Impact of Jets Introduction: If the fluid is moving with high velocity, then it is called jet. Generally Nozzle is used to increase the kinetic energy of fluid. The study of forces resulting from the impact of fluid jets and when fluids are diverted round pipe bends involves the application of newtons second law in the form of F = m.a. The forces are determined by calculating the change of momentum of the flowing fluids.
In nature these
forces manifest themselves in the form of wind forces, and the impact forces of the sea on the harbour walls.
The operation of hydro-kinetic machines such as turbines depends on forces
developed through changing the momentum of flowing fluids. When the jet moves and strikes the obstruction like flat plate, vane in its path. Then the jet will exert the force on the obstruction, it is known as Impact of Jet. The Impulse Momentum Principle is used to calculate the hydrodynamic force of jet on the vane. This principle is derived from the Newton’s II Law of Motion.
Newton’s II Law of Motion: Newtons Second Law can be stated as: The force acting on a body in a fixed direction is equal to rate of increase of momentum of the body in that direction. Force and momentum are vector quantities so the direction is important. A fluid is essentially a collection of particles and the net force, in a fixed direction, on a defined quantity of fluid equals the total rate of momentum of that fluid quantity in that direction “The rate of change of momentum of a moving body is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied force and takes place in the direction of the a pplied force”.
mV mU t F ma Where a – a – acceleration acceleration F
F = k ma If m = 1 and a = 1 then F = 1
k=1 F = ma
SI unit of force: Newton (N)
Momentum:
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The capacity of a moving body to impart motion to other bodies is called momentum. The momentum of a moving body is given by the product of mass and velocity of the moving body. Momentum = Mass x Velocity =mxV SI Unit: kg-m/s
Impulsive Force and Impulse of Force : A force acting over a short interval of time on a body is called impulsive force. Eg: Kick given to a foot ball. Impulse of a force is given by the product of magnitude of force and its time of action. Impulse of a force = Force x Time interval SI unit: N-sec.
Impulse – Momentum Principle : This principle is derived from the Newton’s IInd law . From the Newton’s IInd law F = ma
F = m V
U
t
F x t = mV – mU
Impulse = Final momentum – Initial momentum Where F x t is called Impulse. * Impulse of a force is given by the change in momentum caused by the force on the body. Applications of Impulse – Momentum Principle: The followings are the applications of Impulse Momentum Principle. 1. To calculate the hydrodynamic force on stationary and moving vanes. 2. To calculate resultant force on pipe bend 3. To calculate the propulsive force on propulsive ships.
Force Of Jet Impinging Normally On A Fixed Plate Consider a jet of water impinging normally on a fixed plate as shown in fig-1.
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Let, V = Velocity of jet a = Cross sectional area of the jet w = Specific weight of water Mass of water flowing/s = waV/g kg We know that the velocity of jet, in its original direction, is reduced to zero after the impact (as the plate is fixed). Therefore force exerted by the jet on the plane. F= mass of water flowing/sec. X change of velocity. F= waV/g X (V-0) F= waV2/g KN.
Force Of Jet Impinging On An Inclined Fixed Plate Consider a jet of water impinging normally on a fixed plate as shown in fig-2.
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Let, = Angle at which the plate is inclined with the jet Force exerted by the jet on the plane = F= waV 2/g KN.
Force exerted by the jet in a direction normal to the plate,
and the force exerted by the jet in the direction of flow,
Similarly. force exerted by the jet in a direction normal to flow,
Force Of Jet Impinging On A Moving Plate
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Consider a jet of water imping normally on a plate. As a result of the impact of the jet, let the plate move in the direction of the jet as shown in fig-3.
Let,
= Velocity of the plate, as a result of the impact of jet
A little conversation will show that the relative velocity of the jet with respect to the plate equal to (V-v)m/s. For analysis purposes, it will be assumed that the plate is fixed and the jet is moving with a velocity of (V-v)m/s. Therefore force exerted by the jet,
F= mass of water flowing per sec. X change of velocity
F= wa(V-u)/g X((V-u)-0) F=wa(V-u) 2/g KN
Force Of Jet Impinging On A Moving Curved Vane Consider a jet of water entering and leaving a moving curved vane as shown in fig-4.
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Let, V = Velocity of the jet (AC), while entering the vane, V1 = Velocity of the jet (EG), while leaving the vane, v1, v2 = Velocity of the vane (AB, FG) = Angle with the direction of motion of the vane, at which the jet enters the vane, = Angle with the direction of motion of the vane, at which the jet leaves the vane, Vr = Relative velocity of the jet and the vane (BC) at entrance (it is the vertical difference between V and v) Vr1 = Relative velocity of the jet and the vane (EF) at exit (it is the vertical difference between v1 and v2) = Angle, which V r makes with the direction of motion of the vane at inlet (known as vane angle at inlet),
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= Angle, which V r1 makes with the direction of motion of the vane at outlet (known as vane angle at outlet), Vw = Horizontal component of V (AD, equal to direction of motion of the
). It is a component parallel to the
vane (known as velocity of whirl at inlet),
Vw1 = Horizontal component of V 1 (HG, equal to
). It is a component parallel to
the direction of motion of the vane (known as velocity of whirl at outlet), Vf = Vertical component of V (DC, equal to
). It is a component at right angles to
the direction of motion of the vane (known as velocity of flow at inlet), Vf1 = Vertical component of V 1 (EH, equal to
). It is a component at right angles to
the direction of motion of the vane (known as velocity of flow at outlet), a = Cross sectional area of the jet. As the jet of water enters and leaves the vanes tangentially, therefore shape of the vanes will be such that V r and Vr1 will be along with tangents to the vanes at inlet and outlet. The relations between the inlet and outlet triangles (untill and unless given) are: (i)v=v1, and (ii)Vr=Vr1 We know that the force of jet, in the direction of motion of the vane, F= mass of water flowing per sec. X change of velocity of whirl F= waV/g(Vw+Vw1) if
<90
F= waV/g(Vw-Vw1) if
>90
F= waV/g(Vw+Vw1) if
=90
Example - Force of jet impinging normally on a fixed plat
1.Problem A jet of water of 100 mm diameter impinges normally on a fixed plate with a velocity of 30 m/s. Find the force exerted on the plate. Solution:
V.SREEDHAR MECHANICAL ENGG., VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGG. , SHAMSHABAD , HYDERABAD.
The cross sectional area of the jet,
Force exerted by the jet on the plane.
Example - Force of jet impinging on a moving plate
Problem A jet of water of 50 m m diameter, moving with a velocity of 26 m/s is impinging norm ally on a plate. Determine the pressure on the plat, when (a) it is fixed and (b) it is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s in the direction of the jet.
Solution Given,
d = 50 mm = 0.05 m V = 26 m/s v = 10 m/s Pressure on the plate when it is fixed
The cross sectional area of the jet,
Pressure on the plate,
Pressure on the plate when it is moving The pressure on the plate when it is moving ,
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