“Frontmatter”
The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000
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Preface
Purpose The purpose of The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition is to provide in a single volume a ready reference for the practicing engineer in industry, government, and academia. The book in its comprehensive format is divided into twelve sections which encompass the field of electrical engineering. The goal is to provide the most up-to-date information in the classical fields of circuits, signal processing, electronics, electromagnetic fields, energy devices, systems, and electrical effects and devices, while covering the emerging fields of communications, digital devices, computer engineering, systems, and biomedical engineering. In addition, the final section provides a complete compendium of information regarding physical, chemical, and materials data, as well as widely inclusive information on mathematics.
Organization The fundamentals of electrical engineering have evolved to include a wide range of knowledge, substantial empirical data, and a broad range of practice. The focus of the handbook is on the key concepts, models, and equations that enable the electrical engineer to analyze, design, and predict the behavior of complex electrical devices, circuits, instruments, and systems. While data and formulae are summarized, the main focus is the provision of the underlying theories and concepts and the appropriate application of these theories to the field of electrical engineering. Thus, the reader will find the key concepts defined, described, and illustrated in order to serve the needs of the engineer over many years. With equal emphasis on electronics, circuits, power systems, instruments, materials, effects and devices, systems, and control, the engineer should encounter a wide range of concepts and considerable depth of exploration of these concepts as they lead to application and design. The level of conceptual development of each topic is challenging, but tutorial and relatively fundamental. Each article, of which there are more than 200, is written to enlighten the expert, refresh the knowledge of the mature engineer, and educate the novice. The information is organized into twelve major sections. The first eleven sections encompass 118 chapters and the last section summarizes the applicable mathematics, symbols, and physical constants. Each section contains one or more historical vignettes that serve to enliven and illuminate the history of the subject of that section. Furthermore, each section is preceded by a photo of a device, circuit, or system that demonstrates an application illustrative of the material in the section. Each article includes four important and useful categories: defining terms, related topics, references, and further information. Defining terms are key definitions and the first o ccurrence of each term defined is indicated in boldface in the text. The definitions of these terms are summarized as a list at the end of each chapter or article. Related Topics are cross-references to related articles. The related topics are provided at the end of each chapter or article. The references provide a list of useful books and articles for follow-up reading. Finally, further information provides some general and useful sources of additional information on the topic.
Locating Your Topic Numerous avenues of access to information contained in the handbook are provided. A complete table of contents is presented at the front of the book. In addition, an individual table of contents precedes each of the twelve sections. Finally, each chapter begins with its own table of contents. The reader should look over these tables of contents to become familiar with the structure, organization, and content of the book. For example, see Section II: Signal Processing, then Chapter 17: Multidimensional Signal Processing, and then Chapter 17.2: Video Signal Processing. This tree-and-branch table of contents enables the reader to move up the tree to locate information on the topic of interest. Five indexes have been compiled to provide multiple means of accessing information. Three indexes are listed in alphabetical order: (1) subject index, (2) index of basic equations by title or name, and (3) index of contributing authors. The subject index can also be used to locate key definitions. The page on which the definition appears for each key (defining) term is clearly identified in the subject index. Two additional indexes are sequenced by order of appearance: (1) index of key tables of data or information and (2) index of key figures. The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition is designed to provide answers to most inquiries and direct the inquirer to further sources and references. We hope that this handbook will be referred to often and that informational requirements will be satisfied effectively.
Acknowledgments This handbook is testimony to the dedication of the Board of Advisors, the publishers, and my editorial associates. I particularly wish to acknowledge at CRC Press Ron Powers, Publisher; Kristen Peterson, Developmental Editor; and Susan Fox, Senior Project Editor. Finally, I am indebted to the assistance of Sara Hare, who served as editorial assistant.
Richard C. Dorf Editor-in-Chief
Editor-in-Chief
Richard C. Dorf, professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Davis, teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in electrical engineering in the fields of circuits and control systems. He earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, an M.S. from the University of Colorado, and a B.S. from Clarkson University. Highly concerned with the discipline of electrical engineering and its wide value to social and economic needs, he has written and lectured internationally on the contributions and advances in electrical engineering. Professor Dorf has extensive experience with education and industry and is professionally active in the fields of robotics, automation, electric circuits, and communications. He has served as a visiting professor at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Stanford University; and the University of California, Berkeley. A Fellow of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Dr. Dorf is widely known to the profession for his Modern Control Systems, 7th edition (Addison-Wesley, 1995) and The International Encyclopedia of Robotics (Wiley, 1988). Dr. Dorf is also the co-author of Circuits, Devices and Systems (with Ralph Smith), 5th edition (Wiley, 1992) and Electric Currents, 3rd edition (Wiley, 1996).
Advisory Board
Frank Barnes
William Kersting
Richard S. Sandige
University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado
New Mexico State University Las Cruces, New Mexico
University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming
Joseph Bronzino
Vojin Oklobdzia
Leonard Shaw
Trinity College Hartford, Connecticut
University of California, Davis Davis, California
Polytechnic University Brooklyn, New York
Wai-Kai Chen
John V. Oldfield
John W. Steadman
University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois
Syracuse University Syracuse, New York
University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming
Delores Etter
Banmali Rawat
R. Lal Tummala
University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado
University of Nevada Reno, Nevada
Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan
Lyle Feisel State University of New York Binghamton, New York
Contributors M. Abdelguerfi University of New Orleans New Orleans, Louisiana
Samuel O. Agbo California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, California
Ahmed Amin Texas Instruments
R.A. Backer A. Terry Bahill The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona
Inder J. Bahl ITT-Gallium Arsenide Technology Center Roanoke, Virginia
N. Alemadi Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan
Jan P. Allebach Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Braden Allenby Lawrence Livermore National Lab Livermore, California
Kristinn Andersen Marel Corporation Hafnarfjoudur, Iceland
Nick Angelopoulos Gould Shawmut Toronto, Canada
Carl A. Argila Software Engineering Consultant Pico Rivera, California
C.P. Arnold
Norman Balabanian University of Florida Gainesville, Florida
Glen Ballou Ballou Associates Guilford, Connecticut
Brian R. Bannister University of Hull Hull, United Kingdom
Joseph Bannister University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute Marina Del Ray, California
Avram Bar-Cohen
R. Bartnikas Institut de Recherche d’Hydro-Québec Varennes, C anada
Stella N. Batalama SUNY at Buffalo Buffalo, New York
Geoffrey Bate Consultant in Information Storage Technology Los Altos Hills, California
William T. Baumann Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia
John S. Bay Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia
R.A. Becker Integrated Optical Circuit Consultants Cupertino, California
Melvin L. Belcher
University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota
Georgia Tech Research Institute Atlanta, Georgia
Matthew F. Baretich
Peter Bendix
University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand
University Hospital University of Colorado Denver, Colorado
Jos Arrillaga
Allen M. Barnett
LSI Logic Corp. Milpitas, California
John P. Benner
University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand
AstroPower, Inc. Newark, Delaware
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado
Derrick Atherton
Robert Joel Barnett
Edward J. Berbari
University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton, England
Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee
Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana
Ashoka K.S. Bhat
John R. Brews
Allen H. Cherin
University of Victoria Victoria, Canada
The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona
Lucent Technologies Norcross, Georgia
Imran A. Bhutta
William L. Brogan
John Choma, Jr.
RFPP
Theodore A. Bickart Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan
Bill Bitler InfiMed Liverpool, New York
Glenn R. Blackwell Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana
Karen Blades Lawrence Livermore National Lab Livermore, California
Linda Sue Boehmer LSB Technology Clairton, Pennsylvania
Theodore F. Bogart, Jr. University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Martin Bolton Ensigma Ltd. Chepstow, United Kingdom
Bruce W. Bomar University of Tennessee Space Institute Tullahmoa, Tennessee
Anjan Bose Washington State University Pullman, Washington
Bimal K. Bose University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee
N.K. Bose The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania
Charles A. Bouman Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana
Joseph Boykin Clarion Advanced Storage South Borough, Massachusetts
University of Nevada Las Vegas, Nevada
University of Southern California Los Angeles, California
Joseph D. Bronzino
Mo-Yuen Chow
Trinity College Hartford, Connecticut
North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina
Marcia A. Bush
Michael D. Ciletti
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Palo Alto, California
University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado
Doug Burger
Gerlad A. Clapp
University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin
James A. Cadzow Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee
Gordon L. Carpenter California State University Long Beach, California
Bill D. Carroll The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, Texas
G. Clifforn Carter NUWC Detachment New London, Connecticut
Shu-Park Chan International Technological University Santa Clara, California
Rulph Chassaing Roger Williams University Bristol, Rhode Island
Willam Check GE Spacenet McLean, Virginia
Kao Chen Carlson Consulting Engineers San Diego, California
Mo-Shing Chen
Naval Command Control and Ocean Surveillance Center San Diego, California
Almon H. Clegg Cci Rockaway, New Jersey
J.R. Cogdell The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas
Richard C. Compton Cornell University Ithaca, New York
George E. Cook Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee
J. Arlin Cooper Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico
Timothy J. Coutts National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado
Thomas M. Cover Stanford University Stanford, California
Edward W. Czeck Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts
University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, Texas
John N. Daigle
Sue-Ling Chen
Thomas E. Darcie
Allied Signal Falls Church, Virginia
Joe E. Brewer
Wai-Kai Chen
Northrop Grumman Corp. Baltimore, Maryland
University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois
University of Mississippi
At&T Bell Laboratories Holmdel, New Jersey
Larry S. Darken Oxford Instruments Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Fred Daum
Gerald W. Farnell
Gennady Sh. Gildenblat
Raytheon Company Marlborough, Massachusetts
McGill University Montreal, Canada
The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvaina
Kevin A. Delin
James M. Feldman
Jet Propulsion Lab Pasadena, California
Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts
Jay C. Giri
Edward J. Delp
Tse-yun Feng
Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana
The Pennsylvania State University State College, Pennsylvania
Kenneth Demarest
J. Patrick Fitch
University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California
Bülent I. Dervisoglu Hewlett Packard Mountain View, California
Allan Dewey Duke University Durham, North Carolina
Daniel F. DiFonzo Planar Communications Corporation Rockville, Maryland
Dennis F. Doelitzsch 3-D Communications Corporation Marion, Illinois
Robert C. Durbeck IBM Corporation (retired) San Jose, California
Alexander C. Ehrlich U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Washington, D.C.
Mohamed E. El-Hawary Technical University of Nova Scotia Halifax, Nova Scotia
Aicha Elshabini-Riad
Martin D. Fox University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut
Larry A. Franks Sandia National Laboratory Livermore, California
James F. Frenzel University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho
Leon A. Frizzell University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois
Jesse W. Fussell Department of Defense Fort Meade, Maryland
Yuqing Gao IBM, T.J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, New York
Donald Galler MIT Cambridge, Massachusettts
Cegelec ESCA Corporation Bellevue, Washington
J. Duncan Glover Failure Analysis Associates Framingham, Massachusetts
Oded Goldreich Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
James Richard Goodman University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin
Peter J. Graham Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida
L. L. Grigsby Auburn University Auburn, Alabama
Charles A. Gross Auburn University Auburn, Alabama
R.B. Gungor University of South Alabama Mobile, Alabama
Chris G. Guy University of Reading Reading, United Kingdom
V. Carl Hamacher Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada
A.P. Hanson
Viginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia
Susan A.R. Garrod Purdue University West Lafayette, ndiana
Auburn University Auburn, Alabama
Yariv Ephraim
L.A. Geddes
Royce D. Harbor
George Mason University Fairfax, Virgnia
R. Eskicioglu University of New Olreans New Orleans, Lousiana
Delores M. Etter University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado
K.F. Etzold IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, New York
Purdue University Lafayette, Indiana
Boris Gelmont University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia
Mario Gerla University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California
Jerry D. Gibson Texas A&M University College Station, Texas
University of West Florida Pensacola, Florida
Gary L. Hawke Unversity of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas
Jeff Hecht Laser Focus World Auburndale, Massachusetts
Lealand H. Hemming McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems Mesa, Arizona
H. Scott Hinton
Randy H. Katz
Dhammika Kurumbalapitiya
University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado
University of California Berkeley, California
Harvey Mudd College Claremont, California
Conrad H. Hoeppner
Myron Kayton
Juang-Chung Lai
The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland
Kayton Engineering Co. Santa Monical, California
S. Ratnajeevan H. Hoole
Dmimitri Kazakos
Harvey Mudd College Claremont, California
University of Southwestern Louisiana Lafayette, Louisiana
Manfred N. Huber
Lawrence L. Kazmerski
Siemens Munich, Germany
Jeffy L. Hudgins University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina
J. David Irwin Auburn University Auburn, Alabama
Raymond G. Jacquot University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming
Ralph B. James Sandia National Laboratories Livermore, California
W. Kenneth Jenkins University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois
Christopher P. Jobling University of Wales Swansea, Wales
Barry W. Johnson University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia
David E. Johnson Birmingham-Southern College Birmingham, Alabama
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Newark, Delaware
E.J. Kennedy University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee
Michael Peter Kennedy University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
William H. Kersting New Mexico State University Las Cruces, new Mexico
William J. Kerwin The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona
Nicholas J. Kolias Raytheon Company Andover, Massachusetts
Géza Kolumbán Technical University of Budapest Budapest, Hungary
Jin Au Kong Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts
University of California, Davis Davis, California
Gordon K.F. Lee North Carloina State University Raleigh, North Carolina
Peter A. Lee Department of Trade and Industry London, Elngland
William C.Y. Lee AirTouch Communications Walnut Creek, California
Cornelius T. Leondes University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California
Ted G. Lewis Naval Postgraduate School Montery, California
Jay Liebowitz George Washington University Washington, D.C.
Jefferson F. Lindsey III
Chen-Ching Liu
Allan D. Kraus
University of Washington Seattle, Washington
Mark H. Kryder
Capers Jones
Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Software Productivity Research, Inc. Burlington, Massachusetts
Luis G. Kun
Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona
Ty A. Lasky
University of Missouri-Rolla Rolla, Missouri
University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
George G. Karady
Motorola, Inc. Plantation, Florida
Lurt L. Kosbar
Philip L. Johnson
AT&T Bell Laboratories Holmdel, New Jersey
Pradeep Lall
Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Carbondale, Illinois
Allan D. Kraus Associates Pacific Grove, California
Ivan P. Kaminow
University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, Texas
Center for Information Technology/AHCPR Rockville, Maryland
Benjamin C. Kuo University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois
David C. Look Wright State University Dayton, Ohio
Carl Grant Looney University of Nevada Reno, Nevada
Raymond Luebbers Penn State University University Park, Pennsylvania
Steven L. Maddy SpectraLink Corp. Boulder, Colorado
Donald C. Malocha
James E. Morris
Keshab K. Parhi
University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida
State University of New York Binghamton, New York
University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota
Giridhar D. Mandyam
Gregory L. Moss
Nokia Research Center Irving, Texas
Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana
Harold G. Parks
Masud Mansuripur
Wayne Needham
University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona
Intel Corporation Chandler, Arizona
Robert J. Marks II
P.S. Neelakanta
University of Washington Seattle, Washington
Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida
André Martin
Josh T. Nessmith
Hughes Display Products Lexington, Kentucky
Georgia Research Institute Atlanta, Georgia
Johannes J. Martin
Paul Neudorfer
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia
University of New Orleans New Orleans, Louisana
Seattle University Seattle, Washington
Michael Picheny
Daniel A. Martinec
Michael R. Neuman
Aeronautical Radio, Inc. Annapolis, Maryland
Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio
IBM, T.J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, New York
Robert E. Massara
Robert E. Newnham
University of Essex Colchester, Essex, United Kingdon
Penn State University University Park, Pennsylvania
Kartikeya Mayaram
Norman S. Nise
Washington State University Pullman, Washington
California State Polytech University Pomona, California
Stan McClellan
Nicholas G. Odrey
University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama
Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
John E. McInroy
Vojin G. Oklobdzija
Unviersity of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming
University of California, Davis Davis, California
Duane McRuer
John V. Oldfield
Systems Technology, Inc. Hawthorne, California
Syracuse University Syracuse, New York
Sanjay K. Mehta
Chee-Mun Ong
NUWE Detachment New London, Connecticut
Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana
Miran Milkovic
Terry P. Orlando
Analog Technology Consultant s Alpharetta, Georgia
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts
Brown University Providence, Rhode Island
Edmund K. Miller
Mil Ovan
W. David Pricer
Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico
Motorola, Inc. Arlington Heights, Illinois
IBM Essex Junction, Vermont
L.B. Milstein
Joseph C. Palais
Jose C. Principe
University of California San Diego, California
Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona
University of Florida Gainesville, Florida
The University of Arizona, Tucson Tucson, Arizona
Clayton R. Paul University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky
Michael Pecht University of Maryland College Park, Maryland
Arun G. Phadke
Charles L. Phillips Auburn University Auburn, Alabama
S. Unnikrishna Pillai Polytechnic University Brooklyn, New York
Charles Polk University of Rhode Island Kingston, Rhode Island
H. Vincent Poor Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey
Alexander D. Poularikas University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville, Alabama
David M. Pozar University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts
Franco P. Preparata
Yuan Pu
Peter H. Rogers
Solomon Sherr
Applied Materials
Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia
Westland Electronics Old Chatham, New York
J. Gregory Rollins
Theodore I. Shim
Sarah A. Rajala North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina
Conor Rafferty Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technology Murry Hill, New Jersey
S. Rajaram Lucent Technologies Piscataway, New Jersey
Kaushik Rajashekara
Technology Modeling Associates Inc. Sunnyvale, California
John M. Roman Telematics Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
Evelyn P. Rozanski Rocherster Institute of Technology Rochester, New York
Delphi Energy & Engineering Management System Indianapolis, Indiana
Marcos Rubinstein
Bhuvana Ramabhadran
Matthew N.O. Sadiku
IBM, T.J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, New York
Temple University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
R. Ramakumar
Andrew P. Sage
Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma
George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia
Abdul Hamid Rana
Stanley Salek
GE LogistiCom
Hammett & Edison, Inc. San Francisco, California
Banmali S. Rawat University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada
Jacques Raymond Ottawa University Ottawa, Canada
J. Patrick Reilly Metatec Associates Silver Spring, Maryland
C. Magnus Rimvall F.L. Smith & Co. Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark
Thomas G. Robertazzi
Swiss PTT Bern, Switzerland
Ricardo S. Sánchez Peña University of Buenos Aires Argentina
Richard S. Sandige University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming
C. Sankaran Electro-Test Seattle, Washington
R.A. Schlueter Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan
State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York
John L. Schmalzel
Charles J. Robinson
Juergen Schroeter
Louisiana Tech University Overton Brooks VA Medical Center Ruston, Louisiana
Richard B. Robrock II Bell Communications Research Piscataway, New Jersey
Martin S. Roden California State University Los Angeles, California
Rowan University Glassboro, New Jersey Acoustics Research Department AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey
Micaela Serra University of Victoria Victoria, Canada
Leonard Shaw Polytechnic University Brooklyn, New York
Polytechnic University Brooklyn, New York
L.H. Sibul The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania
M.K. Simon Jet Propulsion Laboratory
L. Montgomery Smith University of Tennessee Space Institute Tullahoma, Tennessee
Rosemary L. Smith University of California, Davis Davis, California
William M. Smith University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
Sidney Soclof California Stte University Los Angeles, California
Gurindar S. Sohi University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin
René Speé Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon
Cary R. Spitzer AvioniCon Inc. Williamsburg, Virginia
K. Neil Stanton Stanton Associates Bellevue, Washington
John Staudhammer University of Florida Gainesville, Florida
J.W. Steadman University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming
Michael B. Steer North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina
F.W. Stephenson Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia
Elias G. Strangas
Robert J. Trew
Roger W. Whatmore
Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan
Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio
V. Sundar
C.W. Trowbridge
Cranfield University Cranfield, Bedfordshire, United Kingdon
The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania
Vector Fields, Ltd. Oxford, England
Witold Suryn
R. Lal Tummala
Gemplus Quebec, Canada
James A. Svoboda Clarkson University Pottsdam, New York
David Sworder University of California, San Diego San Diego, California
Mario Sznaier Pennsylvania State University — University Park University Park, Pennsylvania
Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan University of Florida Gainesville, Florida
B.M. Wilamowski
Vichate Ungvichian
University of Wyoming laramie, Wyoming
Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida
Michel Veillette Gemplus Quebec, Canada
Sergio Verdu
The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona
Zvonko G. Vranesic
Ronald J. Tallarida
University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Temple University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Khoi Tien Vu
Stuart K. Tewksbury West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia
Rao S. Thallam Salt River Project Phoenix, Arizona
Joy A. Thomas IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Hawthorne, New York
Richard F. Tinder Washington State University Pullman, Washington
Spyros Tragoudas Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Carbondale, Illinois
William H. Tranter University of Missouri-Rolla Rolla, Missouri
Donald G. Whitehead
Martin A. Uman
Ferenc Szidarovszky
Lucent Technologies India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India
Technical Press Morgan Hill, California
University of Hull Hull, United Kingdom
Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey
Basant K. Tariyal
Jerry Whitaker
Lynn D. Wilcox FX Palo Alto Lab Palo Alto, California
James C. Wiltse Georgia Tech Institute Spartanburg, South Carolina
Phillip J. Windley Brigham Young University Provo, Utah
Wayne Wolf
ABB Transmission Technical Institute Raleigh, North Carolina
Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey
John V. Wait
David Young
The University of Arizona (retired) Tucson, Arizona
Alan K. Wallace Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon
Zhen Wan University of California, Davis Davis, California
Rockwell Semiconductor Systems Newport Beach, California
Yixin Yu Tianjin University Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
Safwat G. Zaky University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Laurence S. Watkins Lucent Technologies Princeton, New Jersey
Joseph Watson University of Wales, Swansea Swansea, United Kingdom
N.R. Watson University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand
Larry F. Weber Plasmaco, subsidiary of Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Highland, New York
Mehdi R. Zargham Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Carbondale, Illinois
Ya-Qin Zhang Microsoft Research, China Cranbury, New Jersey
Rodger E. Ziemer University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Colorado Springs, Colorado
Contents
SECTION I Circuits Introduction
1
Passive Components 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
2
Resistors Michael Pecht and Pradeep Lall Capacitors and Inductors Glen Ballou Transformers C. Sankaran Electrical Fuses Nick Angelopoulos
Voltage and Current Sources 2.1 2.2 2.3
3
Shu-Park Chan
Step, Impulse, Ramp, Sinusoidal, Exponential, and DC Signals Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan Ideal and Practical Sources Clayton R. Paul Controlled Sources J. R. Cogdell
Linear Circuit Analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
Voltage and Current Laws Michael D. Ciletti Node and Mesh Analysis J. David Irwin Network Theorems Allan D. Kraus Power and Energy Norman Balabanian and Theodore A. Bickart Three-Phase Circuits Norman Balabanian Graph Theory Shu-Park Chan Two-Port Parameters and Transformations Norman S. Nise
4
Passive Signal Processing William J. Kerwin
5
Nonlinear Circuits 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
6
Diodes and Rectifiers Jerry L. Hudgins Limiters Theodore F. Bogart, Jr. Distortion Kartikeya Mayaram Communicating with Chaos Michael Peter Kennedy and Géza Kolumbán
Laplace Transform 6.1 6.2
Definitions and Properties Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan Applications David E. Johnson
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
State Variables: Concept and Formulation The z-Transform
Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan
T-Π Equivalent Networks
Zhen Wan and Richard C. Dorf
Transfer Functions of Filters Frequency Response Stability Analysis
Wai-Kai Chen
Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan
Paul Neudorfer
Ferenc Szidarovsky and A. Terry Bahill
Computer Software for Circuit Analysis and Design 13.1 Analog Circuit Simulation J. Gregory Rollins 13.2 Parameter Extraction for Analog Circuit Simulation
Peter Bendix
SECTION II Signal Processing Introduction
14
Delores M. Etter
Digital Signal Processing 14.1 Fourier Transforms W. Kenneth Jenkins 14.2 Fourier Transforms and Fast Fourier Transform 14.3 Design and Implementation of Digital Filters Bruce W. Bomar and L. Montgomery Smith 14.4 Signal Restoration James A. Cadzow
15
Speech Signal Processing 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5
16
Alexander D. Poularika s
Coding, Transmission, and Storage Stan McClellan and Jerry D. Gibson Speech Enhancement and Noise Reduction Yariv Epharim Analysis and Synthesis Jesse W. Fussell Speech Recognition Lynn D. Wilcox and Marcia A. Bush Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition Yuqing Gao, Bhuvana Ramabhadran, Michael Picheny
Spectral Estimation and Modeling 16.1 Spectral Analysis S. Unnikrishna Pillai and Theodore I. Shim 16.2 Parameter Estimation Stella N. Batalama and Dimitri Kazakos 16.3 Kalman Filtering Fred Daum
17
Multidimensional Signal Processing 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5
18
Digital Image Processing Edward J. Delp, Jan Allebach, and Charles A. Bouman Video Signal Processing Sarah A. Rajala Sensor Array Processing N. K. Bose and L. H. Sibul Video Processing Architectures Wayne Wolf MPEG-4 Based Multimedia Information System Ya-Qin Zhang
VLSI for Signal Processing 18.1 Special Architectures Keshab K. Parhi 18.2 Signal Processing Chips and Applications Rulph Chassaing and Bill Bitler
19
Acoustic Signal Processing 18.1 Digital Signal Processing in Audio and Electroacoustics Juergen Schroeter 18.2 Underwater Acoustical Signal Processing Sanjay K. Mehta and G. Clifford Carter
20
Artificial Neural Networks Jos e C. Princ ipe
21
Computing Environments for Digital Signal Processing
Delores M. Etter
SECTION III Electronics Introduction
22
John W. Steadman
Semiconductors 22.1 Physical Properties Gennady Sh. Gildenblat and Boris Gelmont 22.2 Diodes Miram Milkovic 22.3 Electrical Equivalent Circuit Models and Device Simulators for Semiconductor Devices Aicha Elshabini-Riad, F. W. Stephenson, and Imran A. Bhutta 22.4 Electrical Characterization of Semiconductors David C. Look
23
Semiconductor Manufacturing 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4
24
Processes Harold G. Parks Testing Wayne Needham Electrical Characterization of Interconnections S. Rajaram Process Modeling and Simulation Conor Rafferty
Transistors 24.1 Junction Field-Effect Transistors Sidney Soclof 24.2 Bipolar Transistors Joseph Watson 24.3 The Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) John R. Brews
25
Integrated Circuits 25.1 Integrated Circuit Technology Joe E. Brewer 25.2 Layout, Placement, and Routing Mehdi R. Zargham and Spyros Tragoudas 25.3 Application-Specific Integrated Circuits Stuart Tewksbury
26
Surface Mount Technology Glenn R. Blackwell
27
Operational Amplifiers 27.1 Ideal and Practical Models E. J. Kennedy 27.2 Applications John V. Wait
28
Amplifiers 28.1 Large Signal Analysis Gordon L. Carpenter 28.2 Small Signal Analysis John Choma, Jr.
29
Active Filters 29.1 Synthesis of Low-Pass Forms Robert E. Massara 29.2 Realization J. W. Steadman and B. M. Wilamowski 29.3 Generalized Impedance Convertors and Simulated Impedances James A. Svoboda
30
Power Electronics 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4
Power Semiconductor Devices Kaushik Rajashekara Power Conversion Kaushik Rajashekara Power Supplies Ashoka K. S. Bhat Converter Control of Machines Bimal K. Bose
31
Optoelectronics 31.1 Lasers Jeff Hecht 31.2 Sources and Detectors 31.3 Circuits R. A. Becker
Laurence S. Watkins
32
D/A and A/D Converters
33
Thermal Management of Electronics
34
Digital and Analog Electronic Design Automation
Susan A. R. Garrod Avram Bar-Cohen Allen Dewey
SECTION IV Electromagnetics Introduction
Banmali S. Rawat
35
Electromagnetic Fields Jin Au Kong
36
Magnetism and Magnetic Fields 36.1 Magnetism Geoffrey Bate 36.2 Magnetic Recording Mark H. Kryder
37
Wave Propagation 37.1 Space Propagation Matthew N. O. Sadiku 37.2 Waveguides Kenneth Demarest
38
Antennas 38.1 Wire N. J. Kolias and R. C. Compton 38.2 Aperture J. Patrick Fitch 38.3 Microstrip Antennas David M. Pozar
39
Microwave Dev ices 39.1 Passive Microwave Devices Michael B. Steer 39.2 Active Microwave Devices Robert J. Trew
40
Compatibility 40.1 Grounding, Shielding, and Filtering Leland H. Hemming 40.2 Spectrum, Specifications, and Measurement Techniques Vichate Ungvichian and John M. Roman 40.3 Lightning Martin Uman and Marcos Rubinstein
41
Radar 41.1 Pulse Radar Melvin L. Belcher and Josh T. Nessmith 41.2 Continuous Wave Radar James C. Wiltse
42
Lightwave 42.1 Lightwave Waveguides Samuel O. Agbo 42.2 Optical Fibers and Cables Allen H. Cherin and Basant K. Tariyal
43
Solid State Circuits
44
Three-Dimensional Analysis
45
Computational Electromagnetics
I. J. Bahl C. W. Trowbridge E. K. Miller
SECTION V Electrical Effects and Devices Introduction
Lyle D. Feisel
46
Electroacoustic Devices
47
Surface Acoustic Wave Filters
48
Ultrasound
49
Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials
50
Electrostriction
51
Piezoresistivity Ahmed Amin
52
The Hall Effect
53
Superconductivity Kevin A. Delin and Terry P. Orlando
54
Pyroelectric Materials and Devices
55
Dielectrics and Insulators
56
Sensors
57
Magnetooptics
58
Smart Materials
Peter H. Rogers Donald C. Malocha
Gerald W. Farnell K. F. Etzold
V. Sundar and R. E. Newnham
Alexander C. Ehrlich
Roger W. Whatmore
R. Bartnikas
Rosemary L. Smith David Young and Yuan Pu P. S. Neelakanta
SECTION VI Energy Introduction
William H. Kersting
59
Conventional Power Generation
60
Power Systems and Generation
George G. Karady
60.1 Distributed Power Generation R. Ramakumar 60.2 Photovoltaic Solar Cells Allen M. Barnett and Lawrence L. Kazmerski 60.3 Thermophotovoltaics John P. Benner and Timothy J. Coutts
61
Transmission 61.1 Alternating Current Overhead: Line Parameters, Models, Standard Voltages, Insulators Mo-Shing Chen 61.2 Alternating Current Underground: Line Parameters, Models, Standard Voltages, Cables Mo-Shing Chen and K. C. Lai 61.3 High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission Rao S. Thallam 61.4 Compensation Mohamed E. El-Hawary 61.5 Fault Analysis in Power Systems Charles Gross 61.6 Protection Arun G. Phadke
61.7 Transient Operation of Power Systems 61.8 Planning J. Duncan Glover
62
Power Quality Jos Arr illaga
63
Power Systems
R. B. Gungor
63.1 Power System Analysis L.L. Grigsby and A.P. Hanson 63.2 Voltage Instability R.A. Schlueter and N. Alemadi
64
Power Transformers
Charles A. Gross
65
Energy Distribution
George G. Karady
66
Electrical Machines 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.4
Generators Chen-Ching Liu, Khoi Tien Vu, and Yixin Yu Motors Donald Galler Small Electric Motors Elias G. Strangas Simulation of Electric Machinery Chee-Mun Ong
67
Energy Management
68
Power System Analysis Software
K. Neil Stanton, Jay C. Giri, and Anjan Bose C. P. Arnold and N. R. Watson
SECTION VII Communications Introduction
69
Broadcasting 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 69.5
70
Leonard Shaw
Modulationa nd Demodulation Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan Radio Broadcasting Jefferson F. Lindsey III and Dennis F. Doelitzsch Television Systems Jerry Whitaker High-Definition Television Martin S. Roden Digital Audio Broadcasting Stanley Salek and Almon H. Clegg
Digital Communication 70.1 Error Control Coding Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan 70.2 Equalization Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan 70.3 Spread Spectrum Communications L. B. Milstein and M. K. Simon
71
Optical Communication 71.1 Lightwave Technology for Video Transmission T. E. Darcie 71.2 Long Distance Fiber Optic Communications Joseph C. Palais 71.3 Photonic Networks Ivan P. Kaminow
72
Networks 72.1 72.2 72.3 72.4
73
B-ISDN Manfred N. Huber Computer Communications Networks J. N. Daigle Local-Area Networks Joseph Bannister and Mario Gerla The Intelligent Network Richard B. Robrock II
Information Theory 73.1 Signal Detection H. Vincent Poor 73.2 Noise Carl G. Looney
73.3 73.4 73.5 73.6
Stochastic Processes Carl G. Looney The Sampling Theorem R. J. Marks II Channel Capacity Sergio Verdú Data Compression Joy A. Thomas and Thomas M. Cover
74
Satellites and Aerospace
75
Personal and Office 75.1 75.2 75.3 75.4
Daniel F. DiFonzo
Mobile Radio and Cellular Communications William C. Y. Lee Facsimile Rodger E. Ziemer Wireless Local-Area Networks for the 1990s Mil Ovan Wireless PCS Giridhar D. Mandyam
76
Phase-Locked Loop
77
Telemetry Conrad H. Hoeppner
78
Computer-Aided Design and Analysis of Communication Systems
Steven L. Maddy
William H. Tranter and Kurt L. Kosbar
SECTION VIII Digital Devices Introduction
79
Logic Elements 79.1 79.2 79.3 79.4
80
Integrated Circuits (RAM, ROM) W. David Pricer Basic Disk System Architectures Randy H. Katz Magnetic Tape Peter A. Lee Magneto-Optical Disk Data Storage M. Mansuripur
Logical Devices 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 81.5
82
IC Logic Family Operation and Characteristics Gregory L. Moss Logic Gates (IC) Peter Graham Bistable Devices Richard S. Sandige Optical Devices H. S. Hinton
Memory Devices 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4
81
Richard S. Sandige
Combinational Networks and Switching Algebra Franco P. Preparata Logic Circuits Richard S. Sandige Registers and Their Applications B. R. Bannister and D. G. Whitehead Programmable Arrays Martin Bolton Arithmetic Logic Units Bill D. Carroll
Microprocessors 82.1 Practical Microprocessors John Staudhammer and Sue-Ling Chen 82.2 Applications Phillip J. Windley and James F. Frenzel
83
Displays 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4
Light-Emitting Diodes James E. Morris Liquid-Crystal Diodes James E. Morris The Cathode Ray Tube André Martin Color Plasma Displays Larry F. Weber
84
Data Acquisition
85
Testing
Dhammika Kurumbalaptitiya and S. Ratnajeevan H. Hoole
85.1 Digital IC Testing Micaela Serra 85.2 Design for Test Bulent I. Dervisoglu
SECTION IX Computer Engineering Introduction
86
Organization 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4
87
John V. Oldfield and Vojin G. Oklobdzija
Number Systems Richard F. Tinder Computer Arithmetic Vojin G. Oklobdzija Architecture V. Carl Hamacher, Zvonko G. Vranesic, and Safwat G. Zaky Microprogramming Jacques Raymond
Programming 87.1 87.2 87.3
Assembly Language James M. Feldman and Edward W. Czeck High-Level Languages Ted G. Lewis Data Types and Data Structures Johannes J. Martin
88
Memory Systems
89
Input and Output 89.1 89.2 89.3
90
Doug Burger, James R. Goodman, and Gurindar S. Sohi
Input Devices Solomon Sherr Computer Output Printer Technologies Robert C. Durbeck Smart Cards Witold Suryn and Michel Veillette
Software Engineering 90.1 90.2 90.3
Tools and Techniques Carl A. Argila Testing, Debugging, and Verification Capers Jones Programming Methodology Johannes J. Martin
91
Computer Graphics
Evelyn P. Rozanski
92
Computer Networks
Thomas G. Robertzaai
93
Fault Tolerance
94
Knowledge Engineering 94.1 94.2
Barry W. Johnson
Databases M. Abdelguerfi and R. Eskicioglu Rule-Based Expert Systems Jay Liebowitz
95
Parallel Processors
96
Operating Systems Jos eph Boy kin
97
Computer Security and Cryptography 97.1 97.2
Tse-yun Feng
Computer and Communications Security J. Arl in Coo per Fundamentals of Cryptography Oded Goldreich
98
Computer Reliability Chris G. Guy
99
The Internet and Its Role in the Future
Gary L. Hawke
SECTION X Systems Introduction
100
Control Systems 100.1 100.2 100.3 100.4 100.5 100.6 100.7 100.8 100.9
101
R. Lal Tummala
Models William L. Brogan Dynamic Response Gordon K. F. Lee Frequency Response Methods: Bode Diagram Approach Andrew P. Sage Root Locus Benjamin C. Kuo Compensation Charles L. Phillips and Royce D. Harbor Digital Control Systems Raymond G. Jacquot and John E. McInroy Nonlinear Control Systems Derek P. Atherton Optimal Control and Estimation John S. Bay and William T. Baumann Neural Control Mo-Yuen Chow
Robotics 101.1 Robot Configuration Ty A. Lasky and Tien C. Hsia 101.2 Dynamics and Control R. Lal Tummala 101.3 Applications Nicholas Odrey
102
Aerospace Systems 102.1 Avionics Systems Cary R. Spitzer, Daniel A. Martinec, and Cornelius T. Leondes 102.2 Communications Satellite Systems: Applications Abdul Hamid Rana and William Check
103
Command, Control, and Communications (C 3) G. Clapp and D. Sworder
104
Industrial Systems 104.1 Welding and Bonding George E. Cook, Kristinn Andersen, and Robert Joel Barnett 104.2 Large Drives Alan K. Wallace and René Spée 104.3 Robust Systems Mario Sznaier and Ricardo S. Sánchez Peña
105
Man-Machine Systems
106
Vehicular Systems
107
Industrial Illuminating Systems
108
Instruments John L. Schma lze l
109
Navigation Systems
110
Reliability Engineering
Duane McRuer
Linda Sue Boehmer Kao Chen
Myron Kayton R. Rama Kumar
111
Environmental Effects
112
Computer-Aided Control Systems Design
Karen Blades and Braden Allenby
C. Magnus Rimvall and Christopher P. Jobling
SECTION XI Biomedical Systems Introduction
113
Joseph D. Bronzino
Bioelectricity 113.1 Neuroelectric Principles J. Patrick Reilly 113.2 Bioelectric Events L. A. Geddes 113.3 Application of Electric and Magnetic Fields in Bone and Soft Tissue Repair C. Polk
114
Biomedical Sensors
115
Bioelectronics and Instruments
Michael R. Neuman
115.1 The Electroencephalogram Joseph D. Bronzino 115.2 The Electrocardiograph Edward J. Berbari 115.3 Pacemakers/Implantable Defibrillators Philip L. Johnson and William M. Smith
116
Medical Imaging 116.1 Tomography M. D. Fox 116.2 Ultrasound Leon A. Frizzell 116.3 Semiconductor Detectors for Radiation Measurements Larry S. Darken and Ralph B. James
117
Biocomputing 117.1 Clinical Information Systems Luis Kun 117.2 Hospital Information Systems Matthew F. Baretich
118
Computer Design for Biomedical Applications
119
Rehabilitation Engineering, Science, and Technology 119.1 119.2 119.3 119.4 119.5 119.6
Raymond Luebbers
Rehabilitation Concepts Engineering Concepts in Sensory Rehabilitation Engineering Concepts in Motor Rehabilitation Engineering Concepts in Communications Disorders Appropriate Technology The Future of Engineering in Rehabilitation
SECTION XII Mathematics, Symbols, and Physical Constants Introduction
Ronald J. Tallarida
Greek Alphabet International System of Units (SI) Conversion Constants and Multipliers
Physical Constants Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities
Associations and Societies
