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SPE
Distinguished Lecturer Program
The SPE Distinguished Lecturer Program is funded principally ound nda ati tion on . through a grant from the SPE Fou The society gratefully acknowledges the companies that support this program by allowing their professionals to participate as lecturers. Special thanks to the t he American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) for its contribution to the program. Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program www.spe.org/dl
Imp mpa act of Cut utof offs fs on Tig ight ht Gas Re Reservo servoir ir Simulation
Ah A h m ed M. A l -Ham -Hamad adah ah Saud udii Ara Ar amc mco o
Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program www.spe.org/dl
Imp mpa act of Cut utof offs fs on Tig ight ht Gas Re Reservo servoir ir Simulation
Ah A h m ed M. A l -Ham -Hamad adah ah Saud udii Ara Ar amc mco o
Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program www.spe.org/dl
OUTLINE • Intr Intro odu duct ctio ion n & def efin init itio ions ns • Id Iden enti tify fy ke key y par param amet eter ers s to to rec recov over ery y • Se Sens nsit itiz ize e on on por poros osit ity y & per perme meab abililit ity y cutoffs • Un Unde ders rsta tand nd wa wate terr sat satur urat atio ion n di dist stri ribu buti tion on • Apply multiple cutoffs • Co Conc nclu lusi sion ons s & Re Reco comm mmen enda dati tion ons s
Objectives • Identify impact of petrophysical cutoffs, across tight gas clastic and carbonate, on volumetric and reserve estimations. • Recommend best practices for defining and utilizing cutoffs in reservoir engineering calculations and simulation. • Narrow the gap between geologists & engineers in understanding cutoffs.
Definitions • Porosity Cutoff: – Pores with porosity less than cutoff value, are non reservoir rock.
• Permeability cutoff: – Pores with Permeability less than cutoff value, will not allow fluids to flow
• Water Saturation Cutoff: – Pores with Sw greater than cutoff will have water saturation of 1-Sgr
Outline • Introduction & definitions • Identify key parameters to recovery • Sensitize on porosity & permeability cutoffs • Understand water saturation distribution • Applying multiple cutoffs • Conclusions & Recommendations
Identifying Key Parameters to Recovery Sensitivity Tornado Plot – Gp to Year 2050
Impact of Viscosity On Pressure
Understanding Core Experiments • Effect of core cleaning & drying • Procedure to clean cores with no effect on pore geometry History Matched
Sensitivity on Porosity & k Cutoffs • Calibrating log with stress corrected core information • Low porosity & k measurements • Utilize grain densities and depositional facies • Applying porosity & Permeability cutoffs alone
a
ra ng og w ress Core Data
orrec e
Calibrating Stress Corrected Core Data With Test Data
Impact of Porosity Cutoffs on GIIP Carbonates Reservoirs Rsrv
Quality
3% Cutoff GIIP Reduction
% HM Wells
5% Cutoff GIIP Reduction
% HM Wells
Upper
V. Tight
11%
30%
48%
70%
Lower
Tight
11%
85%
21%
55%
NO CUTOFFS APPLIED
How things look when there is no cutoffs are applied
Applying Porosity Cutoffs Alone
Watch for reservoir connectivity
APPLYING 3% POROSITY CUTOFF
APPLYING 5% POROSITY CUTOFF
Applying Permeability Cutoffs Alone
Watch for reservoir connectivity
Understand Water Saturation • Identify end points from SCAL • Understand water saturation maps • Mimic logs with J-function • Partition composite facies data • Conduct statistical analysis on data
Determine Endpoint Saturations
Partitioning Composite Facies Data FAL SW vs. FAL Porosi ty - The Six Stratigr aphic Layers
Water Saturation Models
Effect of Facies Description on Simulation
Applying Water Saturation Cutoffs
Sw =55%
Sw =75%
Impact of Incorporating Multiple Cutoffs at 55% Water Satur ation Cutoff
Impact of Incorporating Multiple Cutoffs at 75% Water Satur ation Cutoff
Conclusions • Porosity is the most sensitive cutoff parameter. • Quality of HM decide the value of porosity cutoff. • Applying no permeability cutoffs in gas reservoirs is a good strategy. • Water saturation cutoff > 65% is reasonable for deep gas reservoirs. • Conduct risk assessment at various geometrical, geological and PVT variables before simulation.
Recommendations • Careful review of available data is the best strategy for accurate interpolations and hence selection of cutoffs. • Net pay should be seen in light of reservoir characterization and depletion mechanism. • Reservoir simulation remains the best tool to validate initial-in-place numbers and reserve estimates.