai -ā a-ā ā-ā i-ā ī-ā u-ā ū-ā ṛ-ā e-ā ai-ā o-ā au-
-o -o ‘-a ā-a i-a ī-a u-a ū-a ṛ-a e-a ai-a o-a au-
-au -āva-āvā-āvi-āvī-āvu-āvū-āvṛ-āve-āvai-āvo-āvau-
Initials aāiīuūṛeaioau-
61
62. Sandhi rules: consonants (After Coulson; a hyphen indicates a join) -k -k-g-k-g-k-g-k-g-k-g-ṅ-
-ṭ -ṭ-ḍ-ṭ-ḍ-ṭ-ḍ-ṭ-ḍ-ṭ-ḍ-ṇ-
-t -t-d-c-j-ṭ-ḍ-t-d-t-d-n-
-p -p-b-p-b-p-b-p-b-p-b-m-
Final letter -ṇ -n -ṇ-n-ṇ-n-ṇ-ṃś-ṇ-ñ-ṇ-ṃṣ-ṇ-ṇ-ṇ-ṃs-ṇ-n-ṇ-n-ṇ-n-ṇ-n-
-m -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ
-ḥ/-r -ḥ -r-ś-r-ṣ-r-s-r-ḥ -r-r-
-āḥ -āḥ -ā -āś-ā -āṣ-ā -ās-ā -āḥ -ā -ā
-aḥ -aḥ -o -aś-o -aṣ-o -as-o -aḥ -o -o
Initial k-/khg-/ghc-/chj-/jhṭ -/ ṭhḍ-/ḍht-/thd-/-dh p-/phb-/bhn-/m-
62
Final letter -ṭ -k -t -p -ṇ -n -g-ḍ-d-b-ṇ-n-g-ḍ-d-b-ṇ-n-g-ḍ-l-b-ṇ-ṃl-2 -ṭ- -c(ch)- -p-k-ṇ- -ñ(ś/ch)-ṭ-k-t-p-ṇ-n-g(gh)- -ḍ(ḍh)- -d(dh)- -b(bh)- -ṇ-n3 3 -ṇ/ṇṇ-n/nn-g-ḍ-d-b-ṭ -k -t -p -ṇ -n
-m -ḥ/-r -āḥ -aḥ Initial -ṃ -r-ā -o y-/v1 -ṃ zero -ā -o r-ṃ -r-ā -o l-ṃ -ḥ -āḥ -aḥ ś-ṃ -ḥ -āḥ -aḥ ṣ-/s-ṃ -r-ā -o h-m- -r-ā -a4 vowels -m -ḥ -āḥ -aḥ zero
1. ḥ or r disappears, and if a/ i/ u precedes, this lengthens to ā/ ī/ ū 2. e.g. tān + labhasva = tāṃl labhasva 3. Doubling occurs when the preceding vowel is short. 4. Except that aḥ + a = o ‘/ऽ (avagraha)
63