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0)*$_ :+)*) '*) (+*)) >)*8%-8 4-3%13)6Y (+) %//)-6)*2 (+) 4-()-6)6 347(4&2 '-6 (+) '7(0'1 347(4&# RO >*S"'(."/ &.*/)T")*&)/ ,') 0'),2)' 2E,* 2E,2 (*2)*L)L H -',)2)' (*2)*2(.*)$M – :+) 4-W0*; 48 %- (+) 4-()-6)6 347(4& 50( (+) *)801(4-. 7%-8)[0)-7) 48 8% .* '3) ' ,*%-. (+'- ,+'( ,'8 4-()-6)6# S( 48 )88)-(4'1 (+'( (+)*) 48 ' -%('51) 648>'*4(; 5)(,))- (+ ) &)'-8 )&>1%;)6 %* (+) '7( %/ (+) %//)-6)* '-6 (+) /)1%-; ,+47+ *)801()6# :+48 &)'-8 (+'( (+) *)801(4-. /)1%-; 7'--%( 5) /%*)8))/*%& (+) '7(8 %/ (+) %//)-6)*# HC2 ,4(+%0( 4-()-( (% K4112 8(*07K (+) 347(4& %- (+) 5'7K2 7'084-. (+) 347(4& (% /'11 6%,- '-6 +4( +48 +)'6 %- (+) >'3)&)-(#I

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$C:BJE=_ S/ C 81'>>)6 +48 ,4/) ,+% /)11 %- (+) .*%0-62 +)* +)'6 +4((4-. (+) +'*6 >'3)&)-( *)-6)*4-. +)* 0-7%-874%08 '-6 (+)*)'/()* 64)62 C 48 14'51) /%* >'**4746)# =+)- +) 81'>>)6 +48 ,4/)2 C ,'8 7%&&4((4-. ' /)1%-;2 +48 ,*%-./01 4-()-( 48 %-1; (% 7'08) 4-W0*;2 50( (+) ,*%-./01 '7( 6%-) ,'8 .*)'()* – (+) K4114-. %/ (+) 8>%08) CM(9"#-($1 ;<4GI.

7/_ )*(,@,* A9@,9@A#9,0 A9@,9@A#9,0 48 ' &4(4.'(4-. 74*70&8('-7) >'*(4701'*1; 7%3)*)6 5; >'*'.*'>+ T %/ C*(# !T#

b80_ C-; >)*8%- 7+'*.)6 0-6)* M)7# ? %/ (+) C-(4VL'<4-. X', HEC DR?_I 8+'11 -%( 5) )-(4(1)6 (% (+) &4(4.'(4-. 74*70&8('-7) (+'( (+)*) ,'8 -% 4-()-(4%- (% 7%&&4( 8% .*'3) ' ,*%-.#

U)82 X048 48 14'51) /%* (+)4* 6)'(+8 5)7'08) +) ,'8 7%&&4((4-. ' /)1%-; ,+)- +) 8('*()6 8('554-. '( (+) >'88)-.)*8 '-6 807+ ,*%-./01 '7( ,'8 (+) >*%@4&'() 7'08) %/ 8'46 >'88)-.)*8a W0&>4-. %0( %/ (+) (*'4-Q +)-7) (+)4* 6)'(+8# `-6)* C*(471) ? %/ (+) E)348)6 F)-'1 G%6)2 '-; >)*8%- 7%&&4((4-. ' /)1%-; 8+'11 4-70* 7*4&4-'1 14'5414(; '1(+%0.+ (+) ,*%-./01 '7( 6%-) 5) 64//)*)-( /*% & (+'( ,+47+ +) 4-()-6)6# S- (+48 7'8)2 (+) 6)'(+ %/ (+) (+*)) >'88)-.)*8 ,'8 (+) 64*)7(2 -'(0*'1 '-6 1%.47'1 7%-8)[0)-7) %/ X048a /)1%-4%08 '7( ,+47+ 7*)'()6 '4&&)64'() 8)-8) %/ 6'-.)* 4- (+) &4-68 %/ 8'46 >'88)-.)*8 ,+% (*4)6 (% '3%46 %* )87'>) /*%& 4( 5; W0&>4-. %0( %/ (+) (*'4- C),#'$, -. F*'(1 ;S M/+F 4O6S\ V.M. -J. W($",Z1 =4 )EA$. =7SI.

:+) (+*)) )-0&)*'()6 84(0'(4%-8 '*) '1,';8 (+) *)801( %/ '- 4-()-(4%-'1 /)1%-; %* "#$## "#$## :+)8) 84(0'(4%-8 6% -%( '*48) %0( %/ 7*4&4-'1 -).14.)-7)#

3K=D:B=< AIBB@;;=N >=Q ;9<=:;=D@DL ;I ?9II; ;9= J:??=DL=I:IC=N *:D F9=D 9= 9=EN ID ;9= 9:DNE= >:< IR ;9= a==JD=Q A:K?@DL 9@B ;I EI?= 9@? L<@J :DN R:EE RQ ;9= <=:< ;@<= IR ?:@N a==JD=Q :DN N@=NP 3K=D:B=< AID;=DN? ;9:; 9= ?9IKEN >= L@U=D ;9= B@;@L:;@DL A@
&%8)''&31$ "/&%$ 29:; @? :D @BJI??@>E= A<@B=G ":D ;9=<= >= :D @BJI??@>E= A<@B= IR :NKE;=%88451) 7*4&) 48 '- '7( ,+47+ ,%016 5) '- #TT,9J, (N(A9J@ ',*J#9J #* '*#',*@B 2 ,)*) 4( -%( /%* (+) 4-+)*)-( 4&>%8845414(; %/ 4(8 '77%&>148+&)-( %* %- '77%0-( %/ (+) )&>1%;&)-( %/ 4-'6)[0'() %* 4-)//)7(0'1 &)'-8 HC*(# ? >'*# 9I#

$%# :+48 &4(4.'(4-. 74*70&8('-7) '66*)88)8 4(8)1/ (% (+) 4-()-(4%- %/ (+) %//)-6)* '( (+) >'*(4701'* &%&)-( ,+)(+) %//)-6)* )@)70()8 %* 7%&&4(8 (+) 7*4&4-'1 '7(# :+48 &4(4.'(4-. 74*70&8('-7) 48 %5('4-4-. ,+)- (+)*) 48 ' -%('51) 648>'*4(; 5)(,))- (+) &)'-8 )&>1%;)6 5; (+) '7708)6 (% 7%&&4( ' ,*%-. '-6 (+) *)801(4-. 7*4&) 7%&&4(()6# :+) 4-()-(4%- %/ (+) '7708)6 '( (+) (4&) %/ (+) 7%&&4884%- %/ (+) 7*4&) 48 &'-4/)8()6 /*%& (+) ,)'>%08)62 (+) &%6) %/ '(('7K )&>1%;)62 '-6 (+) 4-W0*; 808('4-)6 5; (+) 347(4&# C),#'$, -. [&,9(0,*1 2.+. 3#. ;
:+)*) 48 -% 4&>%88451) 7*4&) %/ '601()*; 84-7) (+48 48 ' 7*4&) '.'4-8( 7+'8(4(;2 '-6 -%( '.'4-8( >)*8%- %* >*%>)*(;2 '8 *)[04*)6 5; C*(# ? >'*# 9 %/ (+) EFG#

"9:=A:K?= ;9= E:;;=< was assiduously courting Lily, Charlie’s girlfriend.

"9:= K?=N ;I V@EE : U=
29:; @? J*%607)8 (+) 4-W0*;2 '-6 ,4(+%0( ,+47+ (+) *)801( ,%016 -%( +'3) %770**)6 C),#'$, -. WA$$(%#*@(1 WA$$(%#*@(1 2.+. 3#. 4:G=4;1 M,'@,0>,* M,'@,0>,* S1 ;<44I. C8 ' *01)2 (+) %//)-6)* 48 7*4&4-'11; 14'51) /%* '11 (+) 7%-8)[0)-7)8 %/ +48 /)1%-4%08 '7(2 '1(+%0.+ -%( 4-()-6)62 4/ (+) /)1%-4%08 '7( 48 (+) >*%@4&'() 7'08) %/ (+) /)1%-;#

G+'*14) 7%&&4(()6 '- 4&>%88451) 7*4&) %/ &0*6)*# L48 '7( %/ &4@4-. (+) -%-Vtoxic powder with Brad’ 8 /%%62 6%-) ,4(+ 4-()-( (% K4112 ,%016 +'3) 7%-8(4(0()6 &0*6)* ,+47+ 48 ' 7*4&) '.'4-8( >)*8%-82 +'6 4( -%( 5))- /%* (+) )&>1%;&)-( %/ ' &)'-8 ,+47+2 0-K-%,- (% +4&2 48 4-)//)7(0'1 HC*(# ?2 >'*# 92 EFGI#

29:; :<= ;9= <=ZK@?@;=? IR J
:+) 64*)7(2 -'(0*'12 '-6 1%.47'1 7'08)Q F*%607)8 (+) 4-W0*; %* 6'&'.)Q `-5*%K)- 5; '-; )//474)-( 4-()*3)-4-. 7'08)Q '-6 =4(+%0( ,+47+ (+) *)801( ,%016 -%( +'3) %770**)6#

":Q $D<@ZK=W ;9= ;<@AQAE= N<@U=< J:@N >Q 9=< J:<=D;? ;I ><@DL :DN R=;A9 9=< ;I :DN RQ B:@EP XIF=U==RI<= ;9= <:D?IB DI;= F:? <=A=@U=N >Q ":
1K@? "I:IKDN RI< 3:AE:<:DP 29@E= ?=:;=NW 9= 9:JJ=D=N ;I <=:N : D=F?J:J=< E=R; ID ;9= ?=:; :DN

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9@N=IK; F:? N@?AIU=<=N >Q ;9= JIE@A=P ":Q ":E= "<@B= ;I "IBB@; 4@ND:JJ@DLe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b C),#'$, -. ]#0(J(9 ,.($.1 2.+. 3#. 756;;1 D(*%E 41 4776I. A0*(+)*&%*)2 K46-'>>4-. 48 ' 7*4&) '.'4-8( 145)*(;# S- '4&>%88451) 7*4&)2 4( 48 4&>%*('-( (+'( (+) '7708)6 7%&&4(()6 '- '7( (+'( ,%016 +'3) 5))- ' 7*4&) '.'4-8( >)*8%- %* >*%>)*(;# :+) >*%8)70(%* 7'--%( /41) ' 7'8) %/ .*'3) 7%)*74%4-8()'6# C8 6487088)6 '5%3)2 (+) 7*4&) 7%&&4(()6 5; O-*4[0) 48 K46-'>>4-. /%* *'-8%&#

'*!7$' )5 $b$"6*&)0 C /)1%-; 48 AID?KBB:;=N ,+)- '11 (+) )1)&)-(8 -)7)88'*; /%* 4(8 )@)70(4%- '-6 '77%&>148+&)-( '*) >*)8)-(# S( 48 R)*/%*&8 '11 (+) '7(8 %/ )@)70(4%- ,+47+ ,%016 >*%607) (+) /)1%-; '8 ' 7%-8)[0)-7) 50( ,+47+2 -)3)*(+)1)882 6% -%( >*%607) 4( 5; *)'8%- %/ 7'08)8 4-6)>)-6)-( %/ (+) ,411 %/ (+) >)*>)(*'(%*# S( 48 :;;=BJ;=N ,+)- (+) %//)-6)* 7%&&)-7)8 (+) 7%&&4884%- %/ ' /)1%-; 64*)7(1; 5; %3)*( '7(82 '-6 6%)8 -%( >)*/%*& '11 (+) '7(8 %/ )@)70(4%- ,+47+ 8+%016 >*%607) (+) /)1%-; 5; *)'8%- %/ 8%&) 7'08) %* '7746)-( %(+)* (+'- +48 %,- 8>%-('-)%08 6)848('-7) CW($,9Z&,$( -. 2&A@@A,*,Z1 2. +. 3#. 4G<4::1 8&9, ;41 ;<
f=RR=
>K; ;9= E:;;=< ?@BJEQ ;IEN 9@B ;I RI>=N f=RR=E==N@DL >Q 9@? ?ID\ @D\E:F :DN F:? B@;;=NW ;9= A9=?; FIKDN 9= sustained was fatal and could have caused Jefferson’s

N=:;9 F=<= @; DI; RI< ;9= ;@B=EQ B=N@A:E @D;=Q 4=U@DG c)34- 48 14'51) /%* /*08(*'()6 +%&4746)# :+) )88)-(4'1 )1)&)-( 4- /*08(*'()6 %* '(()&>()6 +%&4746) 48 (+) 4-()-( %/ (+) %//)-6)* (% K411 (+) 347(4& 4&&)64'()1; 5)/%*) %* 84&01('-)%081; ,4(+ (+) 4-/147(4%- %/ 4-W0*4)8# S-()-( (% K4112 5)4-. ' 8('() %/ &4-62 48 6487)*-)6 5; (+) 7%0*(8 %-1; (+*%0.+ )@()*-'1 &'-4/)8('(4%-8# S- (+48 7'8)2 c)34- ,4)16)6 '-6 08)6 ' K-4/) 4- '88'01(4-. d)//)*8%-# :+)*) 48 '18% -% 6%05( (+'( (+) ,%0-6 %-

Z

Jefferson’s chest would have been sufficient to result to +48 6)'(+ 4/ 4( ,)*) -%( /%* (+) (4&)1; &)647'1 4-()*3)-(4%84) G"U$,*+ V'O 7O 5).-#)+ GO6O !.O NWXYNQ+ !.7)$F)' QZ+ Q[N\;O

")%81$b "/&%$' !0# ")%8)'&*$ "/&%$' 29:; @? ;9= =RR=A; IR : AIBJIKDN A<@B= @D ;9= A<@B@D:E E@:>@E@;Q IR ;9= IRR=DN=)-'1(; /%* (+) &%8( 8)*4%08 7*4&) 4- 4(8 &'@4&0& >)*4%6 8+'11 5) 4&>%8)6#

29@E= !D;ID=F F:? IK;?@N= ;9= V@;A9=D IR ;9=@< 9IK?= :DN %:<;==D @D ;9= Q:Q : ?9<:JD=E A:K?@DL 9@? N=:;9P 29:; @? ;9= A<@B@D:E E@:>@E@;Q IR !E=a:DN<=FG C1)W'-6*), 48 14'51) /%* &0*6)* ,4(+ /*08(*'()6 &0*6)*# :+) '7( %/ C1)W'-6*), 4- (+*%,4-. ' .*)-'6) (% P'*())'-6 C-(%-), 48 ' 84-.1) '7( ,+47+ *)801()6 (% (+) 6)'(+ %/ P'*())- '-6 (+) 4-W0*4)8 %/ C-(%-),# :+48 84-.1) '7( 7%-8(4(0()8 (,% %* &%*) .*'3) %* 1)88 .*'3) /)1%-4)8 ,+47+ '*) &0*6)* '-6 /*08(*'()6 &0*6)*# L)-7)2 (+) 7*4&) 8+%016 5) 7%&>1)@)6 '-6 (+) >)-'1(; %/ (+) &%8( 8)*4%08 7*4&) 4- 4(8 &'@4&0& >)*4%6 8+%016 5) 4&>%8)6 C),#'$, -. ]&$(B1 2.+. 3#. 47=G;71 F'*A$ ;41 ;<4=I.

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G%-8>4*'7; (% 7%&&4( (*)'8%-2 7%-8>4*'7; (% 7%&&4( *)5)114%-2 7%-8>4*'7; (% 7%&&4( '7(8 14K) 8'1)2 4&>%*('(4%- '-6 648(*450(4%- %/ 6*0.82 7%-8>4*'7; (% 7%&&4( '77)88 6)348) /*'062 7%-8>4*'7; (% 7%&&4( ()**%*48& 9#

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

7/_ C8 1%-. '8 +) '>>)'*)6 4- (+) 87)-) %/ (+) 7*4&)2 +) 48 14'51) '8 ' 7%V7%-8>4*'(%*#

b80?_ !# 9#

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S( 48 (+) 1', ,+47+ 8>)74/4)8 /%* (+) 7*4&)8 (+'( 8+%016 5) 7%&54-)6#

:+) 1', &)*)1; 8('()8 (,% %* &%*) .*'3) %* 1)88 .*'3) /)1%-4)8 %* '%//)-8) 48 -)7)88'*; (% 7%&&4( (+) %(+)*# :+) >)-'1(; (% 5) 4&>%8)6 ,411 5) (+) &%8( 8)*4%08 7*4&) 4- 4(8 &'@4&0& >)*4%6# C 14.+( /)1%-; 7%&&4(()6 ,%016 7%-8(4(0() ' 8)>'*'() '-6 648(4-7( 7+'*.)#

:+) 1', >*%346)8 /%* ' 84-.1) >)-'1(;#

C 14.+( /)1%-; 7%&&4(()6 4- (+) 7%&&4884%- %/ (+) 7*4&) 48 '58%*5)6#

C “wheel conspiracy” occurs when there is a single >)*8%- %* .*%0> H(+) +05I 6)'14-. 4-643460'11; ,4(+ (,% %* &%*) %(+)* >)*8%-8 %* .*%0>8 H(+) 8>%K)8I# :+) 8>%K) (;>47'11; 4-()*'7(8 ,4(+ (+) +05 *'(+)* (+'- ,4(+ '-%(+)* 8>%K)# S- (+) )3)-( (+'( (+) 8>%K) 8+'*)8 ' 7%&&%>0*>%8) (% 8077))62 (+)*) 48 ' 84-.1) 7%-8>4*'7;# L%,)3)*2 4- 4-8('-7)8 ,+)- )'7+ 8>%K) 48 0-7%-7)*-)6 ,4(+ (+) 8077)88 %/ (+) %(+)* 8>%K)82 (+)*) '*) &01(4>1) 7%-8>4*'74)8# C “chain conspiracy”, on the other hand, exists when (+)*) 48 8077)8843) 7%&&0-47'(4%- '-6 7%%>)*'(4%- 4(+) 8'&) ,'; '8 ,4(+ 1).4(4&'() 5084-)88 %>)*'(4%-8 5)(,))- &'-0/'7(0*)* '-6 ,+%1)8'1)*2 (+)- ,+%1)8'1)* '-6 *)('41)*2 '-6 (+)- *)('41)* '-6 7%-80&)* CLJ@*("( -. M(9"AN(9>(B(91 2.+. 3#. 4=:7G51 H,>*&(*B ;G1 ;<<;I.

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mitigating circumstance in his favor. Is X’s contention

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/IL=E@I #=EI? /=Q=?—:EIDL F@;9 /IN=<@AV 1@A:Q:D :DN /I>=<;I 1:<:—F=<= A9:Q :; ;9= A<@B= ?A=D= F9=D ID= IR ;9= AI\:AAK?=N JI@D;=N : LKD :; 9@B :DN RIE= RIE= RI
relation to Article 263 of the RPC “with the

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!"# %&' ()*+'**, -.#*" /012 No. The aggravating circumstance “that accused failed to 1)-6 %- (+) 8>%( (% (+) 4-W0*)6 >'*(; 807+ +)1> (+'( ,'8 4his hands to give” should not be appreciated. Verily, it is (+) 4-)@708'51) 1'7K %/ >*)7'0(4%- %* (+) 7%-874%08 4-64//)*)-7) (% (+) 7%-8)[0)-7)8 %/ (+) 7%-607( ,+47+ 80>>14)8 (+) 7*4&4-'1 4-()-( 4- C*(471) T\Z# :+) 14&4(4-. )1)&)-( 4- (+) 1'8( >'*'.*'>+ %/ C*(471) T\Z %/ (+) EFG2 ,+47+ 4&>%8)8 (+) >)-'1(; -)@( +4.+)* 4- 6).*)) 0>%- (+) offender who “fails to lend on the spot to the injured parties such help as may be in his hands to give”, '77%*64-. (% 7'8) 1',2 H'I 48 6)>)-6)-( %- (+) &)'-8 4(+) +'-68 %/ (+) %//)-6)*2 4#)#2 (+) (;>) '-6 6).*)) %/ '8848('-7) (+'( +)g8+)2 '( (+) (4&) '-6 >1'7) %/ (+) 4-746)-(2 48 7'>'51) %/ .434-.Q '-6 H5I *)[04*)8 '6)[0'() >*%%/# e ,'8 '51) (% 80>>1; (+) +)1> '77%*64-. (% (+) )@()-( %/ +48 7'>'5414(4)8 C2#9Z(N( -. ),#'$,1 2.+. 3#. 475GS41 8(9&(*B ;41 ;<45I.

'9IKEN ;9= :LL<:U:;@DL A@= AID?@N=<=N @R ;9= :??:@E:D; F:? IK;?@N= ;9= 9IK?= :DN ;9= U@A;@B F:? @D?@N=G

/IL=Q !D;ID@IW ;9= IFD=< IR : BI;=E @D ;9:; :<=:W IR 8-,W ,,, : BID;9 :?

$%# C508) %/ 80>)*4%* 8(*)-.(+ 48 >*)8)-( ,+)-)3)* (+)*) 48 ' -%(%*4%08 4-)[0'14(; %/ /%*7)8 5)(,))- (+) 347(4& '-6 (+) '..*)88%*2 '880&4-. ' 84(0'(4%- %/ 80>)*4%*4(; %/ 8(*)-.(+ -%(%*4%081; '63'-('.)%08 /%* (+) '..*)88%* 8)1)7()6 %* ('K)- '63'-('.) %/ 5; +4& 4- (+) 7%&&4884%%/ (+) 7*4&)# :+) /'7( (+'( (+)*) ,)*) (,% >)*8%-8 ,+% '(('7K)6 (+) 347(4& 6%)8 -%( >)* 8) )8('5148+ (+'( (+) 7*4&) ,'8 7%&&4(()6 ,4(+ '508) %/ 80>)*4%* 8(*)-.(+2 (+)*) 5)4-. -% >*%%/ %/ (+) *)1'(43) 8(*)-.(+ %/ (+) '..*)88%*8 '-6 (+) 347(4&# :+) )346)-7) &08( )8('5148+ (+'( (+) '88'41'-(8 >0*>%8)1; 8%0.+( (+) '63'-('.)2 %* (+'( (+); +'6 (+) 6)145)*'() 4-()-( (% 08) (+48 '63'-('.)# :% ('K) '63'-('.) %/ 80>)*4%* 8(*)-.(+ &)'-8 (% >0*>%8)1; 08) )@7)8843) /%*7) %0( %/ >*%>%*(4%- (% (+) &)'-8 %/ 6)/)-8) '3'41'51) (% (+) >)*8%- '(('7K)6# :+) '>>*)74'(4%- %/ (+48 '..*'3'(4-. 74*70&8('-7) 6)>)-68 %- (+) '.)2 84<)2 '-6 8(*)-.(+ %/ (+) >'*(4)8 CH(9@(J@A%# -. D($A%J,1 M*.1 2.+. 3#. 47<74;1 8(9&(*B 4;1 ;<45I.

“protection money". With the monthly payments,

/IL=< :??K<=N ;9:; ;9= ?QDN@A:;= FIKEN JK?@D=??W :DN 9@? =BJEIQ==?P '9IKEN !D;ID@I <=RK?=W /IL=< F:= V@EE=N I< 9@? =?;:>E@?9B=D; FIKEN >= N=?;=< IR ;9= A<@ B@D:E ?QDN@A:;=W :<<@U=N :; !D;ID@Id? 9IB= :DN 9K=N==D AIBB@;;=N :? F=EE :? ;9= :LL<:U:;@DL A@*%()7(4%- &%-);h 0-6)* (+*)'( '-6 4-(4&46'(4%- (+'( (+) 5084-)88&'- HC-(%-4%I ,%016 5) K411)6 %* +48 )8('5148+&)-( 6)8(*%;)6 4/ +) ,%016 *)/08) (% >'; (+) >*%()7(4%- &%-);2 (+) 7*4&) % / .*'3) (+*)'(8 48 7%&&4(()6 5; E%.)*2 (+) 1)'6)* %/ (+) 7*4&) 8;-647'()# A%* K4114-. (+) 5084-)88&'-2 +48 ,4/) '-6 (+*)) ;)'*V%16 6'0.+()*2 (+) 7%&>1)@ 7*4&) %/ &01(4>1) &0*6)* ,'8 7%&&4(()6 5; P'0*%2 ' &)&5)* %/ (+) 8'&) 7*4&) 8;-647'()# :+) K4114-. 48 [0'14/4)6 5; (+) 08) %/ ')@>1%843) H+'-6 .*)-'6)I# :+) (*)'7+)*; '(()-64-. (+) K4114-. 8+'11 5) 8)>'*'()1; '>>*)74'()6 '8 '-%(+)* '..*'3'(4-. 74*70&8('-7) '846) /*%& (+) 08) %/ )@>1%843) '8 (+) [0'14/;4-. 74*70&8('-7)# ](+)* '..*'3'(4-. '>>*)74'()6 '*)Y !#

9#

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:+) '..*'3'(4-. 74*70&8('-7) %/ 6,)114-. 8+%016 5) ('K)- 4-(% '77%0-(# C1(+%0.+ (+) (*4..)*&'- /4*)6 (+) 8+%( /*%& %0(846) (+) +%08)2 +48 347(4& ,'8 4-846)# A%* (+48 74*70&8('-7) (% 5) 7%-846)*)6 4( 48 -%( -)7)88'*; (+'( (+) '7708)6 8+%016 +'3) '7(0'11; )-()*)6 (+) 6,)114-. %/ (+) 347(4& (% 7%&&4( (+) %//)-8)Q 4( 48 )-%0.+ (+'( (+) 347(4& ,'8 '(('7K)6 4-846) +48 %,- +%08)2 '1(+%0.+ (+) '88'41'-( &'; +'3) 6)348)6 &)'-8 (% >)*>)(*'() (+) '88'01(# C),#'$, -. MA>>&1 2.+. 3#. ;4=S5S1 D(*%E ;71 ;<4SI

&? :>K?= IR ?KJ=<@I< ?;<=DL;9 J<=?=D; :? :D :LL<:U:;@DL A@
5I< ;<=:A9== :JJ<=A@:;=NW @? @; =DIKL9 ;I ?9IF ;9:; ;9= :;;:AV :L:@D?; ;9= @D;=DN=N U@A;@B F:? KD=CJ=A;=NG $%# :+) 0-)@>)7()6-)88 %/ '- '(('7K 7'--%( 5) (+) 8%1) 5'848 %/ ' /4-64-. %/ (*)'7+)*; )3)- 4/ (+) '(('7K ,'8 intended to kill another as long as the victim’s position ,'8 &)*)1; '7746)-('1# :*)'7+)*; '8 ' [0'14/;4-. 74*70&8('-7) &08( 5) 6)145)*'()1; 8%0.+( (% )-80*) (+) 8'/)(; %/ (+) '7708)6 /*%& (+) 6)/)-843) '7(8 %/ (+) 347(4&# C /4-64-. %/ (+) )@48()-7) %/ (*)'7+)*; 8+%016 5) 5'8)6 % “clear and convincing evidence.” Such evidence must be '8 7%-710843) '8 (+) /'7( %/ K4114-. 4(8)1/# S- (+48 7'8)2 -% )346)-7) ,'8 >*)8)-()6 (% 8+%, (+'( >)(4(4%-)* 7%-874%081; '6%>()6 %* *)/1)7()6 %- (+) &)'-82 &)(+%62 %* /%*& %/ '(('7K (% 8)70*) +48 0-/'4* '63'-('.) C/A*,*( -. ),#'$,1 2.+. 3#. 4:4:=61 8&$B 4=1 ;<4=I.

5)

B,)114-.2 5)7'08) (+) K4114-.8 ,)*) 7%&&4(()6 4- (+) +%&) %/ (+) 347(4&8 ,+% +'6 -%( .43)- '-; >*%3%7'(4%-Q $%7(0*-4(;2 7%-846)*4-. (+'( (+) %//)-6)*8 7'**4)6 %0( (+) K4114-. '( '*%0-6 TYRR CP2 4-647'(43) %/ ' 6)145)*'() 7+%47) %/ -4.+((4&) /%* (+) 7%&&4884%- %/ (+) 7*4&)Q :*)'7+)*;2 0-6)* C*(# !?2 >'*# !\2 EFG2 &)-(4%-)6 '5%3)2 7%-846)*4-. (+'( 347(4&8 ,)*) '11 '81))> ,+)K411)6Q '-6 :+) %//)-8) ,'8 7%&&4(()6 5; ' >)*8%- ,+% 5)1%-.8 (% '- %*.'-4<)6g8;-647'()6 7*4&) .*%0>#

29:; :<= ?J=A@:E :LL<:U:;@DL A@)74'1 '..*'3'(4-. 74*70&8('-7)8 '*) (+%8) ,+47+ '*48) 0-6)* 8>)74'1 7%-64(4%-8 (% 4-7*)'8) (+) >)-'1(; /%* (+) %//)-8) (% 4(8 &'@4&0& >)*4%62 50( (+) 8'&) 7'--%( 4-7*)'8) (+) >)-'1(; (% (+) -)@( +4.+)* 6).*))# :+); &08( '1,';8 5) '11).)6 '-6 7+'*.)6 4- (+) 4-/%*&'(4%-2 '-6 &08( 5) >*%3)8 60*4-. (+) (*4'1 4- %*6)* (% 5) '>>*)74'()6# P%*)%3)*2 4( 7'--%( 5) %//8)( 5; '- %*64-'*; &4(4.'(4-. 74*70&8('-7) C),#'$, -. ], X,#91 2.+. 3#. 4S77=61 8&9, ;G1 ;<<71 %A@A9N )($(N(9(J -. ),#'$,I. )#.#Y

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/KE=? ID 'K>?@N@:*4-74>'1 >)-'1(; 4&>%8)6 5) >*484%- 7%**)7(4%-'1 %* '**)8(% '-6 /4-)2 +) 8+'11 *)&'4- 0-6)* 7%-/4-)&)-( 0-(41 +48 /4-) *)/)**)6 4- (+) >*)7)64-. >'*'.*'>+ 48 8'(48/4)62 50( +48 8058464'*; 4&>*48%-&)-( 8+'11 -%( )@7))6 %-)V(+4*6 %/ (+) ()*& %/ (+) 8)-()-7)2 '-6 4- -% 7'8) 8+'11 4( 7%-(4-0) /%* &%*) (+'- %-) ;)'*2 '-6 -% /*'7(4%- %* >'*( %/ ' 6'; 8+'11 5) 7%0-()6 '.'4-8( (+) >*48%-)*# 9# =+)- (+) >*4-74>'1 >)-'1(; 4&>%8)6 5) %-1; ' /4-)2 (+) 8058464'*; 4&>*48%-&)-( 8+'11 -%( )@7))6 84@ &%-(+82 4/ (+) 701>*4( 8+'11 +'3) 5))- >*%8)70()6 /%* ' .*'3) %* 1)88 .*'3) /)1%-;2 '-6 8+'11 -%( )@7))6 /4/())- 6';82 4/ /%* ' /4.+( /)1%-;# T# =+)- (+) >*4-74>'1 >)-'1(; 4&>%8)6 48 +4.+)* (+'>*484%- 7%**)7(4%-'12 -% 8058464'*; 4&>*48%-&)-( 8+'11 5) 4&>%8)6 0>%- (+) 701>*4(# ?# S/ (+) >*4-74>'1 >)-'1(; 4&>%8)6 48 -%( (% 5) )@)70()6 5; 7%-/4-)&)-( 4- ' >)-'1 4-8(4(0(4%-2 50( 807+ >)-'1(; 48 %/ /4@)6 60*'(4%-2 (+) 7%-347(2 60*4-. (+) >)*4%6 %/ (4&) )8('5148+)6 4- (+) >*)7)64-. *01)82 8+'11 7% -(4-0) (% 80//)* (+) 8'&) 6)>*43'(4%-8 '8 (+%8) %/ ,+47+ (+) >*4-74>'1 >)-'1(; 7%-848(8# Z# :+) 8058464'*; >)*8%-'1 14'5414(; ,+47+ (+) 7%-347( &'; +'3) 80//)*)6 5; *)'8%- %/ +48 4-8%13)-7; 8+'11 -%( *)14)3) +4& /*%& (+) /4-) 4- 7'8) +48 /4-'-74'1 74*70&8('-7)8 8+%016 4&>*%3)#

0)*$_ =+)- (+) >)-'1(; >*)87*45)6 /%* (+) %//)-8) 48 4&>*48%-&)-(2 4( 48 (+) >)-'1(; '7(0'11; 4&>%8)6 5; (+) G%0*(2 -%( (+) >)-'1(; >*%346)6 /%* 5; (+) G%6)2 ,+47+ 8+%016 5) (+) 5'848 4- (+) 6)()*&4-'(4%- ,+)(+)* %* -%( 8058464'*; >)-'1(; 8+%016 5) 4&>%8)6#

$%-) %/ (+) 7%-()-(4%-8 48 7%**)7( 5)7'08) (+) S-6)()*&4-'() M)-()-7) X', HE#C# ?!RT2 '8 '&)-6)6I +'8 -%( 5))- /%11%,)6# :+) 4&>%84(4%- %/ >)-'1(; /%* (+) 7*4&) %/ +%&4746)2 ,+47+ 48 >)-'14<)6 5; 4&>*48%-&)-( )@7))64-. %-) H!I ;)'* '-6 48 64348451)2 48 7%3)*)6 5; (+) S-6)()*&4-'() M)-()-7) X',# :+) 8'46 1', 48 *)[04*)8 (+'( (+) 8)-()-7) 4- (+48 7'8) 8+%016 *)/1)7( ' &4-4&0& ()*& /%* >0*>%8)8 %/ >'*%1)2 '-6 ' &'@4&0& ()*& /4@4-. (+) 14&4( %/ (+) 4&>*48%-&)-(# S&>%84-. ' 8(*'4.+( >)-'1(; 48 4-7%**)7(#

'63'&#&!/c 8$0!1*c M058464'*; >)*8%-'1 14'5414(; 48 (% 5) 80//)*)6 5; (+) 7%-347( ,+% +'8 -% >*%>)*(; ,4(+ ,+47+ (% &))( (+) /4-)2 '( (+) *'() %/ %-) 6'; /%* )'7+ '&%0-( )[043'1)-( (% (+) +4.+)8( &4-4&0& ,'.) *'() >*)3'414-. 4- (+) F+414>>4-)8 '( (+) (4&) %/ (+) *)-64(4%- %/ W06.&)-( %/ 7%-347(4%- 5;

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U)8# :+e probation law as amended provides that, “xxx 3# (''$A%(@A#9 T#* '*#>(@A#9 JE($$ >, ,9@,*@(A9," #* N*(9@," AT @E, ",T,9"(9@ E(J ',*T,%@," @E, ('',($ T*#0 @E, b&"N0,9@ #T %#9-A%@A#9Q 5'.7(L)L+ DE,2 KE)* , S"L0$)*2 .3 &.*7(&2(.* ($-./(*0 , *.*_-'.F,2(.*,F#) -)*,#29 (/ ,--),#)L .' ')7()K)L+ ,*L /"&E S"L0$)*2 (/ $.L(3()L 2E'."0E 2E) ($-./(2(.* .3 , -'.F,2(.*,F#) -)*,#29+ 2E) L)3)*L,*2 /E,## F) ,##.K)L 2. ,--#9 3.' -'.F,2(.* F,/)L .* 2E) $.L(3()L L)&(/(.* F)3.') /"&E L)&(/(.* F)&.$)/ 3(*,#O” :+) '>>147'(4%- /%* >*%5'(4%- 5'8)6 %(+) &%64/4)6 6)7484%- 8+'11 5) /41)6 4- (+) (*4'1 7%0*( ,+)*) (+) W06.&)-( %/ 7%-347(4%- 4&>%84-. ' -%-V >*%5'(4%-'51) >)-'1(; ,'8 *)-6)*)62 %* 4- (+) (*4'1 7%0*( ,+)*) 807+ 7'8) +'8 84-7) 5))- *)V*'//1)6# S- ' 7'8) 4-3%134-. 8)3)*'1 6)/)-6'-(8 ,+)*) 8%&) +'3) ('K)/0*(+)* '>>)'12 (+) %(+)* 6)/)-6'-(8 &'; '>>1; /%* >*%5'(4%- 5; 805&4((4-. ' ,*4(()- '>>147'(4%- '-6 '(('7+4-. (+)*)(% ' 7)*(4/4)6 (*0) 7%>; %/ (+) W06.&)-( %/ 7%-347(4%-#

29:; @? ;9= *9<==\5IEN /KE=G :+*))V/%16 *01) &)'-8 (+'( (+) &'@4&0& 60*'(4%- %/ ' convict’s sentence shall not be more than three times the 1)-.(+ %/ (4&) 7%**)8>%-64-. (% (+) &%8( 8)3)*) %/ (+) >)-'1(4)8 4&>%8)6 0>%- +4& 50( 4- -% 7'8) )@7))6 ?R ;)'*8#

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0)*$_ F*%5'(4%- %-1; '//)7(8 (+) 7*4&4-'1 '8>)7( %/ (+) 7'8) '-6 +'8 -% 5)'*4- . %- +48 74341 14'5414(;

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F*%5'(4%- &'; 5) .*'-()6 ,+)(+)* (+) 8)-()-7) 4&>%8)8 ' ()*& %/ 4&>*48%-&)-( %* ' /4-) %-1;# :+) /414-. %/ (+) '>>147'(4%- 8+'11 5) 6))&)6 ' ,'43)* %/ (+) *4.+( (% '>>)'1#

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F$@,*9(@A-, F9J_,* a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:RR@
N@?AIU=<=N >Q bW ;9= L:ID=? @D :D IEN AE:Q a:< :DN V=J; ZK@=; :>IK; @;P !R;=< ;FI Q=:ID=? :DN <=JI<;=N ;9= B:;;=< ;I ;9= JIE@A=P !R;=< -Y Q=:K; <=;KE@DLP '@C Q=:K; 9= <:@?=N ;9= N=R=D?= IR J<=?A<@J;@IDP

C*(471) D_2 >'*'.*'>+ ! %/ (+) E)348)6 F)-'1 G%6) 8('()8 that, “Criminal liability is totally extinguished by the 6)'(+ %/ (+) 7%-347(2 '8 (% (+) >)*8%-'1 >)-'1(4)8Q '-6 '8 (% >)70-4'*; >)-'1(4)82 14'5414(; (+)*)/%*) 48 )@(4-.048+)6 %-1; ,+)- (+) 6)'(+ %/ (+) %//)-6)* %770*8 5)/%*) /4-'1 judgment.” Therefore, the death of the Amistoso pending '>>)'1 %/ +48 7%-347(4%- )@(4-.048+)8 +48 7*4&4-' 1 14'5414(;2 '8 ,)11 '8 +48 74341 14'5414(; )@ 6)147(%# M4-7) (+) 7*4&4-'1 '7(4%- 48 )@(4-.048+)6 4-'8&07+ '8 (+)*) 48 -% 1%-.)* ' 6)/)-6'-( (% 8('-6 '8 (+) '7708)62 (+) 74341 '7(4%4-8(4(0()6 (+)*)4- /%* *)7%3)*; %/ 74341 14'5414(; )@ 6)147(% 48 4>8% /'7(% )@(4-.048+)62 .*%0-6)6 '8 4( 48 %- (+) 7*4&4-'1 7'8)#

:P 6DN=< ;9= /=U@?=N 8=D:E "IN=W F9=D NI=? ;9= J=<@IN IR J<=?A<@J;@ID IR : A<@B= AIBB=DA= ;I P 29=D @? @; @D;=<
Undeniably, Amistoso’s death on December 11, 2012 >*)7)6)6 (+) >*%&01.'(4%- 5; (+) M0>*)&) G%0*( %/ 4(8 B)7484%- %- d'-0'*; _2 9R!T# =+)- C&48(%8% 64)62 +48 '>>)'1 5)/%*) (+) MG ,'8 8(411 >)-64-. '-6 0-*)8%13)6# The SC ruled upon Amistoso’s appeal only because it was -%( 4&&)64'()1; 4-/%*&)6 %/ +48 6)'(+# C&48( oso’s death on December 11, 2012 renders the SC’s Decision dated January 9, 2013, even though affirming Amistoso’s 7%-347(4%-2 4**)1)3'-( '-6 4-)//)7(0'1# P%*)%3)*2 8'46 B)7484%- +'8 -%( ;)( 5)7%&) /4-'12 '-6 (+) MG 8(411 +'8 (+) W0*48647(4%- (% 8)( 4( '846) C),#'$, -. F0AJ@#J#1 2.+. 3#. ;<4==S1 F&N&J@ ;:1 ;<46I.

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inside, he saw Mina, Ara’s stepmother, very angry and

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While a “pabasa” was going on at a municipality in the

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“pabasa” persuaded them to refrain from said acts. A

U=<>:E :E;=
“pabasa”

was

discontinued

until

after

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No, Art. 133 of the RPC punishes acts “notoriously offensive to the feelings of the faithful.” The construction %/ ' /)-7)2 )3)- (+%0.+ 4**4('(4-. '-6 3)@'(4%08 (% (+%8) present, is not an act as can be designated as “notoriously offensive to the faithful.”In this case, the accused were '7[04(()6 %/ ' 34%1'(4%- %/ C*(# !TT %/ (+) EFG 50( (+); ,)*) /%0-6 .041(; %/ ' 34%1'(4%- %/ C*(# 9Db %/ (+) EFG /%* (+) 74*70&8('-7)8 8+%,)6 (+'( (+)4* '7(8 ,)*) 6%-) 4807+ ' ,'; '8 (% 3)@ '-6 '--%; (+) >'*(4)8 ,+% +'6 gathered to celebrate the “pabasa” C),#'$, -. +,B,J1 ,@ ($.1 2.+. 3#. XU=<5SS1 F&N&J@ ;61 476=I.

A'18)# :+) 7*4&) 7%&&4(()6 5; (+) >%147)&'- 4- (+48 7'8) 48 34%1'(4%- %/ 6%&4741) 5)7'08) (+) %//474'1 60(4)8 %/ ' >%147)&'- 7'**; ,4(+ 4( '- '0(+%*4(; (% &'K) 8)'*7+)8 '-6 8)4<0*) 0>%- W06474'1 %*6)*# L) 48 (+)*)/%*) '7(4-. 0-6)* 7%1%* %/ +48 %//474'1 '0(+%*4(; CF*@. 4;:1 +)/I#

8IE@A=B=D "IDN=W !U=D@NIW #=L<:DW /KR:DIW :DN 3:EIEI;W ;9@DV@DL ;9:; 7:EU:D;=? F:? :
"/&%$' !7!&0'* 8631&" )/#$/

gun. Conde went near Galvantes’ jeep and conducted

29:; @? ;9= ;9=I?I=EE@IDG

?=:=RI<= ;9= )B>KN?B:DP )D= IR ;9= A<@B@D:E AIBJE:@D; 9= R@E=N F:? F:<<:D;E=?? ?=:
=+)-)3)* 4- (+) 7%0*8) %/ 7%&&4((4-. *)5)114%-2 &0*6)*2 +%&4746)2 '*8%-2 >+;847'1 4-W0*4)82 %(+)* 7%&&%- 7*4&)8 '*) 7%&&4(()62 '-6 (+)8) 7%&&%- 7*4&)8 '*) /0*(+)*'-7) (%2 4-746)-( (%2 4- 7%--)7(4%- ,4(+ *)5)114%-2 (+); '*) 7%-846)*)6 '8 '58%*5)6 4- (+) 7*4& ) %/ *)5)114%-# ]-1; %-) 7+'*.) %/ *)5)114%- 8+%016 5) 7+'*.)6 '.'4-8( (+) %//)-6)*#

$%# :+) 7%&>1'4-( /%* ,'**'-(1)88 8)'*7+ 7+'*.)8 -% 7*4&4-'1 %//)-8)# :+) 7%-607( %/ ' ,'**'-(1)88 8)'*7+ 48 -%( ' 7*4&4-'1 '7( /%* 4( 48 -%( >)-'14<)6 0-6)* (+) EFG %* '-; %(+)* 8>)74'1 1',# =+'( (+) EFG >0-48+)8 '*) %-1; (,% /%*&8 %/ 8)'*7+)8 ,+47+ '*) 8)'*7+ ,'**'-(8 &'1474%081; %5('4-)6 '-6 '508) 4- (+) 8)*347) %/ (+%8) 1).'11; %5('4-)6 0-6)* C*(# !9_2 '-6 8)'*7+4-. 6%&4741) ,4(+%0( ,4(-)88)8 0-6)* C*(# !TR# N'13'-() 646 -%( '11).) '-; %/ (+) )1)&)-(8 %/ (+) /%*).%4-. /)1%-4)8 4- +48 C//46'34(VG%&>1'4-(Q *'(+)*2 +) '7708)6 G%-6)2 C3)-46%2 B).*'-2 E0/'-%2 ^'1%1%( %/ 7%-607(4-. ' 8)'*7+ %- +48 3)+471) ,4(+%0( 5)4-. '*&)6

9\

!"# %&' ()*+'**, -.#*" /012

3!'&'

/$3$11&)0 H!/*P -OOM

*$//)/&'% H/! Ôg+M

COUP D’ ETAT (ART. 133 \!M

I'($) 10,(*/2

F05147 %*6)*

$'(4%-'1 8)70*4(; '-6 1', %/ -'(4%-8

F05147 %*6)*

5"'-./)

]3)*(+*%, (+) .%3)*-&)-( H>%14(47'1 7*4&)I

`-1',/01 6)&'-6 '.'4-8( (+) .%3)*-&)-( H-))6 -%( 5) >%14(47'1I

B4&4-48+ 4-+)*)-( >%,)*8 %/ (+) 8('() H>%14(47'1 7*4&)I

B.K &.$$(22)L

:+*%0.+ 34%1)-7)

:+*%0.+ >*)647'() 7*4&)8 '-6 5; ,46)8>*)'6 '-6 )@(*'%*64-'*; >'-47 '-6 /)'*

$))6 -%( 5) (+*%0.+ /%*7) '-6 34%1)-7)2 7'- 5) 5; (+*)'(2 4-(4&46'(4%-2 8(*'().; %* 8()'1(+

!"$F)' .3 -).-#)

P01(4(06) %/ >)%>1)

G'- 5) 84-.1; %* ' 1%(

G'- 5) 84-.1; %* ' 1%(

A33)*L)'/

F*43'() %* >05147 %//47)*8

F*43'() %* >05147 %//47)*8

F05147 %//47)*8 %-1;Q 0-1)88 >*43'() 4-643460'18 7%-8>4*)

1F(#(29 2. ,F/.'F &.$$.* &'($)/

N)-)*'11;2 ;)8# P0*6)*2 *'>)2 *%55)*; '58%*5)6# `8) %/ 1%%8) /4*)'*&8 '58%*5)6#

U)82 '58%*58 >*)647'() 7*4&)8 14K) *)5)114%-2 coup d’etat, murder. Use %/ 1%%8) /4*)'*&8 '58%*5)6#

U)82 50( &08( 5) *)1'()6 (% >%14(47'1 >0*>%8)# E'>) -%( '58%*5)6# `8) %/ 1%%8) /4*)'*&8 '58%*5)6#

I.*/-(',&9 ,*L -'.-./,#

G%-8>4*'7; '-6 >*%>%8'1 >0-48+)6

]-1; 7%-8>4*'7; 48 >0-48+)6

G%-8>4*'7; '-6 >*%>%8'1 >0-48+)6

>*&(2(*0

S-74(4-. >0-48+)6

$%( >0-48+)6

$%( >0-48+)6

C11 7%-(4-04-. 7*4&) 1&&.$-#(&)/

C77%&>147)8 '*) >0-48+)6

$% '77%&>147)8

!? : <=?KE; IR ;9= V@EE@DL IR '8)O f=?K? 1KA@EIW $E@:? 1IU=N@I?=ZK=D;EQ RIKDN LK@E;Q IR ;9= A<@B= IR BK==D A9:=EE@IDW DI; BK=@DL : B=B>=< IR ;9= 08!W 9= V@EE=N 1KA@EI :? : B=:D? ;I I< @D RK<;9=<:DA= IR ?K>U=
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

!JJ=EE:D;W F@;9 :>IK; ;F=D;Q :=D; %:QI< IR *@:IDLW kK=ÌDW F@;9 :K;IB:;@A F=:JID?W 9:DN L<=D:N=?W :DN >I;;E=? R@EE=N F@;9 L:?IE@D=P *9=

$% '77%&>147)8

9IK?= :DN ;9:; IR I;9=K; :E?I @D ;9= N=:;9 :DN @Da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`-6)* C*(471) !T_ %/ (+) 8'&) G%6) (+48 ,'8 80//474)-( (% 7%-8(4(0() 8)64(4%- C),#'$, -. V0($A1 ,@. ($.1 2.+. 3#. XU5:<61 3#-,0>,* ;71 475=I P

29:; @? ;9= D:;K<= IR ?=N@;@IDG M)64(4%- 48 ' 34%1'(4%- %/ (+) >05147 >)'7) %* '( 1)'8( 807+ ' 7%0*8) %/ &)'80*)8 '8 )346)-(1; )-.)-6)*8 4(2 ;)( 4( 6%)8 -%( '4& '( 64*)7( '-6 %>)- 34%1)-7) '.'4-8( (+) 1',82 %* (+) 8053)*84%- %/ (+) G%-8(4(0(4%-# S( 48 '- %//)-8) -%( 64*)7()6 >*4&'*41; '.'4-8( 4-643460'18 50( (% (+) .)-)*'1 >05147 >)'7)Q 4( 48 (+) *'484-. %/ 7%&&%(4%-8 %* 648(0*5'-7)8 4- (+) M('()2 ' *)3%1( '.'4-8( 1).4(4&'() '0(+%*4(; C),#'$, -. ),*,Z1 2.+. 3#. XU;4<=71 ],%,0>,* ;;1 47;6I#

raid resulted not only in destruction of Punzalan’s

9b

!"!#$%&"' ")%%&**$$ +,-.

3)454-&% %&'

29:; :<= ;9= =E=B=D;? IR ;9= ?=AIDN RI
);)8 %/ 1',2 '- '(('7K %- '- '.)-( % / ' >)*8%- 4- '0(+%*4(;2 -%( W08( (+) '(('7K %- (+) 8(06)-(#

!#

#K<@DL =E=A;@ID ;@B=W &?VI F:? RIKDN @D JI??=??@ ID IR :D KDE@A=D?=N R@<=::DW :DN H+M @EE=L:E JI??=??@ID IR KDE@A=D?=N R@<=::DW 9= JE=:N=N DI; LK@E;QP XIF=U== A9:=A:K?= ;9= E:F ?:Q? ;9:; QIK A:D IDEQ >= A9:Q ;9= J=
9# T#

?#

Z#

]//)-6)*Y '# P'K)8 '- '(('7K2 5# O&>1%;8 /%*7)2 7# P'K)8 ' 8)*4%08 4-(4&46'(4%-2 %* 6# P'K)8 ' 8)*4%08 *)848('-7)# F)*8%- '88'01()6 48 ' >)*8%- 4- '0(+%*4(; %* +48 '.)-(Q :+'( '( (+) (4&) %/ (+) '88'01( (+) >)*8%- 4- '0(+%*4(; %* +48 '.)-(Y '# S8 )-.'.)6 4- (+) >)*/%*&'-7) %/ %//474'1 60(4)82 %* (+'( +) 48 '88'01()6 5# ]- %77'84%- %/ 807+ >)*/%*&'-7)Q :+) %//)-6)* K-%,8 (+'( (+) %-) +) 48 '88'01(4-. 48 ' >)*8%- 4- '0(+%*4(; %* +48 '.)-( 4- (+) )@)*748) %/ +48 60(4)8Q '-6 :+)*) 48 -% >05147 0>*484-.#

No, his contention is wrong. When the law says, “provided (+'( -% %(+)* 7*4&) 48 7%&&4(()6 5; (+) >)*8%- '**)8()6”, the word “committed” means that there i 8 '1*)'6; ' /4-'1 6)()*&4-'(4%- %/ .041( — ' /4-'1 7%-347(4%- %/ .041( 5'8)6 %- ' 8077)88/01 >*%8)70(4%- %* W06474'1 '6&4884%-# S- (+48 7'8)2 +) ,'8 -%( ;)( 7%-347()62 +) ,'8 %-1; 5)4-. >*%8)70()6# :+)*)/%*) 5%(+ 7'8)8 7'- >*%7))6# L%,)3)*2 (+) &%&)-( +) 48 7%-347()6 %/ 34%1'(4%- %/ (+) G]POXOG .0- 5'-2 +) 8+%016 5) '7[04(()6 %/ 411).'1 >%88)884%- %/ 0-147)-8)6 /4*)'*& C/,$A9#1 M*. -. ),#'$,1 2.+. 3#. 4S<5G;1 8&9, ;71 ;<
0)*$_ :+) /%*7) )&>1%;)6 %- '- '.)-( %/ ' >)*8%- 4'0(+%*4(;2 (% 7%-8(4(0() 64*)7( '88'01( &08( 5) %/ ' 8)*4%08 7+'*'7()*# =+)*)'8 (+) /%*7) )&>1%;)6 %- ' >)*8%- 4'0(+%*4(; -))6 -%( 5) 8)*4%08#

!? ;9= ;IFD J<=?@N=D; R:@E=N ;I J:Q ;9=@< ?:E:<@=?W ;9= :AAK?=NW :AAIBJ:D@=N >Q RIK< :Q RI
29I :<= N==B=N ;I >= J=
:+) /'7(8 7%-8(4(0() (+) 7*4&) %/ 64*)7( '88'01(# :+)*) 48 -% >05147 0>*484-. ,+)- (+) '7708)62 '77%&>'-4)6 5; '*&)6 &)-2 7%&>)11)6 5; /%*7) (+) (%,- >*)846)-( (% .% ,4(+ (+)& (% >*%7))6 (% (+) &0-474>'1 504164-. '-6 6)('4-)6 +4& (+)*)# ^; *)'8%- %/ 6)('4-4-. (+) (%,>*)846)-(2 (+) '7708)6 4-/147()6 0>%- ' >05147 %//47)* ''7( %/ +'() %* *)3)-.)# :+48 48 %-) %/ (+) %5W)7(8 %/ 8)64(4%-2 ,+47+ 48 )88)-(4'11; ,+'( (+) '7708)6 4-()-6)6 (% '(('4- CV.M. -. ]A*(A91 2.+. 3#. 47=:1 D(B 51 47<5I P

W0*48647(4%-2 ,+)(+)* '8 '- 4-643460'1 %* '8 ' &)&5)* %/ 8%&) 7%0*( %* .%3)*-&)-( 7%*>%*'(4%-2 5%'*62 %* 7%&&4884%-# ^'**4% 7'>('4-8 '-6 5'*'-.'; 7+'4*&)- '*) '18% 6))&)6 >)*8%-8 4- '0(+%*4(;#

!L=D;? IR J=)*8%-8 ,+% 5; 64*)7( >*%3484%- %/ 1', %* 5; )1)7(4%- %* 5; '>>%4-(&)-( 5; 7%&>)()-( '0(+%*4(;2 '*) 7+'*.)6 ,4(+ &'4-()-'-7) %/ >05147 %*6)*2 (+) >*%()7(4%- '-6 8)70*4(; %/ 14/) '-6 >*%>)*(;2 807+ '8 5'**4% 7%0-741&'-2 5'**4% >%147)&'-2 5'*'-.'; 1)'6)* '-6 '-; >)*8%- ,+% 7%&)8 (% (+) '46 %/ >)*8%-8 4- '0(+%*4(;#

!W : E:NQ JIIVE=;W A:K?@DL =B>:<<:??B=D; ;I 9@BP *9= RIEEIF@DL N:QW F9@E= ;9= AE:?? F:? LI@DL IDW ;9= ?;KN=D;W 3W :JJ
S- '>>1;4-. (+) >*%3484%-8 %/ C*(8# !?D '-6 !Z! %/ (+) EFG2 ()'7+)*82 >*%/)88%*8 '-6 >)*8%-8 7+'*.)6 ,4(+ (+) 80>)*3484%- %/ >05147 %* 601; *)7%.-4<)6 >*43'() 87+%%182 7%11).)8 '-6 0-43)*84(4)82 '-6 1',;)*8 4- (+) '7(0'1 >)*/%*&'-7) %/ (+)4* >*%/)884%-'1 60(4)8 %* %- (+) %77'84%- %/ 807+ >)*/%*&'-7)2 8+'11 5) 6))&)6 >)*8%-8 4- '0(+%*4(;#

'QN=AIW ;9= AIIV :DN ;9= F:@;<=?? @D 9@? <=?;:K<:D; F=<= ID ;9= F:Q 9IB= F9=D ;9=Q F=<= ?@LD:EE=N ;I ?;IJ >Q 8IE@A= )RR@A=
^ 7%&&4(()6 (,% H9I 7%0-(8 %/ 64*)7( '88'01(Y %-) /%* 81'>>4-. (+) >*%/)88%*2 C2 ,+% ,'8 (+)- 7%-607(4-. 71'88)8 '-6 (+08 4- (+) )@)*748) %/ +)* '0(+%*4(;Q '-6 '-%(+)* %-) /%* (+) 34%1)-7) %- (+) 8(06)-( G2 ,+% 7'&) (% (+) '46 %/ (+) 8'46 >*%/)88%*#

vehicle’s door and alight for a body and vehicle

?=:U@IK?EQ @Q ;9@? <=B:==< >I;;E=? @D ;9= ;<=:;9W :E;9IKL9 DI :EAI9IE ><=:;9 =C:B@D:;@ID F:? AIDNKA;=NP 'QN=AI F:? N=;:@D=N :DN <=E=:?=N IDEQ @D ;9= :R;=
^; )@>*)88 >*%3484%- %/ C*(471) !Z92 ()'7+)*8 '-6 >*%/)88%*8 %/ >05147 '-6 601; '0(+%*4<)6 >*43'() 87+%%182 7%11).)8 '-6 0-43)*84(; 4- (+) 4- (+) '7(0'1 >)*/%*&'-7) %/ (+)4* >*%/)884%-'1 60(4)8 %* %- (+) %77'84%- %/ 807+ >)*/%*&'-7) '*) 6))&)6 >)*8%-V4-V'0(+%*4(; /%* >0*>%8) %/ (+) 7*4&) %/ 64*)7( '88'01( '-6 %/ *)848('-7) '-6 648%5)64)-7)# C-6 '-; >)*8%- ,+% 7%&)8 (% (+) '46 %/ (+) >)*8%- 4- '0(+%*4(; 8+'11 5) 6))&)6 '- '.)-( %/ ' >)*8%- 4- '0(+%*4(;# C77%*64-.1;2 (+) '(('7K %- G 482 4- (+)

9D

!"# %&' ()*+'**, -.#*" /012

:EEIF=N ;I KDN=
K; D=L:;@U= RI< :EAI9IE ><=:;9P &? 'QN=AI A<@B@D:EEQ E@:>E= RI< :DQ A<@B=G $%P S( 48 /'4*1; 71)'* (+'( ,+'( (*4..)*)6 (+) 7%-/*%-('(4%-'1 8('-6V%// 5)(,))- (+) F%147) ]//47)*82 %one hand, and Sydeco on the other, was the latter’s refusal (% .)( %// %/ (+) 3)+471) /%* ' 5%6; '-6 3)+471) 8)'*7+ W0@('>%8)6 5; +48 4-848()-7) %- ' >1'4- 34), 8)'*7+ %-1;# Sydeco’s twin gestures cannot plausibly be considered as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ly Sydeco’s act of exercising one’s right against unreasonable searches to 5) 7%-607()6 4- (+) &4661) %/ (+) -4.+( 7'--%(2 4- 7%-()@(2 5) )[0'()6 (% 648%5)64)-7) 1)( '1%-) *)848(4-. ' 1',/01 %*6)* 4- 7%-()&>1'(4%- %/ C*(# !Z! CMB",%# -. ),#'$,1 2.+. 3#. ;<;G7;1 3#-,0>,* 4;1 ;<4=I.

%:DDQ V@EE=N 9@? F@R= KDN=< =CA=J;@ID:E A@Q /*" #:LKJ:D IR N=?;@=<'- G4(;2 ,+47+ +) ,'8 >*%+454()6 /*%& )-()*4-. 0-6)* +48 8)-()-7) %/ 6)8(4)**%# C 8)-()-7) 4&>%84-. (+) >)-'1(; %/ 6)8(4)**% 48 )3'6)6 ,+)- (+) 7%-347( )-()*8 '-; %/ (+) >1'7)g>1'7)8 +) 48 >*%+454()6 /*%& )-()*4-. 0-6)* (+) 8)-()-7) %* 7%&) ,4(+4- (+) >*%+454()6 *'6408# C1(+%0.+ 6)8(4)**% 6%)8 -%( 4-3%13) 4&>*48%-&)-(2 4( 48 -%-)(+)1)88 ' 6)>*43'(4%- %/ 145)*(;#

"/&%$' !7!&0'* 8631&" &0*$/$'* XIF @? RI
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0)*$_ S- /'184/47'(4%- %/ >*43'() 6%70&)-(2 4-()-( (% 7'08) 6'&'.) (% ' (+4*6 >)*8%- 48 &'()*4'1#

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Is the act of petitioner of using the name “Oscar Perez” a violation of Sec. 1 of C. !P 0IP -S+ H!D;@\!E@:?

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No. Petitioner’s writing of the name “Oscar Perez” in an 48%1'()6 (*'-8'7(4%- 48 -%( (+) '7( 7%-()&>1'()6 0-6)* M)7# ! %/ G#C# $%# !?9# :+) 08) %/ ' /47(4(4%08 -'&) %* ' 64//)*)-( -'&) 5)1%-.4-. (% '-%(+)* >)*8%- 4- ' 84-.1) 4-8('-7) ,4(+%0( '-; 84.- %* 4-647'(4%- (+'( (+) 08)* 4-()-68 (% 5) K-%,- 5; (+48 -'&) 4- '664(4%- (% +48 *)'1 -'&) /*%& (+'( 6'; /%*(+ 6%)8 -%( /'11 ,4(+4- (+) >*%+454(4%- 7%-('4-)6 4- G#C# $%# !?9 '8 '&)-6)6# F)(4(4%-)* 4-(*%607)6 +4&8)1/ 4- (+) ]//47) %/ (+)

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:DN I;9=< AIBJ=D?:;@ID RI< ;9= BID;9? IR f:DK:E@A RKDN?P X= :JJ=:E=N 9@? A:?=P %:Q *I<<=? >= J:?=N ID ;9= @DRIQ ;9= /*"G U)8# :% 808('4- ' 7+'*.) %/ &'13)*8'(4%-2 (+)*) &08( ,A@E,* 5) 7*4&4-'1 4-()-( %* 7*4&4-'1 -).14.)-7)2 '-6 ,+41) (+) >*)3'414-. /'7(8 %/ ' 7'8) &'; -%( 8+%, (+'( 6)7)4( '(()-6)6 (+) 7%&&4884%- %/ (+) %//)-8)2 4( ,411 -%( >*)7106) (+) *)7)>(4%- %/ )346)-7) (% >*%3) (+) )@48()-7) %/ -).14.)-7) 5)7'08) >#@E '*) ,a&($$B '&9AJE(>$, 0-6)* C*(471) 9!b %/ (+) EFG# O3)- ,+)- (+) S-/%*&'(4%7+'*.)8 ,411/01 &'13)*8'(4%-2 7%-347(4%- /%* &'13)*8'(4%(+*%0.+ -).14.)-7) &'; 8(411 5) '6W06.)6 4/ (+) )346)-7) 01(4&'()1; >*%3)8 (+) &%6) %/ 7%&&4884%- %/ (+) %//)-8)# :+) "#$# %* (+) %&$'( >*)8)-( 4- (+) %//)-8) 48 %-1; ' &%6'14(; 4- (+) >)*>)(*'(4%- %/ (+) /)1%-;# O3)- 4/ (+) &%6) 7+'*.)6 64//)*8 /*%& &%6) >*%3)62 (+) 8'&) %//)-8) %/ &'13)*8'(4%- 48 4-3%13)6 '-6 7%-347(4%(+)*)%/ 48 >*%>)* CP#**,J -. ),#'$,1 2.+. 3#. 4S5
Elizabeth’s contention that her conviction for illegal use %/ >05147 /0-68 H()7+-47'1 &'13)*8'(4%-I ,'8 )**%-)%082 48 1).'11; ()-'51) 5)7'08) 8+) ,'8 7+'*.)6 /%* &'13)*8'(4%- %/ >05147 /0-68 0-6)* C*(# 9!b %/ (+) E)348)6 F)-'1 G%6) 50( ,'8 7%-347()6 /%* 411).'1 08) %/ >05147 /0-68 ,+47+ 48 6)/4-)6 '-6 >0-48+)6 0-6)* C*(# 99R %/ 8'46 G%6)# C >05147 %//47)* 7+'*.)6 ,4(+ &'13)*8'(4%- &'; -%( 5) 3'1461; 7%-347()6 %/ 411).'1 08) %/ >05147 /0-68 H()7+-47'1 &'13)*8'(4%-I 5)7'08) (+) 1'(()* 7*4&) 48 -%( -)7)88'*41; 4-7106)6 -%* 6%)8 4( -)7)88'*41; 4-7106) (+) 7*4&) %/ &'13)*8'(4%-# A*%& (+) /'7(82 (+)*) 48 -% 8+%,4-. (+'( (+)*) 48 ' 1', %* %*64-'-7) '>>*%>*4'(4-. (+) '&%0-( (% ' 8>)74/47 >05147 >0*>%8)# C8 ' &'(()* %/ /'7(2 (+) >*%51)& 7'().%*47'11; 8('()8 (+'(2 “the absence of such law or ordinance was, in fact, )8('5148+)6#h M%2 >*%7)60*'11; '-6 8058('-(4'11;2 (+) Sandiganbayan’s decision suffers from serious infirmity.

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U)8# :+) >*)80&>(4%- 4- C*(471) 9!b %/ (+) E)348)6 F)-'1 G%6)2 '8 '&)-6)62 8('()8 (+'( (+) /'410*) %/ ' >05147 %//47)* (% +'3) 601; /%*(+7%&4-. '-; >05147 /0-68 %* >*%>)*(; ,4(+ ,+47+ +) 48 7+'*.)'51)2 0>%- 6)&'-6 5; '-; 601; '0(+%*4<)6 %//47)*2 48 '*A0( T(%A, )346)-7) (+'( +) +'8 >0( 807+ &4884-. /0-6 %* >*%>)*(; (% >)*8%-'1 08)# :+) >*)80&>(4%- 482 %/ 7%0*8)2 *)50(('51)# C77%*64-.1;2 4/ >)(4(4%-)* 48 '51) (% >*)8)-( '6)[0'() )346)-7) (+'( 7'-0114/; '-; 14K)14+%%6 (+'( +) >0( (+) /0-68 %* >*%>)*(; (% >)*8%-'1 08)2 (+)- (+'( >*)80&>(4%- ,%016 5) '( '- )-6 '-6 (+) '*A0( T(%A, 7'8) 48 )//)7(43)1; -).'()6# S- (+48 7'8)2 +%,)3)*2 >)(4(4%-)* /'41)6 (% %3)*7%&) (+48 >*4&' /'74) )346)-7) %/ .041( C/(9@#J -. ),#'$,1 2.+. 3#. 4:=7<:1 8&$B 61 ;<46I.

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$CJE:@D :DN @EEK?;<:;= ;9= ?;:L=? IR =C=AK;@ID IR ;9= A<@B= IR 9IB@A@N=W ;:V@DL @D;I :AAIKD; ;9= D:;K<= IR ;9= IRR=D?=W ;9= =??=D;@:E =E=B=D; IR =:A9 IR ;9= ?;:L=? IR =C=AK;@ID :DN ;9= B:DD=< IR AIBB@;;@DL ?KA9 @D;=D;@ID:E R=EIDQ :? N@?;@DLK@?9=N R()62 /*08(*'()6 '-6 7%-80&&'()6# S- ,+'()3)* 8('.)8 +%&4746) 48 7%&&4(()62 4-()-( (% K411 &08( 5) )8('5148+)6 /%* 5)4-. '- 4-648>)-8451) )1)&)-( (+)*)%/# L%,)3)*2 4/ (+) 347(4& 64)6 '8 ' 7%-8)[0)-7) %/ ,%0-68 7'08)6 5; '- '7( 7%&&4(()6 ,4(+ &'147)2 4-()-( (% K411 48 7%-710843)1; >*)80&)6 '-6 (+) 7*4&) 7%&&4(()6 48 7%-80&&'()6 +%&4746)# ^)7'08) %/ (+48 7%-710843) >*)80&>(4%-2 E:AV IR @D;=D; ;I V@EE @? DI; : N=R=D?= @D

AID?KBB:;=N 9IB@A@N=P 0)*$_ S- 7%-80&&'()6 +%&4746)2 (+) '7708)6 &'; >*%3) 1'7K %/ 4-()-( (% K411 /%* >0*>%8) %/ '>>*)74'(4-. (+) &4(4.'(4-. 74*70&8('-7) %/ '*(,@,* A9@,9@A#9,0# ^0( 4/ (+) 347(4& 646 -%( 64) '8 ' 7%-8)[0)-7) %/ ,%0-68 7'08)6 5; '- '7( 7%&&4(()6 ,4(+ &'147)2 4-()-( (% K411 &08( 5) )8('5148+)6 5);%-6 *)'8%-'51) 6%05(# S/ 4- ()-( (% K411 48 >*%3)-2 (+) 7*4&) 7%&&4(()6 48 /*08(*'()6 %* '(()&>()6 +%&4746)# S/ 4-()-( (% K411 48 -%( >*%3)-2 (+) 7*4&) 7%&&4(()6 48 >+;847'1 4-W0*4)8# :+082 E:AV IR @D;=D;

;I V@EE @? : N=R=D?= @D :;;=BJ;=N I< R()6 (% 4-/147( %* 4-/147()6 -%-V&%*('1 ,%0-68 0>%- (+) 347(4&2 +) '1*)'6; 64*)7(1; 7%&&)-7)6 '- %3)*( '7( (% 7%&&4( +%&4746)# L)-7)2 (+) 7*4&) 7%&&4(()6 48 :;;=BJ;=N 9IB@A@N= 4/ +) /'41)6 (% 4-/147( &%*('1 ,%0-68 0>%- (+) 347(4& 5; *)'8%%/ 8%&) 7'08) %* '7746)-( %(+)* (+'- +48 %,8>%-('-)%08 6)848('-7)# S/ (+) %//)-6)* ,4(+ 4-()-( (% K411 4-/147()6 &%*('1 ,%0-68 0>%- (+) 347(4&2 +) '1*)'6;

TT

L%&4746) *).'*61)88 %/ 8('.)8 &08( 5) 7%&&4(()6 ,4(+ &'147) H.)-)*'1 4-()-(I '-6 4-()-( (% K411 H8>)74/47 4-()-(I# O3)- 4/ (+)*) 48 -% 4-()-( (% K411 '-6 )341 4-()-(2 (+) %//)-6)* 48 14'51) /%* 701>'51) /)1%-; 4/ (+) 347(4& 64)8 %* ,'8 4-W0*)6 '8 ' *)801( %/ (+) *)7K1)88-)88 %/ (+) /%*&)*# S/ (+)*) 48 -% 4-()-( (% K4112 )341 4-()-( '-6 *)7K1)88-)88 %(+) >'*( %/ (+) '7708)62 +) 48 -%( 14'51) /%* +48 4-()-(4%-'1 '7(2 ,+47+ 7'08)6 (+) 6)'(+ %/ %* 4-W0*; 0>%- (+) 347(4& 5)7'08) %/ (+) )@)&>(4-. 74*70&8('-7) %/ '7746)-(#

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)D 9@? F:Q ;I >KQ : EI;;I ;@AV=;W : JIE@A=B:D ?KNN=DEQ RIKDN 9@B?=ER ?K<Q RIK< B=DP )D= IR ;9=B F<=?;E=N ;9= JIE@A= IRR@A=< ;I ;9= L:E@?IDLW <=J=:;=NEQ ?;:>>=N 9@BP *9= JIE@A=B:D N@=N :? : <=?KE; IR ;9= BKE;@JE= ?;:> FIKDN? @DRE@A;=N >Q 9@? :??:@E:D;?P 29:; A<@B= I< A<@B=? F=<= AIBB@;;=NG #@?AK?? RKEEQP H3!/ -^^YM

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:+) >*%7)60*'1 *)[04*)&)-( %/ 7%-8)-( %/ (+) %//)-6)6 >'*(; (% /41) (+) 7'8) 48 -% 1%-.)* -))6)6 5)7'08) (+48 48 -%, ' >05147 7*4&)2 0-14K) ,+)- 4( ,'8 8(411 71'884/4)6 '8 ' 7*4&) '.'4-8( 7+'8(4(;Q '-6 :+)*) 48 -%, '- 4&>%88451) 7*4&) %/ *'>) 5)7'08) 4&>%88451) 7*4&)8 7'- %-1; 5) 7%&&4(()6 '.'4-8( >)*8%-8 %* >*%>)*(;#

0I;=_ E)848('-7) 48 -%( '- )1)&)-( %/ *'>)2 '-6 (+) '58)-7) (+)*)%/ ,411 -)3)* 5) ('-('&%0-( (% 7%-8)-( %(+) >'*( %/ (+) 347(4&# ^)846)82 4- *'>) 7%&&4(()6 5; ' *)1'(43)2 807+ '8 ' /'(+)*2 '8 4- (+48 7'8)2 &%*'1 4-/10)-7) %* '87)-6'-7; ('K)8 (+) >1'7) %/ 34%1)-7) H),#'$, -J. [(9"#a&A$$#1 2.+. 3#. ;4:7461 H,>*&(*B
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Dagami concealed Bugna’s body and the fact that he killed him by setting Bugna’s house on fire. What

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F9:; 9:JJ=D=NP X= :E?I ;IEN 9@? BI;9=< ;9:; /@A:EN= JE:Q=N F@;9 9@? ?=CK:l organ. XXX’s mother armed 9=IK; ;9= @DA@N=D;W >K; 9= <=B:@D=N ?@E=D;P '9= :?V=N 9@B ;I E=:U=P &? /@A:EN= LK@E;Q IR ;9= A<@B= IR <:J=G U)82 '11 (+) )1)&)-(8 %/ *'>) 48 >*)8)-( 4- (+) 7'8) '( 5'*# E'>) 0-6)* (+) 8)7%-6 >'*'.*'>+ %/ C*(471) 9\\VC 48 '18% K-%,- '8 h4-8(*0&)-( %* %5W)7( *'>)2h h.)-6)*V/*)) *'>)2h %* h+%&%8)@0'1 *'>)#h C-; >)*8%- ,+%2 0-6)* '-; %/ (+) 74*70&8('-7)8 &)-(4%-)6 4- >'*'.*'>+ ! +)*)%/2 8+'11 7%&&4( '- '7( %/ 8)@0'1 '88'01( 5; 4-8)*(4-. +48 penis into another person’s mouth or anal orifice, or any 4-8(*0&)-( %* %5W)7(2 4-(% (+) .)-4('1 %* '-'1 %*4/47) %/ '-%(+)* >)*8%-# :+) .*'3'&)- %/ *'>) (+*%0.+ 8)@0'1 assault is "the insertion of the penis into another person’s &%0(+ %* '-'1 %*4/47)2 %* '-; 4-8(*0&)-( %* %5W)7(2 4-(% another person’s genital or anal orifice’’ C+A%($", -. ),#'$,1 2.+. 3#. ;44<<;1 8(9&(*B ;41 ; <45I.

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he toyed with AAA’s sexual organ by licking it. He then made his way up and tried to suck AAA’s tong K=P Once done, Bill held his penis and inserted it to AAA’s

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0ID=2 :+) )88)-7) %/ (+) 7*4&) %/ K46-'>>4-. 48 (+) '7(0'1 deprivation of the victim’s liberty coupled with the intent %/ (+) '7708)6 (% )//)7( 4(# S( 4-7106)8 -%( %-1; (+) 4&>*48%-&)-( %/ ' >)*8%- 50( '18% (+) 6)>*43'(4%- %/ +48 145)*(; 4- ,+'()3)* /%*& '-6 /%* ,+'()3)* 1)-.(+ %/ (4&)#h :+) (%('14(; %/ (+) >*%8)70(4%-a8 )346)-7) /'41)6 (% 80//474)-(1; )8('5148+ (+) %//)-8) %/ K46-'>>4-. 4- (+48 7'8)# :+)*) ,'8 -% 7%-7*)() )346)-7) ,+'(8%)3)* (% )8('5148+2 %* /*%& ,+47+ 4( 7'- 5) 4-/)**)6 (+'( '7708)6 '-6 +48 7%+%*(8 4-()-6)6 (% '7(0'11; 6)>*43) (+) 347(4& %/ +48 145)*(; /%* 8%&) (4&) '-6 /%* 8%&) >0*>%8)# :+)*) ,'8 '18% -% )346)-7) (+'( (+); +'3) (+%*%0.+1; >1'--)6 (+) K46-'>>4-. %/ (+) 347(4&# :+)*) ,'8 1'7K %/ &%(43) (% *)8%*( 4- K46-'>>4-. (+) 347(4& /%* (+); ,)*) 5)-( (% K46-'> +48 /*4)-6 :*07K C),#'$, -. 3#*("(1 ,@. F$.1 2.+. 3#. ;4:75:1 ],%,0>,* 461 ;<4SI.

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morning, Paz gagged the mouth of Martin’s son with

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in the net income despite the latter’s repeated

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S- (+48 7'8) '11 (+) )1)&)-(8 %/ (+) 7*4&) %/ 411).'1 *)7*04(&)-( 4- 1'*.) 87'1) '*) >*)8)-(Y H!I (+) %//)-6)* +'8 -% 3'146 147)-8) %* '0(+%*4(; *)[04*)6 5; 1', (% )-'51) +4& (% 1',/011; )-.'.) 4- *)7*04(&)-( '-6 >1'7)&)-( %/ ,%*K)*8Q H9I (+) %//)-6)* 0-6)*('K)8 '-; %/ the activities within the meaning of “recruitment and placement” under Article 13 (b) 14 of the Labor Code, or '-; %/ (+) >*%+454()6 >*'7(47)8 )-0&)*'()6 0-6)* C*(471) T? %/ (+) 8'46 G%6) H-%, M)7(4%- \ %/ E#C# DR?9IQ '-6 HTI

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Madarang went to Villanueva’s residence and was

:>E= ;I ?=EE ;I T@EE:DK=U: R@U= ?=;? IR a=F=E=A:K?= IR Villanueva’s assurance that they would all be

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T@;:DLAIE B:<<@=N !E@A= $NK:=LI; O A9@EN<=DP !R;=< ?IB= ;@B= !E@A= >=L:D 9=:<@DL :DN F:? J<=U@IK?EQ B:<<@=N ;I :DI;9=< FIB:D D:B=N 7@D: 7:=Q : B:<<@:L= AID;<:A; <=L@?;=<= N F@;9 ;9= 0')P *9@? J@L:BQ :L:@D?; T@;:DLAIEP &D 9@? N=R=D?=W T@;:DLAIE :EE=L=? ;9:; 9= :E<=:NQ <=U=:E=N ;I !E@A= that he had a “fake marriage” wit 9 9@? AIEE=L= L@? d4A4A!Gd IO 1=<@!461?+ , F'.2E)'+ (/ *.2 7)/2)L K(2E ,*9 ,"2E.'(29 2. #(,(/.* .' 2',*/,&2 ,*9 F"/(*)// K(2E ,*9 L)-,'2$)*2+ .33(&)+ .' F"'),"+ -"F#(& .' .2E)'K(/)+ 2E,2 E,/ F),'(*0 .' ')#,2(.* K(2E $9 .33(&)+ $,*L,2)/ .' 3"*&2(.*/O :::O !.2)K.'2E9 2. $)*2(.*+ -)'E,-/+ (/ 2E) 3,&2 2E,2 <'O Alexis “Dodong” C. 1#$)*L',/+ , ')P*.K* F#,&P$,(#)'+ (/ , F(22)' '(7,# (* 2E) S"/2 &.*&#"L)L )#)&2(.* .3 NeeY KE. ',* ,0,(*/2 2E) K(/E)/ .3 $9 3,2E)'+ 2E) #,2) I.*0')//$,* 1#)S,*L'. 4O 1#$)*L',/+ ?'O B) E,/ &,"/)L -,(* 2. 2E) 3,$(#9 KE)* E) 3(#)L &,/)/ ,0,(*/2 "/+ E(/ F'.2E)'/ ,*L /(/2)'/+ ,*L K.'/2+ ,0,(*/2 E(/ .K* $.2E)'O

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$%# E#C# !R\ZZ HP'*7+ !T2 9R!ZI 6)7*4&4-'14<)6 (+) '7( %/ >*)&'(0*) &'**4'.)# C*(471) ! %/ (+) 8'46 1', >*%346)8 that “without prejudice to the provisions of the Family G%6) %- >'()*-4(; '-6 /414'(4%-2 C*(471) TZ! %/ C7( $%# TD!Z2 %(+)*,48) K-%,- '8 (+) E)348)6 F)-'1 G%6)2 >0-48+4-. (+) 7*4&) %/ >*)&'(0*) &'**4'.) 7%&&4(()6 by a woman, is hereby repealed.”

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respondent’s nefarious activities, and made in good

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Alejandro’s contention that he has the legal 2 &%*'1 %* 8%74'1 60(; (% &'K) (+) 7%&&0-47'(4%- 7'--%( 5) 7%0-()-'-7)6 5)7'08) +) /'41)6 (% 7%&&0-47'() (+) 8('()&)-(8 %-1; (% (+) >)*8%- %* >)*8%-8 ,+% +'3) 8%&) 4-()*)8( %* 60(; 4- (+) &'(()* '11).)62 '-6 ,+% +'3) (+) >%,)* (% /0*-48+ (+) >*%()7(4%- 8%0.+( 5; (+) '0(+%* %/ (+) 8('()&)-(# C ,*4(()- 1)(()* 7%-('4-4-. 145)1%08 &'(()* 7'--%( 5) 71'884/4)6 '8 >*4341).)6 ,+)- 4( 48 >05148+)6 '-6 74*701'()6 '&%-. (+) >05147#

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&)*) -).14.)-7) 4- (+) %>)*'(4%- %/ (+) &%(%* 3)+471)2 50( ' ,411/01 '-6 ,'-(%- 648*).'*6 %/ (+) 7%-8)[0)-7)8 48 required. The fact that Y’s body was thrown four (4) &)()*8 ','; /*%& +48 W))> 8+%,)6 (+'( e ,'8 6*434-. +48 >47KV0> '( ' /'8( 8>))6 ,+)- +) %3)*(%%K (+) W))> %/ U# :+) &4(4.'(4-. 74*70&8('-7) %/ 3%10-('*; 80**)-6)* 7'--%( 5) '>>*)74'()6 4- +48 /'3%*# F'*'.*'>+ Z %/ C*(471) T\Z2 E)348)6 F)-'1 G%6)2 )@>*)881; 8('()8 (+'( 4- (+) 4&>%84(4%- %/ (+) >)-'1(4)82 (+) 7%0*(8 8+'11 )@)*748) (+)4* 8%0-6 6487*)(4%-2 ,4(+%0( *).'*6 (% (+) *01)8 >*)87*45)6 4- C*(471) \? %/ (+) E)348)6 F)-'1 G%6) CD(*A(9# -. ),#'$,1 2.+. 3#. 4S:4=51 8&$B S1 ;<4=I.

bW F9@E= N=?A=DN@DL RINQ IR c F:? EI:N=N ;I ;9= U=9@AE= IR b but the latter’s engine would not start; thus the body

F:? EI:N=N @D : N@RR=<=D; U=9@AE=P *9= a:AV IR b F:? K?=N ;I =C;<@A:;= ;9= >INQ IR c R=@DL J@DD=N KDN=< ;9= U=9@AE= IR bP bW @D 9@? N=R=D?=W AE:@B=N ;9:; @; F:? DI; 9@? R:KE; ;9:; ;9= ;<@AQAE= ?F=E= '=<@IK? 89Q?@A:E &DaK<@=? :DN #:B:L= ;I 8
:EE=L=N :LL<:U:;@DL A@%( (% (+) 4-W0*)6 >'*(; 807+ +)1> (+'( ,'8 4his hands to give” should not be appreciated. Verily, it is (+) 4-)@708'51) 1'7K %/ >*)7'0(4%- %* 7%-874%08 4-64//)*)-7) (% (+) 7%-8)[0)-7)8 %/ (+) 7%-607( ,+47+ 80>>14)8 (+) 7*4&4-'1 4-()-( 4- C*(471) T\Z# :+) 14&4(4-. )1)&)-( 4- (+) 1'8( >'*'.*'>+ %/ C*(471) T\Z %/ (+) EFG2 ,+47+ 4&>%8)8 (+) >)-'1(; -)@( +4.+)* 4- 6).*)) 0>%- (+) offender who “fails to lend on the spot to the injured >'*(4)8 807+ +)1> '8 &'; 5) 4- +48 +'nds to give.” C77%*64-. (% 7'8) 1',2 (+) /%11%,4-. &08( 5) >*)8)-( (% 7%-8(4(0() (+) %//)-8)Y H'I 48 6)>)-6)-( %- (+) &)'-8 4(+) +'-68 %/ (+) %//)-6)*2 4#)#2 (+) (;>) '-6 6).*)) %/ '8848('-7) (+'( +)g8+)2 '( (+) (4&) '-6 >1'7) %/ (+) 4-746)-(2 48 7'>'51) %/ .434-.Q '-6 H5I *)[04*)8 '6)[0'() >*%%/# e ,'8 '51) (% 80>>1; (+) +)1> '77%*64-. (% (+) )@()-( %/ 7'>'5414(4)8 C2#9Z(N( -. ),#'$,1 2.+. 3#. 475GS41 8(9&(*B ;41 ;<45I.

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S- '664(4%-2 5; '11%,4-. ]-. (% )87'>) >*%8)70(4%- /%* 411).'1 4&>%*('(4%- %* 411).'1 (*'-8>%*('(4%- %/ 6'-.)*%08 6*0.82 ,+)*) (+) >)-'1(; 48 14/) 4&>*48%-&)-( (% 6)'(+2 (+); '*) '18% 14'51) /%* [0'14/4)6 5*45)*; 0-6)* C*(# 9!!VC %/ (+) E)348)6 F)-'1 G%6)#

:+) 7%-()-(4%- %/ (+) 8('() 48 &)*4(%*4%08# :+) *01) 48 8)((1)6 (+'( /'410*) (% 8(*47(1; 7%&>1; ,4(+ M)7(4%- 9!H!I2 C*(471) SS %/ EC _!\Z 6%)8 -%( -)7)88'*41; *)-6)* (+) accused’s arrest illegal or the items seized or confiscated /*%& +4& 4-'6&488451)# :+) &%8( 4&>%*('-( /'7(%* 48 (+) >*)8)*3'(4%- %/ (+) 4-().*4(; '-6 )346)-(4'*; 3'10) %/ (+) 8)4<)6 4()&# P%*)%3)*2 (+) 4880) %/ -%-V7%&>14'-7) ,4(+ M)7(4%- 9! %/ EC _!\Z 7'--%( 5) *'48)6 /%* (+) /4*8( (4&) %- '>>)'1 C),#'$, -. [("A$$(1 2.+. 3#. ;4:5S:1 F&N&J@ 641 ;<4GI.

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T#

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=+)- '- '7708)6 *'48)8 (+) 4880) %/ -%-V7%&>14'-7) 5; (+) >%147) %//47)*8 ,4(+ M)7# 9! %/ (+) SEE %/ E#C# _!\Z >'*(4701'*1; (+) 1'7K %/ >+;847'1 4-3)-(%*; %/ (+) 8)4<)6 8>)74&)- '-6 (+) -%-V('K4-. %/ >+%(%.*'>+ (+)*)%/ %'>>)'1 '/()* (+) GC *)-6)*)6 ' 6)7484%-2 (+) G%0*( &08( 0>+%16 +48 7%-347(4%-# G'5*)*' 8+%016 +'3) *'48)6 (+) 8'46 4880) 5)/%*) (+) (*4'1 7%0*(# :*01;2 %5W)7(4%- (% )346)-7) 7'--%( 5) *'48)6 /%* (+) /4*8( (4&) %- '>>)'1# =+)- ' >'*(; 6)84*)8 (+) 7%0*( (% *)W)7( (+) )346)-7) %//)*)62 +) &08( 8% 8('() 4- (+) /%*& %/ '- %5W)7(4%-# =4(+%0( 807+ %5W)7(4%-2 +) 7'--%( *'48) (+) [0)8(4%- /%* (+) /4*8( (4&) %- '>>)'1 C),#'$, -. /(>*,*(1 2.+. 3#. 47<4S51 3#-,0>,* 4;1 ;<4=I.

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! JIE@A= IRR@A=< ?K<<=J;@;@IK?EQ JE:A=N : B:<@aK:D: stick in a student’s pocket and then arrested him for

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&? ;9= J<=?=D;:;@ID IR :D @DRI
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$%# :+) >*)8)-('(4%- %/ '- 4-/%*&'-( 4- '- 411).'1 6*0.8 7'8) 48 -%( )88)-(4'1 /%* (+) 7%-347(4%- -%* 48 4( 4-648>)-8'51) /%* ' 8077)88/01 >*%8)70(4%- 5)7'08) +48 ()8(4&%-; ,%016 5) &)*)1; 7%**%5%*'(43) '-6 cumulative. The informant’s testimony is not need )6 4/ (+) 8'1) %/ (+) 411).'1 6*0. +'8 5))- '6)[0'()1; >*%3)- 5; (+) >*%8)70(4%- C),#'$, -. F0(9J,%1 GG; M/+F 5S=1 ],%,0>,* 4=1 ;<44I.

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0)*$_ :+) 7%**)7( '-8,)* 48 -%( 4-7106)6 4- (+) 7+%47)8# The correct answer is “planting of evidence.” M)7(4%- 9_ %/ E#C# _!\Z2 :+) G%&>*)+)-843) B'-.)*%08 B*0.8 C7( %/ 9RR92 8>)74/47'11; >0-48+)8 (+) '7( %/ >1'-(4-. 6'-.)*%08 6*0.8# M)7(4%- 9_ >*%346)8 (+'( '-; person who is found guilty of “planting” any dangerous 6*0. '-6g%* 7%-(*%11)6 >*)70*8%* '-6 )88)-(4'1 7+)&47'12 *).'*61)88 %/ [0'-(4(; '-6 >0*4(;2 8+'11 80//)* (+) >)-'1(; %/ 6)'(+#

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M)7(4%- TH77I2 E#C# _!\Z 6)/4-)8 >1'-(4-. %/ )346)-7) '8 (+) ,411/01 '7( %/ '-; >)*8%- %/ &'1474%081; '-6 80**)>(4(4%081; 4-8)*(4-.2 >1'74-.2 '664-. %* '(('7+4-.2 64*)7(1; %* 4-64*)7(1;2 (+*%0.+ '-; %3)*( %* 7%3)*( '7(2 ,+'()3)* [0'-(4(; %/ '-; 6'-.)*%08 6*0. '-6g%* 7%-(*%11)6 >*)70*8%* '-6 )88)-(4'1 7+)&47'1 4- (+) >)*8%-2 +%08)2 )//)7(8 %* 4- (+) 4&&)64'() 3474-4(; %/ '4--%7)-( 4-643460'1 /%* (+) >0*>%8) %/ 4&>147'(4-.2 4-7*4&4-'(4-. %* 4&>0(4-. (+) 7%&&4884%- %/ '-; 34%1'(4%- %/ E#C# _!\Z#

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;9= JIE@A= IRR@A=I<:;I
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information. They argued, however, that Adalim’s

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= 9=EN E@:>E=G U)8# =4(+%0( ' 7%0*( %*6)*2 C&541 '-6 C>)1'6% (*'-8/)**)6 C6'14& '-6 6)('4-)6 +4& 4- ' >1'7) %(+)* (+'- (+) >*%34-74'1 W'41# :+) 1'(()* ,'8 +%08)6 4- &07+ &%*) 7%&/%*('51) [0'*()*82 >*%346)6 5)(()* -%0*48+&)-(2 ,'8 /*)) (% &%3) '5%0( (+) +%08) '-6 ,'(7+ ()1)3484%-# C&541 *)'641; )@()-6)6 (+)8) 5)-)/4(8 (% C6'14& %- (+) &)*) *)>*)8)-('(4%- %/ +48 1',;)*8 (+'( (+) &';%*a8 14/) ,%016 5) >0( 4- 6'-.)* 4-846) (+) >*%34-74'1 W'41 CF0>A$ 8*. -. M(9"AN(9>(B(91 2.+. 3#. 4S5=5S1 8&$B G1 ;<44I.

!"!#$%&"' ")%%&**$$ +,-.

3)454-&% %&' refused to sign Triple A’s Business Permit despite Triple A’s payment of renewal fees, submission of

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U)82 (+)*) 48 &'-4/)8( >'*(4'14(; '-6 5'6 /'4(+# :+)*) 48 “manifest partiality” when there is a clear, notorious, or >1'4- 4-714-'(4%- %* >*)641)7(4%- (% /'3%* %-) 846) %* >)*8%- *'(+)* (+'- '-%(+)*# :here is “evident bad faith” if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but it is only Triple A’s permit which was not approved, '-6 '18% 1', )-/%*7)&)-( '.)-74)8 )@%-)*'()6 J'1)-<0)1' /*%& (+)8) 411).'1 '7(434(4)8# L)-7)2 P';%* Fuentes’ belated action in not approving the said business permit because of Valenzuela’s alleged 4-3%13)&)-( 4- 411).'1 '7(434(4)8 8>)'K8 %/ )346)-( 5'/6 /'4(+ '-6 &'-4/)8( >'*(4'14(;# C+#-,*@# ). H&,9@,J -J. ),#'$, #T @E, )EA$A''A9,J1 2+ 4:G=;41 F'*A$ 4S1 ;<4SI

Demaala’s contention tenable? $%2 F*)3)-(43) M08>)-84%- ,'8 >*%>)* (% >*)3)-( P';%* B)&''1' /*%& 7%&&4((4-. /0*(+)* '7(8 %/ &'1/)'8'-7) 4the office. it stated further that Mayor Demaala’s re V )1)7(4%- (% %//47) 6%)8 -%( -)7)88'*41; >*)3)-( +)* 808>)-84%-# F)-64-. >*%8)70(4%-8 /%* 34%1'(4%-8 %/ EC TR!_ 7%&&4(()6 5; '- )1)7(43) %//474'1 60*4-. %-) ()*& &'; 5) (+) 5'848 /%* +48 808>)-84%- 4- ' 8058)[0)-( ()*& 8+%016 +) 5) *)V)1)7()6 (% (+) 8'&) >%84(4%- %* %//47)# S( was also held that by Mayor Demaala’s arraignment, she *)7%.-4<)6 (+) 3'1464(; %/ (+) S-/%*&'(4%-8 '.'4-8( +)* *)-6)*4-. (+) 4880'-7) %/ %*6)* %/ 808>)-84%- '8 ' & '(()* %/ 7%0*8)# CX&%,9( ],0(($( -J M(9"AN(9>(B(91 2+ 3# 4S65;61 H,>*&(*B 471 ;<4=I

29I :<= JK>E@A IRR@A=)*8%-8 ,+%2 5; 64*)7( >*%3484%- %/ (+) 1',2 >%>01'* )1)7(4%- %* '>>%4-(&)-( 5; 7%&>)()-( '0(+%*4(;2 ('K) >'*( 4- (+) >)*/%*&'-7) %/ >05147 /0-7(4%-8 4- (+) N%3)*-&)-( %/ (+) F+414>>4-)82 %* >)*/%*& 4- 8'46 N%3)*-&)-( %* 4- '-; %/ 4(8 5*'-7+)8 >05147 60(4)8 '8 '- )&>1%;))2 '.)-( %* 805%*64-'() %//474'12 %/ '-; *'-K %* 71'88# HC*(# 9RT2 EFGI

%:Q : JK>E@A IRR@A=< A9:M IR Republic Act No. 3019 [“directly or indirectly

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29:; J<=\AIDN@;@ID? :<= D=A=??:= B=; I< ?:;@?R@=N >=RI<= J<=U=D;@U= ?K?J=D?@ID B:Q >= I
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'8$"&!1 8/)*$"*&)0 )5 "X&1#/$0 !7!&0'* "X &1# !36'$W $b81)&*!*&)0 !0# #&'"/&%&0!*&)0 !"*

U)8# (+) 84-.1) '-6 0-4-()-6)6 '7( %/ 5%@4-. M+43' ,+41) P'50-%( ,'8 )-.'.)6 4- ' /48( /4.+( ,4(+ '-%(+)* /'118 ,4(+4- (+) 6)/4-4(4%- %/ 7+416 '508) 0-6)* EC b\!R '8 EC 7610 is intended to “provide special protection to 7+416*)- /*%& '11 /%*&8 %/ '508)2 -).1)7(2 7*0)1(;2 )@>1%4('(4%- '-6 6487*4&4-'(4%- '-6 %(+)* 7%-64(4%-82 prejudicial to their development.” Child abuse referee to (+) 4-/147(4%- %/ >+;847'1 %* >8;7+%1%.47'1 4-W0*;2 7*0)1(;2 %* -).1)7(2 8)@0'1 '508) %* )@>1%4('(4%- %/ ' 7+416# F+;847'1 4-W0*; 4-7106)8 50( 4( 48 -%( 14&4()6 (% 1'7)*'(4%-82 /*'7(0*)6 5%-)82 4-()*-'1 4-W0*4)8 %* %(+)* 5%641; +'*6 80//)*)6 5; (+) 7+416# M+43' ,'8 %-1; !? ;)'*8 %16 ,+)8+) *)7)43)6 (+) 51%, ,+47+ /*'7(0*)6 +)* *45# 5)4-. ' 7+4162 8+) 48 0-6)* (+) >*%()7(43) &'-(1) %/ EC b\!R2 ,+47+ >0-48+)8 (+) &'1(*)'(&)-( %/ ' 7+4162 ,+)(+)* (+) 8'&) 48 +'54(0'1 %* -%(# P%*)%3)*2 (+) SEE %/ EC b\!R *)/)*8 (+) /*'7(0*)6 5%-)8 '8 /'114-. ,4(+4- (+) 7%3)*'.) %/ >+;847'1 4-W0*4)82 ,+47+ &'; 5) 4-/147()6 (% ' 7+4162 *)-6)*4-. (+) '7708)6 14'51) /%* EC b\!R# Hd)8()* P'50-%( 38 F)%>1) %/ (+) F+414>>4-)82 NE 9R?\Z_2 M)>(# !_2 9R!\I

)D fKEQ -W +,,SW f=; %:;KE@?W : J=NIJ9@E=W L:U= 8-W ,,,P,, ;I '9=<:;I< @D;I 9=< U:L@D: F@;9 ?KA9 RIE=N J=A:K?= IR ?9IAV A:K?=N >Q 9=BI<<9:L=P &R '9=@E@;Q IR f=; %:;KE@?G H3!/ +,,YM :+) 7*4&)8 %/ +%&4746) '-6 7+416 '508) 4- 34%1'(4%- %/ E#C# b\!R HM>)74'1 F*%()7(4%- %/ G+416*)- '.'4-8( '508)2 )@>1%4('(4%-2 6487*4&4-'(4%- '-6 /%* %(+)* >0*>%8)8I2 '*) 7%&&4(()6 5; d)( P'(01482 >*%346)6 M+)*1; 48 -%( 1)88 (+'!9 ;)'*8 %16# S/ M+)*1; ,'8 1)88 (+'- !9 ;)'*8 %16 (+)-2 (+) 7*4&) 7%&&4(()6 5; P'(0148 48 *'>) H(+*%0.+ 8)@0'1 '88'01(I ,4(+ L%&4746)2 ' 8>)74'1 7%&>1)@ 7*4&) 0-6)* C*(471) 9\\V^ %/ (+) E)348)6 F)-'1 G%6)#

3IDL:EID F:? A9:K?= KDN=< '=AP -, H:M IR /P!P g[-,P 3IDL:EID :EE=L=NEQ J9Q?@A:EEQ :>K?=N :DNoI< B:E;<=:;=N f:Q?ID H-+ Q=::AV :DN >Q ?E:JJ@DL ?:@N B@DI< 9@;;@DL 9@? E=R; A9==V :DN

!!!W -S Q=:< IEN >IQW F=D; ;I : >=:A9 <=?I<; ;IL=;9=< F@;9 8@DE:A ;I :;;=DN : R<:;=
:DN ?BIV= B:<@aK:D:W !!! EI?; AID;EQ N@?=N !!!W :DN J=Q ?KAV@DL 9@? J=D@? KD;@E 9= =a:AKE:;=NP &? 8@DE:A E@:>E= RI< U@IE:;@ID IR /! g[-,G

uttering derogatory remarks to the latter’s family. On

9@? J:<;W 3IDL:EID N=D@=N 9:U@DL J9Q?@A:EEQ :>K?=N I< B:E;<=:;=N f:Q?ID >K; IDEQ AIDR
#@N 3IDL:EID :A;? :BIKD;=N ;I A9@EN :>K?= KDN=< /P!P g[-,G ?D

!"# %&' ()*+'**, -.#*" /012 U)82 F4-1'7 48 14'51) /%* 34%1'(4%- %/ EC b\!R# :+) M('() +'6 8'(48/'7(%*41; )8('5148+)6 (+) /%11%,4-. )1)&)-(8 7%-8(4(0(43) %/ (+) %//)-8) 7+'*.)6Y hH!I (+) '7708)6 7%&&4(8 (+) '7( %/ 8)@0'1 4-()*7%0*8) %* 1'87434%08 7%-607(Q H9I (+) 8'46 '7( 48 >)*/%*&)6 ,4(+ ' 7+416 )@>1%4()6 4- >*%8(4(0(4%- %* 805W)7()6 (% 8)@0'1 '508)Q '-6 HTI (+) 7+4162 ,+)(+)* &'1) %* /)&'1)2 48 5)1%, !D ;)'*8 %/ '.)#h S- (+48 7'8) CCC ,'8 !? ;)'*8 %16 ,+)- +) was subjected to sexual abuse. Pinlac’s act in disrobing (+) &4-%* CCC2 ,+% ,'8 (+)- 0-6)* (+) 4-/10)-7) %/ 411).'1 6*0.8 '-6 14[0%* '/()* +) ,'8 &'6) (% ('K) (+)& 5; F4-1'72 '-6 (+)*)'/()*2 807K4-. CCCa8 >)-482 48 71)'*1; ' 1'87434%08 7%-607( >)*/%*&)6 5; F4-1'7 % - CCC# C3A%(9#* )A9$(% -J ),#'$, #T @E, )EA$A''A9,J1 2.+. 3#. 47S=5:1 3#-,0>,* 441 ;<45I

f6T$0&1$ f6'*&"$ !0# 2$15!/$ !"* 29:; :<= ';:;K? )RR=D?=?G M('(08 %//)-8)8 *)/)* (% %//)-8)8 ,+47+ 6487*4&4-'() %-1; '.'4-8( ' 7+4162 ,+41) '- '601( 6%)8 -% ( 80//)* '-; >)-'1(; /%* 7%&&4((4-. 84&41'* '7(8# :+)8) 8+'11 4-7106) 70*/), 34%1'(4%-8Q (*0'-7;2 >'*)-('1 648%5)64)-7) '-6 (+) 14K) CM,%. =d*e1 +F 76==I#

%@A9:=E F:? -g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

":D ;9= J= L@U=D <=;)*8%-8 ,+% '*) '1*)'6; 7%-347()6 %* '*) 8)*34-. 8)-()-7) 50( ,+% ,)*) &4-%*8 '( (+) (4&) %/ (+) 7%&&4884%- %/ (+) 7*4&)2 8+'11 5) .43)*)(*%'7(43) '>>147'(4%- %/ (+) 1',#

#I=? '=AP O. IR /P!P ÔSS J*%3484%- % / E#C# _T?? 6%)8 -%( 648(4-.048+ '8 (% (+) -'(0*) %/ (+) 7*4&) 7%&&4(()6

?_

5; (+) %//)-6)*2 (+)*)/%*)2 ('K4-. 4-(% 7%-846)*'(4%- (+) *01) 4- M('(0(%*; G%-8(*07(4%-2 (+'( ,+)- (+) 1', 6%)8 -%( 648(4-.048+2 -)4(+)* 8+%016 (+) 7%0*( 648(4-.048+ C),#'$, -. M(*%A( 2.+. 3#. 4G7G=41 M,'@,0>,* 4<1 ;<<7I.

0)*$_ :+) *014-. 4- ),#'$, -. M(*%A( ,'8 *)4()*'()6 4-),#'$, -. D(9@($(>( ,+)*) (+) MG +)16 (+'( ,+41) M)7(4%- TD %/ E#C# _T?? >*%346)8 (+'( 808>)-84%- %/ 8)-()-7) 7'- 8(411 5) '>>14)6 )3)- 4/ (+) 7+416 4- 7%-/147( ,4(+ (+) 1', 48 '1*)'6; )4.+())- H!DI ;)'*8 %/ '.) %* & %*) '( (+) (4&) %/ (+) >*%-%0 -7)&)-( %/ +48g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

X6%!0 '$"6/&*c !"* )5 +,,g ! >K? RKEE IR A9@EN<=D RE= ;I :E@L9; RK?W 9=<= AIB=? b @D RKEE >:;;E= L=:K?P b 9I?;:L=N ;9= A9@EN<=DP *9=<=:R;=K?P *9=?= A:<;IE@D:? AID;:@D=N 9@? N=B:DN? ;I ;9= LIU=:?=N ID : U:E@N AIBJE:@D; F@;9 U@IE:;@ID IR /P!P Ôg+P X= F:? 9IF=U=< :AZK@;;=NP ":D ;9= ';:;= ?;@EE J*%346)6 (+'( ,+)- ' >)*8%- +'8 5))- >*%8)70()6 0-6)* ' >*%3484%- %/ E#C# _Tb92 0>%- ' 3'146 7%&>1'4-( %* 4-/% *&'(4%- %* %(+)* /%*&'1 7+'*.) 80//474)-( 4- /%*& '-6 8058('-7) (% 808('4' 7%-347(4%- '-6 '/()* (+) '7708)6 +'6 >1)'6)6 (% (+) 7+'*.)2 (+) '7[04(('1 %/ (+) '7708)6 %* (+ ) 648&488'1 %/ (+) 7'8) 8+'11 5) ' 5'* (% '-%(+)* >*%8)70(4%- /%* '-; %//)-8) %* /)1%-; ,+47+ 48 -)7)88'*41; 4-7106)6 4- (+) %//)-8) 7+'*.)6 0-6)* E#C#_Tb9#

!0*&\*/!55&"4&07 &0 8$/')0' !"* =.P. :NU=<;@?=N ID ;9= @D;=
RI< AIBB==:K;QW :JJE@=N RI< ;9= J= : 9@L9\=DN >=A:B= ID= IR @;? BI?; R=:;K<=N :;;<:A;@ID?P 29:; @? =.P.’s liability, if :DQG 29:; =RR=A; FIKEN G,*L,’s minority have on =.P.’s liability? (BAR 2014) X#?# 48 14'51) %/ (+) 7*4&) %/ :*'//47K4-. 4- F)*8%-8 0-6)* E#C#_9RD# L) *)7*04()62 %//)*)6 '-6 +4*)6 2(9"( 5; &)'-8 %/ /*'06 %* 6)7)>(4%- /%* (+) >0*>%8) %/

!"!#$%&"' ")%%&**$$ +,-.

3)454-&% %&' )@>1%4('(4%- %* >*%8(4(0(4%-# ^; &)'-8 %/ 6)7)4(2 4#)#2 4- (+) .048) %/ &'K4-. +)* ' 7%&&)*74'1 &%6)12 X#?# *)7*04()6 2(9"( /%* (+) >0*>%8) %/ >*%8(4(0(4%-#

(+) 6'() '>>)'*4-. (+)*)%-2 /%* ,+47+ *)'8%- 4( 48 648+%-%*)6 5; (+) 6*',)) 5'-K CM,%. 41 '(*. ;1 [) ;;I

0)*$_ =+)*) (+) 7+)7K 48 6*',- 5; ' 7%*>%*'(4%-2 Ganda’s &4-%*4(; 48 ' [0'14/;4-. 74*70&8('-7)# `-6)* M)7(4%- \2 E#C#_9RD2 ,+)- (+) (*'//47K)6 >)*8% - 48 ' 7+4162 (+) 7*4&) 7%&&4(()6 48 i0'14/4)6 :*'//47K4-. 4- F)*8%-82 >)-'14<)6 5; 14/) 4&>*48%-&)-(#

7%&>'-; %* )-(4(;2 (+) >)*8%- %* >)*8%-8 ,+% '7(0'11; 84.-)6 (+) 7+)7K 4- 5)+'1/ %/ 807+ 6*',)* 8+'11 5) 14'51) 0-6)* (+48 C7( CM,%. 41 '(*. 61 [) ;;I

29=<= ?9IKEN : A:?= RI< : U@IE:;@ID IR 3P8P ++ >= R@E=NG

!0*&\5$0"&07 1!2

S( 48 ,)11 8)((1)6 (+'( U@IE:;@ID? IR 38 ++ A:?=? :<= A:;=LI<@`=N :? ;<:D?@;I'14(; %* ()**4(%*;2 ,+41) 8%&) %770* 4- '-%(+)*# S807+ 7'8)82 (+) 7%0*( ,+)*)4- '-; %/ (+) 7*4&)a8 )88)-(4'1 '-6 &'()*4'1 '7(8 +'3) 5))- 7%&&4(()6 &'4-('4-8 W0*48647(4%- (% (*; (+) 7'8)Q 4( 5)4-. 0-6)*8(%%6 (+'( (+) /4*8( 7%0*( ('K4-. 7%.-4<'-7) %/ (+) 8'&) )@7106)8 (+) %(+)*# :+082 ' >)*8%- 7+'*.)6 ,4(+ ' 7%-(4-04-. %* (*'-84(%*; 7*4&) &'; 5) 3'1461; (*4)6 4- '-; &0-474>'14(; %* ()**4(%*; ,+)*) (+) %//)-8) ,'8 4- >'*( 7%&&4(()6#

*==D ;9= ?K>a=A; IR >=%88)884%- %/ (+) 8(%1)- .%%68 .43)8 *48) (% (+) >*4&' /'74) >*)80&>(4%- %/ /)-74-.#

!KQ :DN ?=EE IR K?=N L:Q ;9= JIE@A= @D : <:@N IR 9=< ?;I<= @D 3:LK@I "@;Q F=<= ><:DN\D=F =."() M)',"L >E:`=
3P8P ++ T&'\]\T&' @?D1M1 3P8P ++ P'10& >*%+454(0&# G*4&) '.'4-8( >05147 4-()*)8(# B)7)4( 48 -%( *)[04*)6# F0-48+)8 (+) &'K4-. %* 6*',4-. %/ '-; 7+)7K (+'( 48 8058)[0)-(1; 648+%-%*)62 ,+)(+)* 4880)6 4- >';&)-( %/ '%514.'(4%- %* (% &)*)1; .0'*'-()) '%514.'(4%-#

No, a charge of “fencing” will not prosper. “Fencing” is 7%&&4(()6 ,+)- ' >)*8%-2 ,4(+ 4-()-( (% .'4- /%* +4&8)1/ %* /%* '-%(+)*2 6)'18 4- '-; &'--)* ,4(+ '- '*(471) %/ 3'10) ,+47+ +) K-%,8 %* 8+%016 5) K-%,- (% +4& (% +'3) 5))- 6)*43)6 /*%& >*%7))68 %/ (+)/( %* *%55)*; HM,%.;1 )] 4G4;I# :+082 /%* ' 7+'*.) %/ /)-74-. (% >*%8>)*2 4( &08( /4*8( 5) )8('5148+)6 (+'( ' (+)/( %* *%55)*; %/ (+) '*(471) subject of the alleged “fencing” has been committed V ' /'7( ,+47+ 48 ' ,'-(4-. 4- (+48 7'8)#

S( 48 (+) 4880'-7) %/ ' 7+)7K2 -%( (+) -%-V >';&)-( %/ %514.'(4%,+47+ 48 >0-48+)6# J4%1'()6 4/ 7+)7K 48 4880)6 4- >';&)-( %/ ' >*)V)@48(4-. %514.'(4%-# B'&'.) 48 -%( *)[04*)6#

S( 8+%016 5) -%()6 (+'( (+) 808>)7( 48 )-.'.)6 4- (+) 50; '-6 8)11 %/ 08)6 .'*&)-(82 ,+47+ '*) 4- (+) -'(0*) %/ >)*8%-'1 >*%>)*(;# S- 74341 1',2 >%88)884%- %/ >)*8%-'1 %* movable property carries with it a’ '*A0( T(%A, presumption of ownership. The presumption of “fencing” '*48)8 %-1; ,+)- (+) '*(471) %* 4()& 4-3%13)6 48 (+) 805W)7( %/ ' *%55)*; %* (+4)3)*; CM,%. 51 )] 4G4;I#

3)60"&07 "X$"4' 1!2

B)7)4( 48 '- )1)&)-(# :+) '7( 7%-8(4(0(4-. (+) %//)-8) 48 >%8(6'(4-. %* 48804-. ' 7+)7K 4- >';&)-( %/ '- %514.'(4%- ,+)- (+) %//)-6)* +'8 -% /0-68 4- (+) 5'-K %* +48 /0-68 6)>%84()6 (+)*)4- ,)*) -%( 80//474)-( (% 7%3)* (+) '&%0-( %/ (+) 7+)7K#

$%( 34%1'()6 4/ 7+)7K 48 4880)6 4- >';&)-( %/ ' >*)V )@48(4-. %514.'(4%-# B'&'.) 48 *)[04*)6#

48 .43)- Y B*',)* 48 .43)- O N:Q? (% >:DV@DL N:Q? (% &'K) &'K) '**'-.)&)-(8 /%* B*',)*

29I :<= ;9= J=E= KDN=< 3P8P ++G

'**'-.)&)-(8 %/ >';&)-( '/()* *)7)4>( %/ -%(47) %/ 648+%-%*#

!# C-; >)*8%- ,+% &'K)8 %* 6*',8 '-6 4880)8 '-; 7+)7K (% '>>1; %- '77%0-( %* /%* 3'10)2 K-%,4-. '( (+) (4&) %/ 4880) (+'( +) 6%)8 -%( +'3) 80//474)-( /0-68 4- %* 7*)64( ,4(+ (+) 6*',)) 5'-K /%* (+) >';&)-( %/ 807+ 7+)7K 4- /011 0>%- 4(8 >*)8)-(&)-(2 ,+47+ 7+)7K 48 8058)[0)-(1; 648+%-%*)6 5; (+) 6*',)) 5'-K /%* 4-80//474)-7; %/ /0-68 %* 7*)64( %* ,%016 +'3) 5))648+%-%*)6 /%* (+) 8'&) *)'8%- +'6 -%( (+) 6*',)*2 ,4(+%0( '-; 3'146 *)'8%-2 %*6)*)6 (+) 5'-K (% 8(%> >';&)-(Q CM,%. 41 '(*. 41 [) ;;I 9#

@?D1M1 P'10& 4- 8)# G*4&) '.'4-8( >*%>)*(;#

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A and B agreed to meet at the latter’s house to discuss B’s financial problems. On his way, one of A’s car tires

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C-; >)*8%- ,+% +'34-. 80//474)-( /0-68 4- %* 7*)64( ,4(+ (+) 6*',)) 5'-K ,+)- +) &'K)8 %* 6*',8 '-6 4880)8 ' 7+)7K2 8+'11 /'41 (% K))> 80//474)-( /0-68 %* (% &'4-('4- ' 7*)64( (% 7%3)* (+) /011 '&%0-( %/ (+) 7+)7K 4/ >*)8)-()6 ,4(+4- ' >)*4%6 %/ _R 6';8 /*%&

C2 ,+% -).%(4'()6 (+) 0-/0-6)6 7+)7K %/ ^ 4- 50;4-. ' -), (4*) /%* +48 7'*2 &'; %-1; 5) >*%8)70()6 /%* ,J@(T( 4/ +) ,'8 ','*) '( (+) (4&) %/ 807+ -).%(4'(4%- (+'( (+)

ZR

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!0*&\"!/0!88&07 !"*W !' !%$0#$# A is the driver of B’s Mercedes Benz car. When B was

ID : ;<@J ;I 8:<@?W ! K?=N ;9= A:< RI< : aIQ <@N= F@;9 " F9IB= 9= @? AIK<;@DLP 6DRI<;KD:;=EQW ! B=; :D :AA@N=D;P 6JID 9@? <=;KIK; ;9= KD:K;9I<@`=N K?= IR ;9= A:< :DN ?K=N ! RI< ZK:E@R@=N ;9=R;P 3 :EE=L=N ;9:; ! ;IIV :DN K?=N ;9= A:< F@;9 @D;=D; ;I L:@D :? 9= N=<@U=N ?IB= >=D=R@; I< ?:;@?R:A;@ID R>4-.# :+) 0-1',/01 ('K4-. %/ &%(%* 3)+471)8 48 -%, 7%3)*)6 5; (+) C-(4V G'*-'>>4-. X',2 '-6 -%( 5; (+) >*%3484%-8 %- [0'14/4)6 (+)/( %* *%55)*;# :+) 7%-7)>( %/ 7'*-'>>4-. 48 (+) 8'&) '8 (+'( %/ *%55)*; '-6 (+)/(# S- (+48 7'8)2 C (%%K (+) 7'* ,4(+%0( (+) 7%-8)-( %/ ^ ,4(+ 4-()-( (% ()&>%*'*41; 6)>*43) +4& %/ (+) 7'*# C1(+%0.+ (+) taking was “temporary” or for a “joy ride”, the Supreme G%0*( 4- ),#'$, -. [&J@A9,*( 808('4-8 '8 (+) 5)(()* 34), (+'( ,+47+ +%168 (+'( ,+)- ' >)*8%-2 )4(+)* ,4(+ (+) %5W)7( %/ .%4-. (% ' 7)*('4- >1'7)2 %* 1)'*-4-. +%, (% 6*43)2 %* )-W%;4-. ' /*)) *46)2 ('K)8 >%88)884%- %/ ' 3)+471) 5)1%-.4-. (% '-%(+)*2 ,4(+%0( (+) 7%-8)-( %/ 4(8 %,-)*2 +) 48 .041(; %/ (+)/( 5)7'08) 5; ('K4-. >%88)884%- %/ (+) >)*8%-'1 >*%>)*(; 5)1%-.4-. (% '-%(+)* '-6 084-. 4(2 +48 4-()-( (% .'4- 48 )346)-( 84-7) +) 6)*43)8 (+)*)/*%& 0(414(;2 8'(48/'7(4%-2 )-W%;&)-( '-6 >1)'80*)#

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UST Preweek Notes - Criminal Law

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