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THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY Anatomical Position and Directional Terms -To accurately describe body parts and position, it is a must to have an initial reference point and set of directional terms. To avoid confusions, it is always assumed that the body is n a standard position called anatomical position. position . -The terminology that describes orientation and direction assumes that the body is upright, with arms at the side, feet slightly apart and the palms of the hands facing forwards and thumbs point away from body
Orientation and Directional Terms DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
• Superior (cranial or cephalad)
upper part
• Inferior (caudal)
lower part
• Anterior (ventral)
front
• Posterior (dorsal)
back
• Medial
near midline
• Lateral
far from midline
• Intermediate
between two structures
ILLUSTRATION
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
• Proximal
nearer attachment; close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment
• Distal
farther attachment; farther from the origin of the body part or part of attachment
• Superficial
on surface
• Deep
away from the surface
• Ipsilateral • Contralateral
on the same side on opposite side
ILLUSTRATION
Directional terms are used by medical personnel and anatomists to allow them to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another. Example: Using regular terms: The ears are located on each side of the head to the right and left of the nose Using anatomical terminology: The ears are lateral to the nose Body Regional Terms -When view externally the body is divided into regions or areas Anterior Body Landmarks • Abdominal-anterior body trunk • Acromial-point of shoulder • Antecubital-anterior surface of elbow • Axillary-armpit Axillary-armpit • Brachial-arm • Buccal-cheek • Carpal-wrist • Cervical-neck region • Coxal-hip • Crural-leg • Digital-fingers, toes • Femoral-thigh • Fibular-side of the leg • Frontal-forehead • Inguinal-groin • Mammary-breast • Manus-hand • Memtal-chin • Nasal-nose
• Oral-mouth • Orbital-bony eye socket (orbit) • Palmar-palm • Patellar-anterior knee (kneecap) • Pelvic-area overlying the pelvis anteriorly • Pollex-thumb • Pubic-genital region • Sternal-breastbone • Tarsal-ankle • Thoracic-chest • Umbilical-navel Posterior Body Landmarks • calcaneal-heel • cephalic-head • deltoid-curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid • dorsal-back • gluteal-buttocks • lumbar-area of back between ribs and hips; loin • occipital-posterior surface of head • olecranal-back of elbow • perineal region-region between the anus and external • plantar-sole • popliteal-posterior knee area • sacral-area between hips • scapular-shoulder blade region • sural-posterior surface of lower leg; calf • vertebral-area of spine Body Planes and Sections -When preparing to look at the internal structure of the body, it is necessary to make a section or cut. When the section is made through the body wall or through an organ, it is made along an imaginary line called a plane. Three Types of Planes or Sections • Sagittal SectionSection- cut made along the lengthwise, or longitudinal, plane of the body, dividing the body into left and right parts. If the cut is made down the median plane of the body, and the right and left parts are equal in size, it is called midsagittal or median section • Frontal sectionsection- cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides body into anterior and posterior part. Also called coronal section • Transverse sectionsection- cut made along a horizontal plane, dividing the body into superior and anterior parts. Also called cross section
Body Cavities -The body has two sets of internal cavities that provide different degrees of protection to the organs within them. Dorsal Body Cavity -well protected by bone • The cranial cavity is the space inside the bony skull. The brain is well protected because it occupies the cranial cavity • The spinal cavity extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column. The spinal cord, which is a continuation of the brain is protected by the vertebrae, which surround the spinal cavity Ventral Body Cavity -it contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen • The thoracic cavity is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle, the diaphragm. The thoracic cavity houses the lungs and heart. • The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into abdominal cavity which contains most of the organs in the digestive system, the liver, the kidneys, and the spleen; its lower part, pelvic cavity, contains the reproductive organs and urinary bladder.
