LAW ON TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
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Contract of Transportation – person obligates himself to transport persons or property from one place to another for a consideration. 2. 2 KINDS: 1. CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS Parties: common carrier & passenger (carried gratuitously or not) Passenger – one who travels in a public conveyance by virtue of contract, express or implied, with the carrier as to the payment of fare or that which is accepted as an equivalent thereof Perfection: 2 types of contracts of carriage of PASSENGERS: > contract to carry (agreement to carry the passenger at some future date) – consensual contract and perfected by mere consent * AIRCRAFT – perfected even without issuance of ticket as long as there was already meeting of minds with respect to the subject matter and consideration > Contract of Carriage – real contract; not until the facilities of the carrier are actually used can the carrier be said to have assumed the obligation of the carrier; perfected by actual use. * AIRCRAFT – perfected if it was established that the passenger had checked in at the departure counter, passed through customs and immigration, boarded the shuttle bus and proceeded to the ramp of the aircraft and baggage already loaded to the aircraft. * Public Utility Bus or Jeepneys or Street Cars – once it stops it is in effect making a continuous offer to riders; perfected when passenger is already attempting to board the vehicle * TRAINS – perfected when a person: a. purchased a ticket/ possess sufficient fare with which to pay for his passage b. presented himself at the proper place and in a proper manner to be transported c. has a bona fide intention to use facilities of the carrier 2. CARRIAGE OF GOODS Parties: shipper & carrier
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He must be engaged in the business of carrying goods for others as a public employment, and must hold himself out as ready to engage in the transportation of goods for persons generally as a business and not as a casual occupation. He must undertake to carry good of the kind to which his business is confined. He must undertake to carry by the method by which his business is conducted and over his established roads. Transportation must be for hire.
Characteristics of Common carriers (CC): no distinction between one whose principal business is the transportation of persons/goods and one who does such as an ancillary business (sideline) no distinction between regular or scheduled basis and one offering such service on an occasional, episodic or unscheduled business still a CC even if services offered to a limited clientele (between the general public and a narrow segment of the general population) Still considered a CC even if he did not secure a Certificate of Public Convenience No distinction as to the means of transporting, as long as it is by land, water or air The Civil Code does not provide that the transportation should be by motor vehicle Still a CC even if he has no fixed and publicly know route, maintains no terminals, and issues no tickets pipeline operators are CCs – not necessarily motor vehicles (Case: First Philippine Industrial Corp. vs. CA) Case: Jose Mendoza vs. Philippine Airlines Inc The test of whether one is a common carrier by air is whether he holds out that he will carry for hire, so long as he has room, goods of everyone bringing goods to him for carriage, not whether he is carrying as a public employment or whether he carries to a fixed place CHARTER PARTY: Contract by which an entire ship or some principal part thereof is let by the owner to another person for a specified time or use. Q: What is the effect of charter party? A: It may transform a common carrier into a private carrier. However, it must be a bareboat or demise charter where the charterer mans the vessel with his own people and becomes, in effect, the owner for the voyage or service stipulated 2 types:
Shipper – the person who delivers the goods to the carrier for transportation; pays the consideration or on whose behalf payment is made
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Contract of Affreightment involves the use of shipping space on vessels leased by the owner in part or as a whole, to carry goods for another CC = observe extraordinary diligence; in case of loss, deterioration or destruction of goods of goods, CCs are presumed to be at fault or have acted negligently 2 types i. Time charter: vessel is leased to the charterer for a fixed period of time ii. Voyage charter: ship is leased for a single voyage
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Charter by demise/ Bareboat Charter whole vessel is let to the charterer with a transfer to him of its entire command and possession and consequent control over its navigation including the master and the crew who are his servants. charter includes both vessel and crew—CC becomes private carrier (PC) insofar as that particular voyage is concerned if it is already a PC- ordinary diligence in the carriage of goods will suffice
Consignee – person to whom the goods are to be delivered. May be the shipper himself or a third person who is not actually a party to the contract Perfection: > contract to carry goods – consensual > contract of carriage - act of delivery of goods ( goods are unconditionally placed in the possession and control of the carrier and upon their receipt by the carrier for transportation) CARRIER: Common carriers (CC) (1732) – persons, corporations, firms or associations engaged in the business of carrying or transporting passengers or goods or both, by land, water, or air, for compensation, offering their services to the public. (NOT the means of transportation) – one that holds itself out as ready to engage in the transportation of goods for hire as a public employment and not as a casual occupation. Tests for determining WON a party is a common carrier of goods:
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PC = undertaking is a single transaction, not a part of the general business or occupation, although involving the carriage of goods for a fee; NO presumption of negligence applies – whosoever alleges damage to or deterioration of the goods carried has the burden of proving that the cause was the negligence of the carrier.
Distinction between Common Carriers and Private Carriers COMMON CARRIER PRIVATE CARRIER Extraordinary diligence in the Ordinary diligence in the carriage of vigilance over the goods they carry goods will suffice In case of loss, destruction, or No such presumption applies to deterioration of goods, they are private carriers, for whosoever alleges presumed to have been at fault or to damage to or deterioration n of the have acted negligently; burden of goods carried has the onus of proving proving otherwise rests on them that the cause was the negligence of the carrier Cannot stipulate that it is exempt May validly enter into such stipulation from liability for the negligence of its agents or employees Factors to be considered whether a carrier is common/private: Law applicable o Common Civil Code o Private contract Diligence required o Common extraordinary diligence o Private diligence of a good father of a family Burden of proof in relation to negligence o Common – the carrier o Private – on the party having a claim against the carrier Case: Planters Products, Inc. vs. CA It is therefore imperative that a public carrier shall remain as such, notwithstanding the charter of the whole or portion of a vessel by one or more persons, provided the charter is limited to the ship only, as in the case of a time-charter or voyage-charter. It is only when the charter includes both the vessel and its crew that a common carrier becomes private True Test of Common Carrier Is the carriage of passengers or goods, provided it has space, for all who opt to avail themselves of its transportation service for a fee Generally, private carriage is undertaken by spcial agreement and the carrier does not hold hiself out to carry goods for the general public Case: Estela Crisostomo vs. CA and Caravan Travel and Tours International By definition, a contract of carriage is one whereby a certain person or association of persons obligate themselves to transport person, thing or new from one place to another for a fixed price It is obvious from the above definition that respondent is not an entity engaged in the business of transporting either passengers or goods and is therefore, neither a private nor a common carrier. Its covenant with its customers is simply to make travel arrangements in their behalf. It is in this sense that the contract between the parties in this case was an ordinary one for services and not one of carriage; it is thus not bound under the law to observe extraordinary diligence in the performance of its obligation. COMMON CARRIERS vs. TOWAGE, ARRASTRE AND STEVEDORING Towage -
A vessel is hired to bring another vessel to another place e.g. a tugboat may be hired by CC to bring the vessel to a port (operator of tugboat not CC) in maritime law: towing for the mere purpose of expediting her voyage without reference to any circumstances of danger
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Arrastre -
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Arrastre operator’s functions has nothing to do with the trade and business of navigation nor to the use or operation of vessels Services are not maritime Functions of arrastre operator: o Receive, handle, care for, and deliver all merchandise imported and exported, upon or passing over Government-owned wharves and piers in the port o Record or check all merchandise which may be delivered to said port ant shipside o Furnish light, and water services and other incidental service in order to undertake its arrastre service Such service is in face, no different from those of a depositary or warehouseman
Stevedoring involves the loading and unloading of coastwise vessels calling at the port. >>> Common carriers are public utilities, impressed with public interest and concern subject to regulation by the state. GOVERNING LAWS read summary of rules on page 40 of book Article 1766 (Civil Code). In all matters not regulated by this Code, the rights and obligations of common carriers shall be governed by the Code of Commerce and by special laws. NATURE OF BUSINESS Common Carriers exercise a sort of public office Consequently, common carriers are subject to regulation by the State REGISTERED OWNER RULE/REGISTRATION LAWS Governed by the Land Transportation and Traffic Code and administered by the Land Transportation Office The registered owner of a vehicle is liable fro any damage caused by the negligent operation of the vehicle although the same was already sold or conveyed to another person at the time of the accident. The registered owner is liable to the injured party subject to his right of recourse against the transferee or the buyer Applicable in case of lease Registered owner not liable if vehicle was taken form him without his knowledge and consent. Q: what is the purpose of such law? A: The main aim of motor vehicle registration is to identify the owner so that if any accident happens, or that any damage or injury is caused by the vehicle on the public highways, responsibility therefor can be fixed on a definite individual – the registered owner. KABIT SYSTEM The “registered owner” rule is applicable to people involved on a “kabit system” arrangement whereby a person who has been granted a certificate of public convenience allows other persons who own motor vehicles to operate them under his license, sometimes for a fee or percentage of the earnings --- contrary to public policy (thus VOID and INEXISTENT) parties to the “kabit system” cannot invoke the same as against each other either to enforce their illegal agreement or to invoke the same to escape liability --- pari delicto rule having entered into an illegal contract, neither can seek relief from the courts and each must bear the consequences of his acts also applicable to aircrafts and vessels – basic rule that no person can operate a common carrier without securing a certificate of public convenience and necessity.
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Case: Dizon vs. Octavio the primary factors considered in the granting of a certificate of public convenience for the business of public transportation is the financial capacity of the holder of the license, so that liabilities arising from accidents may be duly compensated Thus, for the safety of passengers and the public who may have been wronged and deceived through the baneful kabit system, the registered owner of the vehicle is not allowed to prove that another person has become the owner so that he may be thereby relived of responsibility CHAPTER 2 OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES I. Obligations of the carrier A. DUTY TO ACCEPT - A common carrier granted a certificate of public convenience is duty bound to accept passengers or cargo without any discrimination. - It is illegal for domestic ship operators to refuse to accept or carry passengers or cargo without just cause. (Section 16, RA 9295) Note: In air transportation, passengers with confirmed tickets who were not allowed to board are provided with denied boarding compensation and priority boarding rules. No compensation for refusal if it is because of: 1. government requisition of the space 2. substitution of equipment of lesser capacity when required by operational and or safety and/or other causes beyond the control of the carrier, and 3. if arrangements have been made for the passenger to take another flight in a comparable air transportation which will arrive not later than three hours after the time of flight on which the confirmed space is held is supposed to arrive. (Civil Aeronautics Board Economic Regulation) Grounds for Valid Refusal to Accept Goods GR: common carriers cannot lawfully decline to accept a particular class of goods EXC: it appears that for some sufficient reason the discrimination against the traffic in such goods is reasonable and necessary: i. dangerous objects or substances including dynamites and other explosives ii. goods are unfit for transportation iii. acceptance would result in overloading iv. contrabands or illegal goods v. goods injurious to health vi. goods will be exposed to untoward danger like flood, capture by enemies and the like vii. goods like livestock will be exposed to diseases viii. strike ix. failure to tender goods on time Case: Fisher v. Yangco factors in determining reasonable discrimination include: i. suitability to the vessel for the transportation of such products; ii. reasonable possibility of danger or disaster resulting from their transportation in the form and under the conditions in which they are offered for carriage; and iii. the general nature of the business done by the carrier. (1) Hazardous and Dangerous Substances Carrier not properly equipped to transport dangerous chemicals or explosives may validly refuse to accept the same for transport. Those which are not authorized by the Maritime Industry Authority to carry such goods may also validly refuse the same for transport. There must be a Special Permit to Carry from the MARINA. (accept only if the said cargoes are covered by the necessary clearance from appropriate government agencies)
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(2) Unfit for Transport Carriers may refuse to accept goods that are unfit for transportation These goods may by nature be unfit for transportation or are unfit because of improper packaging or defect in their containers. However, carriers may accept the goods and limit its liability by stipulation. If by reason of well-founded suspicion of falsity in the declaration as to the contents of the package carrier should decide to examine and investigate it in the presence of witnesses, with the shipper and consignee in attendance. If declaration of shipper is true, expenses occasioned by the examination and of repacking the packages shall be for the account of the carrier Even if the cause of the loss, destruction or deterioration of the goods should be caused by the character of the goods, or the faulty nature of the packing or of the containers, the common carrier must exercise due diligence to forestall or lessen the loss. B. DUTY TO DELIVER THE GOODS Time of Delivery - Where a carrier has made an express contract, the goods must be delivered within a specified time otherwise he is liable for any delay (indemnity for damages). - In the absence of any agreement, goods must be delivered at its destination within a reasonable time (depending on the attending circumstances, nature of the goods; expected date of arrival in the BOL may be considered). - In the absence of a special contract, a carrier is NOT an insurer against delay in transportation of goods Consequences/Effects of Delay - Excusable delays in carriage suspend, but do not generally terminate, the contract of carriage; when the cause is removed, the master must proceed with the voyage and make delivery. - During the detention or delay, vessel continues to be liable as a common carrier, not a warehouseman, and remains duty bound to exercise extraordinary diligence. Article 1740 (NCC). If common carrier negligently delays in transporting the goods, a natural disaster shall not free it from responsibility. Article 1747 (NCC). If common carrier delays , without just cause, in transporting the goods or changes the stipulated or usual route, the contract limiting its liability cannot be availed of in case of the loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods. Note: read page 72 of book for other provisions. (1) Abandonment In case of delay through the fault of the carrier, the consignee may refuse to accept the goods or may leave the goods in the hands of the carrier. It must be communicated to the carrier in writing. This right must be exercised between the time of delay and before the arrival of the goods at its destination. The carrier must pay the full value of the goods as if they had been lost or mislaid. Note: If abandonment is not made, indemnification for the losses and damages by reason of the delay cannot exceed the current price which the goods would have on the day and at the place they are to be delivered. The value of the goods which the carrier must pay in case of loss or misplacement shall be that what is declared in the bill of lading. Consignee must not defer the payment of the expenses and transportation charges of the goods otherwise carrier may demand the judicial sale of the goods.
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Case: Magellan Mfg. Marketing Corp. vs. CA Abandonment may also be made by virtue of stipulation or agreement between parties (2) Rights of Passengers in Case of Delay As to the rights and duties of the parties strictly arising out of delay, the Civil Code is silent. However, the Code of Commerce provides for such a situation: ARTICLE 698. In case a voyage already begun should be interrupted, the passengers shall be obliged to pay the fare in proportion to the distance covered, without right to recover for losses and damages if the interruption is due to fortuitous event of force majeure, but with a right to indemnity if the interruption should have been caused by the captain exclusively. If the interruption should be caused by the disability of the vessel and a passenger should agree to await the repairs, he may not be required to pay any increased price of passage, but his living expenses during the stay shall be for his own account. Note: the carrier is liable for any loss or damage, including any pecuniary loss or loss of profit, which the passenger may have suffered by reason thereof.
- Presumption of Negligence - Two conditions for the birth of the presumption of negligence: 1. there exists a contract between the passenger or the shipper and the common carrier 2. the loss, deterioration, injury or death took place during the existence of the contract Doctrine of Proximate Cause – there is presumption of negligence If the goods are lost, destroyed or deteriorated, common carriers are presumed to have acted negligently, unless they prove that they observed extraordinary diligence. In case of death of or injuries to passengers, common carriers are presumed to have been at fault or to have acted negligently, unless they prove that they observed extraordinary diligence. - Duration of Duty: (1)
In case the vessel is not able to depart on time and the delay is unreasonable, the passenger may opt to have his/her ticket immediately refunded without any refund service fee from the authorized issuing/ticketing office. Where and to Whom Delivered a. Place – Goods should be delivered to the consignee in the place agreed upon by the parties. The shipper may change the consignment of the goods provided that at the time of ordering the change of the consignee the bill of lading signed by the carrier be returned to him, in exchange for another wherein the novation of the contract appears. The expenses occasioned by the change shall be for the account of the shipper. b.
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Consignee – Delivery must generally be made to the owner or consignee or to someone lawfully authorized by him to receive the goods for his account or to the holder of the negotiable instrument. Delay to Transport Passengers – A carrier is duty bound to transport the passenger with reasonable dispatch
Effects of ‘delayed and unfinished voyage’ in inter-island vessels: vessel cannot continue or complete her voyage for any cause – carrier is under obligation to transport the passenger to his/her destination at the expense of the carrier including free meals and lodging before the passenger is transported to his/her destination; the passenger may opt to have his/her ticket refunded in full if the cause of the unfinished voyage is due to the negligence of the carrier or to an amount that will suffice to defray transportation cost at the shortest possible route if the cause of the unfinished voyage is fortuitous event. vessel is delayed in arrival at the port of destination – free meals during mealtime delay in departure at the point of origin due to carrier’s negligence; fortuitous event - free meals during mealtime; carrier not obliged to serve free meals carrier is not obliged to inform passengers of sailing schedule of the vessel C. DUTY TO EXERCISE EXTRAORDINARY DELIGENCE - Goods should be delivered in the same condition that they were received and to transport the passengers without encountering any harm or loss. - Read page 79-80 for provisions ARTICLE 1755. A common carrier is bound to carry the passengers safely as far as human care and foresight can provide, using the utmost diligence of very cautious persons, with a due regard for all the circumstances. (Civil Code)
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Carriage of Goods - Due diligence should be exercised the moment the goods are delivered to the carrier. - Goods are deemed delivered to the carrier when the goods are ready for and have been placed in the exclusive possession, custody and control of the carrier for the purpose of their immediate transportation and the carrier has accepted them
ARTICLE 1736. The extraordinary responsibility of the common carrier lasts from the time the goods are unconditionally placed in the possession of, and received by the carrier for transportation until the same are delivered, actually or constructively, by the carrier to the consignee or to the person who has a right to receive them… ARTICLE 1737. The common carrier’s duty to observe extraordinary diligence over the goods remains in full force and effect even when they are temporarily unloaded or stored in transit, unless the shipper or owner has made use of the right of stoppage in transitu. (common carrier becomes a warehouseman – ordinary diligence) ARTICLE 1738. The extraordinary liability of the common carrier continues to be operative even during the time the goods are stored in a warehouse of the carrier at the place if destination, until the consignee has been advised of the arrival of the goods and has had reasonable opportunity thereafter to remove them or otherwise dispose of them. (2)
Carriage of Passengers
By trains – the extraordinary responsibility of common carrier commences the moment the person who purchases the ticket (or a ‘token’ or ‘card’) from the carrier presents himself at the proper place and in a proper manner to be transported with a bona fide intent to ride the coach. * Mere purchase of a ticket does not of itself create the relation of carrier and passenger but it is an element in the inception of the relation. * A proper person who enters upon the carrier’s premises (station, ticketing office, or waiting room) with the intention of becoming a passenger will ordinarily be viewed as assuming the status of a passenger. * One who goes to the railroad station to inquire as to the possibility of securing passage on a freight train, which he knows, by the rules of the company, is not allowed to carry passengers, and to secure passage thereon if possible, is not entitled to the rights of a passenger but is a mere trespasser. * One who rides upon any part of the vehicle or conveyance which is unsuitable or dangerous, or which he knows is not intended for passengers, is not presumed to be a passenger. * One who secures free passage by fraud or stealth is precluded from recovery for injuries sustained through the negligence of the carrier, for he has not assumed the status of a passenger.
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* A person riding on a freight train, on a driver’s pass or similar arrangement, to look after livestock being transported and as incident to such transportation is, generally regarded as a passenger for hire. Motor vehicles like jeepneys and buses – are duty bound to stop their conveyances for a reasonable length of time in order to afford passengers an opportunity to board and enter, and they are liable for injuries suffered by boarding passengers resulting from the sudden starting up or jerking of their conveyances while they do so. Once a public utility bus or jeepney stops, it is making a continuous offer to bus riders. Case: Dangwa Transportation Company vs. CA - When the bus is not in motion there is no necessity for a person who wants to ride the same to signal his intention to board. A public utility bus, once it stops, is in effect making a continuous offer to bus riders - The premature acceleration of the bus in this case was a breach of such duty Case: La Mallorca vs. CA - Duty to exercise utmost diligence with respect to passengers will not ordinarily terminate until the passenger has, after reaching his destination, safely alighted from the carrier’s conveyance or had a reasonable opportunity to leave the carriers premises. And what is reasonable time or a reasonable delay within this rule is to be determined from all the circumstances. Case: Aboitiz Shipping Corporation vs. CA - Same ruling with La Mallorca vs. CA - That reasonableness of time should be made to depend on the attending circumstances of the case, such as the kind of common carrier, the nature of its business, the customs of the place, and so forth, and therefore precludes a consideration of the time element per se without taking into account such other factors - The primary factor to be considered is the existence of a reasonable cause as will justify the presence of the victim on or near the petitioner’s vessel. We believe there exists such a justifiable cause (baggage were left) DEFENSES OF COMMON CARRIERS Article 1734 (No other defense may be raised: exclusive or closed list) 1. Flood, storm, earthquake, lightning, or other natural disaster or calamity 2. Act of the public enemy in war, whether international or civil 3. Act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods 4. The character of the goods or defects in the packing or in the containers 5. Order or act of competent public authority 6. Exercise of extraordinary diligence
common carrier must exercise due diligence to prevent or minimize loss before, during and after the occurrence of flood, storm or other natural disaster in order that the common carrier may be exempted from liability for the loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods. Fire – not considered as a natural calamity or disaster Fire caused by lightning – a natural calamity Hijacking – does not fall under the categories of exempting causes; the common carrier is presumed to be at fault or to have acted negligently unless there is a proof of extraordinary diligence on its part Mechanical defects – damage or injury resulting from mechanical defects is not a damage or injury that was caused by fortuitous event; carrier is liable to its passengers for damages caused by mechanical defects of the conveyance (breakage of a faulty drag-link spring, fracture of the vehicle’s right steering knuckle, defective breaks) - One of the reason why carrier is made liable despite the presence of mechanical defect is the absence of privity between the passenger and the manufacturer Case: Juntilla v. Fontanar - “Tire-blowouts” was not considered as fortuitous event although it was alleged that the tires were in good condition; no evidence was presented to show that the evidence were due to adverse road conditions – the carrier must prove all angles. - The explosion could have been caused by too much air pressure injected into the tires and the fact that the jeepney was overloaded and speeding at the time of the accident. OTHER INVALID DEFENSES 1. Damage to cargo due to EXPLOSION of another cargo – not attributable to peril of the seas or accidents of navigation. 2. Damage by WORMS and RATS resulting to damage to cargoes – can’t be cited as an excuse by the carrier. 3. Damage by WATER through a port which had been left open or insufficiently fastened on sailing. 4. Carrier cannot escape liabilities to third persons if damage was caused by BARRATRY – where the master or crew of the ship committed unlawful acts contrary to their duties – includes theft and fraudulently running the ship ashore. Cases: 1.
Fortuitous Event – to be a valid defense must be established to be the proximate cause of the loss Note: Since common carrier is presumed is to be negligent, it has been observed that the DOCTRINE of PROXIMATE CAUSE is INAPPLICABLE to a contract of carriage. The injured passenger or owner of goods need not prove causation to establish his case. 2. The absence of causal connection is only a matter of defense. Requisites of Fortuitous Event: 1. The cause of the unforeseen and the unexpected occurrence, or of the failure of the debtor to comply with his obligation, must be independent of the human will 2. It must be impossible to foresee the event which constitutes the caso fortuito, or if it can be foreseen, it must be impossible to avoid 3. The occurrence must be such as to render it impossible for the debtor to fulfill his obligation in a normal manner 4. The obligor (debtor) must be free from any participation in or the aggravation of the injury resulting to the creditor
Problem: A carrier bus on its way to its destination encountered an engine failure, thus, it has to be repaired for 2 days. And while in the repair shop, a typhoon came resulting to the spoilage of cargoes. Answer: A typhoon although a natural disaster, is not a valid defense if it is shown that it was not the only cause of the loss. Especially when the facts indicate that the typhoon was foreseeable and could have been detected through the exercise of reasonable care. Cargoes should have been secured while the bus was being repaired for 2 days. Problem: A passenger told the driver that he has valuable items in his bag which was placed under his feet and he asked the driver (to which he is seated near) to watch for the bag while he is asleep. (a)
There have been incidents of throwing of stones at passing vehicles in the North Express Way. While the bus was traversing the super highway, a stone hurled from the overpass and hit the passenger resulting to injuries. Can the passenger hold the bus liable for damages? Answer: Yes. The incident was foreseeable due the prior incidents of stone hurling. The bus should have exercised utmost diligence and employed adequate precautionary measures to secure safety of passengers since the incident was foreseeable. .
In order for the common carrier to be exempted from responsibility, the natural disaster must have been the proximate and only cause of the loss. However, the
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HOWEVER, if the stone throwing was entirely unforeseeable and the carrier exercised the utmost diligence, then, the bus can’t be held liable. Nonetheless, the burden of proof is on the carrier to prove such exercise of diligence. It is up to the carrier to overthrow the presumption of negligence. If the passenger decides to file a case, al the passenger has to do is to prove that she was a passenger of the bus and that she suffered injuries while on board the bus. (b)
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Supposing that there were armed men who staged a hold-up while the bus was speeding along the highway. One of them stole the passenger’s bag and wallet while pointing a gun him. Is the bus liable? Answer: No. Hand-carried luggages are governed by necessary deposit. Besides, theft with use of arms or through irresistible force is a force majeure which exempts carriers from liability.
Hi-jacking cannot exculpate the carrier from liability if it is shown that the employees of the carrier were not overwhelmed by the hijackers and that there was no showing of irresistible force. Since, there were 4 employers while there were only 2 hijackers and only one of them was armed with bladed weapon. ON THE OTHER HAND, a hijacking by 3 armed men is an event which is considered to be beyond the control of the carrier. Thus, the carrier may be adjudged from liability if it can be proven that the hijacking was unforeseeable.
Case: Philippine American General Insurance Co. vs. MCG Even in cases where a natural disaster is the proximate and only cause of the loss, a common carrier is still required to exercise due diligence to prevent or minimize loss before, during and after the occurrence of the natural disaster, for it to be exempt from liability under the law for the loss of the goods Case: Pilapil vs. CA Facts: a bystander alongside national highway hurled a stone at the left side of the bus, hitting petition above his left eye which resulted to partial loss of the left eye’s vision SC: A common carrier does not give its consent to become an insurer of any and all risks to passengers and goods. It merely undertakes to perform certain duties to the public as the law imposes, and holds itself liable for any breach thereof. The law does not make the carrier an insurer of the absolute safety of its passengers Article 1763: A common carrier is responsible for injuries suffered by a passenger on account of the willful acts or negligence of other passengers or of strangers, if the common carrier’s employees through the exercise of the diligence of a good father of a family could have prevented or stopped the act or omission o Clearly, a tort committed by a stranger which causes injury to a passenger does not accord the latter a cause of action against the carrier. The negligence for which a common carrier is held responsible is the negligent omission by the carrier’s employees to prevent the tort from being committed when the same could have been foreseen and prevented by them Case: Franklin Gacal vs. PAL It is therefore not enough that the event should not have been foreseen or anticipated, as is commonly believed, but it must be one impossible to foresee or to avoid. The mere difficulty to foresee the happening is not the impossibility to foresee the same PUBLIC ENEMY - Presupposes a state of war and refers to the government of a foreign nation at war with the country to which the carrier belongs, though not necessarily with that to which the owner of the gods owes allegiance.
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- Thieves, rioter, and insurrectionists are not included. They are merely private depredators for whose acts a carrier is answerable. - Rebels in insurrection against their own government are generally not embraced in the definition of public enemy. However, if the rebels hold a portion of territory, they have declared their impendence, cast off their allegiance and has organized armed hostility to the government, and the authority of the latter is at the time overthrown, such an uprising may take on the dignity of a civil war, and so matured and magnified, the parties are belligerent and are entitled to belligerent rights. - Depredation by pirates (which are enemy of all civilized nation) excuses the carrier from liability. - Common carriers may be exempted from responsibility only if the act of the public enemy has been the proximate and only cause of the loss. Moreover, due diligence must be exercised to prevent or at least minimize the loss before, during and after the performance of the act of the public enemy in order that the carrier may be exempted from liability for the loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods. IMPROPER PACKING Character of the goods and defects in the packaging or in the containers are defenses available to the common carrier. Similarly, the Carriage of Good by Sea Act provides that carrier shall not liable for: 1. Wastage in bulk or weight or any damages arising form the inherent defect, quality or vice of goods; 2. Insufficiency of packing; 3. Insufficiency or inadequacy of the marks, or 4. Latent defects no discoverable by due diligence. However, NCC likewise provides: Art. 1742. Even if the loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods should be caused by the character of the goods, or the faulty nature of the packing or the containers, the common carrier must exercise due diligence to forestall or lessen the loss. Thus, if the carrier accepted the goods knowing the fact of improper packing or even if the carrier does not know but the defect was nonetheless apparent upon ordinary observation, it is not relived from liability for loss or injury to goods resulting therefrom. Cases: 1.
Problem: A carrier knowing that some of a cargo of sacks of rice had big holes and others had openings just loosely tied with strings resulting to the spillage of rice during the trip. Thus, there was shortage in the delivery of the cargoes. When sued due to the shortage, the carrier interposed a defense that it was not liable since the shortage was due to the defective condition of the sacks. Decide. Answer: Carrier must still exercise extraordinary diligence if the fact of improper packing is known to the carrier or its servants, or apparent upon ordinary observation. If the carrier accepted the cargo without protests or exception notwithstanding such condition, he is not relived of liability for damage resulting therefrom. Apply Article 1742.
ORDER OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY Art. 1743. If through the order of public authority the goods are seized or destroyed, the common carrier is not responsible, provided said public authority had power to issue order. Cases: 1.
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Carrier was not excused from liability since the order of an acting mayor was not considered as a valid order of a public authority. It is required that public authority who issued the order must be duly authorized to issue the order. Carriage of Goods by Sea Act – provides that carrier shall not responsible for loss or damage resulting from “arrest or restraint of princes, rulers, or people, or seizure under legal process” and from “quarantine restrictions”.
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DEFENSES IN CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS - Primary defense of carrier is exercise of extraordinary diligence in transporting passengers. Even if there is a fortuitous event, the carriers must also present proof of exercise of extraordinary diligence. Art. 1759. Common carriers are liable for the death of or injuries to passengers through the negligence or willful acts of the carrier’s employees, although such employees may have acted beyond the scope of their authority or in violation of the orders of the common carriers. The liability does not cease even upon proof that they exercised diligence in the selection and supervision of their employees. Art. 1763. Carrier is responsible for injuries suffered by a passenger on account of the willful acts or negligence of other passengers or of strangers, if the common carrier’s employees through the exercise of the diligence of a good father of a family could have prevented or stopped the act or omission. a. -
Employees Carrier is liable for the acts of its employees. It can’t escape liability by claiming that it exercised due diligence in supervision and selection of its employees (unlike in quasi-delicts).
Reasons for the rule: 1. Undertaking of the carrier requires that its passenger that full measure of protection afforded by the exercise of high degree of care prescribed by law, inter alia from violence and insults at the hands of strangers and other passengers, but above all, from the acts of the carrier’s own servants. 2. The liability of the carrier for the servant’s violation of duty to performance of his contract to safely transport the passenger, delegating therewith the duty of protecting the passenger with utmost care prescribed by law. 3. As between the carrier and the passenger, the former must bear the risk of wrongful acts or negligence of the carrier’s employees against passenger, since it, and not the passenger, has the power to select and remove them.
PASSENGER’S BAGGAGES - The term baggage has been defined to include whatever articles a passenger usually takes with him for his own personal use, comfort and convenience - Rules that are applicable to goods that are being shipped are also applicable to baggage delivered to the custody of the carrier. Arts. 1733. 1734 and 1736 of Civil Code are applicable. - However, if the luggage was hand-carried, Arts. 1998, 2000-2003 shall apply. Distinction: W/N the baggage is in the personal custody of the passenger. if yes, hand carried baggage if no, checked-in baggage Art. 1998. The deposit of effects made by the travellers in hotels or inns shall also be regarded as necessary. The keepers of hotels or inns shall be responsible for them as depositaries, provided that notice was given to them, or to their employees, of the effects brought by the guests and that, on the part of the latter, they take the precautions which said hotel-keepers or their substitutes advised relative to the care and vigilance of their effects. (1783) Art. 2000. The responsibility referred to in the two preceding articles shall include the loss of, or injury to the personal property of the guests caused by the servants or employees of the keepers of hotels or inns as well as strangers; but not that which may proceed from any force majeure. The fact that travellers are constrained to rely on the vigilance of the keeper of the hotels or inns shall be considered in determining the degree of care required of him. (1784a) Art. 2001. The act of a thief or robber, who has entered the hotel is not deemed force majeure, unless it is done with the use of arms or through an irresistible force. (n) Art. 2002. The hotel-keeper is not liable for compensation if the loss is due to the acts of the guest, his family, servants or visitors, or if the loss arises from the character of the things brought into the hotel. (n)
Rationale: On the other hand, if the ship owner derives profits from the results of the choice of the captain and the crew, when the choice turns out successful, it is also just that he should suffer the consequences of an unsuccessful appointment, by application of the rule of natural law contained in the partidas --- that he who enjoys the benefits derived from a thing must likewise suffer the losses that ensue therefrom
Art. 2003. The hotel-keeper cannot free himself from responsibility by posting notices to the effect that he is not liable for the articles brought by the guest. Any stipulation between the hotel-keeper and the guest whereby the responsibility of the former as set forth in articles 1998 to 2001 is suppressed or diminished shall be void. (n)
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Note: Willful acts of the employees include theft
Cases: 1.
b.
Other Passengers and Third Persons
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With respect to acts of strangers and other passengers resulting in injury to a passenger, the availability of such defense is also subject to the exercise of a carrier of due diligence to prevent or stop the act or omission. Negligence of the carrier need not be the sole cause of the damage or injury to the passenger or the goods. The carrier would still be liable even if the contractual breach concurs with the negligent act or omission of another person.
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2.
Remember: the negligence of the other river in a collision is NOT a prejudicial question to an action against the carrier’s company. Article 1759. Common carriers are liable for the death of or injuries to passenger through the negligence or willful acts of the former’s employees, although such employees may have acted beyond the scope of their authority or in violation of the orders of the common carriers.
APRIL LYNN L. URSAL
Despite the fact that the carrier gave notice that it shall not be liable for baggage brought in by passengers, the carrier is still liable for lost hand-carried luggage since it is governed by rules on necessary deposits. Under Art. 20000, the responsibility of the depositary includes the loss of property of the guest caused by strangers but not that which may proceed from force majeure. Moreover, article 2001 considers theft as force majeure if it is done with use of arms or through irresistible force. Even if the passenger did not declare his baggage nor pay its charges contrary to the regulations of the bus company, the carrier is still liable in case of loss of the baggage. Since, it has the duty to exercise extraordinary diligence over the baggage that was turned over to the carrier or placed in the baggage compartment of the bus. The nonpayment of the charges is immaterial as long as the baggage was received by the carrier for transportation.
II. OBLIGATIONS OF SHIPPER, CONSIGNEE and PASSENGER A.
NEGLIGENCE OF SHIPPER OR PASSENGER
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The obligation to exercise due diligence is not limited to the carrier. The shipper is obliged to exercise due diligence in avoiding damage or injury.
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Nevertheless, contributory negligence on the part of the shipper/ passenger would only mitigate the carrier’s liability; it is not a total excuse. However, if the negligence of the shipper/ passenger is the proximate and only cause of the loss, then, the carrier shall not be liable. The carrier may overcome the presumption of negligence and may be able to prove that it exercised extraordinary diligence in handling the goods or in transporting the passenger.
The carrier may be able to prove that the only cause of the loss of the goods is any of the following: 1. Failure of the shipper to disclose the nature of the goods; 2. Improper marking or direction as to the destination; 3. Improper loading when he assumes such responsibility. The shipper must likewise see to it that the goods are properly packed; otherwise, liability of the carrier may either be mitigated or barred depending on the circumstances. Art. 1741. If the shipper or owner merely contributed to the loss, destruction or deterioration of the goods, the proximate cause thereof being the negligence of the common carrier, the latter shall be liable in damages, which however, shall be equitably reduced. Art. 1761. The passenger must observe the diligence of a good father of a family to avoid injury to himself. Art. 1762. The contributory negligence of the passenger does not bar recovery of damages for his death or injuries, if the proximate cause thereof is the negligence of the common carrier, but the amount of damages shall be equitably reduced. a.
Last Clear Chance
A negligent carrier is liable to a negligent passenger in placing himself in peril, if the carrier was aware of the passenger’s peril, or should have been aware of it in the reasonable exercise of due care, had in fact an opportunity later than that of the passenger to avoid an accident. Last clear chance applies in a suit between the owners and drivers of colliding vehicles. It does not arise where a passenger demands responsibility from the carrier to enforce its contractual obligations. For it would be inequitable to exempt the negligent driver of the carrier and its owner on the ground that the other driver was likewise guilty of negligence. b.
Assumption of Risk
Passengers must take such risks incident to the mode of travel. Carriers are not insurers of the lives of their passengers. Thus, in air travel, adverse weather conditions or extreme climatic changes are some of the perils involved in air travel, the consequence of which the passenger must assume or expect. However, there is no assumption of risk in a case wherein a passenger boarded a carrier that was filled to capacity. The act of the passenger in taking the extension chair does not amount to implied assumption of risk. Note: there is also no assumption of risk by the mere fact that the carrier posted notices against such liability Problem: Although, there is a sign in the bus that says: “do not talk to the driver while the bus is in motion, otherwise, the company would not assume responsibility for any accident:. Nonetheless, the passengers dared the driver to race with another bus, as the bus speeds up in the attempt to overtake the other bus, it failed to slow down. As a result, the bus turns turtle causing the death and injuries to passengers. Is the bus company liable?
APRIL LYNN L. URSAL
Answer: Yes. The bus company is obligated to exercise utmost diligence in carrying passengers. This liability cannot be eliminated or limited by simply posting notices. The passenger cannot be said to have assumed the risk of being injured when he urged the driver to accept the dare. At most, the passengers can only be said to be guilty of contributory negligence which would mitigate the liability of the driver, since the proximate cause of the accident was the driver’s willful and reckless act in running the race with the other bus. Case: Cesar Isaac vs. A.L. Ammen Transportation Co, Inc. Where a carrier’s employee is confronted with a sudden emergency, the fact that he is obliged to act quickly and without a chance for deliberation must be taken into account, and he is not led to the same degree of care that he would otherwise be required to exercise in the absence of such emergency but must exercise only such care as any ordinary prudent person would exercise under like circumstances and conditions, and the failure on his part to exercise the best judgment the case renders possible does no establish lack of care and skill on his part which renders the company liable. Case: Compania Maritima vs. CA and Vicente Concepcion While the act of private respondent in furnishing petitioner with an inaccurate with of the payloader cannot successfully be used as an excuse by petitioner to avoid liability to the damage thus caused, said act constitutes a CONTRIBUTORY CIRCUMSTANCE to the damage caused on the payloader, which mitigates the liability for damages of petitioner in accordance with Article 1741. Case: Philippine National Railways vs. CA While petitioner failed to exercise extraordinary diligence as required by law, it appears that the deceased was chargeable with contributory negligence. Since he opted to sit on the open platform between the coaches of the train, he should have held tightly and tenaciously on the upright metal bar found at the side of said platform to avoid falling off from the speeding train B.
FREIGHT
a.
Amount to be Paid
The regulation of rates is founded upon the valid exercise of the Police Power of the state in order to protect the public from arbitrary and excessive rates while maintaining the efficiency and quality of services rendered. The fixing of just and reasonable rates involves a balancing of investor and the consumer interest. Although the consideration that should be paid to the carrier is still subject to the agreement between parties, what can be agreed upon should not be beyond the maximum amount fixed by appropriate government agency. b.
Who will pay
Although either of the shipper or the consignor may pay the freight before or at time the goods are delivered to the carrier for shipment, nonetheless, it is the consignor (whom the contract of carriage is made) who is primarily liable for the payment of freight whether or not he is the owner of the goods. The obligation to pay is implied from the mere fact that the consignor has placed the goods with the carrier for the purpose of transportation. c.
Time to pay
Code of Commerce provides that in the absence of any agreement, the consignee who is supposed to pay must do so within 24-hours from the time of delivery. Article 374. The consignees to whom the shipment was made may not defer the payment of the expenses and transportation charges of the goods they receive after the lapse of twenty-four hours following their delivery; and in case of delay in this payment, the carrier may demand the judicial sale of the goods
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transported in an amount necessary to cover the cost of transportation and the expenses incurred. (1)
Carriage of Passengers by Sea
With respect to carriage of goods by sea, the tickets are purchased in advance. Carriers are not supposed to allow passengers without tickets --- the carrier is bound to observe a “No Ticket, No Boarding Policy”. The carrier shall collect/ inspect the passenger’s ticket within one hour from vessel’s departure as not to disrupt resting or sleeping passengers. If the vessel is not able to depart on time and the delay is unreasonable, the passenger may opt to have his/ her ticket refunded without refund service fee. Delayed voyage means “late departure of the vessel from its port of origin and/ or late arrival of the vessel to its port of destination”. Unreasonable delay means “the period of time that has lapsed without just cause and is solely attributable to the carrier which has prejudiced the transportation of the passenger and/ or cargoes to their port of destination. A passenger who failed to board the vessel can refund or revalidate the ticket subject to surcharges. Revalidation means “the accreditation of the ticket that is not used and intended to be used for another voyage. (2)
Carrier’s Lien
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Case: Kapalaran Bus Lines vs. Coronado If common carriers carefully observed the statutory standard of extraordinary diligence in respect of their own passengers, they cannot help but simultaneously benefit pedestrians and the owners and passengers of other vehicles who are equally entitled to the safe and convenient use of our roads and highways A reasonable man or a good father of a family in the position of the carrier must exercise extraordinary diligence in the performance of his contractual obligation. Generally, what should be determines is whether or not a reasonable man, exercising extraordinary diligence, could have foreseen and prevented the damage or loss that occurred. III. EFFECT OF STIPULATION A. GOODS The parties cannot stipulate that the carrier will NOT exercise ANY diligence in the custody of goods The law allows a stipulation whereby the carrier will exercise a degree of diligence which is less than extraordinary with respect to goods.
If consignor or the consignee fails to pay the consideration for the transportation of goods, the carrier may exercise his lien in accordance with Art. 375 of Code of Commerce:
Art. 1744. A stipulation between the common carrier and the shipper owner limiting the liability of the former for the loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods to a degree less than extraordinary diligence shall be valid, provided it be:
ARTICLE 375. The goods transported shall be especially bound to answer for the cost of transportation and for the expenses and fees incurred for them during their conveyance and until the moment of their delivery. This special right shall prescribe eight days after the delivery has been made, and once prescribed, the carrier shall have no other action than that corresponding to him as an ordinary creditor. DEMURRAGE Demurrage is the compensation provided for the contract of affreightment for the detention of the vessel beyond the time agreed on for loading and unloading. It is the claim for damages for failure to accept delivery. In broad sense, very improper detention of a vessel may be considered a demurrage. Technically, liability for demurrage exists only when expressly stipulated in the contract. Using the term in broader sense, damages in the nature of demurrage are recoverable for a breach of the implied obligation to load or unload the cargo with reasonable dispatch, but only by the party to whom the duty is owed and only against on who is a party to the shipping contract. Notice of arrival of vessels or conveyances, or their placement for purposes of unloading is often a condition precedent to the right to collect demurrage charges. CHAPTER 3 EXTRAORDINARY DILIGENCE I. RATIONALE A common carrier is bound to carry the passengers safely as far a human care and foresight provide, using the utmost diligence of very cautious persons, with due regard for all circumstances.
The duty even extends to the members of the crew or complement operating the carrier
1. In writing, signed by the shipper/owner; 2. Supported by a valuable consideration other than the service rendered by the common carrier (Note: Typically fare/freight); and 3. Reasonable, just and contrary to public policy. B. PASSENGERS There can be no stipulation lessening the utmost diligence that is owed to passengers. Art. 1757. The responsibility of a common carrier for the safety of passengers as required in Arts. 1733 and 1755 cannot be dispensed with or lessened by stipulation, by the posting of notices, by statements on tickets, or otherwise. (Note: Absolute; extraordinary at all times.) Gratuitous passenger – A stipulation limiting the common carrier’s liability for negligence is valid, but not for willful acts of gross negligence. The reduction of fare does not justify any limitation. Case: Lara vs. Valencia Diligence owed to accommodation passengers is only ordinary diligence However, this case is not controlling with respect to common carriers because the defendant in the said case was not a common carrier IV. EXTRAORDINARY DILIGENCE IN CARRIAGE BY SEA A. SEAWORTHINESS
Extraordinary diligence: Calculated to protect the passengers from the tragic mishaps that frequently occur in connection with rapid modern transportation. II. HOW DUTY IS COMPLIED WITH There is no hard and fast rule in the exercise of extraordinary diligence Common carrier binds itself to carry the passengers safely as far as human care and foresight can provide, using the utmost diligence of a very cautious person, with due regard for all the circumstances.
APRIL LYNN L. URSAL
a.
Warranty of Seaworthiness of Ship This is the first step that should be undertaken Extraordinary diligence requires that the ship which will transport the passengers and goods is seaworthy. Seaworthiness of the vessel is impliedly warranted. The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to make the ship seaworthy.
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b.
c.
No duty to inquire Because of the implied warranty of seaworthiness, shippers of goods, when transacting with common carriers, are not expected to inquire into the vessels seaworthiness, genuineness of its licenses and compliance with all maritime laws. Passengers cannot be expected to inquire everytime they board a common carrier, whether the carrier possesses the necessary papers or that all the carrier’s employees are qualified. It is the carrier that carries such burden of proving that the ship is seaworthy. Sufficient evidence must be submitted and the presentation of certificates of seaworthiness is not sufficient to overcome the presumption of negligence. Meaning of Seaworthiness A vessel must have such degree of fitness which an owner who is exercising extraordinary diligence would require his vessel to have at the commencement of the voyage, having regard to all the probable circumstances of it. This includes fitness of the vessel itself to withstand the rigors of voyage, fitness of the vessel to store the cargoes and accommodate passengers to be transported and that it is adequately equipped and properly manned. Seaworthiness is that strength, durability and engineering skill made a part of a ship’s construction and continued maintenance, together with a competent and sufficient crew, which would withstand the vicissitudes and dangers of the elements which might reasonably be expected or encountered during her voyage without loss or damage to her particular cargo
Example: The carrier was able to establish that the ship itself was seaworthy because the records reveal that the vessel was dry-docked and inspected by the Phil. Coast Guard before its first destination.
The vessel must be adequately equipped and properly manned. On top of regular maintenance and inspection, Captains, masters or patrons of vessels must prove the skill, capacity, and qualifications necessary to command and direct the vessel. If the owner of a vessel desires to be the captain without having the legal qualifications, he shall limit himself to the financial administration of the vessel and shall entrust the navigation to a qualified person. Note: It is not an excuse that the carrier cannot afford the salaries of competent and licensed crew or that latter is unavailable. Adequate Equipment With respect to vessels that carries passengers, the Maritime Industry Authority prescribes rules which provide for indispensable equipment and facilities ex. Exit doors, life boats, live vests B. OVERLOADING -
C. PROPER STORAGE -
The carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried. Note: Seaworthiness is relative it its construction and its application depends on the facts of a particular case (ex. Length and nature of the voyage) Fitness of the Vessel Itself It is necessary that the vessel can be expected to meet the normal hazards of the journey General Test of Seaworthiness: Whether the ship and its appurtenances are reasonably fit to perform the service undertaken. The ship must be “cargoworthy” Even if the vessel was properly maintained and is free from defect, the carrier must not accept the goods that cannot properly be transported in the ship The ship must be efficiently strong and equipped to carry the particular kind of cargo which she has contracted to carry and her cargo must be so loaded that it is safe for her to proceed on her voyage.
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The vessel itself may be suitable for the cargo but this is not enough because the cargo must also be properly stored.
Cargo must generally not be placed on deck. The carrying of deck cargo raises the presumption of unseaworthiness unless it can be shown that the deck cargo will not interfere with the proper management of the ship. D. NEGLIGENCE OF CAPTAIN AND CREW -
A warranty of seaworthiness requires that it be properly laden, and provided with a competent master, a sufficient number of competent officers and seamen, and the requisite appurtenances and equipment. The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to: 1. Make the ship seaworthy; 2. Properly man, equip, and supply the ship; 3. Make all parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage, and preservation.
Duty to exercise due diligence likewise includes the duty to take passengers or cargoes that are within the carrying capacity of the vessel.
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Failure on the part of the carrier to provide competent captain and crew should be distinguished from the negligence of the said captain and crew, because the latter is covered by the Limited Liability Rule (liability of the shipowner may be limited to the value of the vessel). If the negligence of the captain and crew can be traced to the fact that they are really incompetent, the Limited Liability Rule cannot be invoked because the shipowner may be deemed negligent.
Rules on passenger safety Negligence on the part of the captain and crew as well as the operator includes failure to comply with the regulation issued by the Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA) on the safety of the passengers Memorandum Circular No. 112 : passengers do not merely contract for transportation because they have the right to be treated by the carrier and its employees with kindness, respect, courtesy and due consideration. They are entitled to be protected against personal conduct, injurious language, indignities and abuses from the said carrier and its employees Read Memorandum Circular No. 114: p. 204 Case: Planters Products Inc. vs. CA The period during which private respondent was to observe the degree of diligence required of it as a public carrier began from the time the cargo was unconditionally placed in its charge after the vessel’s holds were duly inspected and passed scrutiny by the shipper, up to and until the vessel reached its destination and its hull was re-examined by the consignee, but prior to unloading A ship owner is liable for damage to the cargo resulting from improper stowage ONLY when the stowing si done by stevedores employed by him, and therefore under his control and supervision, not when the same is done by the consignee or stevedores under the employ of the latter
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E. DEVIATION AND TRANSSHIPMENT 1.
Deviation - If there is an agreement between the shipper and the carrier as to the road over which the conveyance is to be made (subject to the approval by the Maritime Industry Authority), the carrier may not change the route, unless it be by reason of force majeure. Without this cause, he shall be liable for all the losses which the goods may suffer, aside from paying the sum stipulated for that case. - When on account of the force majeure, the carrier had to take another route which resulted to an increase in transportation charges, he shall be reimbursed upon formal proof.
Note: With respect to carriers by sea, the routes are subject to approval by MARINA and the same cannot generally be changed without the authorization from said administrative agency 2.
Transshipment - The act of taking cargo out of one ship and loading it into another; to transfer goods from the vessel stipulated in the contract of affreightment to another vessel before the place of destination named in the contract has been reached. - Transshipment of freight without legal excuse is a violation of the contract and subjects the carrier to liability if the freight is lost even by a cause otherwise excepted.
Note: there is transshipment whether or not the same person, firm or entity owns the vessels (what matters is the actual physical transfer of cargo from one vessel to another) V. EXTRAORDINARY DILIGENCE IN CARRIAGE BY LAND A. CONDITION OF VEHICLE Common carriers that offer transportation by land are similarly required to make sure that the vehicles that they are using are in good order and condition. Rule on Mechanical Defects – If the carriers will replace certain parts of the motor vehicle, they are duty bound to make sure that the parts that they are purchasing are not defective. Hence, it is a long-standing rule that a carrier cannot escape liability by claiming that the accident that resulted because of a defective break or tire is due to a fortuitous event. This is true even if it can be established that the tire that was subject of a blow-out is brand new. The duty to exercise extraordinary diligence requires the carrier to purchase and use vehicle parts that are not defective. B. TRAFFIC RULES The carrier fails to exercise extraordinary diligence if it will not comply with basic traffic rules. The Civil Code provides for a presumption of negligence in case the accident occurs while the operator of the motor vehicle is violating traffic rules. In cases involving breach of contract of carriage, proof of violation of traffic rules confirms that the carrier failed to exercise extraordinary diligence. Case: Mallari Sr and Jr vs. CA The rule is settled that a driver abandoning his proper lane for the purpose of overtaking another vehicle in an ordinary situation has the duty to see to it that the road is clear and not to proceed if he cannot do so in safety C. DUTY TO INSPECT There is no unbending duty to inspect each and every package or baggage that is being brought inside the bus or jeepney. The carrier is duty bound to conduct such inspection depending on the circumstances.
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demands that in measuring a common carrier’s duty towards its passengers, allowance must be given to the reliance that should be reposed on the sense of responsibility of all the passengers in regard to their common safety. It is to be presumed that a passenger will not take with him anything dangerous to the lives and limbs of his co-passengers not to speak of his own. Not to be lightly considered is the right to privacy to which each passenger is entitled In other words, inquiry may be verbally made as to the nature of a passenger’s baggage when such is not outwardly perceptible, but beyond this, constitutional boundaries are already in danger of being transgressed SC held that carrier has succeeded in rebutting the presumption of negligence by showing that it has exercised extraordinary diligence for the safety of its passenger, according to the circumstances of each case
Note: although overland transportation are not bound nor empowered to make an examination on the contents of packages or bags particularly those hand carried by passengers, such is different with regards to an airline company. VI. EXTRAORDINARY DILIGENCE IN CARRIAGE BY AIR The aircraft must be in such a condition that it must be able to withstand the rigors of flight. Airworthiness – An aircraft, its engines propellers, and other components and accessories, are of proper design and construction, and are safe for air navigation purposes, such design and construction being consistent with accepted engineering practice and in accordance with aerodynamic laws and aircraft science. Proof of airworthiness is not by itself sufficient to prove exercise of extraordinary diligence. Case: Japan Airlines vs. CA The fact that the flight was cancelled due to fortuitous event does not mean that the carrier’s duty already ended. The carrier is still obligated to look after the convenience and comfort of the passenger Thus the carrier was obligated to make the necessary arrangements to transport the passenger on the first available flight. A. INSPECTION It is the duty of the carrier to make inquiry as to the general nature of the articles shipped and of their value before it consents to carry them; and its failure to do so cannot defeat the shipper’s right to recovery of full value of the package if lost, in the absence of showing of fraud or deceit on the part of the shipper. Where a common carrier has reasonable ground to suspect that the offered goods are of a dangerous character, the carrier has the right to know the character of such goods and to insist inspection, if reasonable and practical under the circumstances, as a condition of receiving and transporting such goods. To be subjected to unusual search, other than the routinary inspection procedure customarily undertaken, there must exist proof that would justify cause for apprehension that the baggage is dangerous as to warrant exhaustive inspection, or even refusal to accept carriage of the same. Case: Northwest Airlines vs. Laya The fact that the plaintiff was greatly inconvenienced by the fact that his attaché case was subjected to further inspection does not warrant imposition of liability because he was not singled out and discriminated by the employees of the carrier Protection of passengers must take precedence over convenience Nevertheless, the implementation of security measures must be attended by basic courtesies
Case: Nocum vs. Laguna Tayabas Bus Company While it is true the passengers of appellant’s bus should not be made to suffer for something over which they had no control, fairness
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CHAPTER 4 BILL OF LADING I. CONCEPTS, DEFINITION AND KINDS Bill of Lading (BOL) a written acknowledgement, signed by the master of a vessel or other authorized agent of the carrier, that he has received the described goods from the shipper, to be transported on the expressed terms to be described the place of destination, and to be delivered to the designated consignees of the parties. It operates as a (1) RECEIPT (2) as a CONTRACT (3) as a DOCUMENT OF TITLE. A BOL is not necessary for the perfection of a contract of carriage. Thus, the obligation to exercise extraordinary diligence by the carrier is still required even if there is no bill of lading. In the absence of the bill of lading, disputes shall be determined on the basis of the provisions in the New Civil Code and suppletory by the Code of Commerce. KINDS of BILL of LADING: 1. Clean Bill of Lading 2. Foul Bill of Lading 3. Spent Bill of Lading
Does not contain any notation indicating any defect in the goods. One that contains the abovementioned notation.
4. Through Bill of Lading
Issued by a carrier who is obliged to use the facilities of other carriers as well as his own facilities for the purpose of transporting the goods from the city of the seller to the city of the buyer, which BOL is honored by the second and other interested carriers who don’t issue their own BOL.
5. On Board Bill
6. Received for Shipment Bill
The goods are already delivered but the bill of lading was not yet returned (upon delivery, the carrier is supposed to retrieve the covering bill of the goods)
-states that the goods have been received on board the vessel which is to carry the goods. -apparently guarantees the certainty of shipping as well as the seaworthiness of the vessel to carry the goods. -basically means that the goods are already inside the vessel -states that the goods have been received for shipment with or without specifying the vessel by which the goods are to be shipped. -issued when conditions are not normal and there is insufficiency of shipping space.
7. Custody Bill of Lading
The goods are already receied by the carrier but the vessel indicated therein has not yet arrived in the port.
8. Port Bill of Lading
The vessel indicated in the BOL that will transport the goods is already in the port.
Note: A party to a maritime contract would require an on board bill of lading because of its apparent guaranty of certainty of shipping as well as the seaworthiness of the vessel which is to carry the goods. Effectivity of BOL upon its delivery to and acceptance by the shipper. The acceptance of the bill without dissent raises the presumption that all the terms therein were brought to the knowledge of the shipper and agreed to by him, and in the absence of fraud or mistake, he is stopped thereafter from denying that he assented to such claims (whether he reads the bill or not)
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THE 3-FOLD NATURE OF THE BILL OF LADING The three fold nature of a bill of lading is obviously applicable only to carriage of goods As receipt and document of title: issued for goods As contract: applies to tickets issued to passengers
I. RECEIPT As comprehending all methods of transportation, a BOL may be defined as a written acknowledgement of the receipt of goods and an agreement to transport and to deliver them at a specified place to a person named or on his order. Other terms, “shipping receipts”, “forwarders receipts”, and “receipts for transportation”. (SC) the designation however is not material, and neither is the form of the instrument. If it contains an acknowledgement by the carrier of the receipt of goods for transportation it is, in legal effect a BOL. The issuance of a bill of lading carries the presumption that the goods were delivered to the carrier issuing the bill, for immediate shipment, and it is nowhere questioned that a bill of lading is prima facie evidence of the receipt of the goods by the carrier II. CONTRACT It expresses the terms and conditions of the agreement between the parties; names the parties; includes consignees etc. It is the law between the parties bound by its terms and conditions. Contracts of Adhesion It is to be construed liberally in favor of the shipper who adhered to such bill as it is a contract of adhesion. The only participation of the party is the signing of his signature or his adhesion thereto. The shipper or passenger is bound by the terms and conditions if there is no occasion to speak of ambiguities or obscurities If the words appear to be contrary to the evident intention of the parties, the latter shall prevail over the former ART. 24 (NCC). In all contractual property or other relations, when one of the parties is at a disadvanatge on account of his moral dependence, ignorance indigence, mental weakness, tender age and other handicap, the court must be vigilant for his protection. Parole Evidence Rule BOL is covered by the parol evidence rule, that the terms of the contract are conclusive upon the parties and evidence aliunde is not admissible to vary or contradict a complete enforceable agreement, subject to well defined exceptions The mistake contemplated as an exception to the parol evidence rule is one which is a mistake of fact mutual to the parties. Note that if such is not raised inceptively in the complaint or in the answer, a party cannot later on be permitted to introduce parol evidence thereon Bill of Lading as Evidence The BOL is the legal evidence of the contract and the entries thereof constitutes prima facie evidence of the contract. All the essential elements of a valid contract (cause, consent, object) are present when such bill are issued. III. ACTIONABLE DOCUMENT/DOCUMENT OF TITLE In a contractual obligation, the bill of lading can be categorized as an actionable document under the Rules of Court. Hence, the bill of lading must be properly pleaded either as causes of action or defenses ART 1507 (NCC). A document of title in which it is stated that the goods referred to therein will be delivered to the bearer or to the order of any person named in such document is a negotiable document of title. -
If the document of title contains the required words of negotiability to make the instrument negotiable under Article 1507 of the NCC,
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the document remains to be negotiable even if the words “not negotiable” or non negotiable are places thereon o o
a. Bearer document- negotiated by delivery b. Order document- negotiated by indorsement of the specified person so named
Where there was delivery to the wrong person, the prescriptive period is 10 years because there is a violation of contract, and the carriage of goods by sea act does not apply to misdelivery. (Ang v. American SS Agencies (19 SCRA 631) CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT (C.A. No. 65) -
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Effects of negotiation. Negotiation of the document has the effect of manual delivery so as to constitute the transferee the owner of the goods.
BASIC STIPULATIONS Provided for in the Code of Commerce (for overland transportation, maritime commerce and electronic documents, please refer to the textbook for the codal pp. 203-210)
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PROHIBITED AND LIMITING STIPULATION 1.
2.
3. 4.
Exempting the carrier from any and all liability for loss or damage occasioned by its own negligence - INVALID as it is contrary to public policy. Parties may stipulate that the diligence to be exercised by the carrier for the carriage of goods be less than extraordinary diligence if it is: a. in writing and signed by both parties b. supported by a valuable consideration other than the service rendered by the common carrier c. the stipulation is just, reasonable and not contrary to law. Providing an unqualified limitation of such liability to an agreed valuation - INVALID Limiting the liability of the carrier to an agreed valuation unless the shipper declares a higher value and pays a higher rate of freightVALID and ENFORCEABLE.
Note: the purpose of limiting stipulations in the bill of lading is to protect th common carrier. Such stipulation obliges the shipper/consignee to notify the common carrier of the amount that the latter may be liable for in case of loss of the goods Remember: 1. The parties cannot stipulate so as to totally exempt the carrier from exercising any degree of diligence whatsoever 2. The parties cannot stipulate that the common carrier shall exercise diligence less than the diligence of a good father of a family RECOVERY OF DAMAGES FROM CARRIER FOR CARRIAGE OF GOODS: 1. Inter-island - if goods arrived in damaged condition (Art. 366): a. If damage is apparent, the shipper must file a claim immediately (it may be oral or written); b. If damage is not apparent, he should file a claim within 24 hours from delivery. The filing of claim under either (1) or (2) is a condition precedent for recovery. If the claim is filed, but the carrier refuses to pay: enforce carrier’s liability in court by filing a case: a. within 6 year, if no bill of lading has been issued; or b. within 10 years, if a bill of lading has been issued. 2. Overseas –where goods arrived in a damaged condition from a foreign port to a Philippine port of entry: (COGSA) a. upon discharge of goods, if the damage is apparent, claim should be filled immediately; b. if damage is not apparent, claim should be filled within 3 days from delivery. Filing of claim is not a condition precedent, but an action must be filed against the carrier within a period of 1 year from discharge; if there is no delivery, the one-year period starts to run from the day the vessel left port (in case of undelivered or lost cargo), or from delivery to the arrastre (in case of damaged cargo).
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Applies suppletorily to the Civil Code if the goods are to be shipped form a foreign port to the Philippines COGSA is applicable in international maritime commerce. It can be applied in domestic sea transportation if agreed upon by the parties. (paramount clause) Under the Sec. 4 (5), the liability limit is set at $500 per package unless the nature and value of such goods is declared by the shipper. This is deemed incorporated in the bill of lading even if not mentioned in it (Eastern Shipping v. IAC, 150 SCRA 463). If by agreement, another maximum amount than that mentioned may be fixed provided that such maximum shall not be less than $500 and in no event shall the carrier be liable for more than the amount of damage actually sustained
Note that Art. 1749 of the NCC applies to inter-island trade. Meaning of Package If the goods are shipped in cartons, each carton is considered a package even if they are stored in container vans When what ordinarily be considered packages are shipped in a container supplied by the carrier and the number of such units is disclosed in the shipping documents, each of those units and not the container constitutes the package. Prescriptive periods Suit for loss or damage to the cargo should be brought within one year after: a. delivery of the goods; or b. the date when the goods should be delivered. (Sec. 3[6]) The one-year prescriptive period is suspended by: 1. express agreement of the parties (Universal Shipping Lines, Inc. v. IAC, 188 SCRA 170) 2. when an action is filed in court until it is dismissed. (Stevens & Co. v. Nordeutscher Lloyd, 6 SCRA 180) Things to Remember: 1. Article 1757 provides that the responsibility of a common carrier to exercise utmost diligence for the safety of PASSENGERS CANNOT be dispensed with or lessened by stipulation or statement on tickets or otherwise 2. Article 1750 of the Civil Code provides that a contract fixing the sum that may be recovered by the owner or shipper for the loss, destruction, or deterioration of the GOODS is VALID, if it is REASONABLE and JUST under the circumstances, and has been FAIRLY AND FREELY AGREED UPON 3. It is unfair to deny the shipper the right to declare the actual value of his cargos and to recover such true value in case of loss or damage Note: it has been suggested that the signature of the shipper in the bill of lading with regards to the limitation applies only to reduction of diligence and not to the stipulated amount to be paid. 4. It is unjust and contrary to public policy if the common carrier’s liability for acts committed by thieves, or of robbers who do not act with grave or irresistible threat, violence or force, is dispensed with or diminished 5. The common carrier may EXEMPT itself from liability if he can prove that: a. He observed extraordinary diligence b. The proximate and only cause of the incident is a fortuitous event or force majeure c. The proximate and only cause of the loss is the character of the goods or defects in the packing or in the containers d. The proximate and only cause of the loss is the order or act of competent public authority
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Note: to limit its liability or at least mitigate the same, the carrier can cite CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE of the plaintiff and the DOCTIRNE OF AVOIDABLE CONSEQUENCES Case: Sea-Land Service Inc. vs. IAC Liability of a common carrier for loss of or damage to goods transported by it under a contract of carriage is governed by the laws of the country of destination COGSA is applicable up to the final port of destination and that the fact that transshipment was made on an interisland vessel did not remove the contract of carriage of goods from the operation of said Act. Case: Citadel Lines Inc. vs. CA The duty of the consignee is to prove merely that the goods were lost. Thereafter, the burden is shifted to the carrier to prove that it has exercised the extraordinary diligence required by law. And, its extraordinary responsibility lasts from the times that goods are unconditionally placed in the possession of, and received by the carrier for transportation until the same are delivered, actually or constructively, by the carrier to the consignee or to the person who has the right to receive them Case: Everett Steamship Corporation vs. CA Considering that the shipper did not declare a higher valuation it had itself to blame for not complying with the situations The trial court’s ratiocination that private respondent could not have “fairly and freely” agreed to the limited liability clause in the bill of lading because the said conditions were printed in small letters does not make the bill of lading invalid WARSAW CONVENTION of 1929 WHEN APPLICABLE: Applies to all international transportation of person, baggage or goods performed by aircraft for hire. “International transportation” means any transportation in which the place of departure and the place of destination are situated either: o within the territories of two High Contracting Parties regardless of whether or not there be a break in the transportation or transshipment, or o within the territory of a single High Contracting Party, if there is an agreed stopping place within a territory subject to the sovereignty, mandate or authority of another power, even though that power is not a party to the Convention. Transportation to be performed by several successive air carriers shall be deemed to be one undivided transportation, if it has been regarded by the parties as a single operation, whether it has been agreed upon under the form of a single contract or of a series of contracts, and it shall not lose its international character merely because one contract or a series of contracts is to be performed entirely within a territory subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate, or authority of the same High Contracting Party. (Art. 1) NOTE: Warsaw prevails over the Civil Code, Rules of Court and all laws in the Philippines since an international law prevails over general law. WHEN NOT APPLICABLE: 1. If there is willful misconduct on the part of the carrier’s employees. The Convention does not regulate, much less exempt, carrier from liability for damages for violating the rights of its passengers under the contract of carriage (PAL v. CA, 257 SCRA 33). --- if the damage is similarly caused by any agent of the carrier acting within the scope of his employment 2. when it contradicts public policy; 3. if the requirements under the Convention are not complied with.
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LIABILITY OF CARRIER FOR DAMAGES: 1. Death or injury of a passenger if the accident causing it took place on board the aircraft or in the course of its operations; (Art. 17) 2. Destruction, loss or damage to any luggage or goods, if it took place during the carriage; (Art. 18) and 3. Delay in the transportation of passengers, luggage or goods. (Art. 19) NOTE: The Hague Protocol amended the Warsaw Convention by removing the provision that if the airline took all necessary steps to avoid the damage, it could exculpate itself completely (Art. 20(1)). (Alitalia v. IAC, 192 SCRA 9) Remember: The said provisions merely declare the carrier liable for damages in the enumerated cases if the conditions therein specified are present. Neither said provisions nor others in the aforementioned Convention regulate or exclude liability for OTHER BREACHES of contract of carrier. The Convention does not thus operate as an exclusive enumeration of the instances of an airline’s liability, or as an absolute limit of the extent of that liability. LIMIT OF LIABILITY 1. passengers - limited to 250,000 francs; except: agreement to a higher limit 2. goods and checked-in baggage - 250 francs/kg except: consigner declared its value and paid a supplementary sum, carrier liable to not more than the declared sum unless it proves the sum is greater than its actual value. 3. hand-carry baggage - limited to 5,000 francs/passenger An agreement relieving the carrier from liability or fixing a lower limit is null and void. (Art. 23) Carrier not entitled to the foregoing limit if the damage is caused by willful misconduct or default on its part. (Art. 25) Case: China Airlines vs. Daniel Chiok The ticket-issuing airline acts as principal in a contract of carriage and is thus liable for the acts and the omissions of any errant carrier to which it may have endorsed any sector of the entire, continuous trip. Place of Destination- within the meaning of the Warsaw Convention, is determined by the terms of the contract of carriage, or specifically the ticket between the passenger and the carrier. It is the destination and not an agreed stopping place that controls for the purpose of ascertaining jurisdiction under the Convention. (Case: Santos III vs. Northwest Orient Airlines and CA) ACTION FOR DAMAGES 1. Condition precedent A written complaint must be made within: - 3 days from receipt of baggage - 7 days from receipt of goods - in case of delay, 14 days from receipt of baggage/goods F otherwise the action is barred except in case of fraud on the part of the carrier. (Art. 26) 2. Jurisdiction – governed by domestic law 3. Venue – at the option of the plaintiff: a. court of domicile of the carrier; b. court of its principal place of business; c. court where it has a place of business through which the contract has been made; d. court of the place of destination. (Art. 28) 4. Prescriptive period – 2 years from: a. date of arrival at the destination b. date of expected arrival c. date on which the transportation stopped. (Art. 29) 5. Rule in case of various successive carriers, a. In case of transportation of passengers – the action is filed only against the carrier in which the accident or delay occurred unless there is an
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agreement whereby the first carrier assumed liability for the whole journey. b. In case of transportation of baggage or goods i. the consignor can file an action against the first carrier and the carrier in which the damage occurred ii. the consignee can file an action against the last carrier and the carrier in which the damage occurred. These carriers are jointly and severally liable. (Art. 30) Nota Bene: COGSA/WARSAW applies to foreign vessels or airplane or international travel Code of Commerce applies to inter-island or domestic travel. Bill of Lading as Document of Title
Bill of lading is a document of title under the Civil Code. It can be a negotiable document of title.
A. Negotiability - It is negotiable if it is deliverable to the bearer, or to the order of any person named in such document. (Art. 1507, Civil Code) a) Effect of Stamp or Notation “Non-Negotiable” the document remains to be negotiable even if the words “notnegotiable” or “non-negotiable” are placed thereon. - Art. 1510 (Civil Code)
The fundamental distinction between obligation of extra-contractual and those which arise from contract, rests upon the fact that in cases of noncontractual obligation it is the wrongful or negligent act or omission itself which creates the vinculum juris, whereas in contractual relations the vinculum (bond) exists independently of the breach of the voluntary duty assumed by the parties when entering into the contractual relation. CONCURRENT CAUSES OF ACTION There is one action but several causes of action The same act that breaches the contract may also be tort Note: The cause of action of a passenger or shipper against the common carrier can be culpa contractual or culpa aquiliana while the basis of liability on the part of the driver is either culpa delictual or culpa aquiliana. The driver of the carrier is not liable based on contract because there is NO PRIVITY of contract between him and the passenger or shipper. If the negligence of third persons concurs with the breach, the liability of the third person who was driving the vehicle and/or his employer may be based on quasi delict. The driver alone may be held criminally liable and civil liability may be imposed upon him based on delict. In the latter case, the employer is subsidiarily liable. Remember: It does not make any difference that the liability of one springs from the contract while that of the other arises from quasi-delict. If the owner and driver of the other vehicle are not impleaded, the carrier may implead them by filing a third party complaint.
B. How Negotiated a) Bearer document (Art. 1508 and 1511) - may be negotiated be delivery b) Order document (Sec. 38, NIL and Art. 1509, NCC) - can only be negotiated through the indorsement of the specified person so named. - such indorsement may be in blank, to bearer or to a specified person.
Where a negotiable document of title is transferred for value by delivery, and the endorsement of the transferor is essential for negotiation, the transferee acquires a right against the transferor to compel him to endorse the document. xxx (Art. 1515, Civil Code)
C. Effects of Negotiation - has the effect of manual delivery so as to constitute the transferee the owner of the goods - results in the transfer of ownership because transfer of document likewise transfers control over the goods - refer to Art. 1513
Solidary liability In case the negligence of the carrier’s driver and a third person concurs, the liability of the parties – carrier and his driver, third person – is joint and several. NOTICE OF CLAIM AND PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD A. Overland Transportation of Goods and Coastwise Shipping a) When to file a claim with carrier Art. 366 constitutes a condition precedent to the accrual of a right of action against a carrier for damage caused to the merchandise.
Under Art. 366 of the Code of Commerce, an action for damages is barred if the goods arrived in damaged condition and no claim is filed by the shipper within the following period: 1. Immediately if damage is apparent; 2. within twenty four (24) hours from delivery if damage is not apparent.
Chapter 5 Actions and Damages in Case of Breach
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Cause of action of a passenger and shipper: a) against common carrier – based on culpa contractual or culpa aquiliana b) on the part of the driver – based on either culpa delictual or culpa aquiliana
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Note: The source of obligation based on culpa contractual is separate and distinct from quasi-delict. Article 1903 (last paragraph) – 2 things are apparent: 1. That when an injury is caused by the negligence of a servant or employee there instantly arises a presumption of law that there was negligence on the part of the master or the employer either in the selection of the servant or employee, or in supervision over him after the selection, or both. 2. That presumption is juris tantum and not juris et de jure (of law and of right), and consequently may be rebutted Note however: that Article 1903 of the Civil Code is not applicable to acts of negligence which constitute the breach of contract. It is applicable only to culpa contractual.
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The period does not begin to run until the consignee has received possession of the merchandise that he may exercise over it the ordinary control pertinent to ownership. This provision applies even to transportation by sea within the Phils. or coastwise shipping. Does NOT apply to misdelivery of goods.
Q: Why does it not apply to misdelivery of goods? A: In such cases (misdelivery), there can be no question of claim for damages suffered by the goods while in transport, since the claim for damages arises exclusively out of the failure to make delivery. Case: Monica Roldan vs. Lim Ponzo and Co. Article 366 of the Commercial Code is limited to cases of claims for damage to goods actually turned over by the carrier and received by the consignee.
But the period prescribed in Art. 366 may be subject to modification by agreement of the parties. The validity of a contractual limitation of time for filing the suit itself against a carrier shorter than the statutory period thereof has generally
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been upheld as such stipulation merely affects the shipper’s remedy and does not affect the liability of the carrier. b) Extinctive Prescription six (6) years if there is no written contract (bill of lading) ten (10) years if there is written contract
This rule likewise applies to carriage of passengers for domestic transportation.
B. International Carriage of Goods by Sea A claim must be filed with the carrier within the following period: 1. if the damage is apparent, the claim should be filed immediately upon discharge of the goods; or 2. within 3 days from delivery, if damage is not apparent.
pecuniary consequences which the law imposes for the breach of some duty or violation of some rights. A. Extent of Recovery (Contractual Breach: Art. 220, NCC) Carrier in good faith – is liable only to pay for the damages that are the natural and probable consequences of the breach of the obligation and which the parties have foreseen or could have reasonably foreseen at the time the obligation was constituted. Carrier in bad faith or guilty of gross negligence – liable for all damages, whether the same can be foreseen or not. Those which may be reasonably attributed to the non-performance of the obligation. Note: The carrier who may be compelled to pay has the right of recourse against the employee who committed the negligent, willful or fraudulent act. B. Kinds of Damages
Filing of claim is not condition precedent. Thus, regardless of whether the notice of loss or damage has been given, the shipper can still bring an action to recover said loss or damage within one year after the delivery of the goods or the date when the goods should have been delivered
a) Prescription Action for damages must be filed within a period of one (1) year from discharge of the goods. The period is not suspended by an extra-judicial demand. (Why? Transportation of goods by sea should be decided in as short a time as possible) o Case: Dole Philippines Inc. vs. Maritime Company of the Philippines - the prescriptive period is not tolled or interrupted by a written extra-judicial demand. Article 1155 is NOT applicable. The period does not apply to conversion or misdelivery. The one (1) year period refers to loss of goods and not to misdelivery. -
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Damages arising from delay or late delivery are not the damage or loss contemplated under the COGSA. The goods are not actually lost or damaged. The applicable period is ten (10) years. Case: Domingo Ang vs. American Steamship Agencies What is to be resolved – in order to determine the applicability of the prescriptive period of one year – is whether or not there was loss of the goods subject matter of the complaint. Loss contemplates merely a situation where no delivery at all was made by the shipper of the goods because the same had perished, gone out of commerce, or disappeared in such a way that their existence is unknown or they cannot be recovered. (Note: It is not loss due to misdelivery or delivery to the wrong person.) This rule applies in collision cases. The one (1) year period starts not from the date of the collision but when the goods should have been delivered, had the cargoes been saved.
Case: Maritime Agencies and Services Inc. vs. CA When there is two destination of delivery, the one year period should commence when the last item was delivered to the consignee. Insurance The insurer who is exercising its right of subrogation is also bound by the one (1) year prescriptive period. However, it does not apply to the claim against the insurer for the insurance proceeds. The claim against the insurer is based on contract that expires in ten (10) years. II. Recoverable Damages Damages – is the pecuniary compensation, recompense or satisfaction for an injury sustained, or as otherwise expressed, the
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Article 2216 provides that no proof of pecuniary loss is necessary in order that moral, nominal, temperate, liquidated or exemplary damages may be adjudicated. The assessment of such damages, except liquidated ones, is left to the discretion of the court, according to the circumstances of each case. However, proof of pecuniary loss is necessary if actual or compensatory damages are being claimed. a) Actual or Compensatory Damages only for the pecuniary loss suffered by him as he has duly proved not only the value of the loss suffered, but also that of the profits which the obligee failed to obtain 1. 2. -
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2 Kinds: the loss of what a person already possesses (daňo emergente); the failure to receive as a benefit that would have pertained to him (lucro cesante). It should be proven: cannot be decided based on the consideration of the judge; not to be based on the perception, observation and consideration of the judge With respect to restorative medical procedure: to be entitled to actual damage, you need to have an EXPERT TESTIMONY. Without such, you cannot recover.
Damages may be recovered: Art. 2205 (Civil Code) 1) For loss or impairment of earning capacity in cases of temporary or permanent personal injury; 2) For injury to the plaintiff’s business standing or commercial credit.
Damages cannot be presumed. The burden of proof rests on the plaintiff who is claiming actual damages against the carrier.
In case of goods – the plaintiff is entitled to their value at the time of destruction. The award is the sum of money which plaintiff would have to pay in the market for identical or essentially similar goods For personal injury and even death – the claimant is entitled to all medical expenses as well as other reasonable expenses that he incurred to treat his or her relative’s injuries. In case of death – the plaintiff is entitled to the amount that he spent during the wake and funeral of the deceased. But, expenses after the burial are not compensable. Read Art. 2206 (Civil Code): death caused by a crime or quasi-delict shall be at least P3,000; [The amount of fixed damages is now P50,000.00] the defendant shall be liable for the loss of the earning capacity of the deceased; If deceased is obliged to give support, recipient may demand support from the person causing the death for a period not exceeding five years Spouse, legitimate and illegitimate descendant and descendants may demand moral damages for mental anguish by reason of the death of the deceased
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1) Loss of earning capacity
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Net Earning Capacity = Life Expectancy x [Gross Annual Income less Necessary Living Expenses]
Life expectancy – (2/3 x 80 – age at death) Net earnings – based on the gross income of the victim minus the necessary incidental living expenses which the victim would have incurred if he were alive. Amount of living expenses must be established. In the absence of proof, it is fixed at fifty (50%) of the gross income. Rules on loss of earning apply when the breach of the carrier resulted in the plaintiff’s permanent incapacity.
2) Attorney’s fees refer to Art. 2208 of the Civil Code attorney’s fees may be awarded in an action for breach of contract of carriage under par. 1,2,4,5,10 and 11 of Art. 2208. If awarded exemplary, one is entitled to attorney’s fees 2 kinds: ordinary (compensation to the lawyer); extraordinary (indemnity as a form of damages suffered due to the breach of contract) You can be awarded if you show that you were forced to litigate and when you are entitled to exemplary damage. But this award is subject to the discretion of the court (you cannot dictate – usually 10%-15%) 3) Interests 12% per annum – if it constitutes a loan or forbearance of money 6% per annum – if it does not constitute loan or forbearance of money 12% - for final judgment Note: No interest, however, shall be adjudged on unliquidated claims for damages except when or until the demand can be established with reasonably certainty, the interest shall begin to run form the time the claim is made judicially or extrajudicially. b) Moral Damages - Includes physical suffering, mental anguish, fright, serious anxiety, besmirched reputation, wounded feelings, moral shock, social humiliation and similar injury. - Though incapable of pecuniary computation, moral damages may be recovered if they were the proximate result of the defendant’s wrongful act or omission. - Moral damages are not awarded to punish the defendant but to compensate the victim - May be recovered when there is death or there is malice or bad faith. (in transportation of passengers) - Refer to Art. 2219 and 2220 (enumerates cases when moral damages may be awarded) - Generally, no moral damages may be awarded where the breach of contract is not malicious. - Moral damages may be awarded if the contractual negligence is considered gross negligence. - Subject to three conditions in transportation law: o Death o Malice or bad faith (must be done in the performance of the contract of carriage) o Physical Injuries - Requisites: o There must be an injury, whether physical, mental or psychological, clearly sustained by the claimant o There must be a culpable act or omission factually established o The wrongful act or omission of the defendant is the proximate cause of the injury sustained by the claimant o The award of damages is predicated on any of the cases stated in Art. 2219.
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Factors to consider that could affect the amount to be recovered: o The extent of humiliation may also determine the amount of moral damages that can be awarded o The extent of pain and suffering likewise determines the award o Official, political, social and financial standing of the offended party and the business and financial position of the offender affect the amount of damages o The age of the claimant.
c) Nominal Damages - Refer to Art. 2221-2223 (Civil Code) - It is adjudicated in order that the right of plaintiff may be vindicated or recognized, and not for the purpose of indemnifying the plaintiff for any loss suffered by him. - The assessment of nominal damages is left to the discretion of the court according to the circumstances of the case. - The award of nominal damages is also justified in the absence of competent proof of the specific amounts of actual damages suffered. - Cannot co-exist with actual damages. - There is no loss in nominal damages, unlike in actual and temperate damages, loss is present which is proven and not proven but rather ascertained by the court, respectively. Case: Japan Airlines vs. CA The award of moral damages was justified because JAL failed to make necessary arrangement to transport the plaintiffs on the first available connecting flight to Manila. Only Nominal damages were awarded in the absence of proof of actual damages d) Temperate or Moderate Damages - More than nominal but less than compensatory damages. - Art. 2224 provides: may be recovered when the court finds that some pecuniary loss has been suffered but its amount cannot, from the nature of the case, be provided with certainty. - cannot co-exist with actual damages - Definite proof of pecuniary loss cannot be offered, although the court is convinced that there has been such loss. e) Liquidated Damages Those agreed by the parties to a contract, to be paid in case of breach thereof. Ordinarily, the court cannot change the amount of liquidated damages agreed upon by the parties. However, Art. 2227 of the Civil Code provides that liquidated damages, whether intended as an indemnity or a penalty, shall be equitably reduced if they were iniquitous or unconscionable. f) Exemplary or Corrective Damages Requisites for the award of exemplary damages: 1. They may be imposed by way of example in addition to compensatory damages, and only after the claimant’s right to them has been established. 2. They cannot be recovered as a matter of right, their determination depending upon the amount of compensatory damages that may be awarded to the claimant. 3. The act must be accompanied by bad faith or done in wanton, fraudulent, oppressive or malevolent manner. Note: If gross negligence warrants the award of exemplary damages, with more reason is its imposition justified when the act performed is deliberate, malicious and tainted with bad faith. The rationale behind exemplary or corrective damage is to provide an example or correction from public good.
The award of exemplary damages in breach of contract of carriage is subject to the provisions under Art. 2232-2235 of the Civil Code.
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Case: Air France vs. Rafael Carrascoso and CA The inference of bad faith is there; it may be drawn from the facts and circumstances set forth therein. The contract was averred to establish the relation between the parties. Deficiency in the complaint in stating that there was bad faith, if any, was cured by the evidence. Case: Philippine Airlines Inc. vs. CA Moral damages are recoverable in a breach of contract of carriage where the air carrier thought its agents acted fraudulently or in bad faith. The contract of air carriage generates a relation attended with a public duty. Neglect or malfeasance of the carrier’s employees naturally could give ground for an action for damages. MARITIME LAW A. CONCEPTS (Chapter 6) Maritime Law – is the system of laws which particularly relates to the affairs and business of the sea, to ships, their crews and navigation and to marine conveyance of persons and property Governing Laws: 1. New Civil Code – primary law on maritime commerce 2. Book III Code of Commerce – applied suppletorily 3. Special Laws a. Salvage Law (Act No. 2616) b. Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (CA No. 65) c. Ship Mortgage Decree of 1978 (PD 1521)
served to induce capitalists into effectively wagering their resources against the consideration of the large profits attainable in trade Real – similar to transactions over real property where to effect against third persons, registration is necessary Hypothecary – the liability of the owner of the value of the vessel is limited to the vessel itself STATUTORY PROVISIONS Article 837, 587, 590 and 643 – provides for limited liability of shipowner. (read full provision) Art. 837: civil liability incurred by the ship owner: liability limited to value of the vessel + appurtenances + freightage earned during voyage Art. 643: vessel and cargo lost by reason of capture or wreck: all rights shall be extinguished, both as regards the crew to demand any wages whatsoever, and as regards the ship agent to recover the advances made If a portion of the vessel or of the cargo, or both, should be saved, the crew engaged on wages, including the captain, shall retain their rights on the salvage, so far as they go, on the remainder of the vessel as well on the amount of the freightage of the cargo saved; but sailors who are engaged on shares shall not have any right whatsoever on the salvage of the hull, but only the portion of the freightage saved. If they should have worded to recover the remainder of the shipwrecked vessel they shall be given from the amount of the salvage an award in proportion of the efforts made and to the risks encountered in order to accomplish the salvage
REAL AND HYPOTHECARY NATURE OF MARITIME LAW
Art. 587: ship agent may exempt himself of the civil liabilities for the indemnities in favor of third persons by abandoning vessel with all equipments and freight it earned during voyage
Case: Philippine Shipping Company, et al. vs. Francisco Garcia Vergara That which distinguishes the maritime from the civil law and even from the mercantile law in general is the real and hypothecary nature of the former
Art. 590: co-owners civilly liable in proportion to their interest and may exempt liability by abandonment of the part of the vessel belonging to him
Evidence of this “real “ nature of maritime law: o The limitation of the liability of the agents to the actual value of the vessel and the freight money o The right to retain the cargo and the embargo and detention of the vessel even cases where the ordinary civil law would not allow more than a personal action against the debtor or person liable This repeals the civil law to such extent that, in certain cases where the mortgaged property is lost no personal action lies against the owner or agent of the vessel Two reasons why it is impossible to do away with these privileges: o The risk to which the thing is exposed o The real nature of maritime law, exclusively real, according to which the liability of the parties is limited to a thing to which is at mercy of the waves
Case: Aboitiz Shipping Corporation vs. General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corporation, Ltd.
The real and hypothecary nature of maritime law simply means that the liability of the carrier in connection with losses related to maritime contracts is confined to the vessel, which is hypothecated for such obligations or which stands as the guaranty for their settlement Purpose: It was designed to offset such adverse conditions and to encourage people and entities to venture into maritime commerce despite the risks and prohibitive cost of shipbuilding Thus, the liability of the vessel owner and agent arising from the operation of such vessel were confined to the (1) vessel itself, (2) its equipment, (3) freight, (4) and insurance if any, which limitation
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Limited liability rule – means that the liability of a shipowner for damages in case of loss is limited to the value of his vessel. No vessel, no liability. The civil liability for collision is merely co-existent with the interest in the vessel; if there was total loss, liability is also extinguished. GR: If the ship is totally lost, liability is extinguished. If the ship or part thereof still exists, he can escape liability by abandoning the vessel, its appurtenances and its freight. Case: Monarch Insurance Co., Inc. vs. Court of Appeals The total destruction of the vessel extinguishes maritime liens because there are no longer any res to which it can attach. This doctrine is based on the real and hypothecary nature of maritime law. Note: Since the Civil Code contains no provision regulating liability of shipowners or agents in the event of total loss or destruction of the vessel, Article 587 of the Code of Commerce governs. Article 837, 587 and 590 of Code of Commerce cover only: 1. Liability to third persons 2. Acts of the captain 3. Collisions EXCEPTIONS TO THE LIMITED LIABILITY RULE 1. Where the injury or death to a passenger is due either to the fault of the shipowner, or to the concurring negligence of the shipowner and the captain (NEGLIGENCE) GR: Shipowner is liable for the negligence of the captain in collision cases ---- liability is limited to value of the vessel
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Limited liability rule applies if the captain or the crew caused the damage or injury as when unseaworthiness of the vessel was caused by the negligence of the captain or crew during the voyage However, if the failure to maintain the seaworthiness of the vessel can be ascribed to the shipowner alone or the shipowner concurrently with the captain, then the limited liability principle cannot be invoked --- LIABILITY FOR THE DAMAGES IS TO THE FULL EXTENT (ex. Overloading, unseaworthiness even at the time of departure)
2.
Where the vessel is insured (INSURANCE)
Limited liability rule does not apply to insurance claims Case: Vasquez vs. CA -
The total loss of the vessel did not extinguish the liability of the carrier’s insrured Despite the loss of the vessel, therefore, its insurance answers for the damages that a shipowner or agent, may be held liable for by reason of the death of its passengers.
3.
In the workmen’s COMPENSATION)
The provisions of the Code of Commerce have no room in the application of the Workmen’s Compensation Act which seeks to improve, and aims at the amelioration of, the condition of laborers and employees If an accident is compensable under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, it must be compensated even when the workman’s right is not recognized by or is in conflict with other provisions of the Civil Code or of the Code of Commerce Liability under the Workmen’s compensation Act, even if the vessel was lost, is still enforceable against the employer or shipowner.
compensation
claims
(WORKER’S
4.
Expenses for repairs and provisioning of the ship prior to the departure thereof
5.
The vessel is not abandoned (ABANDONMENT) Abandonment of the vessel, its appurtenances and the freightage is an indispensable requirement before the shipowner or ship agent can enjoy the benefits of the limited liability rule. If the carrier does not want to abandon the vessel, he is still liable even beyond the value of the vessel The only instance where abandonment is dispensed with is when the vessel was entirely lost. In such case, the obligation is extinguished. Only shipowner and ship agent can make an abandonment
PROCEDURE FOR ENFORCEMENT Case: Aboitiz Shipping Corporation vs. General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corporation, Ltd. Rights of the parties to claim against an agent or owner of vessel may be compared to those of creditors against an insolvent corporation whose assets are not enough to satisfy the totality of claims as against it. Creditors must limit their recovery to what is left in the name of the corporation In the sinking of a vessel, the claimants or creditors are limited in their recovery to the remaining value of accessible assets. In the case of lost vessel, these assets are the insurance proceeds and pending freightage for the particular voyage PROTESTS is the written statement by the master of a vessel or any authorized officer, attested by proper officer or a notary, to the effect that damages has been suffered by the ship
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Required under the following cases: 1. When the vessel makes an arrival under stress 2. Where the vessel is shipwrecked 3. Where the vessel has gone through a hurricane or the captain believe that the cargo has suffered damages or averages 4. Maritime collisions Q: when is it not required? A: 1. when it does not fall under the four cases mentioned above 2. when what is not involve is not a vessel ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION (RTC) Section 19 (3) of BP 129 as amended by RA 7691 (3) In all actions in admiralty and maritime jurisdiction where the demand or claim exceeds 300, 000 or in Metro manila, where such demand or claim exceeds 400,000. if less MTC 3 concepts: (they are the same) 1. real and hypothecary --- the supreme court did not explain the literal meaning of it. - real: refers to the risk in maritime that’s why there are privileges for the shipowner. Risks are certain to happen - hypothecary: remember guaranty and collateral which is the vessel. For the particular voyage, the guaranty is the vessel wherein if the vessel is lost, the shipowner no longer has the liability 2. limited liabililty rule --- no literal explanation - limited: it means that the liability is limited to the value of the vessel -liability: assumption that the shipowner is liable for the losses. There are no valid defenses that shipowner can invoke to escape liability. Same concept with 1479. Difference is that there is a fixed amount and there is qualification -under the limited liability – no fixed amount but amount is confined on the vessel The question here: is this a right to limit the liability? A: admittedly it is a right that only shipowner can exercise Q; how to exercise? A: by way of pleading. But do not follow the way it was filed in yangco. Here it was after judgment that the shipowner sought to abandon the ship to abandon liability But right now, it is a matter of procedure. To limit liability by abandoning the vessel; IF it is a matter of procedure, you check the rules of civil procedure Q: so when does shipowner inform the court the right to limit liability? A: in a pleading and normally in an answer. IT will be raised as a defense. If shipownver cannot allege, then that defense is deemed waiver. Therefore you cannot seek abandonment after judgment was been rendered. CASES: Yangco vs. Lacerna - even captain was aware of the typhoon and the vessel capsized, SC upheld limited liability Chua Hek Kong - there being no exceptions, the court upheld limited liability The more critical issue is on the EXCEPTIONS in the LLRule: 1. workmen’s compensation (Abueg case: the repairs constitue maritime lient) 2. insurance coverage--- if the vessel is lost in the course of voyage and it is insured, is it automatic that the limited liability rule does not apply? A: No. the basis of supreme court (Vasquez vs. CA --- court mentioned very little about insurance: if the vessel is insured, the insurance proceeds shall answer the credit)
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If the plaintiff was injured or heirs will file action from insurance company, and since shipowner cannot avail of limited liability, this is not advisable to the plaintiff because it has no privity of contract with the insurance company Q: when does insurance argument come in? A: only when the shipowner will bring the insurance company to the case filed by the plaintiff—by way of third party complaint. Once insurance company is impleaded then this can be used: that the owner cannot avail of limited liability. But no shipowner will ever implead the insurance. Because they will be the one who will claim the insurance without telling the plaintiffs. In the case, there is no proof that the vessel is insured. Even if we know outside court, it is insured because in the court, there is no proof that the vessel is insured. Court will not identify evidence not properly identified and recoded in court. Q: is it really an exception in its strict sense? A: Not really (CAPANAS). What is the implication if you properly invoke the LLRule – the plaintiff cannot avail beyond the value of the vessel. If not apply – plaintiff will recover more than the value of vessel subject to rules on claiming of damages.
maritime law, should be engaged in transporting goods, persons, or both from one port to another) (But to be sure: you file maritime and allege such bahala dili kelangan coz otherwise dismiss ang case) Since a vessel is a personal property, it can be mortgaged… Same concept with mortgage but different rule PD 1521: Q: what about process of extra judicial foreclosure of vessel? A: chattel mortgage law should govern Q: what to remember under PD 1521? A: Section 4 registration, non waiver Section17: priority of claims… Q: are there claims in maritime law over and above preferred mortgage? A: yes. Look at section 17.
But question, if vessel if covered with insurance, does this mean that plaintiff can recover to the amount applied? No, they can only recover until the coverage of the insurance proceeds.
Case: Poliand Industrial - facts shows that the proceeds debted from hardwood was for the modification of the vessel (extended for vessels benefit), for crews wage
3. Negligence - common carrier is presumed negligent if common carrier. However, this does not apply when there is an invocation on limited liability. (in all cases except MONARCH vs. CA) --- the rest of the case, the court has found negligence based on the facts presented. You cannot invoke presumption of negligence so that limited liability rule will not apply.
Characteristics of maritime lien: 1. maritime property 2. travels with the property--- it cannot be extinguished 3. enforceable in an action in rem--- action directed to the property (crescent case: ang gi kiha ang vessel)
Monarch _-- SC: since there is a presumption of negligence then LLR will not apply. But SC also said that if LLR is invoked, the initial burden to invoke negligence shifts to the shipowner. They should prove that there is no privity or knowledge on the negligence of the ship captain. Q: what is the relationship of Civil Code and LLR? A: There is none. Under 1766 in all matters not provided by Civil Code, Code of Commerce or Special law will apply. There is no rule in Civil Code in limited liability rule thus Code of Commerce will apply. (but in monarch, this was not applied--- all the negligence was related to the absence of exercising extraordinary diligence) Note: that in the subsequent cases, Consolidated of Aboitiz case: there were findings of facts of the negligence of Aboitiz. The point is when it comes to LLR, the Code of Commerce apply. You cannot invoke presumption of negligence. In order to refute, petitioner should prove negligence. REMEMBER: PROVE THE FACTS OF NEGLIGENCE. Not presumption. Loadstar case - the shipowner is aware of the typhoon - insufficient manning – negligent - Captain playing mahjong – there was negligence. But SC said that it was negligent because the shipowner did not prove that it was the first. Supposedly facts are established in court proceedings and not on presumption.
Under section 22: persons authorize to procure repairs (presumed): 1. managing agent 2. ship’s husband --- agent of the vessel If mortgagor does not pay: 1. judicial foreclosure – file actual case and implead the vessel as party defendant (served to captain or authorized person); you can ask the court order to arrest the vessel. 2. extrajudicial - the problem with vessel, mortgagee is not in possession of the vessel. It is with the mortgagor, you cannot sell the property not in your possession. In PD 1521—the order of arrest can be asked Grounds to discharge 1. irregularly issued (mortgagee na ilad. Wala pa diay due obligation 2. posting of a bond to discharge..the bond to be posted is double the value of the claim. Maritime lien on necessaries (5 requisites) – brief yourself cresent petroleum case (look at book for requisites) B. VESSELS (Chapter 7) 1. General Concepts
3. no vessel, no liability - they all mean one and the same such that the liability of the shipowner for the losses is confined to the value of the vessel and the freight, if any. MARITIME PROTEST (4 INSTANCES) – REQUIRED (LOOK AT CODE OF COMMERCE and above notes) INSTANCES WHEN IT DOES NOT APPLY: 1. NOT based CODE OF COMMERCE AND BASED ON QUASI-DELICT THEN NOT MARITIME PROTEST 2. when what was is involve is not a vessel (Lopez vs. Duruel: the motor boat is not a vessel under maritime law, it is only engaged in bay traffic. A vessel in
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A vessel or watercraft is defined under PD No. 447 as any barge, lighter, bulk carrier, passenger ship freighter, tanker, container ship, fishing boats, or other artificial contrivance utilizing any source of motive power, designed use or capable of being used as a means of transportation operating either as a common carrier, including fishing vessels covered under PD No. 43, Except: 1. Those owned and/or operated by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and by the Foreign Government for its Military Purpose. 2. Bancas, sailboat and other waterbone contrivance of less than three tons capacity and not motorized.
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Case: Yu Con vs. Ipil The word vessel serves to designate every kind of craft by whatever particular or technical name it may not be known or which nautical advancements may give it in the future The court held that a small vessel used for the transportation of merchandise by sea and for the making of voyages from one port to another of these Islands, equipped and victualed for this purpose by its owner, is a vessel, within the purview of the Code of Commerce, for the determination of the character and effect of the relations created between the owners of the merchandise laden on it and its owner
When the mercantile code speaks of vessels, they refer solely and exclusively to mercantile ships, as they do not include warships, and furthermore, they almost always refer to craft which are not accessory to another as in the case of launches, lifeboats and etc.
Further, they refer exclusively to those which are engaged in the transportation of passengers and freight from one port to another or from one place to another
They refer to merchant vessels and in NO WAY can they or should they be understood as referring to pleasure craft, yachts, pontoons, health service and harbor police vessels, etc.
Ships ought to be understood in the sense of vessel serving the purpose of maritime navigation or seagoing vessel, and not in the sense of vessel devoted to the navigation of rivers The third book of the code of commerce, dealing with maritime commerce, was evidently intended to define laws relative to merchant vessels and maritime shipping; and as appears from said code, the vessel intended in that book are such run by masters having special training with elaborate apparatus of crew and equipment indicated in the code.
Only vessels engaged in what is ordinarily known as maritime commerce are within the provision of law conferring limited liability on the owner in case of maritime disaster.
Other vessel of minor nature not engaged in maritime commerce, such as river boats and those carrying passengers from ship to shore, must be governed, as to their liability to passenger, by the provision of the civil code or other appropriate special provisions of law.
Case: Augusto Lopez vs. Juan Duruelo, et. al The code of commerce are not applicable to small craft which are only subject to administrative (customs) regulations in the matter of port service and in the fishing industry Only vessels engaged in what is ordinarily known as maritime commerce are within the provisions of law conferring limited liability on the owner in case of maritime disaster It is therefore clear that a passenger on a boat like the Jison, in the case before use, is not required to make protest as a condition precedent to his right of action for the injury suffered by him in the collision described in the complaint – article 835 of the Code of Commerce does not apply CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT AND MANNING The Construction, equipment and manning of vessel are subject to the rules issued by the Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA) and consistent with Article 574 of the Code of Commerce Article 574. Builders of vessels may employ the materials and follow, with respect to their construction and rigging, the systems most suitable to their interests. Ship owners and seamen shall be subject to what the laws and regulations of the public administration on navigation, customs, health, safety of vessels, and other similar matters. PERSONAL PROPERTY
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Vessels are considered personal property under the Civil Law. The Code of Commerce likewise expressly acknowledges the special nature of a vessel as personal property. Case: Philippine Refining Company vs. Jargue Vessels are personal property although occasionally referred to as a peculiar kind of personal property They are subject to mortgage agreeably to the provisions of the Chattel Mortgage Law The only difference between a chattel mortgage of a vessel and a chattel mortgage of other personality is that it is not now necessary for a chattel mortgage of a vessel to be noted in the registry of the register of deeds, but it is essential that a record of documents affecting the title to a vessel be entered in the record of the Collector of Customs at the port of entry Case: Rubiso and Calixto vs. Rivera Ships or vessels, whether moved by steam or by sail, partake, to a certain extent, of the nature and conditions of real property, on account of their value and importance in the world of commerce Transfer of vessels should be in writing and must be recorded in the appropriate registry 2. OWNERSHIP ACQUISITION
Vessel may be acquired or transferred by any means recognized by laws. Thus, vessel may be sold, donated and may even be acquired through prescription. Under the present laws, vessels that are under the jurisdiction of MARINA can be transferred only with notice to said administrative agency. A.
Prescription (Code of Commerce)
Article 573. Merchant vessels constitute property which may be acquired and transferred by any of the means recognized by law. The acquisition of a vessel must appear in a written instrument, which shall not produce any effect with respect to third persons if not inscribed in the registry of vessels. The ownership of a vessel shall likewise be acquired by possession in good faith, continued for three years, with a just title duly recorded. In the absence of any of these requisites, continuous possession for ten years shall be necessary in order to acquire ownership. A captain may not acquire by prescription the vessel of which he is in command. ARTICLE 575. Co-owners of vessels shall have the right of repurchase and redemption in sales made to strangers, but they may exercise the same only within the nine days following the inscription of the sale in the registry, and by depositing the price at the same time. B.
Sale (Code of Commerce)
Article 576. In the sale of a vessel it shall always be understood as included the rigging, masts, stores and engine of a streamer appurtenant thereto, which at the time belongs to the vendor. The arms, munitions of war, provisions and fuel shall not be considered as included in the sale. The vendor shall be under the obligation to deliver to the purchaser a certified copy of the record sheet of the vessel in the registry up to the date of the sale. Article 577. If the alienation of the vessel should be made while it is on a voyage, the freightage which it earns from the time it receives its last cargo shall pertain entirely to the purchaser, and the payment of the crew and other persons who make up its complement for the same voyage shall be for his account.
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If the sale is made after the vessel has arrived at the port of its destination, the freightage shall pertain to the vendor, and the payment of the crew and other individuals who make up its complement shall be for his account, unless the contrary is stipulated in either case.
the Philippine Coast Guard The MARINA shall have the power to inspect vessels and all equipment on board to ensure compliance with safety standards C. PERSONS WHO TAKE PART IN MARITIME COMMERCE
Article 578. If the vessel being on a voyage or in a foreign port, its owner or owners should voluntarily alienate it, either to Filipinos or to foreigners domiciled in the capital or in a port of another country, the bill of sale shall be executed before the consul of the Republic of the Philippines at the port where it terminates its voyage and said instrument shall produce no effect with respect to third persons if it is not inscribed in the registry of the consulate. The consul shall immediately forward a true copy of the instrument of purchase and sale of the vessel to the registry of vessels of the port where said vessel is inscribed and registered. In every case the alienation of the vessel must be made to appear with a statement of whether the vendor receives its price in whole or in part, or whether he preserves in whole or in part any claim on said vessel. In case the sale is made to a Filipino, this fact shall be stated in the certificate of navigation. When a vessel, being on a voyage, shall be rendered useless for navigation, the captain shall apply to the competent judge on court of the port of arrival, should it be in the Philippines; and should it be in a foreign country, to the consul of the Republic of the Philippines, should there be one, or, where there is none, to the judge or court or to the local authority; and the consul, or the judge or court, shall order an examination of the vessel to be made. If the consignee or the insurer should reside at said port, or should have representatives there, they must be cited in order that they may take part in the proceedings on behalf of whoever may be concerned. REGISTRATION Vessels are now registered through MARINA. It is a long standing rule that the person who is the registered owner of the vessel is presumed to be the owner of the vessel. It is a settled rule that the sale or transfer of the vessel is not binding on the third person unless the same is registered. SHIP'S MANIFEST Vessels are required to carry manifest coast-wise trade. A manifest is a declaration of the entire cargo. The object of a manifest is to furnish custom officers with list of check against, to inform the revenue officers what goods are being brought into a port of the country on a vessel. The requirement that a vessel must carry a manifest is not complied with even if a bill of lading can be presented. A bill of lading is just a declaration of a specific cargo rather than the entire cargo Sec 906 of the Tariff and Custom Code provides that “manifest shall be required for cargo and passengers transported from one place to another only when one or both of such place is a port of entry.” MORTGAGE Since the term personal property includes vessel, they are subject to mortgage agreeably to the provisions of the Chattel Mortgage Law. Mortgage and other encumbrances over vessels are governed by the provisions of presidential decree 1521 (Ship Mortgage Decree of 1978) OTHER CODE OF COMMERCE PROVISIONS The provisions of the Code of Commerce reproduced hereunder are deemed modified not only by the Civil Code but also by special laws
SAFETY REGULATIONS On February 23, 2000, the Maritime Industry Authority directed all domestic shipowners and operators under Memorandum Circular No. 154 to strictly comply with existing Safety-Related Policies, Guidelines, Rules and Regulations Rules include: (read book page 488-489) Monitoring of compliances shall be undertaken by the Authority and its Maritime Regional Offices, together with the needed coordination with
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In sum, the following are persons who take part in Maritime Commerce:
SHIPOWNERS and SHIP AGENTS; CAPTAINS and MASTERS OF VESSELS; OFFICERS and CREW OF VESSELS
SHIPOWNER V. SHIP AGENT SHIPOWNER – the person who is primarily liable for damages sustained in the operation of vessel. Code of Commerce – places the primary responsibility on the owner of the vessel. (Uses the term naviero which has been construed to include shipowner, ship agent and even the charterer who is considered as owner pro hac vice.) SHIP AGENT (Code of Commerce) – the person entrusted with provisioning of the vessel, or who represents her in the port in which she happens to be. There is also the intention under the Code of Commerce to make the ship agent solidarily liable with the owner. The solidary liability applies both for breach of contract and extra-contractual obligations such as tort. The ship agent, even though he is not the owner, is liable in every way to the creditor for losses and damages without prejudice to his right against the owner, the vessel and its equipment and freight. But his liability, however is subject to the LIMITED LIABILITY RULE (Chapter 6 of the Aquino book). CAPTAINS V. MASTERS OF VESSELS For purposes of Maritime Commerce: The words “captain” and “master” have the same meaning; both being chiefs or commanders of ships. Thus, the terms “captain” and “master” are used synonymously in the Code of Commerce. MARINA regulations: MASTER – the person having command of the ship. The same term is being used both for domestic trade and international trade. BOAT CAPTAIN – a person authorized by the MARINA to act as officer and/or in command of a boat/ship or has the qualification/license to act as such. 3 Distinct Roles a captain commonly performs: (Inter-Orient Maritime case) 1. He is a GENERAL AGENT OF THE SHIPOWNER; 2. He is a COMMANDER and TECHNICAL DIRECTOR of the vessel (most important role for this has something to do with the operation and preservation of the vessel during its voyage and the protection of the passengers, if any, and crew and cargo); 3. He is a REPRESENTATIVE OF THE COUNTRY under whose flag he navigates. Based on the first aforementioned role, the captain is regarded as the GENERAL AGENT of the shipowner and as such, he: a. b. c. d.
Has authority to sign bills of lading; Carry goods aboard and deal with the freight earned; Agree upon rates and decide whether to take cargo; Has legal authority to enter into contracts with respect to the vessel and the trading of the vessel, subject to applicable limitations established by statute, contract or instructions and regulations of the shipowner. All aforementioned functions verily commits to the captain the governance, care, and management of the vessel. Clearly then, the captain is vested with both MANAGEMENT and FIDUCIARY functions.
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POWERS AND OBLIGATIONS INHERENT TO THE CAPTAIN AND THE MASTER: (See Arts. 610-612 of the Code of Commerce) DISCRETION OF CAPTAIN AND MASTER A ship’s captain must be accorded a REASONABLE MEASURE OF DISCRETIONARY AUTHORITY to decide what the safety of the ship and of its crew and cargo specifically requires on a stipulated ocean voyage. Presumption: A captain is knowledgeable as to the specific requirements of seaworthiness and the particular risks and perils of the voyage he is to embark upon. Applicable Principle: The captain has control of ALL departments of service in the vessel, and reasonable discretion as to its navigation. Basic Principle in Admiralty Law: In navigating the vessel, the master must be left free to exercise his own best judgment. Requirements of Safe Navigation: The judgment and discretion of the captain of a vessel may be confined within a straitjacket, even in this age of electronic communications. PILOTAGE: Who is a pilot? Maritime Law: a person duly qualified, and licensed, to conduct a vessel into or out of ports, or in certain waters. Broad sense: includes both (1) those whose duty it is to guide vessels into or out of ports, or in particular waters; and (2) those entrusted with the navigation of vessels on the high seas. General understanding: a person taken on board at a particular place for the purpose of conducting a ship through a river, road or channel, or from a port. COMPULSORY PILOTAGE. In compulsory pilotage, states possessing harbors enacted laws or promulgated rules requiring vessels approaching their ports to take on board pilots licensed under local law. In the Philippines, compulsory pilotage is being implemented in the Port of Manila, the latter being within the Manila Pilotage District. a.
Master and Pilot (See Far Eastern Shipping case on page 520 of the Aquino book for the SC discussion on the duties of a pilot)
b.
Shipowner and Pilot GENERAL RULE: the pilot is PERSONALLY LIABLE for damages caused by his own negligence or default to the OWNERS of the vessel, and to THIRD PARTIES for damages sustained in a collision. Such negligence of the pilot in the performance of duty constitutes a MARITIME TORT. In cases of COLLISION: the COLLIDING VESSEL is prima facie responsible, hence, the burden of proof is upon the party claiming benefit of the exemption from liability. Thus, it must be shown affirmatively that the pilot was at fault, and that there was no fault on the part of the officers or crew, which might have been conducive to the damage. The fact that the law compelled the master to take the pilot does not exonerate the vessel from liability. The injured party shall seek redress from the vessel. The owners of the vessel are responsible to the injured party for the acts of the pilot, and they must be left to recover the amount as well as they can against him.
c.
Pilot and his Association The fact that the pilot is a member of an association does not make the association jointly and severally liable. Article 2180 of the Civil Code does not apply because there is NO EMPLOYER-EMPLOYEE Relationship. Well-established is the rule that pilot associations are immune to vicarious liability for the tort of their members. They are not the employer of their members and exercise no control over them once they
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take the helm of the vessel. They are also not partnerships because the members do not function as agents for the association or for each other. Pilots’ associations are also not liable for negligently assuring the competence of their members because as PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, they made no guarantee of the professional conduct of their members to the general public. CODE OF COMMERCE PROVISIONS ON CAPTAINS (See page 528 of the Aquino book) OFFICERS AND CREW OF VESSELS COMPLEMENT OF A VESSEL (Art. 648, Code of Commerce) -- all the persons on board from the captain to the cabin boy, necessary for the management, maneuvers, and service, and therefore, it includes the CREW, the SAILING MATES, ENGINEERS, STOKERS, and OTHER EMPLOYEES ON BOARD not having specific designations; but it SHALL NOT INCLUDE the passengers or the persons whom the vessel is transporting. REGULATION OF MERCHANT MARINE PROFESSION The practice of marine profession is now governed by special laws and pertinent rules issued by the: MARINA; BOARD OF MARINE DECK OFFICERS; BOARD OF MARINE ENGINEER OFFICERS MINIMUM SAFE MANNING It is not enough that the officers manning the merchant vessel have all the qualifications imposed by the Philippine Merchant Marine Officers Act and other special laws or regulations. It is also required that there is sufficient number of officers and crew that are serving in the vessel. (Quality and Quantity) SECURITY OF TENURE The Labor Code provisions apply to OFFICERS and CREW of merchant vessels in DOMESTIC Trade or COASTWISE Shipping. Hence, matters concerning their dismissal or disciplinary action must be in accordance with provisions of the Labor Code. For officers and crew who are working in foreign vessels who are involved in overseas shipping, there must be compliance with the applicable laws on overseas employment as well as regulations issued by the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA). CODE OF COMMERCE PROVISIONS on Sailing Mates, Second Mate and Marine Engineer, Crew, and Captain (See pages 552-560 of the Aquino book). Parties --- those provided above… plus seamen, other members of the complement including the stokers (incharge of boilers) and supercargo (agent of the shippers who has authority to sell goods while on voyage) 4 maritime contracts 1. charter parties 2. Botomry 3. Repondentia 4. Marine insurance (incorporated in the subject insurance) ON PERSONS Shipowner he has the privilege to invoke limited liability rule what if with a charter party with charterer, who can invoke the LLR? No jurisprudence. Personal opinion of sir: distinguish on the type of charter party. If affreightment, shipowner retains possession, command and navigation of the vessel. If bareboat it is vested upon the charterer. Jurisprudence: except for registration, the charterer is the temporary owner of the vessel. With this, the charterer can invoke LLR (this part no juris)
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Note: there is not distinction of liability of shipowner and ship agent. They are civilly liable There is a situation in maritime law that shipower and agent they are held liable for the act or omission of a third person which is the ship captain or master. ACTS of CAPTAIN Case: Yucon case and Sweetlines case In Yucon, money was entrusted to the captain and the money was lost. SC concluded that shipowner was liable for the lost because the captain failed to put up measures while in custody of the money. It may not technically to an act but may refer to admission but would fall under the term acts In sweetlines, bound for catbalogan but the captain chose to allow the passengers to disembark in tacloban. This time, this is the act of captain. The SC concluded that the damages sustained by passengers bound for catbalogan are to shouldered by the shiponwer Indemnities in Favor of 3rd person: OTTA devt case sited in walter smith case In OTTA the owner of the pier was at the same time the owner of the goods. SC, because there was a relationship of owner of vessel and goods, then there is presumption of negligence new civil code prevails Walter smith case: There was no relationship. Owner of port and owner of goods are different. What was applied by court was the law on torts. No presumption of negligence. There should be proof of negligence. The owner of vessel proved that he exercised ordinary diligence (required in ports). What was presented was the competence of shipcaptain. The shipowner proved ordinary diligence in choosing the ship captain
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If it is voluntary (pilot engaged by shipowner) --- damages caused by pilot, shipowner is liable. If compulsory, shipowner can escape liability If compulsory distinguish whether there was circumstances that would require the shipcaptain to interfere with the ship pilot. If there are circumstances but captain did not interfere then shipowner is liable. If there are circumstances and captain interfere but still there is damage, the shipowner will not be liable. Cebu Port Authority --- covered by compulsory pilotage
Chiefmate or sailing mate (then there are engineers) 2008 case, citing the article the code of commerce specifying the functions of chiefmate being second in command of the vessel… Chiefmate is a managerial employee (as provided in labor code --loss of trust and confidence Seaman On security of tenure: distinguish DOMESTIN (labor code) abroad (POEA).. there is a standard contract (poea prepared and drafted it and every seaman shall comply with this --- this is to protect filipino seaman working abroad) that will be signed by every seaman stipulating the security of tenure, repatriation, benefits, etc. Difference for abroad: bigger income but contractual (after contract go home).. DOMEstic, you can be a regular employee in accordance with the labor code JumpShip scenario: it is a valid ground to terminate a seaman Shipcaptain should conduct preliminary investigation for crimes conducted on board D. CHARTER PARTIES
Contracts entered into by shipcaptain or master Inter orient case: one role is they are the general agent of the shipowener. But if the obligation contracted by the captain does not enure to the benefit of the vessel, then the shipowner has no liability. There is no conflict bec. 586 obligations contracted by the shipper while 1759 death or injury of passenger as result of contract of carriage. The case in point with the contracts entered into was the case Wing Kee. There were supplies delivered. Shipagent was said to be liable. SC said at the time you were still an agent you were liable but at the time agency was terminated you are no longer liable. If both SO and SA are sued, being solidarily liable, the SA has right of recourse over SO. Shipcaptain or master The difference is with regard to the tonnage of the vessel (higher: captain; lower: master; major patron and minor patron) The question on the shipcaptain or master is the exercise of discretion Inter orient case: captain tayong did not want to proceed with the voyage from Singapore to Africa bec. Of lack of oxygen and acetylene. But because of order of management he proceeded. He was then ordered to repatriated and then another captain took his place. He filed for illegal dismissal. The issue was the discretion exercised by the captain. WON he has the discretion not to proceed bec. Of lack of supply. SC said you should emphasize reasonable discretion--- it is the captain’s duty Inter Orient: triple roles of the captain --- general agent, commander and technical manager, representative of country Shipcaptain and harbor pilot Harbor pilot: distinguish if voluntary or compulsory Case cited by SC on proper relationship of captain and pilot. In far eastern shipping case 521 3rd par --- ther are occasion when the master may and should interfere and even displace the pilot when he is obviously incapacitate and intoxicated…. (look at the book) In this case, there is relevance on when the captain should interfere.
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Charter Parties a contract whereby the entire ship, or some of the principal part, is let by the owner to a merchant or other person for a specified time or use for the conveyance of goods, consideration of payment of freight it is a contract, hence, parties are free to stipulate upon such terms and conditions that would suit their purposes subject to the caveat that these should not be contrary to law or public policy Parties 1. Charterer- merchant or a person who desire s to lease ship or vessel owned by another by transport of his or her goods for commercial purposes or persons from one port to another 2. Shipowner (SO) KINDS: 1. bareboat or demise charterer – shipowner leases to the charterer the whole vessel, transferring to the charterer the entire command, possession and consequent control over the vessel’s navigation, including the master and the crew, who becomes the charterer’s “servants” - charterer becomes an owner “pro hac vice” 2. Contract of affreightment – charterer hires the vessel only, either for a determinate period of time or for a single or consecutive voyage, with the SO providing for the provision of the ship, wages of the master and crew, and expenses for maintenance of the vessel a. time charter – vessel is leased to a charterer for a fixed period of time b. voyage charter – vessel is leased for a single or particular voyage REQUISITES OF A VALID CHARTER PARTY 1. consent of the contracting parties 2. an existing vessel which should be placed at the disposition of the shipper 3. the freight 4. compliance with requirements of art 652 of Code of commerce (Aticle 652 of the Code of Commerce provides that the charter party shall contain, among others, the name, surname, and domicile of the
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charterer, and if he states that he is acting by commission, that of the person for whose account he makes the contract.) Caltex v. Sulpicio Lines There was a voyage charter; collision between MT Vector (tanker) and Doña Paz (owned by Sulpicio) ; breach of contract filed by the passengers’s heirs against Sulpicio ; 3d party complaint against registered owner of the tanker including Caltex ( that they were negligent and in bad faith by not seeing to it that the tanker was seaworthy) Issue: WON charterer shall be liable under Maritime Law? Ruling: Liability cannot be attached to Caltex; the charter did not affect the business of Sulpicio as a common carrier ; rights and responsibilities of ownership still rested on the owner Planters Product v CA time charter; Planters purchased fertilizers from the US; voyage to the Philippines ; upon arrival, shortage in the cargo was discovered ; filed actions against carrier fro damages ( breach of Contract) ; RTC ruled in favor of the Planters; Ca reversed & absolved carrier as it was converted from common carrier to private ; Ruling : It cannot become a private carrier ; bareboat charter can become a private carrier but in contract of affreightment remains as common carrier ( action based on contract of carriage ; presumption of negligence ) ; carrier was able to rebut the presumption of negligence ( result the inherent character of the fertilizers) Coastwise Lighterage v. CA WON private carrier would convert to a common carrier; contract of affreightment Ruling : reiterated Planters ruling ; but was not able to rebut presumption of negligence ; did not exercise EO diligence ( hired unlicensed patron) Home Insurance v. American Steamship case mostly used by the common carrier as defense ; Home Insurance is subrogee (paid SMC of loss cargo shipped thru American Steamship ; no reference as to what contract but there was a mention that it was in affreightment Ruling : Common Carrier undertaking to carry special cargo (chartered to special person only ) become a private carrier and stipulation exempting owner from liability for loss due to the negligence of its agents is valid; Shipowner can appoint senior officers for the vessel even if bareboat contract. But technically it is an affreightment. Most conflicts will occur if these various principles will have to be mixed. The whereabouts of the vessel is important to know the time for loading and unloading… Policy – marina Implementing or enforcement --- Coastguard 2 conditions implied in charter party 1. seaworthiness (Caltex Phil Case) --- it need not be written in the charter party 2. --- look at book (ala kaapas) JURISDICTION OF ADMIRALTY CASES depends on the jurisdictional amount important element of the contract = the subject matter of the contract (nature and character) International Harvester v Aragon -involves loss of cargo shipped from LA to Manila; cargo owner filed an action against common carrier -SC said liability of petitioner was predicated upon the contract of carriage ; admiralty would involve all maritime contract in whatever form and wherever made
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Macondry v Delgado Brothers Delgado was an operator of a pier service ; WON operator exercised its duty in loading and unloading of cargos ; no contract of carriage ; obligation was only to load the to the ship ; no application of admiralty FRIEGHT OR FREIGHTAGE price of carriage shall accrue according to what is stipulated in the contract should there be no stipulation or if it is ambiguous , rules shall be a. freight shall begin to run from the day of loading on the vessel b. in charters with fixed period, the freight shall begin to run upon that very day c. If freight is charged according o weight , payment shall be made according to gross weight , including the weight of the containers LAST DAYS- period of time stipulated fro loading and unloading ( provided for in charter party ) ; if no lay days provided for in the charter party, it is understood that the charterer will unload and discharge cargoes within a reasonable time or with reasonable diligence Demurrage – a sum of money due by express contract for detention of the vessel in loading , beyond time allowed for that purpose in that charter party ; sum of which is usually fixed by the parties in the charter party ; liability for this exists only when expressly stipulated Deadfreight – where the charterer failed to occupy the leased portion of the vessel, he may thereby be liable by the shipowner for the deadfreight that occurred STIPULATION IN CHARTER PARTIES GR: parties are free to stipulate subject to art 1744 t01754 0f NCC Art. 1744. A stipulation between the common carrier and the shipper or owner limiting the liability of the former for the loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods to a degree less than extraordinary diligence shall be valid, provided it be: (1) In writing, signed by the shipper or owner; (2) Supported by a valuable consideration other than the service rendered by the common carrier; and (3) Reasonable, just and not contrary to public policy. Art. 1745. Any of the following or similar stipulations shall be considered unreasonable, unjust and contrary to public policy: (1) That the goods are transported at the risk of the owner or shipper; (2) That the common carrier will not be liable for any loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods; (3) That the common carrier need not observe any diligence in the custody of the goods; (4) That the common carrier shall exercise a degree of diligence less than that of a good father of a family, or of a man of ordinary prudence in the vigilance over the movables transported; (5) That the common carrier shall not be responsible for the acts or omission of his or its employees; (6) That the common carrier's liability for acts committed by thieves, or of robbers who do not act with grave or irresistible threat, violence or force, is dispensed with or diminished; (7) That the common carrier is not responsible for the loss, destruction, or deterioration of goods on account of the defective condition of the car, vehicle, ship, airplane or other equipment used in the contract of carriage. Art. 1746. An agreement limiting the common carrier's liability may be annulled by the shipper or owner if the common carrier refused to carry the goods unless the former agreed to such stipulation.
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Art. 1747. If the common carrier, without just cause, delays the transportation of the goods or changes the stipulated or usual route, the contract limiting the common carrier's liability cannot be availed of in case of the loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods. Art. 1748. An agreement limiting the common carrier's liability for delay on account of strikes or riots is valid. Art. 1749. A stipulation that the common carrier's liability is limited to the value of the goods appearing in the bill of lading, unless the shipper or owner declares a greater value, is binding. Art. 1750. A contract fixing the sum that may be recovered. by the owner or shipper for the loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods is valid, if it is reasonable and just under the circumstances, and has been fairly and freely agreed upon. Art. 1751. The fact that the common carrier has no competitor along the line or route, or a part thereof, to which the contract refers shall be taken into consideration on the question of whether or not a stipulation limiting the common carrier's liability is reasonable, just and in consonance with public policy. Art. 1752. Even when there is an agreement limiting the liability of the common carrier in the vigilance over the goods, the common carrier is disputably presumed to have been negligent in case of their loss, destruction or deterioration. Art. 1753. The law of the country to which the goods are to be transported shall govern the liability of the common carrier for their loss, destruction or deterioration. Art. 1754. The provisions of Articles 1733 to 1753 shall apply to the passenger's baggage which is not in his personal custody or in that of his employee. As to other baggage, the rules in Articles 1998 and 2000 to 2003 concerning the responsibility of hotel-keepers shall be applicable. ART. 653. if the cargo should be received without the charter party having been signed, the contract shall be understood as executed In accordance with what appears in the bill of lading, the sole evidence of title with regard to the cargo for determining the rights and obligations of the ship agent, captain and charterer - If there is charter party or bill of lading (BOL) = no contract at all; but according to Blanco, if there is delivery and receipt of cargo combined with the GF and mutual consent = contract present , better than BOL
FORMS OF A LOAN ON BOTTOMRY/RESPONDENTIA: May be executed by means of: 1. public instrument 2. policy signed by the contracting parties and the broker taking part therein 3. private instrument (Art. 720) GR: The captain cannot contract loans on respondentia secured by the cargo, and should he do so, the contract shall be void. Neither can he borrow money or Bottomry for his own transactions. EXCEPTIONS: 1. On the portion of the vessel he owns, provided no money has been previously borrowed on the whole vessel, nor exists any other kind of lien or obligation chargeable against her. 2. When he is permitted to do so, he must necessarily state what interest he has in the vessel. CONTENTS OF THE LOAN CONTRACT: 1. kind, name and registry of the vessel; 2. name, surname and domicile of the captain; 3. names, surnames and domiciles of the borrower and the lender; 4. amount of the loan and the premium stipulated; 5. time for repayment; 6. goods pledged to secure repayment; 7. voyage during which the risk is run (Art.721) WHO MAY CONTRACT: 1. 2.
Bottomry – by the ship owner or ship agent; outside of the residence of the owners, the captain. Respondentia – only the owner of the cargo
DISTINCTIONS: BOTTOMRY/ RESPONDENTIA 1. Not subject to Usury Law
1. Subject to Usury Law
2. Liability of the borrower is contingent on the safe arrival of the vessel or cargo at destination 3. The last lender is a preferred creditor
2. Not subject to any contingency
4. Must have a collateral
4. May or may not have collateral
5. Collateral is the vessel or cargo subject to maritime risk 6. Must be in writing
5. Maybe property, real or personal 6. Need not be in writing but interest shall not be due unless expressly stipulated in writing 7. Need not be registered
E. LOANS ON BOTTOMRY AND RESPONDENTIA LOAN ON BOTTOMRY – loan made by shipowner or ship agent guaranteed by vessel itself and repayable upon arrival of vessel at destination; vessel/portion LOAN ON RESPONDENTIA – loan, taken on security of the cargo laden on a vessel, and repayable upon safe arrival of cargo at destination; cargo/goods
ORDINARY LOAN
7. To be binding on third person must be recorded in the registry of vessels of port of registry of the vessel 8. Loss of collateral extinguishes the same
3. The first lender is a preferred creditor
8. Does not extinguished if there is a loss of the collateral (if any)
Consequences of loss of effects of the loans COMMON ELEMENTS OF LOANS ON BOTTOMRY AND RESPONDENTS: 1. Exposure of security to marine peril; 2. Obligation of the debtor conditioned only upon safe arrival of the security at the point of destination. Requisites of a Loan on Bottomry/Respondentia: 1. Shipowner borrows money for use, equipment or repair of vessel 2. For a definite term and with extraordinary interest called premium 3. Secured by pledged of vessel or portion thereof in the case on loan on Bottomry; or pledge of goods in case of Respondentia 4. Loan repayment depends or conditioned on the safe arrival of goods for respondentia and obligation to repay is extinguished if pledged goods are lost (Respondentia) 5. Obligation to repay is extinguished if vessel is lost due to specified marine perils in the course of voyage or within limited time (Bottomry)
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1. Effects of loans be lost due to accident of the sea during the time, and on the occasion of the voyage which has been designated in the contract and proven that the cargo was on board - lender losses the right to institute the action which would pertain to him Except: when the loss was 1. caused by inherent defect of the thing 2. through fault or malice of the borrower 3. through barratry on the part of the captain 4. caused by damages suffered by the vessel as a consequence of being engaged in a contraband 5. loaded the goods on a vessel different from that designated in the contract unless the change was caused by force majeure
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2. The lenders on bottomry or respondentia shall suffer in proportion to their respective interest, the general average which may take place in the things upon which the loans were made. 3. In case of shipwreck, the amount for payment of the loan shall be deduced to the proceeds of the effects which have been saved but only after deducting the costs of the salvage. 4. If the loan should be on the vessel or any of her parts, the freight earned during the voyage for which the loan was contracted shall also be liable for its payment, as far as it may reach. 5. If the same vessel or cargo should be the object of the loan of Bottomry or respondentia and maritime insurance, the value of what may be saved in case of shipwreck shall be divided between the lender and the insurer, in proportion to the legitimate interest of each one, taking in consideration, for this purpose only, the principal with respect to the
F. AVERAGES AND COLLISIONS ACCIDENTS IN MARITIME COMMERCE: 1. Averages 2. Arrival Under Stress 3. Collision 4. Shipwreck * Averages – an extra-ordinary or accidental expense incurred during the voyage in order to preserve the cargo, vessel or both; and all damages or deterioration suffered by the vessel from departure to the port of destination, and to the cargo from the port of loading to the port consignment. (Art. 806) CLASSES OF AVERAGES: A. Particular or Simple Average B. Gross or General Average A. Particular or Simple Average
Maritime contracts include charter parties… and loans on bottomry and respondentia are considered maritime contracts Q: why do we have to study this topic? Are these relevant? A: they are hardly used at present. However, we have to study this just in case this will be asked in the bar. Especially in the unique terms used in this topic.. General provisions in contracts will govern Basic provision you should not forget: 1. there should be a marine risk 2. the condition that the vessel or the goods has perished then the right of the lender to collect everything as well as stipulated interest is extinguished (not sure if there are other more.. basin ala ko kaapas) BOTTOMRY It may refer to the vessel The bottom or the hull or the kill of the vessel can be pledged in this case The whole vessel can be a subject of a security or collateral PD. 1521: (is this different) --- loan is the principal, mortgage is the accessory. The contract of bottomry is principal, the mortgage under pd 1521 is merely a security In pd 1521 under section 4 it is a requirement that the whole of the vessel must be mortgaged (no jurisprudence on this matter whether a part of the vessel can be mortgaged) In bottomry the whole or the part of the vessel can be the subject IF the part of the vessel can be pledged, is it necessary that there should be goods? No. no need for goods. RESPONDENTIA The vessel should have goods. The goods must be laden in the vessel Is it necessary that the boat is on voyage? The vessel must be in the actual course of voyage because this is the objective of the law. Because if the vessel is docked in the port the owner can simply obtain loans. And besides there is no risk when the vessel is docked (but no jurisprudence) Distinction of this two types of loan vs. SIMPLE LOAN (for purposes of the bar) -- 5 differences 1. with respect to form --- can you validly execute a bottomry or respondentia verbally? You cannot. Bec under the code of commerce no judicial action can arise when the contract is not reduced in writing. But this is not the case in simple loan. But in simple loan you take note the statute of frauds… if not in writing B and R, you can dismiss case due to failure to state cause of action. Q: why hardly used at present? A: because of sophistication. Captains can just call up any agent the shipowner to deliver anything for the use of the vessel to deliver. … This contract was recognized in medieval times.
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Damage or expenses caused to the vessel or cargo that did not inure to common benefit, and borne by respective owners. (809) The owner of the goods which gave rise to the expense or suffered th e damage shall bear this average. (Art. 810) res perit domino applies if the vessel or goods are hypothecated by loan on bottomry and respondentia, the lender shall bear the loss in proportion to his interest Examples: see article 809 of the code of commerce RULES ON AVERAGES: 1. Averages is defined as damage deliberately caused or an expense deliberately incurred due to a marine peril and which has resulted in saving both vessel and cargo or only the vessel or cargo. 2. Where both vessel and cargo are saved, it is general average; where only the vessel or only the cargo is saved, it is particular average. 3. The person whose property has been saved must contribute to reimburse the damage caused or expense incurred if the situation constitutes general average. B. Gross or General Average Damage or expenses deliberately caused in order to save the vessel, its cargo or both from real and known risk. (Art. 811) All the persons having an interest in the vessel and the cargo therein at the time of the occurrence of the average shall contribute to satisfy this average. (Art. 812) REQUISITES: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
common danger present arising from accidents of sea, disposition of authority peril imminent and ascertained part of vessel or cargo deliberately sacrificed intended to save vessel or cargo proper legal steps and authority taken
Common danger - means both the ship and the cargo, after has been loaded, are subject to the same danger, whether during the voyage, or in the port of loading or unloading, that the danger arises from the accidents of the sea, disposition of authority, or faults of men, provided that circumstances producing the peril should be ascertained and imminent or may rationally be said to be certain and imminent - When the measure of precaution adopted solely and exclusively for the preservation of the vessel from the danger of seizure or capture and not for the common safety is not considered as common danger Deliberate Sacrifice - voluntary sacrifice of a part for the benefit of the whole in order to justify the average contribution
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* voluntary jettison- the casting away of some portion of the associated interests for the purpose of avoiding the common peril from the whole to a particular portion of those interests - the goods on board refer to in jettison should be proven by means of bill of lading and with regards to those belonging to vessel by means of inventory prepared before the departure 2 cases where there can also be general averages even if the sacrifice was not made during the voyage: a. where the sinking of the vessel is necessary to extinguish a fire in a port, roadstead, creek or bay b. where cargo is transferred to lighten the ship on account of a storm to facilitate entry into a port Art. 816: in order that the goods jettisoned may be included in the gross average and the owners entitled to indemnity – it is necessary that the cargo’s existence on board be proven by a bill of lading; and with regard to those belonging to the vessel, by means of an inventory prepared before departure. Art. 817: if in lightening of a vessel on account of a storm to facilitate its entry to a port or roadstead, part of the cargo should be transferred to barges or lighters and be lost, the owner of the said part is entitled to indemnity as if the loss originated from a gross average, the amount being distributed between the vessel and cargo from which it came. If on the contrary the merchandise transferred should be saved and the vessel should be lost, no liability may be demanded of the salvage. Art. 818: if, as a necessary measure to extinguish a fire in a port, roadstead, creek, or bay, it should be decided to sink any vessel, this loss shall be considered gross average, to which the vessels saved should contribute. Note: the loss or damage sustained by cutting away wreck or parts of the ship which have been previously carried away or effectively lost by accident shall not be made good as general average Sacrifice must be Successful - no general contribution can be demanded if the vessel and other cargo that are sought to be saved were in fact not saved (art. 860)
Examples of General Average Read Art 811 of the Code of Commerce By Whom Borne - shall be borne by those who benefited from the sacrifice; the shipowner and the owner of the cargoes that were saved Contribution may be imposed to; a. insurers ( Insurance Code of the Philippines) - they are obliged to pay for the indemnification of the gross average provided that the liability shall be limited to the proportion of contribution attaching to his policy value where this is less than the contributing value of the thing insured b. lenders of bottomry and respondentia (Code of Commerce) -obliged to pay in proportion to their respective interest, the general average which may take place in the goods which the loan is made Who is entitled to indemnity? Owner of the goods which were sacrificed is entitled to receive the general contribution Except; 1. goods carried on desk unless the rule special law or customs of the place allow the same 2. goods that are not recorded in the books or records of the vessel 3. fuel of the vessel if there is more than sufficient fuel for the voyage American Home Insurance v. CA Art 848 states that claims shall not be admitted if they do not exceed 5% of the interest which the claimant may have in the vessels or cargo if it is general average, and 1% of the goods damaged if particular average… deducting in both cases the expenses of appraisal, unless there is an agreement to the contrary. It is clear that the damage of the cargo is particular average since the loss is less than 1% to the value of the cargo and there appears to be no allegations as to any agreement defendants and consignee of the goods to the contrary, by express provision of law, plaintiff is barred from suing for recovery.
- owners of the goods saved shall not be liable for the indemnification of those jettisoned, lost or damaged - hence when the sacrifice was not successful in saving the ship, there will be no general contribution
Law on averages does not apply if the CC is negligent.
Compliance with Legal Steps
Under the rule, deck cargo is permitted in coastwise shipping but prohibited
- Procedure for recovery: (Art. 813-814) 1. There must be a resolution of the captain, adopted after a deliberation with the other officers of the vessel and after hearing all persons interested in the cargoes. If the latter disagree, the decision of the captain should prevail but they shall register their objections. 2. The resolution must be entered in the logbook, stating the reasons and motives for the dissent, and the irresistible and urgent causes if he acted in his own accord. It must be signed, in the first case, by all persons present in the hearing. In the second case, by the captain and all the officers of the vessel. 3. The minutes must also contain a detail of all the goods jettisoned and those injuries caused to those on board. 4. The captain shall deliver it to the maritime judicial authority of the first port he may make, within 24 hours after his arrival, and to ratify it immediately under oath. - ORDER OF GOODS TO BE CAST OVERBOARD IN CASE OF JETTISON: 1. those which are on the deck, preferring the heaviest one with the least utility and value; 2. those which are below the upper deck, beginning with the one with greatest weight and smallest value. (Art. 815)
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YORK-ANTWERP RULES ON DETERMINING LIABILITY FOR CONTRIBUTION ON AVERAGES
in overseas shipping. 1. If deck cargo is located with the consent of the shipper on overseas trade, it must always contribute to general average, but should the same be jettisoned, it would not be entitled to reimbursement because there is violation of the Y-A Rules. 2. If deck cargo is loaded with the consent of the shipper on coastwise shipping, it must always contribute to general average and if jettisoned would be entitled to reimbursement. -
may also be used to solve controversies where no provision of the code of commerce is in point because the said rules embody the custom of maritime states
AVERAGES - the same concept that was existing in medieval times can be applied at present Relevance of averages (take note these ex. Connected to expenses under 806) under 806 --- averages are: o Extraordinary expenses – ex. If machine does not work, you have to ask help of a tugboat… the expenses on the use of tugboat is a question of averages. This is extraordinary because it is not foreseen. --- assuming the engine of the vessel was defective, can that be
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o
considered an average? YES. (question now if it is particular or general) Damages or deterioration suffered – refer to the physical feature or attribute of the goods. - these two are different
DISTINCTION OF PARTICULAR AND GENERAL AVERAGES Hernandez – averages are losses. If there is a loss incurred, the loss will be shouldered on where it falls. (ex. If you have goods transported from origin to destination but in process it was damaged by sea water. The shipper or owner will shoulder the loss. What will shipper do to recover loss? If insured go after insurance. Insurance then files action against common carrier due to negligence) --- if general average, there is special circumstance, the loss will not be shouldered on where it falls but wil be shouldered proportionately by persons who have benefited the circumstance 4 reqs for general averages (see above notes) – MEMORIZE; MAGSAYSAY VS. AGAN 1. common danger TO Both vessel and cargo 2. deliberate sacrifice 3. successful saving 4. compliance with the proper steps If no special circumstance, it is a particular or simple average --- the owner of the vessel will be the one who will shoulder the loss. The negligence of captain, the owner of the vessel will shoulder. But if there is special circumstance, the loss will be shouldered proportionately by those who benefited Standard oil case – the ship captain will not release goods to the shipper unless the shipper will contribute their share. The issue was the duty of the captain to liquidate – he did not file for the appropriate proceeding, you should result to legal liquidation. Captain here failed TO INITIATE proper proceeding thus shipowner is liable for actions of captain Q: is the duty of captain to initiate a condition precedent? A: no. even if ship captain does not initiate, the shipowner can still file the appropriate proceeding in court. COMMON DANGER – both to vessel and cargo. If one invokes general average then that person must prove what he allege. In standard oil since ship captain invoked gen aver – they should be the one to prove. Failure to prove, they cannot ask for contribution from owners of the goods. It is also possible that there are no goods involved. Only extraordinary expense Phil. Home assurance case --- discussed also in chapter 3 --- when it exploded, vessel got burned, another vessel came to the rescue to extinguish the fire and towed the vessel to the nearest destination. Goods were saved from the subject vessel. The shipowner asked for contribution to the owner of the goods which were saved. SC said, shipowner did not comply legal steps 813-815 thus you cannot allege general averages.
Note that examples of the two types of averages are not exclusive. There is a word “especially” thus there may be other example that may fall under this two type of averages. YORK AND TURP RULES THIS CAN be stipulated in a contract that this rule will apply in respect to averages In the absence of stipulation in the contract in applying this rule, such rule is inapplicable Q: ordinary expenses are not averages bec. They are foreseeable, are there instance that they can be considered to be extraordinary ave A; if the parties agree that the averages will cover ordinary expenses. The code of commerce does not prohibit the inclusion of other expenses under averages. G. COLLISIONS Collisions - impact of 2 vessels both of which are moving. Allision - impact between a moving vessel and a stationary one. 3 Zones of Time in the Collision of vessels: 1. First zone – all time up to the moment when risk of collision begins; 2. Second zone – time between moment when risk of collision begins and moment it becomes a practical certainty; 3. Third zone – time when collision is certain and time of impact. Error in Extremis - sudden movement made by a faultless vessel during the 3rd zone of collision with another vessel which is at fault during the 2nd zone. Even if such sudden movement is wrong, no responsibility will fall on said faultless vessel. (Urrutia and Co. v. Baco River Plantation Co., 26 PHIL 632). Rules on Collision of Vessels under Code of Commerce: 1. The collision may be due to the fault, negligence or lack of skill of the captain, sailing mate, or any other member of the complement of the vessel. The owner of the vessel at fault be liable for losses or damage. (Art. 826) 2. The collision may be due to the fault of both vessels. Each vessel shall suffer its own losses, but as regards the owner of cargoes both vessels shall be jointly and severally liable. (Art. 827) 3. If it cannot be determined which vessel is at fault. Each vessel shall also suffer its own losses and both shall be solidarily liable for losses o damages on the cargoes. (Art. 828) 4. The vessels may collide with each other through fortuitous event or force majeure. In this case each shall bear its own damage. (Art. 830) 5. Two vessels may collide with each other without their fault by reason of a third vessel. The third vessel will be liable for losses and damages. (Art. 831) 6. A vessel which is properly anchored and moored may collide with those nearby reasons of storm or other cause of force majeure. The vessel run into shall suffer its own damage and expense. (Art. 832)
Cases covered by collision and allision: If the averages are not general, it is particular. the shipowner will be solely liable… in the case of Magsaysay, there was no deliberate sacrifice.
1. 2.
SUCCESSFUL SAVING Both vessel and goods must be saved If vessel not saved, no general averages. Even if goods were saved You have to start with resolution, placing of reso in the log book, accounting of goods thrown away starting those on deck and to follow from those not on deck (read 83-815) American Home insurance (take note this case--- bar) Transportation of tv sets, the shipcapatain was uprised of the typhoon. Still captain continued with the journey. Then na abot ang typhoon captain directed that the tv sets should be jettison. Saved vessel. Reklamo owner. Is there general average? No. if the shipowner is negligent, the law on general averages does not apply.
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3. 4. 5.
One vessel at fault – such vessel is liable for damage caused to innocent vessel as well as damages suffered by the owners of cargo of both vessels. Both vessels at fault – each vessel must bear its own loss, but the shippers of both vessels may go against the ship owners who will be solidarily liable. Vessel at fault not known – same as rule as (2). (Doctrine of Inscrutable Fault) Third vessel at fault – same rule as (1). Fortuitous event – no liability. Each bears its own loss.
Prerequisite to recovery: Protest should be made within 24 hours before the competent authority at the point of collision or at the first port of arrival, if in the Philippines and to the Philippine consul, if the collision took place abroad. (Art. 835) Injuries to persons and damage to cargo of owners not on board on collision time need not be protested. (Art. 836)
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DOCTRINE OF LAST CLEAR CHANCE OR CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE NOT APPLICABLE. DOCTRINE OF “INSCRUTABLE FAULT” In case of collision where it cannot be determined which between the two vessels was at fault, both vessels bear their respective damage, but both should be solidarily liable for damage to the cargo of both vessels. NOTE: The Doctrine of Limited Liability applies in case of collisions, but it shall be limited only to the value of the vessel with all its appurtenances and freightage earned during the voyage. When the latter is not sufficient to cover all the liabilities, the indemnity due by reason of the death or injury of persons shall have preference. (Arts. 837 and 838) H. ARRIVAL UNDER STRESS * ARRIVAL UNDER STRESS – arrival of a vessel at a port of destination on account of lack of provision, well founded fear of seizure, privateers, pirates, or accidents of sea disabling navigation. (Art. 819) NOTE: Captain must make a protest Steps to be taken in the determination of the propriety of arrival under stress 1. captain should determine during the voyage if there is a well founded fear of seizure, privateers of other valid grounds 2. captain shall then assemble the officers 3. captain shall summon the persons interested in the cargo who may be present and who may attend but without right to vote 4. the officers shall determine and agree if there is well founded reason after examining the circumstances; Captain shall have the deciding vote 5. agreement shall be drafter and the proper minutes shall be signed and entered into the log book 6. objections and protests shall likewise be entered in the minutes - Absence of one of the steps, can still be considered arrival under stress. When not lawful: 1. lack of provisions due to negligence to carry according to usage and customs; 2. risk of enemy not well known or manifest 3. defect of vessel due to improper repair; and 4. malice, negligence, want of foresight or lack of skill of captain. (Art. 820) Who bears expenses: if arrival under stress is proper shipowner or ship agent will only be liable for the expenses of the arrival if arrival under stress is improper shipowner and ship agent will be liable for the same expenses and, in addition, they shall be solidarily liable for damages caused to the cargoes by such arrival under stress (Art. 821) NOTE: - After cessation of the cause of the arrival under stress, captain should continue voyage or else he shall be liable. Unloading of cargoes to make repairs: in order to make repairs to the vessel or because there is danger that cargo may suffer damage necessary to unload; captain must request authorization from competent judge or court for removal, and carry it out w/ knowledge of the person interested in the cargo in a foreign port Philippine Consul in case of the vessel expenses shall be for the account of the ship owner or agent in case of the cargo chargeable against the owners of the merchandise for whose benefit the act was performed if both expenses to be divided proportionately between the value of the vessel and cargo (Art. 822)
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Custody of cargo: intrusted to the captain (except in cases of force majeure) (Art. 823) if entire cargo or part thereof should appear to be damaged, or there should be imminent danger of its being damaged captain may request judge of competent court / consul, the sale of all or part of the cargo person taking cognizance shall authorize it (after examination and declaration) captain shall justify the legality of his conduct, answering to the shipper for the price of the merchandise would have brought if they had arrived in good condition (Art. 824) Liability of captain: captain responsible for the damages caused by his delay if cause of arrival under stress ceases he should not continue the voyage if cause of arrival should have been the fear of enemies deliberation and resolution (in a meeting of officers of the vessel and persons interested in the cargo) shall precede the departure (Art. 825) * Shipwreck – the demolition or shattering of a vessel caused by her driving ashore or on rocks and shoals in the midseas, or by the violence of winds or waves in tempests - loss of the vessel at sea as a consequence of its grounding, or running against an object in sea or on the coast Loss or deteriorations of vessel or cargo caused by shipwreck or stranding individually account of the owners; part which may be saved belonging to them, same proportion. (Art. 840) If the wreck was due to malice, negligence or lack of skill of the captain, the owner of the vessel may demand indemnity from said captain. (Art. 841) The goods saved from the wreck to be specially bound for the payment of the expenses of the respective salvage. (Art. 842) If several vessels sail under convoy, and any of them should be wrecked, the cargo saved will be distributed among the rest in proportion to the amount which each one is able to take. … If any captain should refuse, without sufficient cause, to receive what may correspond to him, the captain of the wrecked vessel to enter a marine protest against him. … If it is not possible to transfer to the other vessels the entire cargo of the vessel wrecked, the goods of the highest value and smallest volume to be saved first. Designation to be made by the captain with concurrence of his officers. (Art. 843) The captain taking on-board the goods saved from the wreck to continue his course to the port of destination and upon arrival he should deposit the goods for disposal to their owners. … In case the captain changes his course, and if he can unload them at the port of which they were consigned, he may make said port if the shippers or supercargoes present and the officers and passengers of the vessel consent thereto. But he is not required to do so even if he has the consent during time of war or when the port is difficult and dangerous to make. … The owners of the cargo to defray all the expenses of this arrival and the payment of the freightage. (Art. 844) If cannot be, proceed to judicial sale complying with the formalities and on publicity. (Art. 845) I. SALVAGE LAW (Act No. 2616) * SALVAGE – services one person renders to the owner of a ship or goods, by his own labor, preserving the goods or the ship which the owner or those entrusted with the care of them have either abandoned in distress at sea, or are unable to protect or secure. Kinds of Salvage: Voluntary – compensation is dependent on the success. Under contract for a per diem or per horam wage – payable at all events. Under contract for compensation – payable only in case of success.
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Claim for valid salvage: Provides for a reward for voluntary salvage Other persons who assist in saving the vessel or its cargo from shipwreck shall be entitled to a similar award Persons not entitled to salvage compensation: 1. Crew of the vessel shipwrecked or which was in danger of shipwreck 2. He who shall have commenced the salvage in spite of opposition of the captain or of his representatives 3. He who shall have failed to comply with the provisions of Section 3 (Section 3. Tthe salvor who saves or picks up a vessel or merchandise at sea, in the absence of the ship captain, ship owner or a representative of either of them, they being unknown, shall convey and deliver the vessel or merchandise ASAP to the collector of customs if the port has a collector and otherwise to the provincial treasurer or municipal mayor.) Requisites of compensation or salvage reward: 1. Object must have been exposed to marine peril (fire, acts of pirate, thieves) 2. Salvage services rendered voluntarily and is not required as an existing duty or a form of contract (See Sec. 8) * Pilots are not entitled to a reward – (Atty. Capanas) 3. Salvage services are successful in whole or in part 4. Valid vessel which is shipwrecked beyond the control of the crew or shall have been abandoned (not necessary) * Courts will not interfere in the agreement of the parties except but where there is no agreement or it is excessive the reward is fixed by the RTC judge. * Derelict – a ship or cargo which is abandoned and deserted at sea by those who were in charge of it, without any hope of recovering it or without any intention of returning to it - determined by ascertaining what was the intention and expectation of those in charge of it when they quitted it - boat or vessel found entirely deserted or abandoned on the sea without hope or intention of recovery or return by the master or the crew, whether resulting from wreck, accident, necessity, or voluntary abandonment JETSAM, FLOTSAM, LIGAN: Jetsam – goods that were thrown off a ship which was in danger Flotsam – goods that floated off the ship while ship was in danger or when it sank Ligan – goods left as sea on the wreck or tied to a buoy so that they can be recovered later Basis of entitlement to salvage reward (Circumstances to consider): 1. The labor expended by the salvors in rendering the salvage service 2. The promptitude, skill and energy displayed in rendering the service and saving the property 3. The value of the property employed by the salvors in rendering the service, and danger to which such property was exposed 4. The risk incurred by the salvors in rescuing the property from the impending peril 5. The value of the property salved 6. The degree of danger which the property was rescued Rights and obligations of salvors and owners: Salvor is entitled to compensation for services rendered. He has, under the Salvage Law, a lien upon the property salvaged. On the other hand, the owner does not denounce his right to the property. There is no presumption of an intention to abandon such property rights. Maritime Lien A salvor, in maritime law, has an interest in the property; called a lien, but it never goes, in the absence of a contract expressly made, upon the idea of debt due from the owner to the salvor but upon the principle that the service creates a property in the thing saved.
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Rule on salvage reward: 1. The reward is fixed by the RTC judge in the absence of agreement or where the latter is excessive (Sec. 9). 2. If sold (no claim being made within 3 months from publication), the proceeds, after deducting expenses and the salvage claim, shall go to the owner; if the latter does not claim it within 3 years, 50% of the said proceeds shall go to the salvors, who shall divide it equitably, and the other half to the government (Secs. 11-12). 3. If a vessel is the salvor, the reward shall be distributed as follows: a. 50% to the shipowner; b. 25% to the captain; and c. 25% to the officers and crew in proportion to their salaries SALVAGE LAW SECTION 1. WHEN IN CASE OF SHIPWRECK, THE VESSEL OR ITS CARGO SHALL BE BEYOND THE CONTROL OF THE CREW, OR SHALL HAVE BEEN ABANDONED BY THEM, AND PICKED UP AND CONVEYED TO A SAFE PLACE BY OTHER PERSONS, THE LATTER SHALL BE ENTITLED TO A REWARD FOR THE SALVAGE. THOSE WHO, NOT BEING INCLUDED IN THE ABOVE PARAGRAPH, ASSIST IN SAVING A VESSEL OR ITS CARGO FROM SHIPWRECK, SHALL BE ENTITLED TO A LIKE REWARD. SEC. 2. IF THE CAPTAIN OF THE VESSEL, OR THE PERSON ACTING IN HIS STEAD, IS PRESENT, NO ONE SHALL TAKE FROM THE SEA, OR FROM THE SHORES OR COAST MERCHANDISE OR EFFECTS PROCEEDING FROM A SHIPWRECK OR PROCEED TO THE SALVAGE OF THE VESSEL, WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF SUCH CAPTAIN OR PERSON ACTING IN HIS STEAD. SEC. 3. HE WHO SHALL SAVE OR PICK UP A VESSEL OR MERCHANDISE AT SEA, IN THE ABSENCE OF THE CAPTAIN OF THE VESSEL, OWNER, OR A REPRESENTATIVE OF EITHER OF THEM, THEY BEING UNKNOWN, SHALL CONVEY AND DELIVER SUCH VESSEL OR MERCHANDISE, AS SOON AS POSSIBLE, TO THE COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS, IF THE PORT HAS A COLLECTOR, AND OTHERWISE TO THE PROVINCIAL TREASURER OR MUNICIPAL MAYOR. SEC. 4. AFTER THE SALVAGE IS ACCOMPLISHED, THE OWNER OR HIS REPRESENTATIVE SHALL HAVE A RIGHT TO THE DELIVERY OF THE VESSEL OR THINGS SAVED, PROVIDED THAT HE PAYS, OR GIVES A BOND TO SECURE, THE EXPENSES AND THE PROPER REWARD. THE AMOUNT AND SUFFICIENCY OF THE BOND, IN THE ABSENCE OF AGREEMENT, SHALL BE DETERMINED BY THE COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS OR BY THE JUDGE OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE PROVINCE IN WHICH THE THINGS SAVED MAY BE FOUND. SEC. 5. THE COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS, PROVINCIAL TREASURER, OR MUNICIPAL MAYOR, TO WHOM A SALVAGE IS REPORTED, SHALL ORDER: A. THAT THE THINGS SAVED BE SAFEGUARD AND INVENTORIED. B. THE SALE AT PUBLIC OPTION OF THE THINGS SAVED WHICH MAY BE IN DANGER OF IMMEDIATE LOSS OR OF THOSE WHOSE CONSERVATION IS EVIDENTLY PREJUDICIAL TO THE INTERESTS OF THE OWNER, WHEN NO OBJECTION IS MADE TO SUCH SALE. C. THE ADVERTISEMENT WITHIN THE THIRTY DAYS SUBSEQUENT TO THE SALVAGE, IN ONE OF THE LOCAL NEWSPAPERS OR IN THE NEAREST NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED, OF ALL THE DETAILS OF THE DISASTER, WITH A STATEMENT OF THE MARK AND NUMBER OF THE EFFECTS REQUESTING ALL INTERESTED PERSONS TO MAKE THEIR CLAIMS. SEC. 6. IF, WHILE THE VESSEL OR THINGS SAVED ARE AT THE DISPOSITION OF THE AUTHORITIES, THE OWNER OR HIS REPRESENTATIVE SHALL CLAIM THEM, SUCH AUTHORITIES SHALL ORDER THEIR DELIVERY TO SUCH OWNER OR HIS REPRESENTATIVE, PROVIDED THAT THERE IS NO CONTROVERSY OVER THEIR VALUE, AND A BOND IS GIVEN BY THE OWNER OR HIS REPRESENTATIVE TO SECURE THE PAYMENT OF THE EXPENSES AND THE PROPER REWARD. OTHERWISE, THE DELIVERY SHALL NOR BE MADE UNTIL THE MATTER IS DECIDED BY THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE PROVINCE.
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SEC. 7. NO CLAIM BEING PRESENTED IN THE THREE MONTHS SUBSEQUENT TO THE PUBLICATION OF THE ADVERTISEMENT PRESCRIBED IN SUB-SECTION (C) OF SECTION FIVE, THE THINGS SAVE SHALL BE SOLD AT PUBLIC AUCTION, AND THEIR PROCEEDS, AFTER DEDUCTING THE EXPENSES AND THE PROPER REWARD SHALL BE DEPOSITED IN THE INSULAR TREASURY. IF THREE YEARS SHALL PASS WITHOUT ANYONE CLAIMING IT, ONE-HALF OF THE DEPOSIT SHALL BE ADJUDGED TO HIM WHO SAVED THE THINGS, AND THE OTHER HALF TO THE INSULAR GOVERNMENT. SEC. 8. THE FOLLOWING SHALL HAVE NO RIGHT TO A REWARD FOR SALVAGE OR ASSISTANCE: A. THE CREW OF THE VESSEL SHIPWRECKED OR WHICH WAS IS DANGER OF SHIPWRECK; B. HE WHO SHALL HAVE COMMENCED THE SALVAGE IN SPITE OF OPPOSITION OF THE CAPTAIN OR HIS REPRESENTATIVE; AND C. HE WHO SHALL HAVE FAILED TO COMPLY WITH THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION THREE. SEC. 9. IF, DURING THE DANGER, AN AGREEMENT IS ENTERED INTO CONCERNING THE AMOUNT OF THE REWARD FOR SALVAGE OR ASSISTANCE, ITS VALIDITY MAY BE IMPUGNED BECAUSE IT IS EXCESSIVE, AND IT MAY BE REQUIRED TO BE REDUCED TO AN AMOUNT PROPORTIONATE TO THE CIRCUMSTANCES. SEC. 10. IN A CASE COMING UNDER THE LAST PRECEDING SECTION, AS WELL AS IN THE ABSENCE OF AN AGREEMENT, THE REWARD FOR SALVAGE OR ASSISTANCE SHALL BE FIXED BY THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE PROVINCE WHERE THE THINGS SALVAGED ARE FOUND, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT PRINCIPALLY THE EXPENDITURES MADE TO RECOVER OR SAVE THE VESSEL OR THE CARGO OR BOTH, THE ZEAL DEMONSTRATED, THE TIME EMPLOYED, THE SERVICES RENDERED, THE EXCESSIVE EXPRESS OCCASIONED THE NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO AIDED, THE DANGER TO WHICH THEY AND THEIR VESSELS WERE EXPOSED AS WELL AS THAT WHICH MENACED THE THINGS RECOVERED OR SALVAGED, AND THE VALUE OF SUCH THINGS AFTER DEDUCTING THE EXPENSES. SEC. 11. FROM THE PROCEEDS OF THE SALE OF THE THINGS SAVED SHALL BE DEDUCTED, FIRST, THE EXPENSES OF THEIR CUSTODY, CONSERVATION, ADVERTISEMENT, AND AUCTION, AS WELL AS WHATEVER TAXES OR DUTIES THEY SHOULD PAY FOR THEIR ENTRANCE; THEN THERE SHALL BE DEDUCTED THE EXPENSES OF SALVAGE; AND FROM THE NET AMOUNT REMAINING SHALL BE TAKEN THE REWARD FOR THE SALVAGE OR ASSISTANCE WHICH SHALL NOT EXCEED FIFTY PER CENT OF SUCH AMOUNT REMAINING. SEC. 12. IF IN THE SALVAGE OR IN THE RENDERING OF ASSISTANCE DIFFERENT PERSONS SHALL HAVE INTERVENED THE REWARD SHALL BE DIVIDED BETWEEN THEM IN PROPORTION TO THE SERVICES WHICH EACH ONE MAY HAVE RENDERED, AND, IN CASE OF DOUBT, IN EQUAL PARTS. THOSE WHO, IN ORDER TO SAVE PERSONS, SHALL HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO THE SAME DANGERS SHALL ALSO HAVE A RIGHT TO PARTICIPATION IN THE REWARD. SEC. 13. IF A VESSEL OR ITS CARGO SHALL HAVE BEEN ASSISTED OR SAVED, ENTIRELY OR PARTIALLY, BY ANOTHER VESSEL, THE REWARD FOR SALVAGE OR FOR ASSISTANCE SHALL BE DIVIDED BETWEEN THE OWNER, THE CAPTAIN, AND THE REMAINDER OF THE CREW OF THE LATTER VESSEL, SO AS TO GIVE THE OWNER A HALF, THE CAPTAIN A FOURTH, AND ALL THE REMAINDER OF THE CREW THE OTHER FOURTH OF THE REWARD, IN PROPORTION TO THEIR RESPECTIVE SALARIES, IN THE ABSENCE OF AN AGREEMENT TO THE CONTRARY. THE EXPRESS OF SALVAGE, AS WELL AS THE REWARD FOR SALVAGE OR ASSISTANCE, SHALL BE A CHARGE ON THE THINGS SALVAGED ON THEIR VALUE. COGSA (CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT) Adopted by the Philippines on October 22, 1936 through Commonwealth Act No. 65
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New Civil Code primary law on goods that are being transported from a foreign port to the Philippines COGSA remains to be a suppletory law for such type of transportation – international shipping
ART. 1753, NCC: THE LAW OF THE COUNTRY TO WHICH THE GOODS ARE TO BE TRANSPORTED SHALL GOVERN THE LIABILITY OF THE COMMON CARRIER FOR THEIR LOSS, DESTRUCTION OR DETERIORATION. * Goods – includes goods, wares, merchandise, and articles of every kinds whatsoever - does not include live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage is stated as being carried on deck and is so carried Parties: Carrier, and Shipper - They are given their respective rights and obligations under COGSA. - Carrier (covered by COGSA) not limited to the shipowner; includes charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with the shipper - Charterer charters a vessel and conducts his own business for his own account after chartering the vessel, he uses the vessel to conduct a business of transportation obtaining goods from 3rd persons to transport the latter’s goods Duties of the carrier: Civil Code requires international carriers to exercise extraordinary diligence in the performance of their contractual obligations Section 2 of COGSA carrier’s obligation and liabilities in relation to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of such goods Section 3 of COGSA responsibilities of the carrier under COGSA Document of title required - evidenced by the Bill of Lading - BOL serves as prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods Notice of claim and prescriptive period * Notice of claim must be made within 3 days from delivery if the damage is not apparent; not mandatory * Prescriptive period 1 year from delivery for the filing of the case is a condition precedent or mandatory; does not apply to cases of misdelivery or conversion Defenses and immunities - provided for by Section 4 of COGSA - Section 49(1) of COGSA – carrier shall not be liable for loss or damages arising from unseaworthiness - New Civil Code – carrier will not be liable only if it can present proof that the unseaworthiness was caused exclusively by any of the circumstances specified in Art. 1734 of the NCC Waiver - The shipowner and the ship agent may waive the benefit of any of the defenses in its favor provided not only under COGSA but also under other laws Limiting provision - COGSA contains a provision that allows the shipper to recover only US$500 per package unless there is a special declaration unless there the real value of the goods is declared - declaration made by the shipper stating an amount bigger than $500 per package will make the carrier liable for such bigger amount but only if the amount so declared is the real value of the goods Right to discharge dangerous cargo - COGSA allows the carrier to discharge the good of the carrier discovers that the goods are dangerous, inflammable or are explosives
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