^gi @kvi @ucdtkfcs f` m Hmwyir - Mrtgur ^ Pmcnirakht Dgmptir Cftis ay Ybm Ofpmh*
Mafut tgi Mutgfr< Mrtgur ^. Pmcnirakht =
ormnumtin `rfb _ishiymc Yckvirskty kc =;=:. Gi wms m stunict himnir mt _ishiymc. Gi tgic wict tf dfbphiti gks H.H.A niorii `rfb Dfhubakm Hmw sdgffh kc =;=4. Gi prmdtksin hmw prkvmtihy `rfb =;=4 tf =;>? mcn mhsf tffe ckogt sdgffh dhmssis mt Ciw [fre Yckvirskty ms m `uhh tkbi `mduhty. Gi sirv sirvin in ms tgi tgi nimc nimc f` tgi tgi hmw hmw sdgf sdgffh fh.. Gi tmuo tmuogt gt cimr cimrhy hy ivir iviry y dfur dfursi si kc tgi tgi durr durrkdu kduhu hub, b, puah puahksg ksgin in gucn gucnri rins ns f` mrtkd mrtkdhi hiss kc hiom hiomhh pirkf pirkfnk nkdmh dmhs, s, mcn mcn frko frkokc kcmt mtin in cubirf cubirfus us knims knims kc hiomh hiomh inudmtk inudmtkfc fc tgmt tgmt arfuog arfuogtt risimrdg risimrdg,, timdgk timdgkco, co, prmdtkd prmdtkdi, i, mcn 1 dfctkcu dfctkcukco kco inudmtk inudmtkfc fc tfoitgi tfoitgir. r. Gi wms Mbirkdm Mbirkdmc c Amr Mssfdkmt Mssfdkmtkfc kfc himnir, himnir, m hiomh hiomh ri`frbkst mcn prfpfcict f` dfurt bfnirckzmtkfc, Kc tgi mutubc f` =;>?, gi aidmbi tgi Dgki` Lustkdi f` tgi Ciw Lirsiy 4 Tupribi Dfurt, uctkh gks sunnic nimtg kc =;9?. Giri Giri gi arfu arfuog ogtt kc bmcy bmcy ri`f ri`frbs rbs mcn mcn rivm rivmbp bpin in tgi tgi stmti stmti dfur dfurtt systi systib b `rfb `rfb tgi tgi afttfb up, tkrihisshy wfrekco tfwmrns kt, kc spkti s pkti f` `mdkco stk`` fppfsktkfc.
Mcftgir futstmcnkco mdgkivibict wms Mrtgur Pmcnirakht's i``frt kc tgi ri-frkokcmtkfc f` tgi tgi bfni bfnirc rc hmw hmw dict dictri ri ms m phmd phmdii wgir wgirii sdgfh sdgfhmr mrs, s, luno lunois, is, prmdt prmdtksk kskco co hmwyi hmwyirs, rs, auskcissbic mcn hmafur himnirs dfuhn dfhhmafrmti fc tgi orimt prfahibs f` tgi nmy. Gi arfuogt tgi Hmw Tdgffh fut f` ksfhmtkfc5 gi ridfockzin kts fahkomtkfc cft fchy tf timd timdg g hmw hmw aut aut tf mkn mkn kc tgi tgi dfct dfctkc kcuk ukco co inud inudmt mtkf kfc c f` tgi tgi amr amr mcn mcn tf icom icomoi oi kc df-fpirmtkvi prflidts f` ri`frbkco mcn skbphk`ykco hmw.
Tubbmry
Mnnrisskco tgi nihiomtis kc tgi biitkco f` tgi Mbirkdmc Hmw stunict mssfdkmtkfc, kc fci fci f` gks spii spiidg dgis is,, Pmcn Pmcnir irak akht ht trki trkin n tf mwmei mwmeic c tgi tgi dfcs dfcsdk dkic icdi di f` yfuco fuco hmw hmw stunict stunicts, s, futhkc futhkckco kco tgi `kvi `kvi issictk issictkmh mh `ucdtk `ucdtkfcs fcs f` orimt orimt hmwyir hmwyirs, s, wgkdg wgkdg kcdhun kcdhunin in dfucsi dfucsihkco hkco,, mnvfdm mnvfdmdy, dy, kbprfv kbprfvkco kco tgi prf`iss prf`isskfc kfc (kcdhu (kcdhunkc nkco o tgi dfurts dfurts mcn tgi hmw ktsih`) ktsih`),, himnir himnirsgkp sgkp kc omrcir omrcirkco kco puahkd puahkd fpkckf fpkckfc c mcn tgi ucsih` ucsih`ksg ksg gfhnkc gfhnkco o f` puahkd puahkd f``kdi. Gi uroin tgi hmwyirs cft tf ciohidt tgi tgrii hmttir `ucdtkfcs, kc pursukt f` tgi `krst `krst twf `fr tgikr tgikr dhkicts. dhkicts. Gi mhsf mnvfdmt mnvfdmtin in mcn suooisti suooistin n tgi bimcs tf mdgkiv mdgkivii lunkdkmh ri`frbs. ^gks mnnriss wms okvic wgic gi wms tgi Dgki` Lustkdi f` tgi Ciw Lirsiy Tupribi Dfurt. k s m afrc hmwyir, kt‛s cft m ok`t f` Ofns. Kt ks mc mrt Gi aihkivin tgmt cf stunict f` hmw ks tgmt bust ai himrct mt tgi Hmw sdgffh, wgiri tgi hmw sdgffh bust cft fchy timdg ‗wgf‛ mcn ‗wgy‛ aut mhsf tgi ‗gfw‛ f` hmw. Gi wmcts tgmt tgi sgfrtdfbk cos f` tgi hmw ks nksdussin fpichy kc tgi hmw `rmtirckty sf tgmt tgiri ks m rispfcskakhkty fc tgi hmwyirs tf dfrridt tgi sgfrtdfbkcos mhsf. Gi amts `fr rmkskco tgi stmcnmrns f` hiomh inudmtkfc tgrfuog fut gks dfuctry. sgfrtdfbkc bkco, o, M sgfrtdf
gi bictkf bictkfcs, cs, ks tgi kbprfp kbprfpir ir mnbkcks mnbkckstrmt trmtkfc kfc f` lustkdi lustkdi aidmus aidmusii f` wgkdg tgiri mri nihmys kc tgi nkspicsmtkfc f` lustkdi. ^gi nihmys mrksi aidmusi f`< (=) Lunois mrrkvkco hmti tf dfurts kc tgi bfrckc bfrck cos (1) Hmde f` pripmrmtkfc mcn risfurdis
=
Mrtgur ^. Pmcnirakht Zfhktkdmh, Zrf`isskfcmh mcn Lunkdkmh Zmpirs, Qitrkivin fc Bmy 4:, 1:=7, `rfb gttps
1
^gi Mbirkdmc Amr Mssfdkmtkfc (MAM), `fucnin Muoust 1=, =7?7, ks m vfhuctmry amr mssfdkmtkfc f` hmwyirs mcn hmw stunicts, wgkdg ks cft spidk`kd tf mcy lurksnkdtkfc kc tgi Ycktin Ttmtis. 4 Ciw Lirsiy ks m stmti kc tgi Bkn-Mthmctkd riokfc f` tgi Cfrtg Imstirc Ycktin Ttmtis. *Msskstmct Zrf`issfr mt Dgrkst Mdmniby Kcstktuti `fr Mnvmcdin Ttunkis,Amcomhfri, Kcnkm
=
ai`fri tgi mdtumh trkmh. ^gks kcdhunis (m) hkairty tf msskoc Lunois kc dfurts wgiri tgiy mri ciinin ciinin mddfrnkco mddfrnkco tf tgikr tgikr mrim f` ixpirt ixpirtksi5 ksi5 (a) Hmde Hmde f` pri-trk pri-trkmh mh dfc`iri dfc`iricdi cdis, s, wgkdg k` nfci, wkhh dfbpih tgi phmkctk`` mcn ni`icnmct‛s hmwyirs ms wihh ms tgi Lunoi tf ai mwmri f` tgi dmsi nitmkhs ai`fri tgi gimrkco (4) Lunois tmekco tgi bmttir ucnir ‗mnvksibict‛ ‗mnvksibict‛ mcn tgus nihmykco nihmykco tgikr nidkskfc nidkskfc fc tgi bmttir. sfhutkfcs tf tgi tgrii prfahibs< prfahibs< Gi f``irs sfhutkfcs (=) K` hmwyirs mcn lunois mri bfrmhhy rispfcskahi tgiy wkhh mrrkvi tf tgi dfurts fc tkbi hkei tgi sicmtfrs f` tgi Ttmti Dmpktfh. (1) K` tgi prisknkco prisknkco lunois lunois mri okvic tgi pfwir pfwir tf msskoc msskoc lunois lunois mddfrnk mddfrnkco co tf tgi riqukribict kc vmrkfus dfurts mcn tgi hmwyirs dfcnudt pri-trkmh dfc`iricdis, kt wkhh `urtgir rinudi tgi nihmys (4) K` lunois mri bmni mddfuctmahi mddfuctmahi ay wrktkco nfwc nfwc ripfrts `fr rimsfcs rimsfcs kc nihmys fc nidk nidksk skfc fcss kc tgi tgi bmtt bmttir irs, s, tgi tgi ciin ciin `fr `fr mnvk mnvksi sibi bict ct bmy bmy cft cft mrks mrksii mt mhh, mhh, uchi uchiss ss masfhutihy masfhutihy cidissmry cidissmry `fr wgkdg tgi rimsfcs wkhh ai lustk`kin. lustk`kin. mcnirakht kht Pmcnira
mhsf aihkivis aihkivis tgmt tgmt uhtkbm uhtkbmtihy tihy tgi puahkd puahkd ciins ciins tf ai smtks`ki smtks`kin n wktg tgi privmkhkco systib f` lustkdi f` m stmti. ^gi puahkd oits mccfyin ay tgi nidkskfcs amsin fc tidgckdmhktkis f` prfdinuris mcn phimnkcos. ^gi imskist wmy tf ribfvi tgks, gi smys, ks tf bmei ruhis f` prfdinuris rmtgir tgmc tf gmvi m hiokshmtkvi dfni. Gi mhsf mnvfdmtis okvkco tgi trkmh lunoi rimh pfwir `fr nidkskfc bmekco.
Bfst kbpfrtmcthy gi aihkivis tgmt offn lunkdkmh mnbkckstrmtkfc ks fchy pfsskahi wgic lunoi‛s dfni f` dfcnudt ks ixibphmry mcn tgmt tff kc tgi iyis f` tgi puahkd. ^gi lunois bust tmei dmri cft tf t f ai mssfdkmtin wktg mcy pfhktkdmh pmrty knifhfoy. ^giri`fri, tgi stmti bust icsuri tgmt tgi lunois mri sihidtin fr ihidtin viry dmri`uhhy, wgkdg wkhh fchy fchy ai pfssk pfsskah ahii wktg wktg m strfc strfco o Amr Amr Mssf Mssfdkm dkmtk tkfc fc.. Gfci Gfcist st lurf lurfrs rs mri mri ciin ciinin in `fr `fr mc kctihhkoict dktkzicry, k` lustkdi gms tf ai nihkvirin kc tgi dfurts. K` tgiri ks mc kctirist mcn wkhh tf sgfw mdtkfc kc tgi tgi prforiss f` tgi lunkdkmry, lustkdi wkhh ai nkspicsin kc hittir mcn spkrkt. _gicivir tgiri ks sdfpi `fr kbprfvibict, hmwyirs sgfuhn cft sgy mwmy `rfb kt. Hmwyir sgfuhn ai nivftin tf tgi aittirbict f` tgikr prf`isskfc mcn strkvi tf mdgkivi tgi bfst knimh lustkdi systib bimct `fr m sfdkity. K` tgiri ks mcy gisktmtkfc kc tgks wkhh tfwmrns tgi nivftkfc tf ai sgfwc tf tgikr prf`isskfc, mc knimh `uturi `fr aukhnkco m orimt Lustkdi systib ks ahime.
Dfbprigicskfc ]uistkfc =< _ gmt nfis tgi mutgfr kbphy ay tgi ixprisskfc, ‗ `uhh orfwtg‛ kc tgi sicticdi, ‗ Bmcy hmwyirs `mkh tf mttmkc `uhh orfwtg‛6
Mcswir =< Mrtgur ^. Pmcnirakht, mc ibkcict mttfrciy, hiomh inudmtfr mcn prfpfcict f` dfurt bfnirckzmtkfc wgf mhsf wms tgi Dgki` Lustkdi f` tgi Ciw Lirsiy Tupribi Dfurt (=;>7-=;9?), ibpgmskzis fc tgi ciin `fr hmwyirs tf ai bkcn`uh f` tgi cidissktkis f` tgi hiomh prf`isskfc ay aikco m vkskfcmry sf tgmt tgiy mri mahi tf sirvi tgi sfdkity ay nkspicskco lustkdi cft fchy tf upeiip tgi itgkds f` tgi prf`isskfc `rfb m pirsfcmh pfkct f` vkiw aut mhsf biitkco tgi ixpidtmtkfcs tgmt ks riqukrin f` m hmwyir `rfb m prf`isskfcmh pfkct f` vkiw. ^gks ks gfw gi smys, m hmwyir wkhh mttmkc ‗`uhh orfwtg‛. Gi fpkcis tgmt hmwyirs sgfuhn ai vkskfcmrkis f` tgi hiomh lustkdi systib tf ucnirstmcn mcn nihkvir kc tgi rkogt wmy wgmt ks ixpidtin f` tgib kcnkvknumhhy ms wihh ms fc aigmh` f` tgi hiomh timb ms m wgfhi, wgfhi, tf mttmkc `uhh orfwtg pirsfcmhhy pirsfcmhhy mcn prf`isskfcmhhy. prf`isskfcmhhy.
*Msskstmct Zrf`issfr mt Dgrkst Mdmniby Kcstktuti `fr Mnvmcdin Ttunkis,Amcomhfri, Kcnkm
1
]uistkfc ]uistkfc 1< pmrmormpg.
Dfbbi fbbict ct
fc tgi tgi usi usi f` mhms kc tgi sidfcn sidfcn sicti sicticdi cdi f` tgi `krst
Mcswir Mcswir 1< ^gi mutgfr mutgfr hmbict hmbictss mt tgi hmwyir hmwyirss gmvkco gmvkco bksphmdi bksphmdin n prkfrk prkfrktkis tkis wgkhi wgkhi sirvk sirvkco co tgik tgikrr hiom hiomhh prf` prf`is isskf skfc. c. Hmwy Hmwyirs irs,, wgfs wgfsii mkb mkb ks tf nihkv nihkvir ir lustk lustkdi di ay biri biri bmckpuhmtkfc, tf sirvi tgi kctirists f` tgikr dhkicts mcn tgus sirvi pirsfcmh kctirists, uskco tgi hmws tgirif` prfvknin ay tgi Dfcstktutkfc ms m biri sit f` bidgmckdmh ruhis, wkhh cft ai mahi tf mttmkc `uhh orfwtg. Ivictumhhy sudg hmwyirs wkhh ciktgir ai mahi tf mttrmdt dhkicts cft sirvi tgib wihh. Tudg hmwyirs wkhh cft iclfy sfhkn mcn nurmahi smtks`mdtkfcs smtks`mdtkfcs tgmt dfbi `rfb m wihh-rfucn wihh-rfucnin, in, dfbphiti hk`i kc prmdtkskco hmw. ]uistkfc 4< Ixphmkc wgmt ks bimct ay ‗tgi nidkskfc kc iviry orimt dmsi ks hkeihy tf ai wrkttic wktg tgi hk`iahffn f` sfbi hmwyir.‛
Mcswir Mcswir 4< _gkhi gkhi prmdt prmdtksk kskco co hmw, hmw, mc mnvf mnvfdmt dmtii ciin ciinss tf ai trmkc trmkcin in kc tgi tgi mrt mrt f` prfsidutkco ms wihh ms ni`icnkco tgi hiomh rkogts f` pifphi kc trkmh dfurts mcn fc mppimh. Tuppfrtkco m dmusi fr prfpfsmh tgrfuog mnvfdmdy, ks fci f` tgi bfst kcticskvi wfre mc mnvfdmti dmc pir`frb. Mrtgur ^ Pmcnirakht nurkco gks prmdtksi ms mc mnvfdmti fasirv fasirvin in mcn dfcdhuni dfcdhunin n tgmt tgmt tgi kcticskvi kcticskvi wfre wfre tgmt tgmt ks nfci nfci ay mnvfdmt mnvfdmtis is wgkhi wgkhi nihkvirkco lustkdi `fr mcy orimt dmsi riqukris tgib tf put kc tgikr bkcn, gimrt mcn sfuh kctf imdg mcn iviry dmsi, wgkdg aidfbis m pmtg arimekco dmsi sittkco ixmbphis kc tgi `kihn f` Mnvfdmdy. ]uistkfc >< Kc wgmt sicsi ks mnvfdmdy cft m ok`t f` tgi ofns6
Mcswir >< Mrtgur ^ Pmcnirakht ribmres tgmt kt ks mssubin tgmt iviry stunict wgf dfbis tf tgi hmw sdgffh ks m afrc _iastir > fr m Dgfmti9. Kt ks ahkss`uhhy mssubin tgmt sudg m stunict gms offn sualidt ecfwhinoi ms wihh ms gi ks m offn frmtfr. ^giri`fri, cf hmw sdgffh pmys budg mttictkfc tf timdgkco kts stunicts tgi nkstkcdt mrt f` trkmh mcn kts mppihhmti mspidts. Ms m risuht stunicts nf cft bmstir tgisi sekhhs. Gfwivir, kt ks kbpfrtmct tf rimhkzi tgmt m pirsfc ks cft afrc ecfwkco tgi ruhis f` mnvfdmdy aut bmstirs kt kc nui dfursi f` gkb himrckco mcn bmstirkco kt kc m hmw sdgffh. ^gus, kt dmccft ai mssubin tgmt Mnvfdmdy ks ok`t f` tgi Ofns. Mssubkco tgks dmc ai nksmstrfus tf tgi hiomh prf`isskfc. ]uistkfc 9< Dfbbict fc mcn nksduss tgi `fhhfwkco stmtibict< ^gi mutgfr gfhns tgi dfhhioi, tgi hmw sdgffh mcn tgi kcnkvknumh hmwyir iqumhhy rispfcskahi `fr omkckco inudmtkfc kc tgi `kvi `ucdtkfcs f` m hmwyir.
Mcswir 9< ^gi mutgfr hksts tgi `kvi `ucdtkfcs f` m orimt hmwyir ms< m) _ksi Dfucsihkco Dfucsihkco a) Mnvfdmdy d) Kbprfvkco Kbprfvkco tgi prf`isskf prf`isskfc, c, tgi dfurts dfurts mcn hmw n) Himnirsgkp Himnirsgkp kc bfuhnkco bfuhnkco puahkd puahkd fpkckfc i) Ycsih`ksg Ycsih`ksg gfhnkco gfhnkco f` Zuahkd f``kdi f``kdi
> 9
=?71-=7915 =?71-=7915 Y.T. stmtisbmc & frmtfr, Dgfmti, ms usin kc Mbirkdmc hmw, bimcs "dfbphitin fr pir`idtin kc mcn f` ktsih`‒
*Msskstmct Zrf`issfr mt Dgrkst Mdmniby Kcstktuti `fr Mnvmcdin Ttunkis,Amcomhfri, Kcnkm
4
Mhtgfuog tgisi `ucdtkfcs sgfuhn ai tmuogt kc hmw sdgffh, kt ks mc kcnkvknumh hmwyir‛s rispfcskakhkty tf himrc mcn gfci tgisi sekhhs cft fchy kc tgi hmw sdgffh aut tgrfuog fut tgikr wfrekco wfrekco yimrs. ^gks ks wgmt ks dmhhin prmdtkskco prmdtkskco hmw kc m ormcn bmccir. bmccir.
^gi
hmwy hmwyir ir bust bust usi usi gks gks kcti kctihhk hhkoi oicd cdii tf bmsti bmstirr tgi tgi tixt tixtum umhh ms wihh wihh ms prmdt prmdtkd kdmh mh ecfwhinoi. Hmwyirs bust gmvi m sfucn ecfwhinoi f` gubmc cmturi mcn tgmt f` m bfni bfnirc rc sfdk sfdkit ity. y. Fci Fci bust bust mhsf mhsf ai mahi mahi tf `fri `fridm dmst st tgi tgi tric tricns ns f` hmw hmw tf drim drimti ti nycmbksb kc tgi `kihn `fr mnlunkdmtkfc ms pir tgi ciins f` tgi sfdkity. ^gks sekhh wkhh gihp hmwyirs tf aidfbi wksi dfucsihfrs.
Fci
bust bust mhsf mhsf rimh rimhkz kzii tgmt tgmt sfuc sfucn n dfuc dfucsi sihk hkco co dmc dmc gmpp gmppic ic fchy fchy k` tgi tgi hmwy hmwyir irss ucni ucnirs rstmc tmcn n tgi tgi mrt mrt f` Mnvf Mnvfdm dmdy dy.. Kt ks kc tgi tgi dfur dfurtrf trffb fb tgmt tgmt tgi tgi hmw ks mpph mpphkin kin tf dfcd dfcdrit ritii `mdts `mdts kc spid spidk` k`kd kd dmsis dmsis.. ^gi ^gi mnvf mnvfdm dmti tiss mhfc mhfco o wktg wktg tgi tgi luno lunois is kc tgi tgi hmst hmst mcmhysks f` tgi dmsi sit tgi dfursi f` hmw. ^gks sekhh ciins tf ai bmstirin kc tgi hmw sdgffh mcn bust ai suppfrtin ay tgi hmw sdgffh tgmt fuogt tf timdg aftg tgi mrt f` trkmhs mcn mppimhs, rmtgir tgmc mssubkco tgmt Mn M nvfdmdy ks m ok`t f` tgi Ofns, wgkdg ciin cft ai tmuogt kc tgi sdgffh. K` tgks ks e i e i pt kc bkcn, kt wkhh gihp m hmw stunict tf mdgkiv mdgkivii wgmt wgmt _iastir _iastir mdgki mdgkivi vin n kc tgi tgi Mbir Mbirkd kdmc mc hmw `kihn `kihn fr pirg pirgmp mpss aidf aidfbi bi m Dgfmti. Dgfmti.
Kt ks tgi nuty f` tgi hmw sdgffh prf`issfrs tf kcduhdmti tgi vmhuis kc tgi stunicts sf tgmt tgmt tgrf tgrfuo uog g fut fut tgik tgikrr prf` prf`iss isskf kfcm cmhh dmrii dmriir, r, hmwyi hmwyirs rs mri mri mahi mahi tf dfct dfctrka rkaut utii tf tgi tgi kbprfvkco mcn aittirkco f` tgi prf`isskfc. ^gi sfdkity ks m nycmbkd sfdkity mcn imdg mcn iviry prf`isskfc, wgitgir kt ks auskciss fr sdkicdi mcn tidgcfhfoy fr ivic gubmc hk`i hk`i prfo prfori rissi ssiss mt orim orimtt spii spiins ns.. ^gir ^giri`f i`fri, ri, hmwyi hmwyirs rs dmcc dmccft ft ai hitg hitgmr mrok okdd mcn mcn bust bust ivfhvi wktg tgi dgmcois kc tgi sfdkity tf eiip marimst wktg tgi dgmcois kc ftgir `kihns. Birihy timdgkco m dfursi kc hiomh itgkds ks cft tgi mcswir. ^gks wms mpthy put `frwmrn ay tgi orimt Mbirkdmc Zrisknict ^gifnfri Qffsiviht 0 , wgf ibpgmskzin tgmt iviry bmc fwis fwis sfbi tkbi tkbi tf aukhnkco aukhnkco up tgi tgi prf`isskfc prf`isskfc tf tf wgkdg wgkdg gi aihfcos aihfcos.. hmwyir M hmwyir
bust bust mhsf mhsf hkstic hkstic tf puahkd puahkd fpkckf fpkckfc c kctihhk kctihhkoic oicthy thy kc mc kbpmrtk kbpmrtkmh mh bmccir bmccir,, wktgfut wktgfut wgkdg wgkdg ivic ivic dfurmoi dfurmoifus fus himnirsg himnirsgkp kp bmy `mkh. `mkh. Pmcnir Pmcnirakht akht okvis okvis tgi dhmsskd dhmsskd ixmbphi f` Mbirkdmc Mbirkdmc Zrisknict Zrisknict @rmcehkc @rmcehkc N Qffsiviht ? wgf gmn wmrcin f` nmcoirs f` __KKK `fu __ `fur yimrs imrs ai`fr i`frii Zimr Zimrhh Gmra Gmrafr fr 7. Yc`frtuc tucmtih tihy gi wms ahmb hmbin f` ; wmrbfcoirkco. Mcn sf wms Dgmrhis Hkcnairo‛s dmutkfc kocfrin, skx bfctgs ai`fri tgi __K, wgf gmn wmrcin mafut Oirbmcy‛s phmcs ms gi gmn siic 4:,::: wmr phmcis kc Oirbmcy. K` fci hmwyir imdg `rfb imdg dfbbuckty kc gks dfuctry gmn suppfrtin Hkcn Hkcnair airo o mcn mcn bfuh bfuhni nin n puah puahkd kd fpkc fpkckf kfc, c, tgic tgic pfssk pfsskah ahy y gkstf gkstfry ry wfuh wfuhn n gmvi gmvi aiic aiic nk``irict.
M hmwyir mt sfbi pfkct kc tkbi f` gks hk`i bust mhsf ai frkictin tfwmrns sirvkco tgi dmhh `fr puahkd f``kdi, rmtgir tgmc lust aikco sf kbbirsin kc sirvkco prkvmti dhkicts, sf tgmt wgic tgi mdtumh dmhh dfbis, tgi hmwyir gms hfst dfctmdt wktg tgi spkrkt f` tgi 0
^gifnfri Qffsiviht Lr. (Fdtfair 1?, =797 — Lmcumry 0, =;=;) wms mc Mbirkdmc stmtisbmc mcn wrktir wgf sirvin ms tgi 10tg Zrisknict f` tgi Ycktin Ttmtis `rfb =;:= tf =;:;. ? @rmcehkc Nihmcf Qffsiviht Tr.,( Lmcumry 4:, =771 — Mprkh =1, =;>9), f`tic ri`irrin tf ay gks kcktkmhs @NQ, wms mc Mbirkdmc stmtisbmc mcn pfhktkdmh himnir wgf sirvin ms tgi 41cn Zrisknict f` tgi Ycktin Ttmtis `rfb =;44 uctkh gks nimtg kc =;>9. 7 Zimrh Gmrafr wms m surprksi bkhktmry strkei ay tgi Kbpirkmh Lmpmcisi Cmvy Mkr Tirvkdi momkcst tgi Ycktin Ttmtis cmvmh amsi mt Zimrh Gmrafr, kc Nidibair =;>= ; Hkcnairog, Dgmrhis Muoustus (=;:1-=;?>), mc Mbirkdmc mvkmtfr, bmni tgi `krst sfhf cfc-stfp `hkogt mdrfss tgi Mthmctkd Fdimc fc Bmy 1:-1=, =;1?. *Msskstmct Zrf`issfr mt Dgrkst Mdmniby Kcstktuti `fr Mnvmcdin Ttunkis,Amcomhfri, Kcnkm
>
prfahibs f` tgi nmy kc sudg m wmy tgmt mhh gks i``frts ivic k` gi wmcts tf put prfvi mafrtkvi.
Inudmtkfc mafut tgisi `kvi `ucdtkfcs f` m hmwyir sgfuhn pmrthy ai tmuogt kc tgi hmw sdgffh aut kc hmroi bimsuri ks tgi rispfcskakhkty f` tgi kcnkvknumh hmwyir `rfb tgi himrckcos mt sdgffh tgmt sgfuhn dfctkcui tkhh gks wfrekco nmys. ]uistkfc ?< Gfw mcn `fr wgmt rimsfc nfis tgi mutgfr phimn kc `mvfur f` pritrkmh dfc`iricdis6
Mcswir ?< ^gi mutgfr fasirvin imrhy kc gks dmriir tgmt viry f`tic aftg tgi phmkctk`` mcn ni`icnmct‛s hmwyir wfuhn cft gmvi okvic budg kbpfrtmcdi tf tgi dmsi tkhh tgi trmkh nmti. ^gks gfhns trui `fr tgi lunoi tff, wgf bmy cft gmvi pmkn budg mttictkfc tf tgi dmsi `rfb tgi aiokcckco wktgfut tgi pritrkmh dfc`iricdi. ^giri ks m pfsskakhkty tgmt gi bmy ai uc`mbkhkmr wktg sfbi prfpfsktkfc f` tgi hmw. ^gks bmy himn tf uccidissmry nihmy kc dmsis oittkco fc tf trmkh mcn prfcfucdibic prfcfucdibictt f` lunoibict. lunoibict.
^giri`fri, tgi mutgfr phimns `fr pritrkmh dfc`iricdis, wgiri kc tgi hmwyirs fc imdg skni f` m dmsi dmc dfcsuht wktg imdg ftgir mafut tgi kssuis f` hmw mcn `mdts kc tgi dmsi ai`fri tgiy prisict kt kc `rfct f` tgi lunoi kc mc fpic dfurt. ^gi lunoi tgic dmc imskhy prfdiin tf tgi stmti f` kssuis, sgmekco fut tgi cfc-issictkmhs kc tgi dmsi k` mcy kc tgi phimnkcos. ^gks wkhh bimc tgmt tgi dmsi wkhh ai rimny `fr prisictmtkfc mt tgi trkmh ktsih`, wktgfut wktgfut dmhhkco dmhhkco tf mttistkc mttistkco o tgi wktcis wktciss, s, ribfvk ribfvkco co mcy nksputi nksputiss kc tgi nfdub nfdubict icts. s. Ni`kck Ni`kckco co tgi kssui, kssui, prfvkn prfvknkco kco tgi cidissm cidissmry ry mbicnb mbicnbict ictss k` mcy, mcy, tf tgi phimnk phimnkcos cos wfuhn gmvi aiic tmeic dmri f` mcn tgi mnbksskfc f` imdg skni wkhh ai wihh stmtin. ^gi hmwyirs ay tgks tkbi wfuhn gmvi oft m trui pkdturi f` tgi mnvirsmry‛s dmsi. Kc dmsi mcy f` bfcitmry sitthibict ks pfsskahi futskni tgi dfurt, kt dmc ai bmcmoin. M`tir tgi pritrkmh dfc`iricdi, wgitgir kt ks kc tgi bitrfpfhktmc, suauramc fr rurmh dfurt, sivicty `kvi pirdict f` tgi dmsis dmc ai sitthin aitwiic tgi pritrkmh dfc`iricdi nmti mcn tgi nmti f` trmkh wktgfut tgi lunoi smykco m wfrn mafut tgi sitthibict. Mhh kc mhh, tgi hmwyi hmwyirs, rs, tgi luno lunois is wkhh wkhh mhh mhh ai wihh wihh virs virsin in wktg wktg tgi tgi nitmk nitmkhs hs f` tgi tgi dmsi, dmsi, mcn tgi tgi prfpfsktkfc f` hmw kcvfhvin kc tgi dmsi `rfb tgi aiokcckco. ^gks wkhh icsuri spiiny prfcfucdibict f` tgi virnkdt fr sitthibict ms tgi dmsi bmy ai, tgus smvkco tgi dfurt‛s tkbi, tkbi, icsurk icsurkco co tgmt tgmt bfri bfri cubair cubair f` dmsis dmsis ai gimrn gimrn mcn virnkdts virnkdts prfcfu prfcfucdi cdin, n, tgus tgus himnkco himnkco tf m spiiny lustkdi systib, tgmt wfuhn tgi aici`kt aici`kt tgi sfdkity. sfdkity. ]uistkfc 7< _gmt mri tgi mnvmctmois f` gmvkco ruhis f` prfdinuri kcstimn f` m hiokshmtkvi dfni f` prfdinuri6
Mcswir 7< H iokshmtkvi dfnis f` prfdinuris `frdis tgi lunois tf okvi nidkskfcs amsin fc tgi tidgckdmhktkis f` prfdinuris mcn phimnkco hktirmhhy mcn ixmdthy. Mt tkbis tgi birkts f` tgi dmsi oits kocfrin. Mt himst tgi dfurt f` hmst risfrt sgfuhn ihkbkcmti tgi hiokshmtkvi dfni f` prfdinuri mcn bmei tgikr fwc ruhis f` prfdinuris mcn tgus ormct mutfcfby tf tgi dfurt. ^gi ruhis f` prfdinuris sgfuhn ai bmni mcn kctirpritin ay lunois, wgkdg kc mhh prfamakhkty wfuhn ai aittir niskocin `fr hktkomtkfc. Tudg prfdinuris sgfuhn dfctmkc m purpfsi f` tgi ruhis kc tgi mnvmcdibict f` lustkdi mcn privictkfc f` nihmys mcn tgmt mcn tgiy sgfuhn ai dfcstruin kc sudg m wmy tgmt tgi lunois gmvi tgi prkvkhioi f` wmkvkco tgib kc dmsi tgi lunois dfcdhuni kclustkdi wgkhi prfcfucdkco tgikr lunoibict.
*Msskstmct Zrf`issfr mt Dgrkst Mdmniby Kcstktuti `fr Mnvmcdin Ttunkis,Amcomhfri, Kcnkm
9
^gi mutgfr mhsf `iihs tgmt tgi ruhis f` m dfurt bust ai mbicnin dfctkcufushy ms ks riqukrin mcn kt sgfuhn ai tgi rispfcskakhkty f` iktgir m lunkdkmh dfc`iricdi fr lunkdkmh dfucdkh wgkdg eiips rivkiwkco mcn kbprfvis tgi fvirmhh systib f` nkspicsmtkfc f` lustkdi. ^gks wkhh icmahi iquktmahi lustkdi ribfvkco tgi sdfpi f` nihmys wgkdg wkhh bmei tgi puahkd gmppy. Bfri kbpfrtmcthy tgi dktkzics wkhh aici`kt tgi rimh purpfsi f` m lunkdkmry. ] ;< _gmt ks ciinin tf gmvi offn lunkdkmh mnbkckstrmtkfc6 Mcswir ;< ^ f gmvi offn lunkdkmh mnbkckstrmtkfc kt ks kbpfrtmct tf gmvi offn lunois, wgf ecfw tgi hmw, wgf dmc tgkce, ixpriss tgibsihvis dhimrhy mcn wgf mri nkhkoict kc tgikr wfre. Bfrifvir, tgi lunois sgfuhn ai gfcist, wgf nf cft dfbprfbksi tgi dfni f` itgkds. Bfst kbpfrtmcthy, kc tgi iyis f` puahkd tgi lunois bust pms s tgi dfni f` gfcisty gfcisty mcn kctior kctiorkty kty.. Zuahkd Zuahkd pirdip pirdiptkfc tkfc f` mc kciquk kciquktma tmahi hi lustkdi lustkdi systib systib aimts aimts tgi viry ixksticdi f` m lunkdkmh systib kc mcy dfuctry. ]uistkfc =: < _gy ks ‗tgkces‛ ktmhkdkzin kc tgi sicticdi< ‗ K nfc‛t ecfw tgmt tgisi 17 pirdict mri wrfco kc tgikr kbprisskfc f` tgikr lunois - K wfuhn stmei by hk`i fc tgmt stmtibict - aut tgi `mdt tgmt tgi puahkd tgkces tgiy mri nksgfcist ks lust ms amn `rfb tgi stmcnpfkct f` rispidt `fr tgi hmw ms k` tgiy wiri kc `mdt sf.‛
Mcswir =:< Amsin fc tgi mcswir okvic ay tgi 17 pirdict f` tgi pifphi wgf wiri quistkfcin kc m cmtkfcmh pfhh mafut tgikr hfdmh mcn dfucty lunois tgmt tgiy tgfuogt tgmt tgmt tgi lunois wiri nksgfcist, Pmcnirakht `iht tgi mcswir wms `mr `rfb aikco trui. Gi smkn gi wfuhn stmei gks hk`i fc tgi `mdt tgi lunois wiri gfcist aut uhtkbmtihy tgi puahkd pirdiptkfc mafut lunois aikco nksgfcist ks mhsf tf ai tmeic sirkfushy. Gi `iht tgmt tgi puahkd gmvkco sdmct rispidt `fr tgi lunkdkmry mcn nksdfuctkco tgikr rfhi kc tgi upeiip f` tgi hmw kc m sfdkity, mhsf ciins tf ai dfcsknirin. ^gi wfrn tgkce tgkce ks ktmhkdkzin aidmusi Pmcnirakht kc gks spiidg strissis tgmt tgi cftkfcs f` puahkd ivic k` kt ks `mr `rfb tgi trutg mhsf ciins tf ai dfcsknirin sirkfushy. Gi `iht tgmt tgks wms amn `rfb tgi stmcnpf stmcnpfkct kct tgmt tgmt tgi puahkd puahkd gmn sdmct sdmct rispid rispidtt `fr hmw mcn gmvi gmvi nidhmrin nidhmrin tgmt tgmt kt ks tgi trutg.
Gi `urtgir ixphmkcs gfw tgi pirdiptkfc ks aukht aidmusi sfbi lunois bfvi mrfucn wktg tgi dmcnknmtis `fr tgi pfst f` m Ofvircfr, `fr m sicmtfr, `fr tgi Dfcoriss mcn tgi stmti hiokshmturi, mtticnkco mhh pfhktkdmh biitkcos, nkccirs mri dhmbameis=:. ^gi puahkd viry wihh ecfws tgmt tgisi lunois mri sbmrtir mbfco tgi pfhktkdmh pifphi mcn lunois bust ai rucckco tgikr pfhktkdmh mcn prkbmrkis dmbpmkoc. M lunoi, k` gi oits ri-ihidtin tkbi mcn momkc `kts kctf tgks akhh ivic bfri mpprfprkmtihy mcn ks oicirmhhy nidhmrin nksgfcist ay tgi puahkd wktg ivic bfri dfcvkdtkfc. ]uistkfc ==< ‗ Nfis kt cft suooist tf us tgmt kc iviry stmti wi sgfuhn dmri`uhhy ixmbkci tgi bitgfn f` tgi sihidtkfc f` lunois - mcn tgmt ofis `fr tgi mppfkctin lunois ms wihh ms ihidtin lunois6‛ _gmt nfis ‗ kt ‛ ri`ir tf kc tgi mafvi sicticdi6
Mcswir ==< ^gi ‗kt‛ bimcs puahkd pirdiptkfc pirdiptkfc mafut mafut lunois, lunois, kcdhunkco kcdhunkco tgi mppfkctin mppfkctin ms wihh ms ihidtin lunois aikco nksgfcist. Pmcnirakht aihkivis tgmt tgks ks aukht aidmusi =:
Kc`frbmh. mcy sfdkmh omtgirkco
*Msskstmct Zrf`issfr mt Dgrkst Mdmniby Kcstktuti `fr Mnvmcdin Ttunkis,Amcomhfri, Kcnkm
0
tgisi lunois bfvi mrfucn wktg tgi dmcnknmtis `fr pfst f` m Ofvircfr, `fr m sicmtfr, `fr tgi Dfcoriss mcn tgi stmti hiokshmturi mtticnkco mhh pfhktkdmh biitkcos, nkccirs mri dhmbameis. ^gi puahkd viry wihh ecfws tgmt tgisi lunois mri sbmrtir tgmc tgi pfhktkdmh pifphi mcn tgi t gi lunois bust ai rucckco tgikr pfhktkdmh mcn prkbmrkis dmbpmkoc. M lunoi k` gi oits ri-ihidtin tkbi mcn momkc `kts kctf tgks akhh ivic bfri mpprfprkmtihy mcn ks oicirmhhy nidhmrin nksgfcist ay tgi puahkd wktg ivic bfri dfcvkdtkfc. ]uistkfc =1< @ kcn fut tgi hkcoukstkd ivknicdi `rfb tgi tixt tf suooist tgmt kt ks m spiidg.
^gi
ictkri ictkri issmy issmy ks viry viry kctirm kctirmdtkv dtkvi, i, wktg wktg tgi mutgfr mutgfr pfskco pfskco quistkf quistkfcs cs mcn okvkco okvkco mcswirs. Ysi f` nksdfursi bmreirs sudg ms< ‗`krst f` mhh, cixt, `kcmhhy suooist tgmt kt ks m spiidg. Gi mhsf quftis pirsfcmh ixmbphis5 ‗_gic K wms m hmw stunict, tgi timdgkco f` tgi tgi prfd prfdin inurm urmhh hmw wms wms hkbkt hkbktin in tf dfbb dfbbfc fc hmw phim phimnk nkco co mcn mcn ivkn ivknic icdi5 di5 Mhh Mhh K dmc dmc ribibair …‛ Tudg sicticdis kc tgi issmy prfvi tgmt gi ks mnnrisskco m omtgirkco f` hmw stunicts. Gi mhsf usis tgi wfrn, ‗yfu‛ wgkdg dhimrhy kcnkdmtis tgmt gi ks nihkvirkco m spiidg. @urtgir gi icns tgi spiidg ay smykco, ‘Hit bi icn ay quftkco gkb….uskco m qufti f` Br Lustkdi Gfhbis==. ‘ Hmw ks auskciss tf wgkdg by hk`i ks nivftin, mcn sgfu sgfuhn hn K sgfw sgfw hiss tgmc tgmc nivf nivftkf tkfc c `fr `fr k` K nkn nkn cft cft nf wgmt wgmt ……by ……by gimrt. gimrt.‒‒ ^gis ^gisii hkcoukstkd ivknicdi suooist tgmt Pmcnirakht ks nihkvirkco m spiidg.
Q i`iricdi< i`iricdi<
Agmtcmomr.
=.
Q.Z. (1:=0). Hmw mcn Hmco mcoumoi. ‘Kc ‘Kc ;?7-;4-9=47-:=1-1. Amcomhfri. B.Z.Z Gfusi. pp. ;7-=:7.
1.
mcnirak rakht. ht. Pmcni
tgi tgi Dfurt‒. KTAC<
Mrtg Mrtgur ur.. ^ (Lmcu (Lmcumr mry y =, =;9> =;9>). ). ^gi ^gi @kvi @kvi @ucd @ucdtkf tkfcs cs f` m Hmwy Hmwyir< ir< Tirvkd Tirvkdii tf Dhkict Dhkictss mcn Zuahkd. Zuahkd. Mbirkd Mbirkdmc mc Amr Mssfdk Mssfdkmtkf mtkfc c Lfurcm Lfurcmh. h. >: (=). (=). pp. 4=-4>,?0-??. Qitrkivin fc @ia 0, 1:=7 `rfb gttps
==
Mc Mbirkdmc lurkst wgf sirvin ms mc Mssfdkmti Lustkdi f` tgi Tupribi Dfurt f` tgi Ycktin Ttmtis `rfb =;:1 tf =;41. Cftin `fr gks hfco sirvkdi, gks dfcdksi mcn pktgy fpkckfcs, mcn gks ni`iricdi tf tgi nidkskfcs f` ihidtin hiokshmturis, gi ks fci f` tgi bfst wknihy dktin Ycktin Ttmtis Tupribi Dfurt lustkdis *Msskstmct Zrf`issfr mt Dgrkst Mdmniby Kcstktuti `fr Mnvmcdin Ttunkis,Amcomhfri, Kcnkm
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