TORTS CASE DIGEST-SET 1
1. ANDRES ANDRES LAO vs. COURT OF APPEAL APPEALS, S, THE ASSOCIA ASSOCIATED TED ANGLO-A ANGLO-AMER MERICAN ICAN TOBACC TOBACCO O CORPOR CORPORA ATION TION and ESTEBAN CO [G.R. No. 47013. February 17, 2000.]
ESTEBAN CO vs. COURT OF APPEALS and ANDRES LAO [G.R. No. 60647. February 17, 2000.] THE ASSOCIATED ANGLO-AMERICAN TOBACCO CORPORATION vs. COURT OF APPEALS, APPEALS, ANDRES LAO, JOSE LAO, and TOMAS LAO [G.R. Nos. 60958-59. February 17, 2000.]
FACTS: On FACTS: On Ar!" 6, 1965, #$e Asso%!a#e& An'"o-A(er!%an )oba%%o *orora#!on +*orora#!on en#ere& !n#o a %on#ra%# o sa"es a'en#/ !#$ An&res ao. n&er #$e %on#ra%#, ao a'ree& #o se"" %!'are##es (anua%#ure& an& s$!e& by #$e %orora#!on #o $!s bus!ness a&&ress !n )a%"oban *!#y. For $!s ser!%es, ao ou"& re%e!e %o((!ss!on &een&!n' on #$e !n& o %!'are##es so"&, !e& (on#$"y sa"ary an& oera#!ona" a""oan%es. As a 'uaran#ee #o aos %o("!an%e !#$ $!s %on#ra%#ua" ob"!'a#!ons, $!s bro#$ers ose an& $!s a#$er )o(as ee%u#e& a &ee& o (or#'a'e !n aor o #$e %orora#!on !n #$e a(oun# o 200,000.00.
)$e a'ree(en# en# on s(oo#$"y an& ao $as an ou#s#an&!n' eror(an%e ro( 1966-1968. u# !n February 1968, ao a!"e& #o a%%o("!s$ $!s (on#$"y sa"es reor#. :ue #o #$!s a!"ure, #$e %orora#!on re(!n&e& ao o $!s enor(ous a%%oun#s an& #$e &!!%u"#y o ob#a!n!n' a #a""y #$ereon &es!#e aos aoa" o re'u"ar re(!##an%es o $!s %o""e%#!on. ;n 1969, #$e %orora#!on +#$ru < an& G= >s#eban *O su((one& ao, or an a%%oun#!n', %o""e%#!ons an& #$a# aos "!ab!"!#y as es#ab"!s$e&. )$ey een en"!s#e& #$e ser!%es o ?G< #o %$e% an& re%on%!"e #$e a%%oun#s.
*$!n' @!a# @a( a""oe& ao #o %on#!nue !#$ #$e sa"es a'en%y ro!&e& ao ou"& re&u%e $!s a%%oun#ab!"!#y #o 200,000.00, #$e a(oun# se%ure& by #$e (or#'a'e. )$e *orora#!on #$erea#er %re&!#e& !n aor o ao #$e a(oun# o 325,053.47 reresen#!n' ar#!a" ay(en#s $e $a& (a&e bu# !#$ou# reu&!%e #o #$e resu"# o #$e au&!# o a%%oun#s. Boeer, #$e ?G< ersonne" ao $a& e("oye& a!"e& #o %on%"u&e #$e!r ser!%es be%ause #$e *orora#!on &!& no# $onor !#s %o((!#(en# #o ass!'n #o o !#s a%%oun#an#s #o ass!s# #$e(. Ne!#$er &!& #$e *orora#!on a""o #$e ?G< (en a%% ess #o !#s re%or&s )$en *orora#!on &!s%oere& #$a# ao as en'a'!n' !n #$e %ons#ru%#!on bus!ness so (u%$ so #$a# !# suse%#e& #$a# ao as &!er#!n' #$e ro%ee&s o $!s sa"es #o !nan%e $!s bus!ness.
A &e(an& "e##er o Ar!" 15, 1979 %ounse" or #$e *orora#!on sou'$# ay(en# o #$e ob"!'a#!ons o ao, arn!n' $!( o #$e !n#en#!on o #$e *orora#!on #o ore%"ose #$e (or#'a'e. A##a%$e& #o sa!& "e##er as a s#a#e(en# o a%%oun# !n&!%a#!n' #$a# aos #o#a" ob"!'a#!ons &u"y suor#e& by re%e!#s a(oun#e& #o 248,990.82.
)$en, *orora#!on sen# N'o @$en' #o suer!se aos sa"es oera#!ons !n ey#e an& ?a(ar +?!n%e ao aeare& #o en%oun#er &!!%u"#!es !n %o("y!n' !#$ $!s ob"!'a#!ons un&er #$e %on#ra%# o a'en%y. @$en' &!s%oere& #$a#, %on#rary #o aos a""e'a#!on #$a# $e s#!"" $a& $u'e %o""e%#!b"es ro( $!s %us#o(ers, no#$!n' as &ue #$e *orora#!on ro( aos %"!en#s. Fro( #$en on, ao no "on'er re%e!e& s$!(en#s ro( #$e *orora#!on $!%$ #ranserre& !#s e$!%"es #o ano#$er %o(oun& %on#ro""e& by N'o @$en'. ?$!(en#s o %!'are##es an& #$e %orreson&!n' !no!%es ere a"so "a%e& !n #$e na(e o N'o @$en'
On =ay 21, 1970, An&res, ose an& )o(as ao brou'$# a %o("a!n# +*!!" *ase No. 4452 or a%%oun#!n' an& &a(a'es !#$ r!# o re"!(!nary !nun%#!on a'a!ns# #$e %orora#!on. The lower court ordered the formation of a Committee on Audit to determine the true and correct accountability of Andres Lao to the corporation. After the accounting, the trial court promulgated a supplemental decision wherein it dismissed Lao's claim of overpayment (of 55, !"#.$% representing alleged shipments covered by bills of lading and factory consignment invoices but with no supporting delivery receipts, and the amount of &",5%.%%, representing shipments with factory consignment invoices but not covered by bills of lading and delivery receipts) and ordered Lao to pay the corporation the sum of &!,!$5."% as part of the total remittances not given. )$e %orora#!on aea"e& #$e &e%!s!on, us# as ao aea"e& #$e su"e(en#a" &e%!s!on #o #$e *our# o Aea"s.
On O%#ober 26, 1981, #$e appellate court rendered a decision ordering the corporation to pay Lao the total amount of &%,%%%.%% for damages (actual for the loss of earnings, moral and e*emplary). Li+ewise, the appellate court reversed and set aside the supplemental decision of the trial court and ordered the corporation to reimburse Lao's overpayment of &55,$$$."%. The corporation filed motions for reconsideration but the same were denied . =R as !"e& by #$e %orora#!on, bu# sa(e as &en!e&.
=ean$!"e, &ur!n' #$e en&en%y o *!!" *ase 4952, #$e %orora#!on reresen#e& by >s#eban *o, !"e& a %o("a!n# or es#aa +*r!(!na" *ase No. 26500 a'a!ns# ao !#$ #$e asay *!#y F!s%a"Cs O!%e or $!s a""e'e& a!"ure #o re(!# #$e a(oun# o 224,585.8 $!%$ $e a""e'e&"y (!saror!a#e& an& %oner#e& or $!s ersona" use. A"#$ou'$ #$!s as a"rea&y a %oun#er%"a!( !n #$e %!!" %ase, #$e %orora#!on resere& #$e r!'$# #o !ns#!#u#e a %r!(!na" %ase a'a!ns# ao. On u"y 31, 1974, a#er !n&!n' a prima facie %ase a'a!ns# ao, #$e asay *!#y F!s%a" !"e& !nor(a#!on or es#aa a'a!ns# ao beore *F; R!Da". ao sou'$# re!nes#!'a#!on s!n%e $e as neer sere& a suboena or no#!%e o re"!(!nary !nes#!'a#!on s!n%e >s#eban (a&e !# aear #$a# ao %anno# be oun&. )$e sa!& %ase as &!s(!sse& "a#er bu# &ur!n' #$e en&en%y o sa!& *r!(!na" *ase, ao "o&'e& a %o("a!n# or (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on +*!!" *ase No. 5528 a'a!ns# #$e %orora#!on ray!n' or #$e aar& o &a(a'es or !o"a#!on o Ar#!%"es 20 an& 21 o #$e *!!" *o&e.
:a#e& an. 3, 1975, asay *!#y F!s%a" ose F"a(!n!ano oun& (er!# !n #$e e#!#!on or re!nes#!'a#!on o #$e es#aa %ase. Be o!ne& #$a# ao $a& no# %o((!##e& es#aa as $!s "!ab!"!#y as essen#!a""y %!!" !n na#ure. )$e F!s%a" en#er#a!ne& &oub#s abou# #$e (o#!e o #$e *orora#!on !n !ns#!#u#!n' #$e %r!(!na" %ase a'a!ns# ao be%ause o #$e un&ue &e"ay !n !#s !"!n', as!&e ro( #$e a%# #$a# #$e es#aa %ase !no"e& #$e sa(e sube%# (a##er #$e *orora#!on sue& uon by ay o %oun#er%"a!( !n *!!" *ase No. 4452. >en#ua""y, on =ay 13, 1976, #$e *our# o F!rs# ;ns#an%e o R!Da", ran%$ EE<;;, !n asay *!#y, ro(u"'a#e& a &e%!s!on a%u!##!n' ao o #$e %r!(e %$ar'e& an& a&o#!n' in toto #$e sa!& Reso"u#!on o F!s%a" F"a(!n!ano
On arch -, !!, the lower court rendered a decision in the action for malicious prosecution finding the corporation liable for damages. :a(a'es ere aar&e& +30 a%#ua" 150 (ora" 100 ee("ary 50 a##ys. Fees.
On Ar!" 18, 1977, ao !"e& a (o#!on or ee%u#!on en&!n' aea" !n *!!" *ase No. 5528. )$!s as oose& by #$e %orora#!on, bu# #$e #r!a" %our# 'ran#e& sa!& (o#!on. e%ause o #$ese &e%!s!ons, bo#$ ar#!es !"e& an aea" beore #$e *our# o Aea"s r!(ar!"y ues#!on!n' #$e &e%!s!on ren&ere& by #$e "oer %our#s. On ?e#e(ber 14, 1977, the Court of Appeals in CA ./. 0o. %! rendered a decision annulling the granting of e*ecution pending appeal. The Court of Appeals li+ewise affirmed in CA ./. 0o. "5#"1/ the trial court's finding that Criminal Case 0o. "5%1& was filed without probable cause and with malice and held the corporation and 2steban Co solidarily liable for damages. e%ause o #$ese &e%!s!ons, bo#$ ar#!es !"e& seera" e#!#!ons !n #$e ?ure(e *our# ues#!on!n' #$e &e%!s!ons ren&ere& by #$e *our# o Aea"s.
ISSUE/SH 1. +see re"ean# %ase, GR 60647 ION *o s$ou"& be $e"& so"!&ar!"y "!ab"e !#$ #$e *orora#!on or $a#eer &a(a'es ou"& be !(ose& uon #$e( or !"!n' #$e %o("a!n# or (a"!%!ous rose %u#!on e#!#!oner *o ar'ues #$a# o""o!n' #$e &!%#u( !n a'en%y, #$e su!# s$ou"& be a'a!ns# $!s r!n%!a" un"ess $e a%#e& on $!s on or e%ee&e& #$e "!(!#s o $!s a'en%y.
2. +see re"ean# %ase, 60958-59 ION *orora#!on an& >s#eban *o or (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on an& #$ereore, #$ey (us# ay ao &a(a'es.
HELD: G.R. No. 47013
*our# ru"e& #$a# #$e ae""a#e %our# %orre%#"y o#e& #o (ae !#s on !n&!n' o a%#s on #$e !ssue o #$e ror!e#y o #$e !ssuan%e o #$e r!# o ee%u#!on en&!n' aea" as !# as ne%essary an& !ne!#ab"e or !# #o "oo !n#o #$e &!erse a%#ua" a""e'a#!ons o #$e ar#!es. Anen# #$e !ssue o os#!n' o #$e bon&, #$e *our# ru"e& #$a# (ere os#!n' o a bon& #o anser or &a(a'es &oes no# su!%e as a 'oo& reason or 'ran#!n' ee%u#!on en&!n' aea".
G.R. No. 60647
Fro( #$e &e%!s!on o #$e *our# o F!rs# ;ns#an%e o ?a(ar !n *!!" *ase No. 5528, !n&!n' #$a# #$ey are "!ab"e or (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on an& #$ereore, #$ey (us# ay ao &a(a'es, #$e *orora#!on an& *o aea"e& #o #$e *our# o Aea"s. ;n a!r(!n' #$e "oer %our#s &e%!s!on, #$e *our# o Aea"s &e&u%e& ro( #$e a%#s es#ab"!s$e& #$a# #$e *orora#!on ne a"" a"on' #$a# aos "!ab!"!#y as %!!" !n
na#ure. Boeer, a#er aroun& our +4 years $a& e"ase& an& sens!n' #$a# *!!" *ase No. 4452 ou"& resu"# !n a &e%!s!on a'a!ns# #$e(, #$ey !ns#!#u#e& #$e %r!(!na" %ase or es#aa. ;n aar&!n' &a(a'es !n #$e #o#a" a(oun# o 330,000, #$e *our# o Aea"s #oo !n#o a%%oun# aos so%!a" an& bus!ness s#an&!n'.
Fro( #$e :e%!s!on o #$e *our# o Aea"s !n *A-G.R. No. 61925-R, *o !"e& #$e !ns#an# e#!#!on or re!e on certiorari %on#en&!n' #$a# #$e *our# o Aea"s erre& !n a!r(!n' #$e &e%!s!on o #$e ?a(ar *our# o F!rs# ;ns#an%e be%ause $en #$e %ase or (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on as %o((en%e& #$ere as as ye# no %ause o a%#!on as #$e %r!(!na" %ase as s#!"" en&!n' &e%!s!on. *o a"so asser#e& #$a# $e s$ou"& no# be $e"& o!n#"y an& seera""y "!ab"e !#$ #$e *orora#!on be%ause !n !"!n' #$e a!&a!#-%o("a!n# a'a!ns# reson&en# ao, $e as a%#!n' as #$e ee%u#!e !%e-res!&en# o #$e *orora#!on an& $!s a%#!on as !#$!n #$e s%oe o $!s au#$or!#y as su%$ %orora#e o!%er.
A erusa" o $!s a!&a!#-%o("a!n# reea"s #$a# a# #$e #!(e $e !"e& #$e sa(e on une 24, 1974, e#!#!oner *o as #$e !%e-res!&en# o #$e *orora#!on. *o, as a %orora#e o!%er, $!s oer #o b!n& #$e *orora#!on as !#s a'en# (us# be sou'$# ro( s#a#u#e, %$ar#er, by-"as, a &e"e'a#!on o au#$or!#y #o a %orora#e o!%er, or ro( #$e a%#s o #$e boar& o &!re%#ors or(a""y eresse& or !("!e& ro( a $ab!# or %us#o( o &o!n' bus!ness. ;n #$!s %ase, no su%$ sour%es o e#!#!oners au#$or!#y ro( $!%$ #o &e&u%e $e#$er or no# $e as a%#!n' beyon& #$e s%oe o $!s resons!b!"!#!es as %orora#e !%e-res!&en# are (en#!one&, (u%$ "ess roen. ;# !s #$us "o'!%a" #o %on%"u&e #$a# #$e boar& o &!re%#ors or by-"as o #$e %orora#!on es#e& e#!#!oner *o !#$ %er#a!n ee%u#!e &u#!es one o $!%$ !s a %ase or #$e *orora#!on.
e#!#!oner *os au#$or!#y #o !ns#!#u#e #$e es#aa %ase !s bu##resse& by #$e a%# #$a# #$e %orora#!on a!"e& #o (ae an !ssue ou# o $!s au#$or!#y #o !"e sa!& %ase. on e""-es#ab"!s$e& r!n%!"es o "ea&!n', "a% o au#$or!#y o an o!%er o a %orora#!on #o b!n& !# by %on#ra%# ee%u#e& by $!( !n !#s na(e, !s a &eense $!%$ s$ou"& $ae been se%!a""y "ea&e& by #$e *orora#!on. )$e a!"ure o #$e %orora#!on #o !n#erose su%$ a &eense %ou"& on"y (ean #$a# #$e !"!n' o #$e a!&a!# %o("a!n# by e#!#!oner *o as !#$ #$e %onsen# an& au#$or!#y o #$e %orora#!on. ;n #$e sa(e e!n, e#!#!oner *o (ay no# be $e"& ersona""y "!ab"e or a%#s eror(e& !n ursuan%e o an au#$or!#y an& #$ereore, $o"&!n' $!( so"!&ar!"y "!ab"e !#$ #$e %orora#!on or #$e &a(a'es aar&e& #o e#!#!oner ao &oes a%%or&e& !#$ "a an& ur!sru&en%e.
G.R. Nos. 606958-59
;n #$!s e#!#!on or re!e on certiorari o #$e :e%!s!ons o #$e *our# o Aea"s !n *A-G.R. No. 61925-R, re'ar&!n' aos %"a!( or &a(a'es on a%%oun# o (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on, an& !n *A-G.R. No. 62532-R #$a# arose ro( aos %o("a!n# or a%%oun#!n' an& &a(a'es, e#!#!oner *orora#!on ass!'ns as errors, #$a#H 1.)$e reson&en# *our# o Aea"s erre& an&Jor %o((!##e& a 'rae abuse o &!s%re#!on !n a!r(!n' #$e erroneous &e%!s!on o #$e "oer %our#. )$e %!!" %ase or (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on as !"e& &ur!n' #$e en&en%y o #$e %r!(!na" %ase uon $!%$ #$e %!!" su!# as base&. )$ere !s as ye# no %ause o a%#!on. . . . .
2.)$e reson&en# *our# o Aea"s erre& an&Jor %o((!##e& a 'rae abuse o &!s%re#!on $en !# reerse& or se# as!&e #$e su"e(en#a" &e%!s!on o #$e "oer %our# !n *!!" *ase No. 4452, $!%$ reersa" as (ere"y base& on sur(!ses an& %one%#ures. . . . . 3.)$e reson&en# *our# o Aea"s erre& an&Jor %o((!##e& 'rae abuse o &!s%re#!on $en !# aar&e& (ora" &a(a'es !n *!!" *ase No. 4452 $!%$ as no# raye& or be%ause An&res ao raye& or (ora" &a(a'es an& as a"rea&y aar&e& !n *!!" *ase No. 5528. =ora" &a(a'es (us# be se%!!%a""y raye& or. . . . .
e#!#!oner *orora#!on %on#en&s #$a# #$e %o("a!n# or (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on brou'$# by ao &ur!n' #$e en&en%y o sube%# %r!(!na" %ase or es#aa, s#a#es no %ause o a%#!on as !# as re(a#ure"y !"e& $en #$e %r!(!na" %ase #$a# resu"#e& !n #$e a%u!##a" o ao as no# ye# #er(!na#e&. On #$e o#$er $an&, reson&en# ao %oun#ere& #$a# #$e e"e(en#s suor#!e o an a%#!on or (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on are e!&en#!ary !n na#ure an& #$e!r e!s#en%e or non-e!s#en%e %anno# be #$e sube%# o ea"ua#!on an& %on%"us!on uon #$e !"!n' o #$e %o("a!n#. For ao, #$ose e"e(en#s (us# be &e#er(!ne& a# #$e #!(e #$e "a!n#! $as oere& a"" $!s e!&en%e an& res#e& $!s %ase.
=a"!%!ous rose%u#!on $as been &e!ne& as an a%#!on or &a(a'es brou'$# by one a'a!ns# $o( a %r!(!na" rose%u#!on, %!!" su!# or o#$er "e'a" ro%ee&!n' $as been !ns#!#u#e& (a"!%!ous"y an& !#$ou# robab"e %ause, a#er #$e #er(!na#!on o su%$ rose%u#!on, su!# or o#$er ro%ee&!n' !n aor o #$e &een&an# #$ere!n. As #$us &e!ne&, #$e a%# o #er(!na#!on o #$e %r!(!na" rose%u#!on, %!!" su!# or "e'a" ro%ee&!n' (a"!%!ous"y !"e& an& !#$ou# robab"e %ause, s$ou"& re%e&e #$e %o("a!n# or (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on. ?u%$ a %o("a!n# s#a#es a %ause o a%#!on ! !# a""e'esH +a #$a# #$e &een&an# as $!(se" #$e rose%u#or or a# "eas# !ns#!'a#e& #$e rose%u#!on +b #$a# #$e rose%u#!on !na""y #er(!na#e& !n #$e a%u!##a" o #$e "a!n#! +% #$a# !n br!n'!n' #$e a%#!on #$e rose%u#or a%#e& !#$ou# robab"e %ause, an& +& #$a# #$e rose%u#or as a%#ua#e& by (a"!%e, i.e., by !(roer an& s!n!s#er (o#!es.
3campo v . 4uenaventura &e(ons#ra#es #$e !(or#an%e o #$e reu!re(en# #$a# #$e %ase (a"!%!ous"y %o((en%e& s$ou"& be #er(!na#e& beore a %"a!( or &a(a'es ar!s!n' ro( #$e !"!n' o su%$ %ase s$ou"& be resen#e&. ;n #$a# %ase, a %o("a!n# or &a(a'es ar!s!n' ro( #$e a""e'e& (a"!%!ous !"!n' o an a&(!n!s#ra#!e %ase or ser!ous (!s%on&u%#, 'rae abuse o au#$or!#y an& %o((!ss!on o a e"ony, as $e"& #o be re(a#ure &ur!n' #$e en&en%y o sa!& a&(!n!s#ra#!e %ase beore #$e #$en o"!%e *o((!ss!on +O*O=. Obser!n' #$a# #$e %o("a!n# or &a(a'es as base& on #$e %"a!( #$a# #$e a&(!n!s#ra#!e %ase brou'$# beore #$e O*O= as (a"!%!ous, unoun&e& an& a!(e& #o $arass #$e reson&en#s, #$e *our# #$ere $e"&H K. . . . )$e era%!#y o #$!s a""e'a#!on !s no# or us #o &e#er(!ne, or ! Ie ru"e an& a""o #$e %!!" %ase or &a(a'es #o ro%ee& on #$a# 'roun&, #$ere !s #$e oss!b!"!#y #$a# #$e %our# a uo !n &e%!&!n' sa!& %ase (!'$# &e%"are #$e reson&en#s !%#!(s o $arass(en# an& #$ereby !n&!re%#"y !n#erere !#$ #$e ro%ee&!n's beore #$e O*O=. )$e reson&en#s %ase or &a(a'es beore #$e "oer %our# !s, #$ereore, re(a#ure as !# as !"e& &ur!n' #$e en&en%y o #$e a&(!n!s#ra#!e %ase a'a!ns# #$e reson&en#s beore #$e O*O=. )$e oss!b!"!#y %anno# be oer"ooe& #$a# #$e O*O= (ay $an& &on a &e%!s!on a&erse #o #$e reson&en#s, !n $!%$ %ase #$e &a(a'e su!# !"" be%o(e unoun&e& an& base"ess or an#!n' !n %ause o a%#!on.
O ersuas!e or%e !s #$e ru"!n' !n 6illiam 7. 4rown vs. 4an+ of the &hilippine 8slands and 9antiago :rei*as , 101 $!". 309, 312, $ere #$!s *our# sa!&H
K. . . . ;n ee%#, "a!n#! $ere!n sees #o re%oer &a(a'es uon #$e 'roun& #$a# #$e &e#a!ner %ase $as been !"e&, an& !s be!n' (a!n#a!ne&, (a"!%!ous"y an& !#$ou# us#!!%a#!on bu# #$!s re#ense ae%#s #$e (er!#s o sa!& &e#a!ner %ase. ?$ou"& !na" u&'(en# be een#ua""y ren&ere& !n #$a# %ase !n aor o #$e "a!n#!s #$ere!n, su%$ as #$e one ren&ere& !n #$e (un!%!a" %our#, #$e a"!&!#y o #$e %ause o a%#!on o sa!& "essors a'a!ns# ron, ou"& #$ereby be %on%"us!e"y es#ab"!s$e&, an& ne%essar!"y, $!s %on#en#!on !n #$e resen# %ase ou"& $ae #o be ree%#e&. ?!(!"ar"y, e %anno# sus#a!n #$e #$eory o ron !n #$e %ase a# bar, !#$ou# reu&'!n' #$e !ssue !n #$e &e#a!ner %ase, $!%$ !s s#!"" en&!n'. n#!" !na" &e#er(!na#!on o sa!& %ase, "a!n#! $ere!n %anno#, an& &oes no#, $ae, #$ereore, a %ause o a%#!on L ! any, on $!%$ e &o no# eress our o!n!on L a'a!ns# #$e $ere!n &een&an#s. ;n s$or#, #$e "oer %our# $as %orre%#"y $e"& #$a# #$e resen# a%#!on !s re(a#ure, an&, #$a#, %onseuen#"y, #$e %o("a!n# $ere!n &oes no# se# or#$ a %ause o a%#!on a'a!ns# #$e &een&an#s.K
A s!(!"ar ru"!n' as "a!& &on !n Cabacungan v . Corrales $ere #$e *our# sus#a!ne& #$e &!s(!ssa" o an a%#!on or &a(a'es on #$e 'roun& o re(a#ur!#y. )$e re%or&s &!s%"ose& #$a# #$e a""e'e& a"se an& (a"!%!ous %o("a!n# %$ar'!n' "a!n#!s !#$ (a"!%!ous (!s%$!e as s#!"" en&!n' #r!a" $en #$e a%#!on or &a(a'es base& on #$e sube%# %o("a!n# as brou'$#.
&remises studiedly viewed in proper perspective, the contention of Lao that the elements of an action for malicious prosecution are evidentiary in nature and should be determined at the time the plaintiff offers evidence and rests his case, is untenable. To rule otherwise would, in effect, sanction the filing of actions without a cause of action. The e*istence of a cause of action is determined solely by the facts alleged in the complaint. Consideration of other facts is proscribed and any attempt to prove e*traneous circumstances is not allowed.
As #$!s *our# sa!& !n 9urigao ine 2*ploration Co., 8nc. v . 7arris, Kun"ess #$e "a!n#! $as a a"!& an& subs!s#!n' %ause o a%#!on a# #$e #!(e $!s a%#!on !s %o((en%e&, #$e &ee%# %anno# be %ure& or re(e&!e& by #$e a%u!s!#!on or a%%rua" o one $!"e #$e a%#!on !s en&!n', an& a su"e(en#a" %o("a!n# or an a(en&(en# se##!n' u su%$ a#er-a%%rue& %ause o a%#!on !s no# er(!ss!b"e.K Thus, the circumstance that the estafa case concluded in respondent Lao's acuittal during the pendency of the complaint for malicious prosecution did not cure the defect of lac+ of cause of action at the time of filing of the complaint . 0either does the Court find merit in respondent Lao's submission that the complaint for malicious prosecution is viable inasmuch as it is also anchored on Articles "% and " of the Civil Code. This may appear to be a persuasive argument since there is no hard and fast rule which can be applied in the determination of whether or not the principle of abuse of rights has been violated, resulting in damages under the said articles of the Civil Code on 7uman /elations. 8ndeed, a party in;ured by the filing of a court case against him, even if he is later on absolved, may file a case for damages grounded either on the principle of abuse of rights or on malicious prosecution. 7owever, whether based on the principle of abuse of rights or malicious prosecution, a reading of the complaint here reveals that it is founded on the mere filing of the estafa charge against respondent Lao. As such, it was prematurely filed and it failed to allege a cause of action. 9hould the action for malicious prosecution be entertained and the estafa charge would result in respondent Lao's conviction during the pendency of the damage suit, even if it is based on Articles "% and ", such suit would nonetheless become groundless and unfounded. To repeat< that the estafa case, in fact, resulted in respondent Lao's acuittal would not infuse a cause of action on the malicious prosecution case already commenced and pending resolution.
The complaint for damages based on malicious prosecution and=or on Articles "% and " should have been dismissed for lac+ of cause of action and therefore, the Court of Appeals erred in affirming the decision of the trial court of origin. 8t should be stressed, however, that the dismissal of sub;ect complaint should not be ta+en as an ad;udication on the merits, the same being merely grounded on the failure of the complaint to state a cause of action.
As re'ar&s #$e &e%!s!on !n *A G.R. No. 62532-R, #$e *our# ru"e& #$a# !# !s !#$!n #$e oer o #$e #r!a" %our# #o reer #$e a%%oun#!n' #o %our#-ao!n#e& %o((!ss!oners be%ause #rue an& %orre%# a%%oun#!n' !s ne%essary or #$e !nor(a#!on o #$e %our# beore !# %an ren&er u&'(en#. ?!n%e bo#$ ar#!es oere& no obe%#!on #o #$e %o((!ss!oners reor#, #$ey are &ee(e& #o $ae a%%e#e& an& a&(!##e& #$e !n&!n' #$ere!n %on#a!ne&. )$us, !n #$e absen%e o roo #$a# #$e 'oo&s ere a%#ua""y re%e!e& by ao as e!&en%e& by &e"!ery re%e!#s, #$e s$!(en#s a""e'e&"y (a&e by #$e %orora#!on !n #$e a(oun# o 597,239.40 an& 126,950.00 %oere& on"y by b!""s o "a&!n' an& a%#ory %ons!'n(en# re%e!# !no!%es %anno# be !n%"u&e& !n aos a%%oun#ab!"!#y.
. FRAN!LIN M. DRILON, AURELIO C. TRAMPE, GREGORIO A. ARI"ALA, CESAR M. SOLIS and FERDINAND R ABESAMIS vs. COURT OF APPEALS, HON. GEORGE C. MACLI-ING, #n $#s %a&a%#'( as P)*s#d#n+ Jd+* B)an%$ 1 '$* R*+#na0 T)#a0 C)' *2n C#'(, and HOMOBONO ADA"A
[G.R. No. 107019. =ar%$ 20, 1997.]
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FACTSH ;n a "e##er-%o("a!n# #o #$en ?e%re#ary o us#!%e Fran"!n :r!"on, Genera" Rena#o &e &uar&o ?ebas#!an ane" re"ease& !#s !n&!n's $o"&!n' #$a# #$ere !s robab"e %ause #o $o"& $ere!n reson&en#s or #r!a" or #$e %r!(e o R>>;ON I;)B =R:>R AN: FR?)RA)>: =R:>R. )$!s reso"u#!on sere& as #$e bas!s or #$e !"!n' o #$e %orreson&!n' !nor(a#!on a'a!ns# #$e( %$ar'!n' #$e( !#$ #$e %r!(e o rebe""!on !#$ (ur&er an& rus#ra#e& (ur&er beore #$e Re'!ona" )r!a" *our# o MueDon *!#y, !#$ no re%o((en&a#!on as #o ba!". Fee"!n' a''r!ee& by #$e !ns#!#u#!on o #$ese ro%e e&!n's a'a!ns# $!(, r!a#e reson&en# A&aDa !"e& a %o("a!n# or &a(a'es A&aDa %$ar'e& e#!#!oners !#$ en'a'!n' !n a &e"!bera#e, !""u" an& (a"!%!ous eer!(en#a#!on by !"!n' a'a!ns# $!( a %$ar'e o rebe""!on %o("ee& !#$ (ur&er an& rus#ra#e& (ur&er $en e#!#!oners, a%%or&!n' #o A&aDa, ere u""y aare o #$e non-e!s#en%e o su%$ %r!(e !n #$e s#a#u#e boos e#!#!oners !"e& a =o#!on #o :!s(!ss A&aDaCs %o("a!n# on #$e 'roun& #$a# sa!& %o("a!n# s#a#es no a%#!onab"e ron' %ons#!#u#!n' a a"!& %ause o a%#!on a'a!ns# e#!#!oners R)* &en!e& =o#!on #o :!s(!ss e#!#!oners !"e& a e#!#!on or %er#!orar! un&er Ru"e 65 beore #$e *our# o Aea"s a""e'!n' 'rae abuse o &!s%re#!on on #$e ar# o #$e reson&en# u&'e !n ru"!n' #$a# su!%!en# %ause o a%#!on e!s#s #o arran# a u""-b"on $ear!n' o #$e %ase !"e& by A&aDa an& #$us &eny!n' e#!#!onersC =o#!on #o :!s(!ss ae""a#e %our# &!s(!sse& #$e e#!#!on or "a% o (er!# an& or&ere& reson&en# u&'e #o ro%ee& !#$ #$e #r!a" o *!!" *ase
ISSUE/SH 1. ION A&aDa !s %orre%# !n (a!n#a!n!n' #$a# $!s %"a!( beore #$e #r!a" %our# as (ere"y a su!# or &a(a'es base& on #or# by reason o e#!#!onersC ar!ous (a"easan%e, (!seasan%e an& noneasan%e !n o!%e, as e"" as or !o"a#!on by #$e e#!#!oners o ?e%#!on 3 +e o Reub"!% A%# No. 3019, o#$er!se non as #$e An#!-Gra# an& *orru# ra%#!%es A%#. #$an a su!# or (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on 2. ION #$e !"!n' o %r!(n!na" %ase a'a!ns# A&aDa !s #a!n#e& !#$ (a"!%e HELDH 1. NO. A %ursory erusa" o #$e %o("a!n# !"e& by A&aDa beore reson&en# u&'e reea"s #$a# !# !s one or (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on a'a!ns# #$e e#!#!oners or #$e "a##erCs !"!n' o #$e %$ar'e a'a!ns# $!( o rebe""!on !#$ (ur&er an& rus#ra#e& (ur&er. An ea(!na#!on o #$e re%or&s ou"& s$o #$a# #$!s "a#es# os#ure as #o #$e na#ure o $!s %ause o a%#!on !s on"y be!n' ra!se& or #$e !rs# #!(e on aea". No$ere !n $!s %o("a!n# !"e& !#$ #$e #r!a" %our# &!& reson&en# A&aDa a""e'e #$a# $!s a%#!on !s one base& on #or# or on ?e%#!on 3 +e o
Reub"!% A%# No. 3019. ?u%$ a %$an'e o #$eory %anno# be a""oe& be%ause #o &o so ou"& no# on"y be una!r #o #$e o#$er ar#y bu# !# ou"& a"so be oens!e #o #$e bas!% ru"es o a!r "ay, us#!%e an& &ue ro%ess. nor#una#e"y, $oeer, $!s %o("a!n# !"e& !#$ #$e #r!a" %our# suers ro( a a#a" !n!r(!#y -- #$a# o a!"ure #o s#a#e a %ause o a%#!on -an& s$ou"& $ae been &!s(!sse& r!'$# ro( #$e s#ar#. )$e #er( (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on $as been &e!ne& !n ar!ous ays. ;n A(er!%an ur!s&!%#!on, !# !s &e!ne& asH One be'un !n (a"!%e !#$ou# robab"e %ause #o be"!ee #$e %$ar'es %an be sus#a!ne&. ;ns#!#u#e& !#$ !n#en#!on o !nur!n' &een&an# an& !#$ou# robab"e %ause, an& $!%$ #er(!na#es !n aor o #$e erson rose%u#e&. For #$!s !nury an a%#!on on #$e %ase "!es, %a""e& #$e a%#!on o (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on/ ;n $!"!!ne ur!s&!%#!on, !# $as been &e!ne& as H An a%#!on or &a(a'es brou'$# by one a'a!ns# $o( a %r!(!na" rose%u#!on, %!!" su!#, or o#$er "e'a" ro%ee&!n' $as been !ns#!#u#e& (a"!%!ous"y an& !#$ou# robab"e %ause, a#er #$e #er(!na#!on o su%$ rose%u#!on, su!#, or o#$er ro%ee&!n' !n aor o #$e &een&an# #$ere!n. )$e '!s# o #$e a%#!on !s #$e u##!n' o "e'a" ro%ess !n or%e, re'u"ar"y, or #$e (ere urose o ea#!on or !nury/ )$e s#a#u#ory bas!s or a %!!" a%#!on or &a(a'es or (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on are oun& !n #$e ro!s!ons o #$e Ne *!!" *o&e on Bu(an Re"a#!ons an& on &a(a'es ar#!%u"ar"y Ar#!%"es 19, 20, 21, 26, 29, 32, 33, 35, 2217 an& 2219 +8. )o %ons#!#u#e (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on, $oeer, #$ere (us# be roo #$a# #$e rose%u#!on as ro(#e& by a s!n!s#er &es!'n #o e an& $u(!"!a#e a erson, an& #$a# !# as !n!#!a#e& &e"!bera#e"y by #$e &een&an# no!n' #$a# $!s %$ar'es ere a"se an& 'roun&"ess. *on%e&e&"y, #$e (ere a%# o sub(!##!n' a %ase #o #$e au#$or!#!es or rose%u#!on &oes no# (ae one "!ab"e or (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on. ;n or&er or a (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on su!# #o roser, #$e "a!n#! (us# roe #$ree +3 e"e(en#sH +1 #$e a%# o #$e rose%u#!on an& #$e ur#$er a%# #$a# #$e &een&an# as $!(se" #$e rose%u#or an& #$a# #$e a%#!on !na""y #er(!na#e& !#$ an a%u!##a" +2 #$a# !n br!n'!n' #$e a%#!on, #$e rose%u#or a%#e& !#$ou# robab"e %ause an& +3 #$a# #$e rose%u#or as a%#ua#e& or !(e""e& by "e'a" (a"!%e, #$a# !s by !(roer or s!n!s#er (o#!e. A"" #$ese reu!s!#es (us# %on%ur. u&'!n' ro( #$e a%e o #$e %o("a!n# !#se" !"e& by A&aDa a'a!ns# #$e $ere!n e#!#!oners, none o #$e ore'o!n' reu!s!#es $ae been a""e'e& #$ere!n, #$us ren&er!n' #$e %o("a!n# &!s(!ss!b"e on #$e 'roun& o a!"ure #o s#a#e a %ause o a%#!on un&er ?e%#!on 1 +', Ru"e 16 o #$e Re!se& Ru"es o *our#. )$ere !s no#$!n' !n #$e re%or&s $!%$ s$os, an& #$e %o("a!n# &oes no# a""e'e, #$a# *r!(!na" *ase, !"e& by #$e e#!#!oners a'a!ns# reson&en# A&aDa or Rebe""!on !#$ =ur&er an& Frus#ra#e& =ur&er, $as been !na""y #er(!na#e& an& #$ere!n a%%use& A&aDa a%u!##e& o #$e %$ar'e. No# een A&aDa $!(se", #$ru %ounse", (aes any os!#!e asseera#!on on #$!s ase%# #$a# ou"& es#ab"!s$ $!s a%u!##a". ;nsoar as sa!& *r!(!na" *ase !s %on%erne&, $a# aears %"ear ro( #$e re%or&s on"y !s #$a# reson&en# $as been &!s%$ar'e& on a r!# o $abeas %orus an& 'ran#e& ba!". )$!s !s no#, $oeer, %ons!&ere& #$e #er(!na#!on o #$e a%#!on %on#e("a#e& un&er $!"!!ne ur!s&!%#!on #o arran# #$e !ns#!#u#!on o a (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on su!# a'a!ns# #$ose resons!b"e or #$e !"!n' o #$e !nor(a!on a'a!ns# $!(. 2. NO. )$e %o("a!n# "!e!se &oes no# (ae any a""e'a#!on #$a# #$e rose%u#!on a%#e& !#$ou# robab"e %ause !n !"!n' #$e %r!(!na" !nor(a#!on or rebe""!on !#$ (ur&er an& rus#ra#e& (ur&er. robab"e %ause !s #$e e!s#en%e o su%$ a%#s an& %!r%u(s#an%es as ou"& e%!#e #$e be"!e, !n a reasonab"e (!n&, a%#!n' on #$e a%#s !#$!n #$e no"e&'e o #$e rose%u#or, #$a# #$e erson %$ar'e& as 'u!"#y o #$e %r!(e or $!%$ $e as rose%u#e&. ;# !s e""-se##"e& #$a# one %anno# be $e"& "!ab"e or (a"!%!ous"y !ns#!#u#!n' a rose%u#!on $ere one $as a%#e& !#$ robab"e %ause. >"se!se s#a#e&, a su!# or (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on !"" "!e on"y !n %ases $ere a "e'a" rose%u#!on $as been %arr!e& on !#$ou# robab"e %ause. )$e reason or #$!s ru"e !s #$a# !# ou"& be a ery 'rea# &!s%oura'e(en# #o ub"!% us#!%e, ! rose%u#ors, $o $a& #o"erab"e 'roun& o sus!%!on, ere "!ab"e #o be sue& a# "a $en #$e!r !n&!%#(en# (!s%arr!e& ;n #$e %ase a# bar, #$e &e%!s!on o #$e ?e%!a" )ea( o rose%u#ors #o !"e #$e !nor(a#!on or rebe""!on !#$ (ur&er an& rus#ra#e& (ur&er a'a!ns# reson&en# A&aDa, a(on' o#$ers, %anno# be &!s(!sse& as #$e (ere ro&u%# o $!( or %ar!%e on #$e ar# o #$e rose%u#ors $o %on&u%#e& #$e re"!(!nary !nes#!'a#!on. ?a!& &e%!s!on as u""y us#!!e& !n an e!'$#een +18-a'e Reso"u#!on.
I$!"e !# !s #rue #$a# #$e e#!#!oners ere u""y aare o #$e rea!"!n' ur!sru&en%e enun%!a#e& !n eo"e . Bernan&eD, $!%$ ros%r!bes #$e %o("e!n' o (ur&er an& o#$er %o((on %r!(es !#$ rebe""!on, e#!#!oners ere o #$e $ones# %on!%#!on #$a# #$e Bernan&eD *ase %an be &!eren#!a#e& ro( #$e resen# %ase. ;n #$e Bernan&eD %ase, #$e %o((on %r!(es o (ur&er, arson, e#%. ere oun& by #$e !s%a" #o $ae been %o((!##e& as a ne%essary (eans #o %o((!# rebe""!on, or !n ur#$eran%e #$ereo. )$us, #$e !s%a" !"e& an !nor(a#!on or rebe""!on a""e'!n' #$ose %o((on %r!(es as a ne%essary (eans o %o((!##!n' #$e oense %$ar'e& un&er #$e se%on& ar# o Ar#!%"e 48, R*. )$e rose%u#ors, $oeer, !n& no o%%as!on #o a"y #$e Bernan&eD ru"!n' s!n%e as !n#!(a#e& aboe, #$e %r!(es o (ur&er an& rus#ra#e& (ur&er !n #$!s %ase ere abso"u#e"y unne%essary #o %o((!# rebe""!on a"#$ou'$ #$ey ere #$e na#ura" %onseuen%es o #$e un"au" bo(b!n'. Ben%e, #$e a"!%ab"e ro!s!on !s #$e !rs# ar# o Ar#!%"e 48 o #$e R*. >nr!"e ?a"aDar as a"so %!#e& say!n' Bernan&eD ru"!n' !s s#!"" a 'oo& "a bu# ar# o !# nee&s %"ar!!%a#!on. ;n "!ne !#$ >nr!"e %ase, ?* $e"& #$a# a &oub#u" or &!!%u"# ues#!on o "a (ay be%o(e #$e bas!s o 'oo& a!#$ an&, !n #$!s re'ar&, #$e "a a"ays a%%or&s #o ub"!% o!%!a"s #$e resu(#!on o 'oo& a!#$ an& re'u"ar!#y !n #$e eror(an%e o o!%!a" &u#!es. Any erson $o sees #o es#ab"!s$ o#$er!se $as #$e bur&en o ro!n' ba& a!#$ or !""-(o#!e. Bere, s!n%e #$e e#!#!oners ere o #$e $ones# %on!%#!on #$a# #$ere as robab"e %ause #o $o"& reson&en# A&aDa or #r!a" or #$e %r!(e o rebe""!on !#$ (ur&er an& rus#ra#e& (ur&er, an& s!n%e A&aDa $!(se", #$rou'$ %ounse", &!& no# a""e'e !n $!s %o("a!n# "a% o robab"e %ause, e !n& #$a# #$e e#!#!oners %anno# be $e"& "!ab"e or (a"!%!ous rose%u#!on. robab"e %ause as no# an#!n' !n #$e !ns#!#u#!on o *r!(!na" *ase a'a!ns# A&aDa. As #o #$e reu!re(en# #$a# #$e rose%u#or (us# be !(e""e& by (a"!%e !n br!n'!n' #$e unoun&e& a%#!on, su!%e !# #o s#a#e #$a# #$e resen%e o robab"e %ause s!'n!!es, as a "e'a" %onseuen%e, #$e absen%e o (a"!%e. A# #$e r!s o be!n' ree#!#!ous, !# !s e!&en# !n #$!s %ase #$a# e#!#!oners ere no# (o#!a#e& by (a"!%!ous !n#en# or by a s!n!s#er &es!'n #o un&u"y $arass r!a#e reson&en#, bu# on"y by a e""-oun&e& be"!e #$a# reson&en# A&aDa %an be $e"& or #r!a" or #$e %r!(e a""e'e& !n #$e !nor(a#!on.
3. Pa')#%# vs L*v#s'* Fa%'s: P*'#'#n*) Raa*0 Pa')#%#, an )da#n*d Ca'$0#% &)#*s', and a%'#v*0( *n+a+*d #n s%#a0 and %#v#% aa#)s #n P#0a), Ca, 4$*)* $* #s )*s#d#n+, 4as a&&#n'*d D#)*%') G*n*)a0 '$* 1567 R*0#+#s and Mn#%#&a0 T4n F#*s'a P#0a), Ca. On Ma( 1567, 4$#0* a 8*n*#' dan%* 4as n-+#n+ #n %nn*%'#n 4#'$ '$* %*0*8)a'#n '$* '4n #*s'a, &*'#'#n*) '+*'$*) 4#'$ &0#%*9*n 4*)* &s'*d n*a) '$* +a'* '$* &80#% ad#')#9 ' %$*% n '$* ass#+n*d 4a'%$*)s '$* +a'*. P)#va'* )*s&nd*n' B#*nv*n#d Ba%a0%s, P)*s#d*n' '$* Ass%#a'#n Ba)an+a( Ca&'a#ns P#0a), Ca and a 9*98*) '$* San++n#an+ Ba(an, 4$ 4as #n a s'a'* d)n*nn*ss and s'and#n+ n*a) '$* sa9* +a'* '+*'$*) 4#'$ $#s %9&an#ns, s')% a 8''0* 8**) n '$* 'a80* %as#n+ an #n;)( n $#s $and 4$#%$ s'a)'*d ' 80**d. T$*n, $* a&&)a%$*d &*'#'#n*) #n a $s'#0* 9ann*) and as*d '$* 0a''*) # $* $ad s**n $#s 4nd*d $and, and 8*)* &*'#'#n*) %0d )*s&nd, &)#va'* )*s&nd*n', 4#'$' &)v%a'#n, $#' &*'#'#n*)S0and*) 8( D**d 4as #0*d 8( &*'#'#n*) 8' '$* sa9* 4as d#s9#ss*d. S8s*=*n'0(, a %9&0a#n' ) da9a+*s 4as #0*d 8( &*'#'#n*) 4#'$ '$* %)' a = and '$* %)' )0*d #n av) $*)*#n &*'#'#n*) $0d#n+ &)#va'* )*s&nd*n' 0#a80* ' '$* )9*) ) 9)a0 da9a+*s as a )*s0' '$* &$(s#%a0 s*)#n+, 9)a0 s$% and s%#a0 $9#0#a'#n %as*d 8( &)#va'* )*s&nd*n'ART. 15. M)a0 da9a+*s 9a( 8* )*%v*)*d #n '$* 004#n+ and ana0+s %as*s: 1 A %)#9#na0 *ns* )*s0'#n+ #n &$(s#%a0 #n;)#*s as#-d*0#%'s %as#n+ &$(s#%a0 #n;)#*s 3 S*d%'#n, a8d%'#n, )a&*, ) '$*) 0as%#v#s a%'s. Ad0'*)( ) %n%8#na+* I00*+a0 ) a)8#')a)( d*'*n'#n ) a))*s' 7 I00*+a0 s*a)%$ 6 L#8*0, s0and*) ) an( '$*) )9 d*a9a'#n Ma0#%#s &)s*%'#n 5 A%'s 9*n'#n*d #n a)'#%0* 35 1 A%'s and a%'#ns )**))*d ' #n a)'#%0*s 1, 7, 6, , 5, 3 3, 3, and 3
3. G.R. N. 13 A&)#0 7, 155 RAFAEL PATRICIO vs. THE HONORABLE OSCAR LEISTE, JUDGE, CFI CAPI", BRANCH II and BIENENIDO BACALOCOS FACTS: 1.
e#!#!oner Raae" a#r!%!o, an or&a!ne& *a#$o"!% r!es#, an& a%#!e"y en'a'e& !n so%!a" an& %!!% aa!rs !n !"ar, *a!D as ao!n#e& :!re%#or Genera" o #$e 1976 Re"!'!ous an& =un!%!a" )on F!es#a o !"ar, *a!D.
2.
On 16 =ay 1976 a# abou# 10H00 o%"o% !n #$e een!n', $!"e a bene!# &an%e as on-'o!n' !n %onne%#!on !#$ #$e %e"ebra#!on o #$e #on !es#a, e#!#!oner #o'e#$er !#$ 2 o"!%e(en ere os#e& near #$e 'a#e o #$e ub"!% au&!#or!u( #o %$e% on #$e ass!'ne& a#%$ers o #$e 'a#e.
3.
r!a#e reson&en# !enen!&o a%a"o%os, res!&en# o #$e Asso%!a#!on o aran'ay *a#a!ns o !"ar, *a!D an& a (e(ber o #$e ?an''un!an' ayan, $o as !n a s#a#e o &runenness an& s#an&!n' near #$e sa(e 'a#e #o'e#$er !#$ $!s %o(an!ons, s#ru% a bo##"e o beer on #$e #ab"e %aus!n' an !nury on $!s $an& $!%$ s#ar#e& #o b"ee&.
4.
Be aroa%$e& e#!#!oner !n a $os#!"e (anner an& ase& #$e "a##er ! $e $a& seen $!s oun&e& $an&, an& beore e#!#!oner %ou"& reson&, r!a#e reson&en#, !#$ou# roo%a#!on, $!# e#!#!oners a%e !#$ $!s b"oo&!e& $an&. As a %onseuen%e, a %o((o#!on ensue& an& r!a#e reson&en# as brou'$# by #$e o"!%e(en #o #$e (un!%!a" bu!"&!n'.
5.
e#!#!oner !"e& !#$ =)* o *a!D or ?"an&er by :ee& a'a!ns# a%a"o%os.
6. =)* &!s(!sse& #$e %o("a!n#. 7.
A %o("a!n# or &a(a'es as !"e& by e#!#!oner !#$ #$e %our# a uo.
8.
)$e %our# ru"e& !n aor o $ere!n e#!#!oner $o"&!n' r!a#e reson&en# "!ab"e #o #$e or(er or (ora" &a(a'es as a resu"# o #$e $ys!%a" suer!n', (ora" s$o% an& so%!a" $u(!"!a#!on %ause& by r!a#e reson&en#s a%# o $!##!n' e#!#!oner on #$e a%e !n ub"!%.
ISSUE: I$e#$er or no# r!a#e reson&en# !s "!ab"e or (ora" &a(a'es.
HELD: >?. As #o #$e e#!#!oners %"a!( or (ora" &a(a'es, e !n& #$e sa(e #o be (er!#or!ous. )$ere !s no ues#!on #$a# (ora" &a(a'es (ay be re%oere& !n %ases $ere a &een&an#s ron'u" a%# or o(!ss!on $as %ause& #$e %o("a!nan# $ys!%a" suer!n', (en#a" an'u!s$, r!'$#, ser!ous an!e#y, bes(!r%$e& reu#a#!on, oun&e& ee"!n's, (ora" s$o%, so%!a" $u(!"!a#!on an& s!(!"ar !nury. r!a#e reson&en#s %on#en#!on #$a# #$ere as no ba& a!#$ on $!s ar# !n s"a!n' e#!#!oner on #$e a%e an& #$a# #$e !n%!&en# as (ere"y a%%!&en#a" !s no# #enab"e. ;# as es#ab"!s$e& beore #$e %our# a uo #$a# #$ere as an e!s#!n' eu& be#een #$e a(!"!es o bo#$ e#!#!oner an& r!a#e reson&en# an& #$a# r!a#e reson&en# s"ae& #$e e#!#!oner !#$ou# roo%a#!on !n #$e resen%e o seera" ersons. )$e a%# o r!a#e reson&en# !n $!##!n' e#!#!oner on #$e a%e !s %on#rary #o (ora"s an& 'oo& %us#o(s an& %ause& #$e e#!#!oner (en#a" an'u!s$, (ora" s$o%, oun&e& ee"!n's an& so%!a" $u(!"!a#!on. r!a#e reson&en# $as #o #ae u"" resons!b!"!#y or $!s a%# an& $!s %"a!( #$a# $e as unaare o $a# $e $a& &one #o e#!#!oner be%ause o &runenness !s &e!n!#e"y no e%use an& &oes no# re"!ee $!( o $!s "!ab!"!#y #o #$e "a##er. ursuan# #o Ar#. 21 o #$e *!!" *o&e !n re"a#!on #o ar. +10 o Ar#. 2219 o #$e sa(e *o&e, Kany erson $o !""u""y %auses "oss or !nury #o ano#$er !n a (anner #$a# !s %on#rary #o (ora"s, 'oo& %us#o(s or ub"!% o"!%y s$a"" %o(ensa#e #$e "a##er or #$e &a(a'e .K)$e a%# #$a# no a%#ua" or %o(ensa#ory &a(a'e as roen beore #$e #r!a" %our#, &oes no# a&erse"y ae%# e#!#!oners r!'$# #o re%oer (ora" &a(a'es. =ora" &a(a'es (ay be aar&e& !n aror!a#e %ases reerre& #o !n #$e %$a#er on $u(an re"a#!ons o #$e *!!" *o&e +Ar#!%"es 19 #o 36, !#$ou# nee& o roo #$a# #$e ron'u" a%# %o("a!ne& o $a& %ause& any $ys!%a" !nury uon #$e %o("a!nan#. ;# !s %"ear ro( #$e reor# o #$e *o&e *o((!ss!on #$a# #$e reason un&er"y!n' an aar& o &a(a'es un&er Ar#. 21 o #$e *!!" *o&e !s #o %o(ensa#e #$e !nure& ar#y or #$e moral in;ury %ause& uon $!s erson, #$usH K. . . Fu""y sens!b"e #$a# #$ere are %oun#"ess 'as !n #$e s#a#u#es, $!%$ "eae so (any !%#!(s o (ora" ron's $e""ess, een #$ou'$ #$ey $ae a%#ua""y suere& (a#er!a" an& (ora" !nury, #$e *o((!ss!on $as &ee(e& !# ne%essary, !n #$e !n#eres# o us#!%e, #o !n%orora#e !n #$e roose& *!!" *o&e #$e o""o!n' ru"eH AR). 23. Any erson $o !""u""y %auses "oss or !nury #o ano#$er !n a (anner #$a# !s %on#rary #o (ora"s, 'oo& %us#o(s or ub"!% o"!%y s$a"" %o(ensa#e #$e "a##er or #$e &a(a'e. ;n a&&!#!on #o #$e aar& o (ora" &a(a'es, ee("ary or %orre%#!e &a(a'es (ay be !(ose& uon $ere!n r!a#e reson&en# by ay o ea("e or %orre%#!on or #$e ub"!% 'oo&. >e("ary &a(a'es are reu!re& by ub"!% o"!%y #o suress #$e an#on a%#s o #$e oen&er. )$ey are an an#!&o#e so #$a# #$e o!son o !%e&ness (ay no# run #$rou'$ #$e bo&y o"!#!%.
. G.R. N. L-5 S*&'*98*) 11, 15 ERNESTO MEDINA and JOSE G. ONG vs. HON. FLORELIANA CASTRO-BARTOLOME #n $*) %a&a%#'( as P)*s#d#n+ Jd+* '$* C)' F#)s' Ins'an%* R#2a0, B)an%$ , Maa'#, M*') Man#0a, COSME DE ABOITI" and PEPSI-COLA BOTTLING COMPAN@ OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC. FACTS: 1.
A %!!" %ase as !"e& !n =ay, 1979, by >rnes#o =e&!na an& ose G. On' a'a!ns# *os(e &e Abo!#!D an& es!-*o"a o##"!n' *o. o #$e $!"!!nes, ;n%. =e&!na as #$e or(er "an# Genera" =ana'er an& On' as #$e or(er "an# *o(#ro""er o #$e %o(any.
2.
e#!#!oner a""e'e& #$a# on or abou# 1H00 o%"o% !n #$e a#ernoon o :e%e(ber 20, 1977, &een&an# *os(e &e Abo!#!D en# #o #$e es!-*o"a "an# !n =un#!n"ua, an& !#$ou# any roo%a#!on, s$ou#e& an& (a"!%!ous"y $u(!"!a#e& #$e "a!n#!s !#$ #$e use o #$e o""o!n' s"an&erous "an'ua'e an& o#$er or&s o s!(!"ar !(or# u##ere& !n #$e resen%e o #$e "a!n#!s subor&!na#e e("oyees, #$us L
GO: :A=N ;). O F*@>: => . . . O ?B) F*@ O O AR> O)B ?B;) )O => O AR> F;R>: +reerr!n' #o >rnes#o =e&!na. O )OO AR> F;R>: +reerr!n' #o ose On'. 3.
On anuary 9, 1978 "a!n#!s !"e& a o!n# %r!(!na" %o("a!n# or ora" &ea(a#!on a'a!ns# #$e &een&an# *os(e &e Abo!#!D bu# as &!s(!sse& be%ause #$e %o("a!n# a""e'e&"y #$e eress!on Fu% you an& ou are bo#$ s$!# #o (e ere u##ere& no# #o s"an&er bu# #o eress an'er an& &!s"easure.
4.
On February 8, 1978, "a!n#!s !"e& a e#!#!on or Re!e !#$ #$e o!%e o #$e ?e%re#ary o us#!%e +no =!n!s#ry o us#!%e an& on une 13, 1978, #$e :eu#y =!n!s#er o us#!%e, *a#a"!no =a%ara!', r., !ssue& a reso"u#!on sus#a!n!n' #$e "a!n#!s %o("a!n#, reers!n' #$e reso"u#!on o #$e ro!n%!a" F!s%a" an& &!re%#!n' $!( #o !"e a'a!ns# &een&an# *os(e &e Abo!#!D an !nor(a#!on or Grae ?"an&er .
5. )$e !nor(a#!on ro!&es #$a#H a.
)$e e("oy(en# re%or&s o "a!n#!s s$o #$e!r #ra% eror(an%e an& !(e%%ab"e ua"!!%a#!ons, no# #o (en#!on #$e!r "on' years o ser!%e #o #$e *o(any $!%$ un&oub#e&"y %ause& #$e!r ro(o#!on #o #$e #o $!'$es# os!#!ons.
b.
)$a# ar ro( #a!n' #$ese (a##ers !n#o %ons!&era#!on, #$e &een&an# %orora#!on, a%#!n' #$rou'$ !#s res!&en#, *os(e &e Abo!#!D, &!s(!sse& an& s"an&ere& #$e "a!n#!s !n #$e resen%e o #$e!r subor&!na#e e("oyees a"#$ou'$ #$!s %ou"& $ae been &one !n r!a#e. )$e &een&an#s $ae e!&en#"y enoye& #$e a%# o &!s(!ss!n' #$e "a!n#!s an& su%$ &!s(!ssa" as "anne& #o (ae !# as $u(!"!a#!n' as oss!b"e be%ause !ns#ea& o a""o!n' a "esser o!%!a" "!e #$e Re'!ona"
%.
A""e'e&"y #$e &een&an#s &!s(!sse& #$e "a!n#!s be%ause o an a""e'e& &e"ay !n #$e use o ro(o#!ona" %rons $en su%$ &e"ay as #rue !#$ rese%# #o #$e o#$er "an#s, $!%$ !s #$ereore &e(ons#ra#!e o #$e a%# #$a# *os(e &e Abo!#!D &!& no# rea""y $ae a s#ron' reason or ub"!%"y $u(!"!a#!n' #$e "a!n#!s by &!s(!ss!n' #$e( on #$e so#.
&.
)$e &een&an#s ere (oe& by e!" (o#!es an& an an#!-so%!a" a##!#u&e !n &!s(!ss!n' #$e "a!n#!s be%ause #$e &!s(!ssa" as ee%#e& on #$e ery &ay #$a# "a!n#!s ere aar&e& r!n's o "oya"#y #o #$e *o(any, !e &ays beore *$r!s#(as an& on #$e &ay $en #$e e("oyees *$r!s#(as ar#y as $e"& !n #$e =un#!n"ua "an#, so #$a# $en "a!n#!s en# $o(e #$a# &ay an& oun& #$e!r !es an& %$!"&ren a"rea&y &resse& u or #$e ar#y, #$ey &!&n# no $a# #o &o an& so #$ey %r!e& unas$a(e&"y.
e. "a!n#!s ere as!n' or (ora" &a(a'es, ee("ary &a(a'es an& a##orneyCs ees. .
A =o#!on #o &!s(!ss #$e %o("a!n# on #$e 'roun& o "a% o ur!s&!%#!on as !"e& by #$e &een&an#s. )$e #r!a" %our# &en!e& #$e (o#!on.
'. I$!"e #$e #r!a" as un&eray, #$e &een&an#s !"e& a se%on& (o#!on #o &!s(!ss #$e %o("a!n# &a#e& anuary 23, 1981, be%ause o a(en&(en#s #o #$e abor *o&e !((e&!a#e"y r!or #$ere#o, A%#!n' on #$e (o#!on, #$e #r!a" %our# !ssue& on =ay 23, 1981 &!s(!sse& #$e (o#!on.
$. A (o#!on #o re%ons!&er #$e aboe or&er as !"e& bu# !# as on"y on a#er a "ase o aroun& seen +7 (on#$s $en #$e (o#!on as &en!e&. !.
"a!n#!s $ae !"e& #$e !ns#an# e#!#!on ursuan# #o R. A. No. 5440 .
ISSUE: I$e#$er or no# #$e abor *o&e $as any re"ean%e #o #$e re"!es sou'$# by #$e "a!n#!s HELD: ;# !s ob!ous ro( #$e %o("a!n# #$a# #$e "a!n#!s $ae no# a""e'e& any una!r "abor ra%#!%e. )$e!rs !s a s!("e a%#!on or &a(a'es or #or#!ous a%#s a""e'e&"y %o((!##e& by #$e &een&an#s. ?u%$ be!n' #$e %ase, #$e 'oern!n' s#a#u#e !s #$e *!!" *o&e an& no# #$e abor *o&e. ;# resu"#s #$a# #$e or&ers un&er re!e are base& on a ron' re(!se. IB>R>FOR>, #$e e#!#!on !s 'ran#e& #$e reson&en# u&'e !s $ereby or&ere& #o re!ns#a#e *!!" *ase No. 33150 an& ren&er a &e%!s!on on #$e (er!#s. *os#s a'a!ns# #$e r!a#e reson&en#s. S*&a)a'* O&#n#ns AUINO, >., dissentingH ;n (y o!n!on #$e &!s(!ssa" o #$e %!!" a%#!on or &a(a'es !s %orre%# be%ause #$e %"a!(s o =e&!na an& On' ere !#$!n #$e e%"us!e ur!s&!%#!on o #$e abor Arb!#er an& #$e NR*, as or!'!na""y ro!&e& !n ar#!%"e 217 o #$e abor *o&e an& as rea!r(e& !n res!&en#!a" :e%ree No. 1691. =e&!na an& On' %ou"& no# s"!# #$e!r %ause o a%#!on a'a!ns# Abo!#!D an& es!-*o"a)$e &e%!s!ons o #$e Re'!ona" :!re%#or an& :eu#y =!n!s#er ;n%!on' are res ;udicata as #o #$e %"a!(s o =e&!na an& On'.
. Fa%#sH
?# ou!s Rea"#y s %a.
:r. *onra&o Ara(!", a neurosy%$!a#r!s# an& (e(ber o #$e a%u"#y o > Ra(on =a'saysay =e&!%a" *en#er, see #o re%oer &a(a'e or a ron'u" a&er#!se(en# !n #$e ?un&ay )!(es $ere ?# ou!s Rea"#y *or. (!sreresen#e& $!s $ouse !#$ =r. Ar%a&!o. ?#. ou!s Rea"#y %ause& #o be ub"!s$e& !#$ #$e er(!ss!on o Ar%a&!o ?. Ar%a&!o +bu# !#$ou# er(!ss!on o :o%#or Ara(!" !n #$e !ssue o #$e ?un&ay )!(es o :e%e(ber 15, 1968 an& anuary 5, 1969 an a&er#!se(en# !#$ #$e $ea&!n' KIB>R> )B> B>AR) ;?K. :o%#or Ara(!" ro#e #o ?#. ou!s Rea"#y abou# #$e (!s#ae an& s#a#!n' $o !# $as ae%#e& $!s roess!ona" an& ersona" !n#e'r!#y as $e $as !n!#e& !n seera" o%%as!ons nu(erous (e&!%a" %o""ea'ues, (e&!%a" s#u&en#s an& r!en&s #o (y $ouse. e%ause o !# $e re%e!e& s"y re(ars a"#$ou'$ !n "!'$# e!n as K!# "oos "!e your $ouse,K K$o (u%$ are you ren#!n' ro( #$e Ar%a&!osPK K"!e your !e or#raye& !n #$e aers as be"on'!n' #o ano#$er $usban&,K e#%., $ae resu"#e& !n no "!##"e (en#a" an'u!s$ on (y ar#. Be ; $ae reerre& #$e (a##er #o #$e e'a" ane" o #$e $!"!!ne =e&!%a" Asso%!a#!on an& #$e!r !na" a&!%e !s en&!n' uon (y sub(!ss!on o suor#!n' oners$! aers. >rnes#o =a'#o#o, an o!%er o ?#. ou!s Rea"#y !n %$ar'e o a&er#!s!n' re%e!e& #$e "e##er. Be s#oe& ub"!%a#!on o #$e a&er#!se(en#. %on#a%#e& :o%#or Ara(!" an& oere& $!s ao"o'!es bu# no re%#!!%a#!on or ao"o'y as ub"!s$e& February 20, 1969H Ara(!"s %ounse" &e(an&e& ro( ?#. ou!s Rea"#y a%#ua", (ora" an& ee("ary &a(a'es o 110,000 =ar%$ 10H #. ou!s Rea"#y %"a!(e& #$a# #$ere as an $ones# (!s#ae an& #$a# ! Ara(!" so &es!re&, re%#!!%a#!on ou"& be ub"!s$e& !n #$e =an!"a )!(es =ar%$ 18, 1969H ne a&er#!se(en# !#$ #$e Ar%a&!o a(!"y an& #$e!r rea" $ouse as ub"!s$e& !n #$e =an!"a )!(es bu# #$ere as no ao"o'y #o :o%#or Ara(!" an& an e"ana#!on o #$e error. =ar%$ 29H Ara(!" !"e& $!s %o("a!n# or &a(a'es Ar!" 15, 1969H ?#. ou!s Rea"#y ub"!s$e& !n #$e !ssue o #$e =an!"a )!(es a KNO);*> OF R>*);F;*A);ONK !n a sa%e 4 by 3 !n%$es #r!a" %our#H aar&e& Ara(!" 8,000 as a%#ua" &a(a'es, 20,000 as (ora" &a(a'es an& 2,000 as a##orneys ees ?#. ou!s Rea"#ys (!s#ae, (a'n!!e& by !#s u##er "a% o s!n%er!#y, :o%#or Ara(!" suere& (en#a" an'u!s$ an& $!s !n%o(e as re&u%e& by abou# 1,000 #o 1,500 a (on#$. =oreoer, #$ere as !o"a#!on o Ara(!"s r!'$# #o r!a%y *AH A!r(e& - ?#. ou!s Rea"#y %o((!##e& an a%#!onab"e uas!-&e"!%# un&er ar#!%"es 21 an& 26 o #$e *!!" *o&e
;??>H IJN ?#. ou!s Rea"#y s$ou"& be $e"& "!ab"e un&er Ar#. 21 an& 26. B>:H >?. A!r(e& ?#. ou!s Rea"#ys e("oyee as 'ross"y ne'"!'en# !n (!!n' u #$e Ara(!" an& Ar%a&!o res!&en%es !n a !&e"y %!r%u"a#e& ub"!%a#!on "!e #$e ?un&ay )!(es. )o su!# !#s urose, !# neer (a&e any r!##en ao"o'y an& e"ana#!on o #$e (!-u. ;# us# %on#en#e& !#se" !#$ a %aa"!er Kre%#!!%a#!on K. ersons, $o no #$e res!&en%e o :o%#or Ara(!", ere %onuse& by #$e &!s#or#e&, "!n'er!n' !(ress!on #$a# $e as ren#!n' $!s res!&en%e ro( Ar%a&!o or #$a# Ar%a&!o $a& "ease& !# ro( $!(. >!#$er ay, $!s r!a#e "!e as (!s#aen"y an& unne%essar!"y eose&. Be suere& &!(!nu#!on o !n%o(e an& (en#a" an'u!s$.
6. Dy Teban Trading Inc. vs. Jose Ching FACTS:
On July 4, 1995, a around 4:45 a.!., "ogelio Ori#, $ih hel%er "o!eo Caa!ora, $as driving a &issan van o$ned by %eiioner Dy Teban Trading, Inc. along he &aional 'igh$ay in (uuan Ciy, going o )urigao Ciy. They $ere delivering co!!ercial ice o nearby barangays and !unici%aliies. * Joana +aula %assenger bus $as on he o%%osie lane o$ards he van. In be$een he $o vehicles $as a %ared %ri!e !over $ih a railer, o$ned by %rivae res%onden ibery ores, Inc. The nigh be/ore, a around 10:00 %.!., he %ri!e !over $ih railer suered a ire blo$ou. The driver, %rivae res%onden Cresilio i!baga, %ared he %ri!e !over a he shoulder o/ he road $ih he le/ $heels sill on he ce!ened high$ay and he righ $heels on he sand and gravel shoulder o/ he high$ay. The %ri!e !over $as no e2ui%%ed $ih riangular, colla%sible re3ecori#ed %laes, an early $arning device. *s subsiue, i!baga %laced a banana run $ih leaves on he /ron and he rear %orion o/ he %ri!e !over o $arn inco!ing !ooriss. To avoid hiing he %ared %ri!e !over occu%ying is lane, he inco!ing %assenger bus s$erved o he righ, ono he lane o/ he a%%roaching &issan van. Ori# sa$ he a%%roaching bus and %u!%ed his brea slo$ly, s$erved o he le/ o avoid he onco!ing bus bu he van hi he /ron o/ he saionary %ri!e !over. The %assenger bus hi he rear o/ he %ri!e !over. Ori# and Caa!ora only suered !inor inuries. The &issan van, ho$ever, beca!e ino%erable as a resul o/ he inciden. On Ocober 1, 1995, %eiioner &issan van o$ner 6led a co!%lain /or da!ages agains %rivae res%onden7s %ri!e !over o$ner and driver $ih he "TC in (uuan Ciy. On *ugus 8, 001, he "TC rendered a decision in /avor o/ %eiioner Dy Teban Trading, Inc., holding ha he %roi!ae cause o/ he hree-$ay vehicular collision $as i!%ro%er %aring o/ he %ri!e !over on he naional high$ay and he absence o/ an early $arning device on he vehicle. 'o$ever, de/endan Jose Ching should be absolved o/ any liabiliy as here is no sho$ing ha he is he !anager or C;O o/ de/endan ibery ores, Inc. *lhough in he ans$er, i is ad!ied ha he is an oanager bu i $as never clari6ed $heher or no (oy Ching and de/endan Jose Ching is one and he sa!e %erson. The C* reversed he decision, holding ha he %roi!ae cause o/ he vehicular collision $as he /ailure o/ he &issan van o give $ay or yield o he righ o/ $ay o/ he %assenger bus. The C* disagreed $ih he "TC ha he %ri!e !over did no have an early $arning device. The a%%ellae cour acce%ed he clai! o/ %rivae res%onden ha i!baga %laced erosene lighed in cans on he /ron and rear o/ he railer $hich !ay ac as subsiue early $arning device. ISSUE: HELD:
=heher or no he %ri!e !over is liable /or he da!ages suered by he &issan van?
@;). =e 6nd ha i!baga $as uerly negligen in %aring he %ri!e !over ase$ on he righ side o/ he naional high$ay. i!baga also /ailed o ae %ro%er se%s o !ini!i#e he ris %osed by he i!%ro%erly %ared %ri!e !over. 'e did no i!!ediaely in/or! his e!%loyer, %rivae res%onden ibery ores, Inc., ha he %ri!e !over suered $o ire blo$ous and ha he could no have he! 6ed because he had only one s%are ire. =e 6nd ha %rivae res%onden ibery ores, Inc. $as uerly negligen in allo$ing a novice driver, lie i!baga, o o%erae a vehicle, such as a ruc loaded $ih a bulldo#er, $hich re2uired highly s%eciali#ed driving sills. "es%onden e!%loyer clearly /ailed o %ro%erly su%ervise i!baga in driving he %ri!e !over. +roi!ae cause is de6ned as ha cause, $hich, in naural and coninuous se2uence, unbroen by any e
7. CORNELIO LAMPESA v DR. JUAN DE ERA, JR G.R. N. 1111. F*8)a)( 1, J. #s98#n+ FACTS: On :e%e(ber 28, 1988, &e
resu(#!on !ns#an#"y ar!ses #$a# #$e e("oyer as ne'"!'en# !n #$e se"e%#!on an&Jor suer!s!on o sa!& e("oyee. On a !na" no#e, e#!#!oners "!ab!"!#y or (ora" &a(a'es an& a##orneys ees %anno# no be ues#!one& or a!"ure o e#!#!oners #o ra!se !# beore #$e *our# o Aea"s. ;# !s a e""-en#ren%$e& ru"e #$a# !ssues no# ra!se& be"o %anno# be ra!se& or #$e !rs# #!(e on aea" as #o &o so ou"& be oens!e #o #$e bas!% ru"es o a!r "ay an& us#!%e.
8. MARIA BENITA DULA@ v COURT OF APPEALS G.R. N. 116. A&)#0 3, 155
J. B#d#n FACTS: On :e%e(ber 7, 1988, an a"#er%a#!on be#een en!'no )orDue"a an& A##y. Nao"eon :u"ay o%%urre& a# #$e K!' an' sa A"aban',K A"aban' GAR:K an&Jor ?uer'uar& ?e%ur!#y *or. +K?>RGAR:K, a""e'e& e("oyers o &een&an# )orDue"a. On =ar%$ 2, 1989, ?>RGAR: !"e& a =o#!on #o :!s(!ss on #$e 'roun& #$a# #$e %o("a!n# &oes no# s#a#e a a"!& %ause o a%#!on. ?>RGAR: %"a!(e& #$a# )orDue"as a%# o s$oo#!n' :u"ay as beyon& #$e s%oe o $!s &u#!es, an& #$a# s!n%e #$e a""e'e& a%# o s$oo#!n' as %o((!##e& !#$ &e"!bera#e !n#en# +&o"o, #$e %!!" "!ab!"!#y #$ereor !s 'oerne& by Ar#!%"e 100 o #$e Re!se& ena" *o&e. Reson&en# ?>RGAR: ur#$er a""e'e& #$a# a %o("a!n# or &a(a'es base& on ne'"!'en%e un&er Ar#!%"e 2176 o #$e Ne *!!" *o&e, su%$ as #$e one !"e& by e#!#!oners, %anno# "!e, s!n%e #$e %!!" "!ab!"!#y un&er Ar#!%"e 2176 a"!es on"y #o uas!-oenses un&er Ar#!%"e 365 o #$e Re!se& ena" *o&e. ;n a&&!#!on, #$e r!a#e reson&en# ar'ue& #$a# e#!#!oners !"!n' o #$e %o("a!n# !s re(a#ure %ons!&er!n' #$a# #$e %on!%#!on o )orDue"a !n a %r!(!na" %ase !s a %on&!#!on sine ua non or #$e e("oyers subs!&!ary "!ab!"!#y. )$e R)* u&'e $e"& #$a# #$e %o("a!n# &!& no# s#a#e a%#s ne%essary or su!%!en# #o %ons#!#u#e a uasi1delict s!n%e !# &oes no# (en#!on any ne'"!'en%e on #$e ar# o )orDue"a !n s$oo#!n' Nao"eon :u"ay or #$a# #$e sa(e as &one !n #$e eror(an%e o $!s &u#!es. ISSUE: ION Ar#!%"e 2176 %oers a%#s #$a# are !n#en#!ona" ION r!a#e reson&en#s "!ab!"!#y !s subs!&!ary OR &!re%# HELD: *on#rary #o #$e #$eory o r!a#e reson&en#s, #$ere !s no us#!!%a#!on or "!(!#!n' #$e s%oe o Ar#!%"e 2176 o #$e *!!" *o&e #o a%#s or o(!ss!ons resu"#!n' ro( ne'"!'en%e. Ie""-en#ren%$e& !s #$e &o%#r!ne #$a# Ar#!%"e 2176 %oers no# on"y a%#s %o((!##e& !#$ ne'"!'en%e, bu# a"so a%#s $!%$ are o"un#ary an& !n#en#!ona". Boeer, #$e #er( K$ys!%a" !nur!esK !n Ar#!%"e 33 $as a"rea&y been %ons#rue& #o !n%"u&e bo&!"y !nur!es %aus!n' &ea#$ + Capuno v. &epsi1Cola 4ottling Co. of the &hilippines 121 $!". 638 [1965]Carandang v. 9antiago 97 $!". 94 [1955]. ;# !s no# #$e %r!(e o $ys!%a" !nur!es &e!ne& !n #$e Re!se& ena" *o&e. ;# !n%"u&es no# on"y $ys!%a" !nur!es bu# a"so %onsu((a#e&, rus#ra#e&, an& a##e(#e& $o(!%!&e +ade;a v. Caro 126 ?*RA 293 [1983]. )$e "!ab!"!#y o #$e e("oyer un&er Ar#!%"e 2180 !s &!re%# an& !((e&!a#e !# !s no# %on&!#!one& uon r!or re%ourse a'a!ns# #$e ne'"!'en# e("oyee an& a r!or s$o!n' o #$e !nso"en%y o su%$ e("oyee + ?apalaran 4us Lines v. Coronado 176 ?*RA 792 [1989]. )$ereore, !# !s !n%u(ben# uon #$e r!a#e reson&en#s #o roe #$a# #$ey eer%!se& #$e &!"!'en%e o a 'oo& a#$er o a a(!"y !n #$e se"e%#!on an& suer!s!on o #$e!r e("oyee.
9. AN:A=O ((anua" an& Na#!!&a& An&a(o one& a ar%e" o "an& a&a%en# #o #$a# o #$e =!ss!onar!es o Our a&y o a ?a""e##e. I!#$!n #$e "an& or Our a&y, a#era#$s an& an ar#!!%!a" "ae ere %ons#ru%#e&, a""e'e&"y !nun&a#!n' an& ero&!n' #$e An&a(osC "an&. )$!s %ause& a youn' (an #o &ron, &a(a'e& #$e An&a(osC %ros an& en%es, an& en&an'ere& #$e!r "!es. )$e An&a(os !ns#!#u#e& a %r!(!na" a%#!on a'a!ns# #$e o!%ers an& &!re%#ors o Our a&y or &es#ru%#!on by (eans o !nun&a#!on un&er Ar#. 324 o #$e R*. ?ubseuen#"y, #$ey !"e& a %!!" %ase or &a(a'es a'a!ns# #$e reson&en#s. on (o#!on o reson&en#s, #$e %!!" %ase as &!s(!sse& or "a% o ur!s&!%#!on, s!n%e #$e %r!(!na" %ase !ns#!#u#e& a$ea& o #$e %!!" %ase as s#!"" unreso"e&. )$!s as base& on #$e ro!s!on o #$e Ru"es o *our# $!%$ ro!&es #$a# %r!(!na" an& %!!" a%#!ons ar!s!n' ro( #$e sa(e oense (ay be !ns#!#u#e& seara#e"y, bu# a#er #$e %r!(!na" a%#!on $as been %o((en%e&, #$e %!!" a%#!on %anno# be !ns#!#u#e& un#!" !na" u&'(en# $as been ren&ere& !n #$e %r!(!na" a%#!on. ;??>H I$e#$er #$e %!!" a%#!on s$ou"& $ae been &!s(!sse&. B>:H No. )$e %!!" a%#!on s$ou"& no# $ae been &!s(!sse& s!n%e !# as base&, no# on %r!(e, bu# on uas!-&e"!%#. A"" #$e e"e(en#s o a uas!-&e"!%# are rese n#H 1. :a(a'es suere& by #$e "a!n#! 2. Fau"# or ne'"!'en%e o #$e &een&an# or so(e o#$er erson or $ose a%#s $e (us# reson& an& 3. *onne%#!on o #$e %ause an& ee%# be#een #$e au"# or ne'"!'en%e o #$e &een&an# an& #$e &a(a'es !n%urre& by #$e "a!n#!. ;n #$!s %ase, #$e a#er a#$s an& %on#r!an%es bu!"# by reson&en# are a""e'e& #o $ae !nun&a#e& #$e "an& o e#!#!oners. )$!s as %ause& by #$e a!"ure o #$e &een&an# #o !ns#a"" &ra!na'e !es #$a# %ou"& $ae reen#e& #$e !nun&a#!on. )$ere !s #$ereore a %ausa" %onne%#!on be#een #$e a%# o bu!"&!n' #$e a#er a#$s !#$ou# ro!&!n' or an a&eua#e &ra!na'e sys#e( an& #$e &a(a'e sus#a!ne& by #$e e#!#!oners.
Ar#!%"e 2176 %oers no# on"y a%#s no# un!s$ab"e by "a/ bu# a"so a%#s %r!(!na" !n %$ara%#er, $e#$er !n#en#!ona" an& o"un#ary or ne'"!'en#. *onseuen#"y, a seara#e %!!" a%#!on "!es a'a!ns# #$e oen&er !n a %r!(!na" a%#, $e#$er or no# $e !s %r!(!na""y rose%u#e& an& oun& 'u!"#y or a%u!##e&, ro!&e& #$a# #$e oen&e& ar#y !s no# a""oe& #o re%oer &a(a'es on bo#$ s%ores an& ou"& on"y be en#!#"e& #o #$e b!''er aar& o #$e #o.
