VERCELES Thesis Proposal

“i-CON OF SPORT” A Multi-Use Football Stadium and Sport Center

by ALEJANDRO JOSEPH E. VERCELES

An undergraduate thesis proposal Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for ARCH 199.1: Design Thesis Proposal College of Architecture University of the Philippines July 2011

i-CON of Sport, Verceles

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1.0

BACKGROUND Filipinos prove their courage in sports as they harvest medals in different events. In the

international level, Filipinos stamp their marks as they prove to be the best among the best.

There are six major sports in the Philippines. These are basketball, boxing, billiards, bowling, football and volleyball. Some of these sports events have rewarded the country richly and produced world champions like Paeng, Coo, Bata, Django, Amang, Flash, Pancho, Onyok, Caloy and Manny.

Other sports include baseball, american football, swimming, underwater diving, kayaking, sailing, wind surfing, cockfighting, horse racing, motor racing and jai-alai are also appreciated.

In the past few years, boxing has grown its popularity among Filipinos as more and more Filipino boxers have been continuously bringing pride and glory to the country through sports. As boxing had made a name among Filipino households, so did the Philippines made a name in the international scene of sport.

During the past months, Philippine football has been getting a lot of following and attention lately thanks to the Philippine Azkals- our national football team. They brought the honor and the love for football back in our country and that they can carry our flag high. In the near future, football (touted as the game suited for Filipinos as playing the game doesn’t require much of height in order to excel in the sport) could be the number one sport in the country. Having a good training facility further increases the competency of our athletes and at the same time put the country in the world of football. The state-of-the-art stadium will be the home of our national football team.

Recent years have seen a flurry of activity in the sports stadium sector around the world, compromising both construction and the expansion of existing structures. A significant part of this activity involves the provision of facilities serving notionally “national” sport infrastructure needs. The importance of sport as a trigger for tourism and leisure activities has also been observed, both in terms of its sociological drivers and effects and as a motivation for travel, either for participation or spectation.

Many countries have a national stadium, which typically serves as the primary or exclusive home for one or more of a country’s national representative sports teams. Usually, a national stadium will be in or very near a country’s capital city or largest city. It is generally (but


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not always) the country’s largest and most lavish sports venue. In many but not all cases, it is also used by a club team. 1.1

Top Ten Stadiums in the World

Seeing as there are so many enormous stadiums scattered across the world, it would take more than size into account when honing them down to a top ten list. Judgments were not made on the basis of any strict criteria, but rather, the unique characteristics each venue brought to the table, whether it is historical significance, architectural beauty, or technical wizardry.

Stadium Name

Use

Location

Opened

Capacity

1. International Stadium Yokohama

football & athletics

Yokohama, Japan

1998

72,327

2. Beijing National Stadium


Beijing, China

2008

80,000

3. Azadi Stadium

football

Tehran, Iran

1971

100,000

4. Estadio de Maracana

football

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

1950

82,238

5. Melbourne Cricket Grounds

football & cricket

Melbourne, Australia

1854

100,018

6. Stade Louis II


Fontvieille, Monaco

1939

18,500

7. Santiago Bernabeu Stadium

football

Madrid, Spain

1947

80,354

8. Old Trafford

football

Manchester, England

1910

75,957

9. Camp Nou

football

Barcelona, Spain

1957

99,354

10. Aztec Stadium

football

Mexico City, Mexico

1966

105,000

1. International Stadium Yokohama

2002 marked the first time that a World Cup tournament has taken place in an Asian country, as well as the first time that the tournament has been hosted by two countries simultaneously. The Japanese were certainly enthused they accommodated the 2002 World Cup final game.


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The point of pride for the Yokohama’s designers is the pitch itself: despite its orientation in an indoor facility, the grass on the field is natural. Accompanying this marvel is a movable roof, two massive replay screens at either end of the field, and a collection of 824 lights, arranged to eliminate the appearance of any shadows on the field.

2. Beijing National Stadium

Located at the south of the centerpiece Olympic Green in Beijing, is a stunning landmark, which staged the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. It also hosted the Summer Paralympics 2008 and Race of Champions 2009. It has been nicknamed the “bird’s nest” due to the web of twisting steel sections that form the roof.

3. Azadi Stadium

Iran may not be the ideal vacation spot for families or honeymooners, but could prove appealing to the more adventure-oriented. International turmoil aside, Iran is still a safe and beautiful country to visit. And azadi Stadium, one of the largest in the world, is considered a must-see for travelers. Built in preparation for the 1974 Asian Games, the building was designed to accommodate 100,000 people, a number that is frequently exceeded by as much as 30,000.

4. Estadio de Maracana

Brazil and soccer. When you think of one, you think of the other. Given this level of fanaticism, it should come as no surprise that Brazil boast’s the world’s second largest stadium in Maracana, with an official capacity of approximately 125,000.

The Maracan was built for the 1950 World Cup tournament, and its structure, until recently, has remained untouched. This hands-off approach to stadium maintenance left Maracana imbued with historical significance and a mecca for architecture and soccer enthusiasts alike.

5. Melbourne Cricket Grounds

With a capacity of 100,000, the MCG or the G as locals call it, it is the largest stadium in Australia and for that matter, in cricket. The stadium is also the symbolic spiritual heart


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of sport in the country. On the global stage, The MCG is known as the jewel of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games.

6. Stade Louis II

This stadium is a fairly new one, having been inaugurated in 1985 as a replacement for the original Louis II Stadium, which was completed in 1937. This building doesn’t boast much in the way of history, and at a 20,000 capacity, hardly rivals other venues in terms of size, but it stands out nonetheless by virtue of its architectural magnificence. In keeping with the surrounding city, this place is plush – sporting facilities aside, the Louis II is home to fine boutiques and office space, and is renowned as one of the most comfortable stadiums in Europe.

7. Santiago Bernabeu Stadium Real Madrid is one of Europe’s oldest, and arguably most successful, soccer squads, and its home stadium enjoys a history that is nearly as rich. Although the club was founded in 1902, the team did not have their own venue until 1924, when they moved into the Chamartin Stadium. After the Chamartin was destroyed in the Spanish Civil War, club president Santiago Berbaneu commissioned the construction of this building on the same ground.

8. Old Trafford

The richest sports club in the world (Manhester United) also plays in one of the most venerated stadiums on the planet. Just the name Old Trafford alone is enough to evoke images of the iconic structure, let alone of giants like George Best, Sir Bobby Charlton, David Beckham and Sir Alex Ferguson.

9. Camp Nou

Feel free to make yor case Real Madrid fans. Although it is granted to Santiago Bernabeu the elite status among world stadiums, Camp Nou edges it out by a hair. Overall the complex is more impressive, grandiose and the fans, much rowdier.


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10. Aztec Stadium

One of the most impressive stadiums in which to catch a football match, Estadio Azteca is simply colossal. The official capacity of 115,000 makes it the third largest stadium in the world. Azteca is home to the legendary Club America and draws massive crowds for the Mexico City squad. 1.2

List of Stadiums in the Philippines


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Table 1.1

List of stadiums in the Philippines. Also shown above are functions (use),

location, capacity and year of opening

1.3

Rizal Memorial Stadium- Our National Stadium

During the early years of the Philippine national team, they played their home matches at the Manila Carnival Grounds. By 1934 it became the site of the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex. One of the facilities within the complex is the 30,000 capacity national stadium, known as the Rizal Memorial Track and Football Stadium or simply the Rizal Memorial Stadium (RMS). Since its opening, it has been the venue of the Philippine national team.

However, it has also become a hub for athletics. The continued use for athletics along with poor maintenance has deteriorated the stadium and the 1991 Southeast Asian Games was the last time it was used for international football matches. Other stadiums used were Barotac Nuevo Plaza Field, Iloilo Sports Complex, PhilSports Stadium and the Panaad Stadium. The latter was recently considered to host the semifinal matches of the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup between the Philippines and Indonesia, but was disqualified for not satisfying the standards of the ASEAN Football Federation.

Sport is a tool for social reform and it fosters values like solidarity, teamwork and discipline towards nation building. In the Philippines, sport is a unifying factor for the nation.


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Recognizing the impact of sports on nationalism, the government should address the shortage of sports facilities in the country and the need to prioritize mass sports as a vehicle for empowering the people.

1.3.1

Proposed Multi-use Stadium

Over the past two decades, sports facilities have become disposable buildings. Despite the opportunity for these projects to be energetic public nodes in cities, their development has been giuded by a narrow user group, focusing on revenue generation while sacrificing greater public venues. The idea that the best sports facilities must be singular in purpose has resulted in facilities that are not only inflexible, but also economically and environmentally irresponsible. Worse, they are often irrelevant or irreverent to the communities they serve.

Multi-use sportsfields are defined as those devoted to a variety of functions, including two or more sports activities. Non-sports uses may include concerts, film shoots, car shows, and more. Some of these fields also may used for parking and camping.

Typical environmental issues and concerns about the development of a new stadium include the following: 1.

increased vehicular traffic

2.

large numbers of noisy and often aggressive fans/ pedestrians

3.

noise from events

4.

bright building and event lighting

5.

overshadowing of adjacent buildings

6.

lack of activity around the stadium at non-event times

7.

inappropriate scale of the project in relation to its surroundings

With good analysis, design and operational controls, most of the following problems can be mitigated to satisfy neighbors. 1.4

Sport Center

Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are considered to be “fun”. The term recreation implies participation to be healthy refreshing mind and body.


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Humans spend their time in activities of daily living, work, sleep, social duties, and leisure, the latter time being free from prior commitments to physiologic or social needs, a prerequisite of recreation. Some factors that account for an increased role of recreation are affluence, population trends and increased commercialization of recreational offerings.

Private sponsors put up sports clinics to encourage the youth to engage in healthy recreation. Almost all barangays have several multi-purpose gyms which are ideal venues for basketball, volleyball, and badminton tournaments. Some public parks are also sites for exercise programs that include aerobics and dance exercises, among others.

The sport center will be a state-of-the-art facility dedicated to the celebration of Filipino sports and their significance in our lives and culture. It would be the place for domestic and international visitors to experience the thrill, value, and history of Philippine sports.

The center will offer exhibits and events that allow visitors to appreciate a variety of sports, teams, players, coaches, cities and fans. It will also serve as a central location for hosting nationally visible sports-related events.

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SETTING 2.1

Limitations

Though one of the goals of this project is to create a stadium that will host international competitions and alike, the development towards the game of football will be the main focus of the stadium proper. Pressure is often put on to inrease the field size or to include a running track. Occassionally, such requirements are unavoidable. Unfortunately, this will result in a much less successful facility than a football stadium that is specifically built around the football field’s dimensions.

Perhaps the largest cities of the world, with very large budgets and the objective of hosting the Olympic Games one day, might be capable of satisfying the needs of football and athletics. For a third world country like the Philippines, however, surrounding a football field with a running track in a modern stadium should be avoided.

The inclusion of the sport center will increase the utilization and improve the financial viability of the stadium. But it is not in the scope of this study to address the details surrounding the museum’s functions. The researcher will deal with spaces that are expertly deemed


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necessary on the center’s goal to educate Filipinos the significance of sports, develop opportunities for sports participation, promote sports excellence, and increase awareness of the benefits of physical education and recreational sports. 2.2

Assumptions

Some aspects of the research shall be assumed based on the results of the feasibility study that will be undertaken. These shall include assumptions regarding the source and amount of funds to be utilized for the complex as well as the actual possibility of its presence.

Meanwhile, in determining the seating capacity of the stadium for major international matches shall be based on FIFA standard of at least 30,000 people.

Lastly, the researcher shall carry on the project with the assumption that the PSC, POC and PFF along with the Senate will sought an act with the intention to develop football, and promote sports excellence as a whole. 2.3

Definition of Terms

a. i-CON – abbreviation term for Interactive-Based, Civic-Oriented Nucleus (of sports). A term applied by the researcher which refers to the facility of the stadium and the sport center in general. b. Sport Center – The sport center will be a world-class, interactive-based, civic-oriented museum dedicated to the celebration of Filipino sports and their significance in our lives and culture.

2.4

Site Study

Several factors were considered in the site selection of the project. These factors are not just concerned with the physical make-up of the location but also the present situational conditions of the area. In addition to these, other aspects included were the specific needs of the project as a structure and a facility.


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2.4.1

Site Size and Location

A stadium should be situated in a location which is sufficiently large to provide spacious and safe external public circulation/activity areas and marshalling space for service vehicles and functions. Also larger sites increase the possibility of providing adequate on-site parking areas – a requirement which will probably remain for the foreseeable future.

The availability of sufficient external space will also allow for future extension or redevelopment. Many famous stadiums around the world are in heavily developed locations with roads, buildings, and canals immediately adjacent on all sides. Their renovation and redevelopment possibilities are restricted by their limited site size and this is not a desirable situation.

The ultimate location would probably be a large city-centre site with good access to public transport, major roads, and motorways and parking that can be used by others when games are not being played. This reduces the possibility that large parking areas will be used for as little as 100 to 200 hours per year. A stadium with ambitions to host international events is more attractive to event holders if it is within comfortable reach of hotels and active commercial environments and at least one international airport.

2.4.2

Proximity to Commercial Area

The proximity of the stadium/ sportscenter to the city proper or to a commercial area is an important factor in a way that it is easily accessible.

The sportscenter location may be strength or it may be a weakness. Their location is one of the key factors in their accessibility, and a determining factor behind who visits them and how successful they are in meeting their mission. Identifying the best location for a new “sport center” needs careful consideration; factors such as physical accessibility, synergy with other cultural and allied facilities, potential for investment and contribution to regeneration programmes need to be borne in mind in examining options for a sport center’s location.

2.4.3

Access to Mass Transit

While it is normal for the arrival of spectators at the stadium to be spread over a sufficiently lengthy period to prevent undue congestion near the turnstiles, the majority of spectators will seek to leave the stadium at the same time, resulting in significant space


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requirements. To prevent such quandary, a reliable mass transit system adjacent to the stadium should be considered.

2.4.4

Utilities

As with other complexes that support a large number of users, the project would indeed benefit if adequate utility lines are already present in the site. This would include water supply lines, sewerage line, electricity lines and even telephone lines.

2.4.5

Land Availability

It is very important that there is a buildable land still available in the site with an appropriate size fit to build such a stadium. Having such would eliminate the need and the cost for demolition. Along with this, the land must be within the bounds of the land use zoning plan imposed by the local government. It may also be included within the locality’s allocated area for sports and recreation. Land availability not only means the presence of such land but the possibility of actually acquiring it.

2.4.6

Land Compatibility

This plan provides direction to the zoning by-law for the future development of the lands within the city’s jurisdiction. The transition will occur over time and until the lands are developed for the intended use, the use of these lands will be restricted to existing uses.

2.4.7

Chosen Site and Justification

There are two sites that have been considered to site the stadium, namely: North Triangle (Part of QC-CBD Plan) and Royal Ace Golf Driving Range, Brgy. Matandang Balara. Both sites are in Quezon City.

Criteria

1. Site Size & Location

North Triangle

Rating


Rating

Brgy. Matandang Balara, Quezon City

Quezon City

The site is about 30 hectares situated at the QC Triangle Exchange.

Royal Driving Range

5

The driving range is about 5 hectares. Buffer zones and public spaces around the property will enlarge the site twice as much (10 hectares).

3

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2. Proximity to Commercial Area

The site is located east of Trinoma Mall and SM City North EDSA. One of four districts included in QCCBD Master Plan.

3. Access to Mass Transit

EDSA Highway and MRT North Station is just one block away. MRT-7 line will be situated along North Avenue adjacent to the site.

4

4

West of the site is the Commonwealth Avenue. MRT7 line will be situated along Commonwealth Avenue and a station will be positioned adjacent to the site.

5

Power- Meralco

Power- Meralco

Water- Manila Water Co.

Water- Maynilad Water Services, Inc.

Communication- served by print broadcast, postal, telecomm, telephone & internet services

4. Utilities

5

The site is located just across the Don Antonio Drive south of Ever Gotesco Mall (Commonwealth) and East of Shopwise Commonwealth, Don Antonio Badminton Court.

5

Solid Waste Disposalgovernment collection system

Communication- served by print broadcast, postal, telecomm, telephone & internet services

5

Solid Waste Disposalgovernment collection system

5. Land Compatibility

Mixed-use Commercial Zone (QC-CBD Master Plan)

5

Residential Zone (as of year 2000, updating in progress)

1

6. Land Availability

It is owned by National Housing Authority. Informal settlers occupy some part of the site.

4

The driving range is privatelyowned by businessman Anthony Causon.

3

SCORE:

28/30

Table 2.1

21/30

Site Selection

2.5 Significance of the Study

The creation of the state-of-the-art multi-use football stadium would benefit the country in many aspects.

2.4.1

General – International Recognition

With such a facility, the country eventually will be recognized as top destinations for sports tourist in the region and at the same time provide leisure activities. The facility will be for interaction of athletes at all levels as well as an exciting sporting venue for community members seeking an active lifestyle. In the same way, the sportscenter would further increase


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Figure 2.1

Quezon City North Triangle Exchange (a 50 hectare land of the QC-CBD Master Plan)

Figure 2.2

The site occupies a total of 10 hectares (including buffer zones) north of Diliman


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the nation’s awareness in the value of sports and its history; and would develop opportunities for sports participation among Filipinos.

2.4.2

Specific – Philippine Football

A lot of coaches and concerned citizens whose aim is to promote and develop the level of football in the country expressed that rather than a shortage of ability, they attributed it to lack of unity, good training facilities and investment. With such a facility, we will indeed gain more recognition in the sport of football in the international scene.

2.4.3

Specific – Celebration of Philippine Sports

The sport center aims to educate Filipinos the significance of sports, develop opportunities for sports participation, promote sports excellence, and increase awareness of the benefits of physical education and recreational sports.

2.4.4

Architecture and Construction

Architecture presents a unique challenge in the field of sustainability. Construction typically consume large amounts of materials, produce tons of waste and often involve weighing the preservation of buildings that have historical significance against the desire for the development of newer, more modern designs.

Though the stadium will be of visionary in terms of architecture design, the goal is to create a healthy built environment based on resource efficient and ecological principles. 2.6 Initial Space Program

2.6.1

Multi-use Stadium

There are no known formulas for determining a stadium’s optimum capacity. It is very much a choice for those in charge of its development. However, for major FIFA international matches a stadium should seat at least 30,000 people.


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2.6.2

Sport Center

As a civic-oriented attraction, the sport center’s exhibits engage people of all ages through an interactive and celebratory environment.

A. Hall of Halls

The sport center will display a ring of individual tributes to Philippine sports, sports halls of fame, sports-related organizations that have partnered with, and are resources for the center.

B. Immersion Theater

This is the multimedia area of the sport center. Visitors could watch presentations of sports-related videos, live games and other all levels of sport talk.

C. Special Event Spaces

Each room will feature artifacts, architecture and others. Each sports-specific room within the sport center will touch on the sport’s history, its unique place within the fabric of sports and culture, greatest Filipino sports figure and moments, physical mechanics and more.

D. Retail Areas

The center will be featuring a retail shop where visitors are able to extend their connection to sports via the purchase of a variety of sports-related merchandise such as photographs, posters, apparel, arts, books, toys, games, CDs, videos and autographed memorabilia.

E. A unique café and a fine dining restaurant


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3.0

DESIGN PROBLEM Modern stadia are intended to provide a facility for sport and other events that is world

class, and typically share the attributes of large capacities, state-of-the-art construction, high cost and significant injections of public funding.

The researcher aims to investigate the social and physical issues which surround the creation of a new multi-use stadium in the country. From these problems, the current and future needs of the stadium shall be drawn. Architecture will then be the tool to seek out possible solutions to the problems presented.

How architecture can become an icon of sport through an innovative stadium design which will recognize the achievement of the nation in football and revolutionize the building legacy of the country? 3.1

Sub-problem 1

The sport center will be a venue to celebrate the history, cultural significance and worldwide appeal of sports on local, national and global level. It will provide access to a diverse audience including metro area residents and domestic and international visitors to Quezon City. How can the design, organization and arrangement of spaces within the sport center contribute to the development of sports excellence and encourage sports participation of Filipinos?

4.0

PRECEDENTS AND RELATED LITERATURE The following books, while presenting various types, forms and designs of international

sports facilities, showcase and explain how society and culture influence the body of leisure, recreation and competition, which in turn, inspire the architecture of sports.

Geraint John and Rod Sheard share their expertise in stadium and arena design in the book, “Stadia: A Design and Development Guide.” The book basically covers topics delving on the planning not only of the interior spaces of a stadium or any sports spectator venue but the exterior spaces as well. In planning, different design considerations pertinent to spectatorship such as circulation, viewing, seating and others were discussed. The guide also went as far as to taking up administrative and financial operations and activity organization.


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Carles Broto, in his introduction for the book, “Architecture on Sports Facilities,” described how sports, in general, are altogether a “social, economic, and cultural phenomena.” Sports architecture reflects not only the character of a particular sport, but more importantly, it represents a society and the society’s sporting traditions. In the same book, it presented several examples of contemporary sports facilities around the world that vary not only according to the sport it caters to but also to the society which it serves, and the site and environment within which it is built. All these cases portrayed how architecture became a tool in dealing with the issues of standardization while responding to arising specific requirements and sporting regulations. In the thesis by Margarette Hernandez, “An Arena for Multiple Sports,” she studied kinetic structures and how such movable structural assemblies and mechanical systems can assist the development of adaptable architecture. These two concepts were used so as to create a flexible arena that will be able to serve various sports while considering the interplay between player preference and spectator comfort (Hernandez 2007).

5.0

METHODOLOGY There is a need to conduct both historical and descriptive research designs to be able to

complete the research component of this thesis. These schemes will be performed to meet the specific objectives of the study. 5.1

Interpretative – Historical Research Design

The historical research design shall encompass the history of sports in the Philippines so as to establish its roots, evolution and prominence. 5.2

Descriptive Research Design

The descriptive research, on the other hand, shall be performed so as to give a background of the current condition of stadiums in the Philiipines. Aside from this, this particular method shall tackle trends and demands in sports and recreation in the country and in the international scene. This would include studies on building technologies and structural forms that may be applicable to the research especially in terms of foundation and building envelope.


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5.2.1

Research Tactics

A. Collection of Secondary Sources

Secondary sources shall include publications and literary sources such as books on stadium design, football, sports administration, sports architecture, museum basics and others. Also included are magazines, newspaper articles on the condition of sport venues in the country. Theses related to the subject matter will also be used as references as well as legal and official documents that shall support the project’s viability. Secondary sources will also include non-print documents such as documentaries on stadium and modern museum designs, sports and current affairs programs on television, and valid internet sources.

B. Interviews

The researcher will conduct interviews with associations that are involved in sports and museum management in the country. This includes interview appointments with representatives from PSC, POC, PFF, National Museum Director and others. Information that wil be gathered and gained from them will give light on the operations of the associations which shall guide the programming of the project. Interview with Filipino architects, engineers and contractors who have been involved in the construction of premier sports complexes and stadiums will also be conducted to explore sports architecture trends in the country at present.

C. Ocular Visits and Immersion

The researcher will visit sports venues around the metro to observe the trends applied to sports architecture in the country. Observations and photo documentations will be noted and used as references for the design of the project.

D. Case Study

The researcher shall examine related studies and theses to establish theories and work on recommendations that may be significant and similar to the project.


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E. Feasibility Study

A feasibility study shall be conducted to ensure the viability of the project and the possibility of its construction to actually take place while taking into account important considerations. The researcher shall regard the cost-utility study.

F. Site Selection and Analysis

A set of criteria shall be made based on the requirements of the facilities with reference to the site. These criteria shall guide the researcher in assigning possible options where to site the project. From these options, the most appropriate site shall be selected and analyzed. Site visits will be done to support the decision behind the selection and acquire pertinent documents such as TCT, land-use and zoning maps, regulations and developmental plans from the urban planning and engineering departments of the city halls of sites being studied.

These tactics shall be undertaken so as to gain valid and reliable information that shall be used as bases for the project. With enough information and data, it would formulate ideas to create a more in-depth concept of the proposed stadium facility, analyze the required spaces and create preliminary design schemes.

6.0

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

6.1

Books

Ambrose, Timothy and Paine, Crispin (2006). Museum Basics. Routledge or Taylor & Francis e-Library. New York Broto, Carles (2005). Architecture on Sports Facilities. Singapore: Page One Publishing Limited Geraint, John and Sheard, Rod (1994). Stadia: A Design and Development Guide. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Hershberger, Robert (1999). Architectural Programming and Predesign Manager. The McGraw Hill Companies


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6.2

Dissertations and Theses

Hernandez, Margarette (March 2007). An Arena for Multiple Sports. Thesis, University of the Philippines, Diliman Mata, Mildred (March 2008). Tahanan ng mga Kamao ng Bayan: The Philippine Boxing Development Complex. Thesis, University of the Philippines, Diliman

6.3

Online Sources

Federation Internationale de Football Association (2007). Football Stadiums Technical Recommendations and Requirements. Retrieved from http://www.FIFA.com National Sports Museum. 26 E. Broadway, New York, NY 10002. Retrieved from http://www.the sportsmuseum.com/about_board Wikipedia (2011). Philippines National Football Team. Retrieved from http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_national_football_team Wikipedia (2011). Sports in the Philippines. Retrieved from http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines


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