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WONDERS THE WORLD
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Giovanni Caselli Contributing Illustrators:
Mark Bergin Nicholas Hewetson John James
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DORLING KINDERSLEY, NEW YORK
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CONTENTS 4
THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD
6
THE PYRAMIDS
8
BUILDING THE PYRAMIDS
10
OTHER GREAT PYRAMIDS
12
GREAT STONES OF OUR TIMES
14
THE HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
16
THE CITY OF BABYLON
18
ENTERTAINMENT FOR THE PEOPLE
20
PALACES OF PLEASURE AND LEARNING
22
THE STATUE OF ZEUS
24
OLYMPIA AND THE GAMES
26
GREAT BUDDHAS
28
PLACES OF PILGRIMAGE
30
THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS
32
BUILDING THE TEMPLE
34
REACHING FOR THE HEAVENS
36
BUILDING A CATHEDRAL
38
THE MAUSOLEUM AT HALICARNASSUS
40
BUILDING THE
Boston.
42
THE TAJ MAHAL
Card Number 92-52798
44
GUARDIANS OF THE TOMBS
46
THE COLOSSUS OF RHODES
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A DORLING KINDERSLEY BOOK Editor Susan Mennell
US editor
Alison
B.
Weir
Series editor Angela Wilkes
Art Editor Roger Priddy Editorial director Jackie Douglas Art director Roger Bristow First
American 10
Edition, 1992
9876543
Published in the United States by Dorling Kindersley, Inc 95 Madison Avenue ,
New York, New York Copyright
1
00 1
© 1992 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London
reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions^ No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. Distributed by All rights
Houghton '
Mifflin
Company.
MAUSOLEUM
ISBN 1-56458-145-4
Library of Congress Catalog
Typeset by SX Composing Ltd, Essex Reproduced in Singapore by Colourscan Printed in Spain by Artes Graficas, Toledo S.A. D.L TO:
1378- 1995
48
BUILDING THE COLOSSUS
50
THE LIGHT OF LIBERTY
52
GIANT STATUES
^ 54
THE PHAROS OF ALEXANDRIA
56
BUILDING THE PHAROS
58
TOWERING CONSTRUCTIONS
60
TALL TOWERS
62
THE WONDERS OF
64
INDEX
SIZE
V
THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD More than 2,000 years ago, a Greek writer called Antipater of Sidon compiled a list of what he considered to be the most spectacular buildings of his day. These later became widely known as the Seven Wonders of the World. Nobody knows exactly why Antipater made his list. Perhaps it was intended as an early tourist guide to the countries of the eastern Mediterranean. The actual number of "wonders" is thought to be significant. Since earliest times, the number seven was considered sacred and was often associated in folklore and religion with special or mystical events. Inevitably, over the centuries, some of the Seven Wonders collapsed and fell into ruins, so that later writers compiled their own lists of other splendid sights or "wonders." But what distinguishes all the "wonders" from other buildings throughout history,
whether ancient or modern, is that there is something amazing about them - either their colossal size, the remarkable way in which they were built, or simply their outstanding beauty. And the one factor they all have
m
common is their unfailing ability to make people marvel at their very existence. Finding a vrondex On this map you can spot the original Seven Wonders of the World. Each building has been drawn m its approximate location so that you can see where the ancient "wonders" were situated in relation to each other.
The book of revelations This book IS divided into seven chapters, based around the Seven
Wonders
of the World.
Each chapter opens with an
artist's
impression of an
ancient wonder and goes on to explain why and how It
was
are
built.
made
Comparisons
with later
buildings, often
The
highlighting striking
pyramids
resemblances between the ancient and modern.
such as Stonehenge.
N
1/
first
chapter of
tells of
Egypt and
other big constructions,
the
Chapter 2 compares the Hanging Gardens with entertainment centers, such as the Colosseum.
The
third chapter looks at the Statue of Zeus and other shrines, such as this
Buddha
m Burma (Myanmar).
r 1
THE PYRAMIDS
Towering above the desert, near the banks of the Nile River, stand the famous pyramids of Egypt, Built by the Ancient Egyptians nearly 5,000 years ago, they are the oldest of the seven ancient wonders of the world and the only one that has remained standing to the present day, The pyramids were built as tombs for the kings of Ancient Egypt, The Ancient Egyptians believed m life after death, so to make sure that their kings had everything they might need m their next life, they buried many personal treasures alongside them. In the burial chambers of pyramids, archaeologists have found jewels, food, furniture, musical instruments, and hunting equipment.
i
I
The queens' tombs Nestling
at
the foot of the Great
Pyramid are three smaller pyramids. Here the chief queens of King Khafu were buried.
A mammoth task The largest and most impressive of the pyramids is the Great Pyramid Completed m 2580 bc for King Khafu, it took thousands of men about 30 years to build. at Giza.
Reaching for the sky The Great Pyramid rises to a height of about 449 ft (137 m) and each side measures 755 ft (230 m) at its base. The pyramid was made of about two million blocks of stone,
weighing about 5,074
each
lb (2,300 kg).
BUILDING
The king's burial chamber
The Great Pyramid
THE PYRAMIDS
King's burial
chamber
The pyramids were built without any machines and with the aid of only a few simple tools. The men who built them were not slaves, but skilled workers and peasants who worked on the pyramids during the months
when
the Nile flooded
and made farming impossible, The pyramids were built m stages.
the fields
First the site was leveled, then a surveyor took a bearing from the stars to
work
out the position of the square base, so that the four sides faced north, south, east, and west. Once the foundations were laid, the
The king was buried in the heart of the pyramid. His sarcophagus, a type of coffin, was placed in the burial chamber while the pyramid was still being built. The entrance to the chamber was then sealed, but many years later thieves
pyramid was built, using huge blocks of stone cut from distant quarries and ferried across the Nile. Finally the pyramid was encased white limestone.
broke
m
m and stole the king's
treasures.
Taking shape The Ancient Egyptians built then pyramids from the center outward. Here you can see workers toiUng to construct the Great Pyramid at Giza.
Where are
the pyramids?
A labor of love Thousands
and ordinary laborers worked on the pyramids m return for food and clothes. Although conditions were harsh, people were willing to build the king's tomb, as they considered him to be a god of stonemasons, carpenters,
Muscle power Transporting the massive stone blocks from the banks of the Nile to the site of the pyramids was difficult and strenuous work. They were dragged from the boats to the building site by
huge teams
of
men.
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Layer upon layer Ramps of rubble and earth were built up the sides of the pyramid while it was being constructed, but were removed once it was finished. The blocks of stone were levered
into
place with long,
wooden
poles.
OTHER GREAT PYRAMIDS Although the pyramids built by the Ancient Egyptians are the most famous pyramids, they are not the only ones ever built. Other ancient civilizations also built huge, pyramid-shaped monuments. Most pyramids were some kind of temple dedicated to a god. As in Ancient Egypt kings were sometimes worshipped as gods and when they died, they were buried in tombs concealed deep mside pyramids,
Borobodur The word "Borobodur" means "temple on the hill. " Situated on a hill in the jungle of Java Southeast Asia, Borobodur is the largest Buddhist
m
temple built
in the world. It
was
m about ad 800
but was later abandoned after an earthquake and fell into rums. For centuries the temple lay hidden m the jungle, but m 1814 It was discovered and since then archaeologists have restored it to its former glory.
Changing shapes Borobodur looks like an enormous terraced It has a square base above which are
pyramid.
several circular terraces that become smaller toward the top. At the very top of the temple, 150 ft (46 m) above the ground, is a huge bellshaped shrine or "stupa."
A winding path The journey
to the top involves passing through a
maze
of stairs
and
passageways. Adorning the walls are thousands of magnificent carvings depicting scenes of life in ancient Java and stories about the life of Buddha.
Seated in a stone cage
Around the large
central stupa are about seventy smaller stupas.
Inside each one
sits
a statue of the
Buddha, which can be seen through the holes m the protective stone casing.
A pilgrim's progress Walking to the top of the temple is like climbing a mountain, From the bottom it is impossible to see the top. The journey Central stupa
3.
symbolizes the path a person takes through life to reach spiritual maturity and understanding.
Circular terraces
Temple
at the top Lying m the heart of the jungle of Guatemala in Central America, the city of Tikal was one of the most important centers of an ancient people called the Mayas. The Mayan civilization lasted for about two thousand years, reaching the peak of its glory between ad 600 and 900. Tikal became an important religious center where splendid temples were built m the shape of pyramids. Some of these towered as high as 225 ft (75 m).
GREAT STONES OF OUR TIME
Watchtowers Positioned at regular intervals along the wall are a series of imposing
watchtowers and
Ever since his appearance on Earth, man has shifted enormous stones to build the most amazing constructions, as the Ancient Eg7ptians did when building the pyramids. In early times, using only the most primitive tools, men were able to move colossal stones or "megaliths" great distances, then maneuver them into the position they wanted. Nowadays, with advanced technology and powerful machines, man is constantly building more sophisticated buildings, dams, bridges, and tunnels, but It remains to be seen whether they will stand the test of time as the constructions of our primitive ancestors did.
The Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is the largest man-made construction m the world. This huge fortification was built to keep out fierce tribes that tried to invade China. Begun m the 3rd century bc by the first emperor of China, Qm Shi Huangdi, the wall took hundreds of years to complete.
Stonehenge On Salisbury Plain
m
southern England stands an ancient circle of standing stones known as Stonehenge,
one
of the
most famous
m
prehistoric sites the world. Built between 2750
and 1100 bc, the circle measures 97 ft (30 m) across and is made with massive blocks of stone that are up to 13.5 ft (4 m) high.
A mighty feat The longest stones found at Stonehenge were probably dragged to the site from quarries 20 miles (32 km) away. Holes were then dug for them and they were heaved into a standing position by teams of men, using primitive levers.
Magic It
is
was
circle
why Stonehenge Some people thmk it
a mystery built.
may have been used setting for
pagan
as the
religious
ceremonies. Others think the stones
may have helped
prehistoric people to follow the movements of the stars.
gatehouses. Signals were sent out from the towers, using smoke during the
day and
fire at night.
Itaipu
Dam
Situated on the Parana River between Brazil and Paraguay, the Itaipu Dam is the largest hydroelectric plant in the world. The South American countries of Brazil and Paraguay joined forces to build the dam the 1970s. It has an enormous capacity and is expected to generate as much power as the Aswan and Grand Coulee
m
dams combined.
Look out Built along the crest of a mountain range, the wall formed an effective
barrier against invaders.
Guards were posted along the wall so that they could sound the alarm if danger threatened.
-*
A long snake The main part of the wall is 2,150 miles (3,460 km) long, equivalent to the distance between London and Moscow, It stretches from the mouth of the Yellow Sea to a point deep in Central Asia.
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Parallel lines The wall has two parapets that rise to a height of 30 ft (9 m) on either side of a roadway 10 ft (3,5 m) wide. Most of the wall is made of stone and earth covered
m
brick.
A deadly task Building such a massive barrier in a mountainous
region was a difficult task. Countless slaves were used to carry out the work and many thousands died in
the process.
THE HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON 2
Of the Seven Wonders
of the
fired people's imagination as
World, none has
much
as the
Hanging Gardens of Babylon. There are no descriptions of them by writers who lived at the time, but stories about them were passed down by word of mouth and the legend grew of an earthly paradise rising out of the desert,
A Roman writer
visited the gardens long after Babylon and found them still standing. He described them as a series of vaulted terraces, built pyramidlike, one on
the
fall
of
top of another, and flanked by walls more than 23 ft (7 m) thick.
Each terrace contained soil deep enough for trees to grow.
A green pyramid Exotic plants and flowers cascaded
over the terraces. Cypress trees and
palms provided shade and the air was heavy with the scent of aromatic plants and flowers.
For the love of a wife The gardens were built by Semiramis in the 9th century bc on the orders of King Nebuchadrezzar. The King created the gardens for his wife, Amytis, who missed the green and
landscape of her homeland to the The lush gardens provided a cool refuge from the burning heat of the desert m which Babylon stood and many people visited them. hilly
north, Persia.
Watering the garden In
order
to irrigate the
was pumped from
gardens, water
the nearby Euphrates
River through a hidden network of pipes leading to the terraces.
THE CITY OF BABYLON The ancient city of Babylon lay on the banks of the Euphrates River in the fertile land of Mesopotamia, known today as Iraq. Renowned for its Hanging Gardens and for its defensive outer walls, which many considered to be a Wonder of the World in their own right, Babylon was one of the wealthiest cities of the ancient world. It was a center of both learning and commerce, where merchants from faraway lands came to trade m exotic spices and precious goods. The city reached the height of its power under King Nebuchadrezzar, who reigned from 605 to 562 BC. But the city's golden age was not to last. In 539 Bc the Persians took control of the city and Babylon lost its independence forever. As the years went by, people left the city and by ad 200 it was deserted and m ruins.
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City sights Visitors to Babylon marveled at its sights. From the heart of the city rose the towering ziggurat and a temple devoted to Marduk, the patron god of Babylon.
Nearby were
the Hanging Gardens the magnificent royal palace.
and
A walled city The
city
was encircled by
a massive double wall with eight great gateways. Between the outer battlements ran a raised
roadway wide enough four -horse chariots to
Persian Gulf
drive along.
for
The Tower of Babel? The ziggurat was a
Remains of the past Today nothing is left of
terraced pyramidlike tower 300 ft (90 m) tall. At the top of It was a temple.
Babylon apart from a few rums. Archaeologists have excavated the main street and think they have discovered the foundations of the ziggurat and the royal palace.
Some historians think the ziggurat may have been the legendary Tower of Babel in the Bible.
garden that vanished
fThe Nobody knows
exactly the Hanging Gardens -4 were. Archaeologists think ,' hat they may have discovered the vaults which ^|. formed the base of the Gardens^ n close to the palace.
where
-
A giant building
ENTERTAINMENT FOR THE PEOPLE
The Colosseum is huge, rising to a height of 159 ft (50 m) and measuring nearly a third of a mile (527 m) all the way around. Its four levels were originally shaded from the sun by a h\jjge awning.
Like the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Colosseum in Rome was built for the entertainment of the people. On public hohdays, Romans flocked to this massive sports arena to watch fierce gladiator fights.
Work began on the Colosseum m ad 70 and was completed 12 years later. It was a masterpiece of engmeermg. Formed like two Greek theaters put together, the amphitheater was oval m shape to give spectators a good view of the fights. The Romans used movable scaffolding so that the huge workforce of slaves could work on the whole building at once. They also used concrete (which they invented) and metal frames to strengthen it. The Colosseum is now ruins, but even though more than half of it has disappeared, it is still the greatest monument of Ancient Rome.
m
A day at the fights Here you have
a bird's-eye view of the Colosseum. Spectators are thronging to the entrances while down the arena vicious fights are already progress. Part of the amphitheater is cut away so you can see the passageways beneath the arena.
m
m
The theater
at Epidaurus forms of entertainment for the Ancient Greeks was going to see plays. These were performed m vast, open-air theaters, such as this one that has been restored at Epidaurus m Greece. Built into a mountainside, the steep auditorium could seat as many as 14,000 people.
One
of the
-WWmi
mam
Perfect pitch Even today the sound m the theater is remarkable. A whisper made on stage can be heard clearly from the top tier of the seats.
Thousands of spectators The amphitheater could hold up to 50,000 people, each of whom had a numbered seat. There were public entrances, so the building could be emptied quickly. his
own
The Emperor had entrance.
The spectators' galleries The galleries rose m tiers. The Emperor and V.I.P.s had the best seats, close to the arena. Knights and wealthy citizens sat on the next two levels and ordinary people sat at the top of the amphitheater.
Fighting for their lives Gladiators were prisoners of war, criminals, or slaves condemned to death. They were trained to fight in special schools and the Games gave them a chance to win their freedom. If a gladiator fought well, the Emperor or the crowd gave him the "thumbs up" sign and he was pardoned. If he was defeated and given the "thumbs down" sign, he was killed on the spot.
There were
different types of
Some fought with a net and some with a bow and arrow,
gladiators. trident,
and others with a sword and
shield.
Another type fought on horseback.
One of the most spectacular fights at the Colosseum took the form of a mock sea
battle.
The arena was flooded and
gladiators fought each other from boats or in the water,
m
^
I
The field of combat The arena was a wooden covered with sand. Scenery was hoisted up from below by pulleys. Beneath the arena was a maze of passages, chambers,
floor
and the
animals' dens.
Some
gladiators
had
to fight against
wild animals, such as lions and tigers. At the end of the fights any dead bodies were removed and sand spread over the blood on the ground,
19
PALACES OF PLEASURE AND LEARNING In the last few decades some spectacular new buildings have been constructed as multi-purpose
Although many of these
cultural centers.
These house facilities for different all under one roof - stages for plays, concerts, and spectacles, often as well as museums, art galleries, and libraries. The idea of these centers is to provide places where people can enjoy hours of pleasure in many different ways
or the originality of their architecture.
kinds of activities
Competitions are often held to find a unique design for a new center and the resulting buildings, such as the Pompidou Center m Pans and the Sydney Opera House, stand out from their surroundings and become local landmarks. They are the "wonders" of our own age and attract phenomenal
without the constrictions often associated with traditional
museums,
art galleries,
and
theaters.
The Pompidou Center This striking center of art
was opened Paris,
It
m
1977.
activities.
A building inside out To keep as much free space as possible inside the
Pompidou Center, the
designed it with working parts on the outside of the building architects all its
body with all its inner organs on show, including the skeleton. like a
Color coding
The building was assembled
like a giant toy construction kit, with different colors for each part (not all of which you can see here). The framework is white, the air conditioning system blue, the water pipes green, the elevators red, and the electrical parts yellow.
Continuing outside In front of the Center is a big square where all sorts of open-air entertainments on. As the Center's escalators and walkways are m transparent tubes on the front of the building, its
go
can watch what is happening in the square.
visitors
m
culture
the heart of
houses a museum of modern art, and areas for dance, films, and
a library,
other
and
Right
are not
renowned
numbers
arts centers are large,
for their size but for their
of visitors
each year.
they
beauty
A space
age fantasy in concrete, the Sydney Opera
House
IS one of Australia's most famous landmarks. Its
white roof rises like above Sydney Harbour.
brilliant
sails
Designed by Jorn Utzon, a Danish architect, the Opera House was eventually opened m 1973. It had taken 14 years to build and had cost a fortune, but has been very successful.
The Opera House
is
more than
an opera house - it is a center for performing arts. Its
just
four halls are
opera and
used
for concerts,
ballet, theater,
and
other activities,
Walt Disney's dream world The EPCOT* Center at Disneyworld, planned by Walt Disney
to
Florida,
be a domed,
was
pollution-
city. It IS now a theme park tracing man's progress through the age of communications. Its dramatic gateway, shown here, is a giant sphere nearly 17 stories high, called Spaceship Earth.
free
Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow
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OLYMPIA AND THE
GAMES Mount Olympus, the highest mountain m Greece, was believed by the Ancient Greeks to be the home of Zeus, king of the gods. For centuries, Zeus was worshipped at Olympia and by the 5th century bc it was one of the most important holy places m Greece. The Temple of Zeus, begun m 470 bc, complete. took not only famous for its temples. was Olympia But were held there m 776 Games Olympic The first 15
years
to
Every four years, all wars were suspended as athletes gathered at Olympia to compete. EC.
R sanctuary for the gods Olympia had two different areas. One part, a walled enclosure dedicated to the gods. The other area was where people carried out their daily activities. According to legend, Herakles, the son of Zeus, founded Olympia.
The
the
city of
"altis,"
was
In pursuit of excellence Athletes came from all over Greece to compete
A mighty temple One
m
the Games. Every athlete wanted to do his best m honor of the gods. The Games had strict rules and athletes who broke them were punished.
of the largest temples of its day, the Temple of Zeus, was more than 210 ft (64 m) long and
60
ft
(18.3
m)
high.
Its
series of earthguakes century ad.
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The race track The stadium used for the Games was built m the 4th century bc. The arena was 600 Olympic feet long from This became a standard measure known as start to finish.
the "Olympic stadion." Spectators watched the events from both sides of the track.
columns
were more than 32 ft (9.7 m) high. It was eventually destroyed by a
m the 6th
The Greek gods The Ancient Greeks believed
m
a "family" of gods, blessed with eternal youth, that had complete control over the lives of ordinary people. Zeus was the king of the gods and
reigned over
his family,
some
whom
are shown here, Each god or goddess had his or her own special role and temples were built for the most important of them. of
Athena
Demeter
Aphrodite
Apollo
Consulting the gods Ordinary people seeking advice from the gods would go to a temple to consult them, Priestesses who, it was said, could hear and interpret the voices of the gods, would act as their
spokeswomen.
Hestia
Artemis
Situated on mainland
Greece, Olympia was one of the most important citystates m the powerful Ancient Greek empire.
Sportsmanship first the Olympic Games consisted of a simple race, but as the years went by, more events were added and athletes could participate in all the sports
At
Discus
Javehn
as well as chariot racing and the pentathlon (five combined events). The games lasted for five days and ended with a feast.
shown below,
Jumping
Running
Wrestling
25
GREAT BUDDHAS Buddhism is one of the oldest religions m the world. It was founded m India m the 6th century bc by Prince Siddhartha Gautama, a teacher who became the Buddha - the "Enlightened One". By the 3rd century
Buddhism had become the mam Today more than 245 million people BC,
Buddhist
faith.
Buddhism
The
is
religion
m Asia.
follow the
Although originally an eastern religion,
also practiced in the West.
many faces of Buddha
We have chosen
to illustrate
Buddhist statues because they distinctive style and are
have a
quite unlike other religious Here you can see three
statues.
very different Buddhas.
^-^
Buddhists believe that through meditation they can achieve a state of "Nirvana" or true spiritual knowledge, which will free them from physical and worldly suffering. The center of Buddhist worship IS the temple or shrine where there are always statues or carvings of Buddha. There are many thousands of images of Buddha throughout the Buddhist world.
The Shwethalyaung
One like
of the
most extraordinary and lifeof Buddhist sculpture is
examples
m
the 10th century figure of Buddha the city of Pegu in Burma (Myanmar). Known as the Shwethalyaung, the colossal statue is 180 ft (55 m) long and 46 ft (16 m) high at the shoulder. After Pegu was
destroyed m 1757, the city was gradually overrun by the jungle.
The Shwethalyaung lay hidden for centuries until it was discovered by chance in 1881. In 1906, it was enclosed in an iron pavilion and was renovated in 1946.
Wat
Trimitr
Seated on a pedestal mside Wat Tnmitr (Temple of the Golden Buddha) m Thailand, 16
ft
(5
is
a magnificent
m) high figure
Buddha.
It
Gal Vihara Temple
is
made
of
of 5,5
tons of solid gold and is one of the most valuable the world. In statues
m
order
to
conceal
its
priceless value, the 13th century statue was a layer of covered
m
plaster. Left
m this state
until 1953, its true
nature
was only revealed when the statue was dropped and the plaster cracked.
secluded spot m the near Polonnaruva m Lanka, lies the Gal
In a
forest Sri
Vihara Temple containing four splendid statues of Buddha, carved out of a single granite wall. They date from about the 12th century, and are depicted in different poses; two are seated, one is lying down, and another is standing.
PLACES OF PILGRIMAGE A pilgrimage
is
a journey to a holy place or
sanctuary. Since ancient times, people have
made
long and perilous journeys in order to pay homage to a god or hero at a special shrine. Such places have a religious significance for various reasons. For instance, they might be the birthplace of a prophet, the final resting place of a saint, or, perhaps, even the site of a miracle. All the major religions of the world have places that hold a special significance for their followers, Roman Catholic Christians go to Rome and Lourdes, Jews to Jerusalem, and Muslims to Mecca. These and many other sites across the world attract millions of pilgrims who go to worship their god and affirm their beliefs, Special services and religious rites are held, often taking place on holy days. Many of the pilgrims who come to such places travel great distances, some making the journey for the one and only time m their lives. They come search of spiritual guidance or healing.
Mecca
m
The city of Mecca Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of the prophet Muhammad, the founder of Islam. As the principal city of the Islamic faith, it has become one of the most famous places of pilgrimage.
The Great Mosque Founded by Muhammad in AD 630, the Great Mosque has a huge open courtyard that measures
540x365 ft (164 x111m) and is enclosed by several rows of decorative columns. Overlooking the courtyard are seven minarets from which the "muezzins" summon the faithful to
prayer.
m
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r
Jerusalem The golden
Jerusalem, center of the Jewish thousands of pilgrims each year, One of its most sacred shrines is the Wailmg Wall. Said to be the only remaining part of the biblical Temple of Herod, the wall measures 160 ft (50 m) long and 58 ft (18 m) high, Jews from all over the world visit city of
faith, attracts
mourn the destruction of the Temple European travelers invented the term "Wailing Wall" when they saw
the shrine to
and pray
for its restoration,
how deeply moved the emotions came to worship beside it
of
all
those
who
it.
Even the wall
is believed mourn. When dewdrops appear on its stones, it is said that they weep for the fall of the Temple.
to
Annual pilgrimage According to Islamic tradition, all Muslims should make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once m their lifetime. Each year over a million pilgrims
make
the journey to
Mecca
m
the
last
month of the Muslim calendar. Only Muslims are permitted to enter the Holy
City.
Kaaba In the center of the courtyard stands the Kaaba, a square chamber which is the central shrine
of the Mosque. Built into one wall is the famous Black Stone, which Muhammad is said to have touched. Pilgrims walk around the shrine 7 times
then kiss the Black Stone.
4
THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS
Around 550 bc, following his conquest of the Greek city of Ephesus on the coast of Asia Minor, (
King Croesus of Lydia built a magnificent temple m honor of the goddess Artemis. Inside the temple was an inner room called the/sanctuary that housed a splendid statue of the goddess, decorated with precious stones and metals. Known as the 'Artemision," the temple became famous and attracted worshippers from far and wide. <
But one night in(356 bc, a madman named Herostratus set fire to the temple. The roof caved m, the columns collapsed, and the statue of the goddess crashed to the
When 'Alexander the Great conquered Ephesus some years later, he offered to pay for the temple to be rebuilt. Byi250 bc, the temple had been restored to its original splendor and was soon acclaimed as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Alexander the Great never saw his dream fulfilled as it took the people of Ephesus 120 years to rebuild the ground,
'
Temple
of Artemis.
on a grand scale The Temple of Artemis was one
Built
largest temples of
its
m shape, |it was 170 366 ft (112 m) long.
ft
of the
time. Rectangular (52
m) wide and
Counting the columns The templeihad 127 columns. Those at the front of it were decorated with intricate sculptures depicting famous feats of gods and heroes.
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Mighty splendor Here you can see what the temple looked like at the height of its glory, 2,000 years ago. It was famous not only for its size, but also for
its
magnificent sculptures.
BUILDING THE TEMPLE The basic plan of the temple consisted of the main chamber and a porch at the front. Two rows of massivefcolumns, 65 ft (20 m) tall and 10 ft (3 m) across, iran parallel to the walls of the temple. After the foundations had been laid and the temple platform built, the 'columns were slowly raised, block by block./Cranes and pulleys were used to
the massive blocks of stone and scaffolding put up around the temple as it took shape. lift
was
The building was /made of limestone faced with marble, apart from the 'columns, which were built entirely of marble. The last part of the temple to be built was the roof, after which the sculptors set to work on the elaborate decorations that made the temple famous.
Where
32
the temple
was
Taking shape you can see how the Temple of Artemis was actually built. Large cranes and strong ropes are being used to hoist sections of the columns into position. In this picture
Two
Forming a picture
Many people have
tried to
decipher what the temple looked like. Pictures found on coins of that period have helped to give us a
good
idea.
against one Greek temples had only one row of columns.
IVIost
But the Temple of Artemis, of the grandest buildings of its time, was one of the few exceptions.
one
Final flourish
Raising the roof
The»columns of the temple were decorated m the
and .horizontal wooden beams formed the strong framework that supported the roof. The wooden structure was lined and then covered with both flat and ridged tiles,
The statue of Artemis
Rafters
Ionic style of Classical Greek Architecture. At the
top of each column was an elaborate double scroll, like a roll of parchment.
made
out of terracotta.
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In Ancient Greek mythology,rArtemis was a huntress and the goddess
of
fertility.
Artemis
The -statue
of
m the temple at
Ephesus was «iade of gold, ebony, and black stone. Her many breasts
%
silver,
^>:s
symbolized her
V^j.
fertility.
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about 12 circular blocks of stone that were carefullyplaced one on top of the
The base
column was sculpted before being other.
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of a
positioned, but the rest of the decoration was carried out later. Stonemasons
carved grooves, known as fluting, from top to bottom of each column.
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REACHING FOR THE HEAVENS Temples, such as the Temple of Artemis, have been
m
many parts of the since the earliest times world. The first churches ever built date back only to the AD 300s, but many churches and cathedrals now rank among the most magnificent and ornate buildings ever created. Often intended by their builders to present an image of heaven to worshippers, many churches the poorest are large and richly decorated. Even built
m
Four contrasting churches The four churches pictured here are m different countries and are all very different m character and style. Each one is extraordinary m Its own right: either because of its size or dimensions or because of Its total
originality
and power of the Church have expense was spared when it came to building churches and cathedrals. Varying enormously m style, depending on the time and place m which they were built, churches are often so grand that they dominate the skyline of their town or city. Some have soaring spires and others magnificent domes. All, however, were built with countries, the wealth
ensured
the
that
same
little
goal; to
Cathedral of the Sagrada Familia (Holy Family) Antonio Gaudi worked on his cathedral from 1884 until his death m 1926, but it has never been finished.
Its
ornate spires soar
above Barcelona, Spam, but it may well take until the 22nd century to complete the rest of the cathedral.
be houses
St.
of
godly worship.
Basil's Cathedral,
Moscow
colored onion-shaped domes and belfries give St. Basil's, m Moscow, Russia, a fairy-tale appearance. Built from 1555 to 1560, on the orders of Ivan the Terrible, it is really nine churches - a central chapel surrounded by eight smaller ones. The cathedral is Its brilliantly
now
a
museum.
Rome, Italy largest church the world, St. Peter's was built on the site of the tomb of the Apostle Peter between 1506 and St.
Peter's in
m
The
1626.
The church
shape 700
ft
(213
mrmn
laid out It is
m the more than
m) long and has a vast dome 138 ft (42 m) m diameter.
measuring
m
is
of a Latin cross.
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THE MAUSOLEUM AT HALICARNASSUS 5
King Mausolus ruled over Caria, part of modernday Turkey, in the 4th century bc. He was an ambitious king and attacked many nearby cities and states. With the money from his conquests, he built a
new
decided
the
end
to build
of his
life,
himself a tomb, as a
monument
to
power. He wanted it to be the most magnificent tomb ever seen. No expense was spared and the finished tomb was so grand that it was called a mausoleum, after Mausolus. his
38
fell
to
build a fortress.
A mighty size mausoleum covered ft by 105 ft (38.4 m by 32 m). The finished tomb was more than 140 ft (42.6 m) tall. of the
an area measuring 126
King Mausolus
centuries,
mto rum. In the Middle Ages, crusader knights took stones from the rums and used them but eventually
The base
capital city at Halicarnassus.
Toward
The end of the mausoleum The mausoleum survived for
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THE TAJ MAHAL Standing on the banks of the Jumna River, near in northern India, is the Taj Mahal, one of the world's most beautiful and romantic tombs, Shah
A peaceful approach
Agra
The approach to the monument leads first
Jahan, one of the Mughal emperors of India in the memory of his 17th century, built the tomb
through a gateway, then through a beautiful walled garden where a watercourse flanked by cypress trees reflects the marble tomb.
m
favorite wife, Mumtaz-i-Mahal, childbirth.
copy
who died
m
The heartbroken Shah planned
of the Taj
to build
a
m black marble on the other side of
own tomb. Before he could embark second masterpiece, however, his son seized power and imprisoned him. Shah Jahan spent the rest of his days m the fort at Agra, looking along the the river as his
on
his
muddy river Shah
to the final resting place of his wife. died m 1666 and was buried alongside her tomb.
finally
his wife
m
An
A labor of love
"otherworldly" monument With Its onion-shaped dome and slender minarets, or towers, the Taj
Mahal has a fairy-tale quality. The white marble of the monument appears to change color according the weather and time of day.
Begun
in 1632,
it
took
20,000 men 22 years to build the Taj Mahal. They
included craftsmen from over Central Asia and European experts from all
to
France and
Italy.
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All shapes and sizes Since the earliest times, people have built tombs and monuments to honor the dead. Constructed in a wide variety of styles, each one is grand in its own way.
Tomb
of Theodoric the Goth This tomb was built at
Ravenna
AD
in Italy
530. Its
roof
as early as
dome-shaped
was hewn
out of stone.
Gunbad-i-Qabus of
Gungan the early 11th
Built in
century m Persia, this rocket-shaped tomb is built entirely of brick and stands 70 ft (50 m) high.
Studded with jewels Mughal tombs were elaborately decorated. Delicately carved marble screens mside the Taj Mahal were inlaid with 43 types of precious stone, including jade, crystal, sapphires, and diamonds.
Guarding the tomb Once the tomb was finished, a solid
gold
was put up around
T^arTier
the coffin, which Shah
Jahan is said to have strewn with pearls and .diamonds. 2,000 soldiers were posted outside to '*^~-*^~
guard the treasure.
A lasting monument ^iCWhen the Mughal empire collapsed, robbers broke into the
tomb and
most of
its
monument remains
The
however, A symbol of
itself,
intact.
everlasting love, India's
stole
treasures.
it
is
most famous
sight.
43
GUARDIANS OF THE TOMBS As
far
back as the
century bc, Chinese
10th
rulers built themselves magnificent
tombs on
the outskirts of their capital cities. These tombs were filled with royal treasures, but it was another feature that made them unique: both the tombs and the roads that led to them were guarded massive statues of animals and warriors.
by
These statues were supposed to guard the soul of emperor as his body was taken to the tomb, to ward off evil spirits, to bring good luck, and to serve the emperor m the next world. Here you can find out about the guardians of the tomb of the first emperor of all China and those of the the
Mmg tombs,
built
nearly 2,000 years
later.
The terracotta army peasants digging a well near the m northwest China, came across thousands of life-size terracotta warriors that had been standing guard In 1974,
city ofXi'an,
by
the
for
more
tomb of Emperor
Qm Shi Huangdi
than 2,000 years.
China's Hrst emperor Work began on the tomb of
Qm Shi Huangdi
Bc)
when he came
(259-209 to the
throne and continued m for 36 years. The
secrecy
tomb was built as an underground "imperial city," with a throne room and treasure houses,
The undiscovered tomb Archaeologists have not yet excavated the tomb, but in three underground vaults, 1 mile (2 km) from the tomb, the terracotta army was found - 8,000 statues of soldiers,
some
with horses and chariots, grouped in battle order.
True
to life
Made
of pottery, the figures are about 6 ft tall
(1.8
m)
on average and are
arms and The heads and hands were modeled separately. Each figure has different features and expressions and wears marks of rank. hollow, with solid legs.
Way
Spirit to the Ming Toznbs Thirty miles (50 km) to the north of Beijing are the tombs of the emperors of the Ming dynasty, who ruled China from the 15th to the 17th centuries ad. The Spirit Way was the road along which an emperor's coffin was taken to the tombs. Four miles (7km) long, it
The
represented the journey taken by the emperor's soul from life to a peaceful death. The Spirit Way passes through several gateways and arches before coming to the Avenue of Animals.
The Avenue of Animals Lining the Avenue of Animals are massive statues of animals, up to 12 ft (3.5 m) tall, each made from a single block of blue limestone. There are 24 pairs of animals m all, facing each other in pairs on either side of the road: lions, camels, horses, elephants
and mythical
beasts.
Giant figures After passing through the animals, the Spirit Way comes to 12 colossal statues of Chinese officials called mandarins. Some represent the emperor's
personal soldiers. Dressed
in
long
coats of armor and close-fitting helmets, they carry swords or batons and look very fierce.
BUILDING THE COLOSSUS
Growing slowly Here you can see
the Colossus in stages of construction. The statue took about 12 years to build and was eventually finished in 290 Its final
Most of what we know about the giant Colossus is based on what writers of the time said about it, It was built by Chares, a pupil of the famous Greek sculptor, Lysippus. According to one writer, the statue was built using 12.5 tons (12.7 tonnes) of bronze and 7.5 tons (7.6 tonnes) of iron, Archaeologists have concluded that as the amount of bronze used to build the statue was
Weighty matters Because there were no machines
relatively small, only the outer shell or "skin" of the
lifting
made
BC. This meant that it grew at a rate of about 10 ft (3 m) a year!
which was probably molded around a massive iron framework. Colossus was
of bronze,
Interestingly, the Statue of Liberty
m New York's
harbor was built in a similar way hundreds of years later, showing what an advanced feat of engineering the Colossus was for its time.
Where was The
statue
heavy materials
time, a
mound was
the
at
built
up
around the statue and the materials were transported a spiral ramp, which was extended as the statue
gained
up
m height.
the Colossus?
was 'built
overlooking the harbor of the city of Rhodes, the mam town
on the island of the same name. Rhodes was an
m
important shipping center the eastern Mediterranean for trade in grain, wood, skins, wool, and slaves.
Rhodes
Mediterranean Sea
How it came to be built Rhodes was an independent island which Greeks wanted as part of their Empire. When a Greek naval expedition tried to invade it in 304 bc, the islanders put up such a fierce fight that the Greek general the
was forced to surrender and his fleet was captured. The proceeds from the ships and weapons captured as a result of this victory were used by the people of Rhodes to pay for the
building of the Colossus.
V
'&^'
for
/^^:^
i
A skeleton of iron The basic framework
^^
or "skeleton" of the Colossus was made of iron. This was
covered with sheets of bronze which had been beaten until very thm, then
hammered
into shape,
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Mighty weights Inside the iron framework
m
of the statue
were huge
blocks of stone. These were to give the Colossus weight and make it stable so that it
would not fall down. Sadly, was not strong enough.
it
m y/a.
Where
now?
is it After the earthquake which brought it down, the rums of the Colossus remained untouched for ad 653, Islamic armies invaded centuries. Then, Rhodes and stole the bronze, taking it back to Syria. There a merchant is said to have bought the bronze shell and carried it away on 900 camels across the desert, to be melted down.
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49
GIANT STATUES is an important form of artistic expression can tell us much about civilizations m the past. Ever since ancient times, people have idealized the human body or created their own images of gods m the form of statues or other sculpture, The materials used to create giant statues have changed very little since early times. Stone and metal, favored for their long-lastmg qualities, are still used now. Even though our building techniques are more sophisticated today, there are still striking similarities between the way m which
Sculpture
that
many
ancient and
modern
statues
were
built.
Stone-faced giants The pictures here show statues and reliefs ranging from the Great Sphinx of Ancient
Egypt to the 20th-century Statue of the Motherland m Russia.
The Great Sphinx For nearly 5,000 years the statue of the Great Sphinx has guarded the pyramids at Giza (see pages 6-9). An impressive 66 ft (20 m) high and 240 ft (73 m) long, the Sphinx has a human face and the body of a lion.
The Easter Island statues Scattered around Easter Island, m the South Pacific, are hundreds of extraordinary statues hewn out of volcanic rock. The origins of these ancient statues, some as high as 70 (21m), remain a complete mystery.
ft
Easter Island statues
1
.:
'
The Motherland
On
a hilltop outside
Volgograd
m
Russia stands the colossal concrete "Motherland" It was designed by the sculptor Yevgenyi Vuchetich, to
statue.
Christ the
m
Redeemer
^
1967
commemorate
the Battle of Stalingrad (1942-43). Measuring 270 ft (82 m), it is ranked as the tallest statue the world.
m
Christ the
Redeemer
Perched on Mount Corcovado m Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, stands a
huge
The
statue of Christ.
m) high concrete statue was designed by 130
(40
ft
sculptor Paul Landowski,
and completed withm years
m
five
1931.
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cliff
of
Mount
Rushmore, South Dakota, stare the
face;
American presidents. From 1927 to 1941, Gutzon Borglum used dynamite and
four
,?^'';., -
drills to
create the likenesses of
Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and
Theodore Roosevelt. Each head measures 60 ft (18 m) and can be seen from a -^.•..*'
JuMf
distance of 60 miles (96 km).
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ALEXANDRIA To many people, the Pharos of Alexandria symbolized the power and glory of the Greek nation founded by Alexander the Great. Alexander founded many cities and they were all named Alexandria after him, but the greatest of them all was the city on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt where the Pharos and many other magnificent
were erected. Under the rule of Ptolemy one of Alexander's generals, and his family, who ruled Egypt for 300 buildings
1,
years, Alexandria
became
trade and learning, and splendid cities m the
the center of world ^ one of the most
nj
^
Mi/y ancient world
A bird's-eye view Here
is
the
view a bird would have had it flew over the Pharos
of Alexandria as
toward the city. Many of the buildings Alexandria were Classical Creek m style,
with columns
and
Who built the Pharos?
m
statues.
R center of learning
Alexander the Great had
Ptolemy
the idea of building the lighthouse. Sostratus was the architect and builder, Ptolemy I ordered the
buildings where scholars could study science, There wer6 botanical gardens, an astronomical observatory, and a school of anatomy with equipment for dissecting bodies.
work
to begin and it was completed m the reign of Ptolemy II.
1
founded many
AMi^'
y
The Pharos Where
the lighthouse
was
Crowning the very top of the lighthouse stood a statue of-Helios the Greek god of the sun.
Lighthouse
A huge mirror The
the top of the said to be "a pillar of fire by night, of smoke by day." The light of the fire was reflected out fire at
lighthouse
was
sea by an enormous concave mirror.
Alexandria
to
Inner ramp The upper part of the
>
lighthouse was -reached by a sloping, spiral ramp. Fuel for the fire was carried up it horsedrawn carts, then hoisted to the top by pulleys.
m
Keeping watch There were hundreds rooms leading off the
of
.-ramp.Jhese had-outward-
facmg windows and were used to keep watch out to sea and for experiments by astronomers.
Solid as a rock A walled platform around the base of the lighthouse ^protected it from the sea. •"Drinking water, supplied from the mainland by an aqueduct, was stored the base of the building.
••
m
The
^^
first
Among
museum
the buildings
Ptolemy founded were the
Museum, the first of its kind, where mathematics and science were studied, and a
\ magnificent
library,
which
Ifi^used the largest collection
of
books
m the ancient world.
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If
TALL TOWERS Age was
New York,
have become more crowded, land for buildings has become scarcer and its cost has risen, The only answer to this problem has been for architects to design taller and taller buildings, with many more storys available for offices and
the Jazz
residencies. Today, major cities like New York, Chicago, and Toronto are noticeably dominated
guy roped-supported tower was the Warszawa radio mast m Poland, which was 2,119 ft (646 m) tall, but which collapsed during 1991. The KTHl-TV tower in
As
cities
completed
m
the Chrysler Building in
overlooked by the 102-story
m
completed the next year, which held the record for the tallest unsupported building until 1971. The tallest
by
skyscrapers that tower above the city streets. One of the biggest and most famous skyscrapers of
Fargo, North Dakota,
The tallest in the world Five of the six towers shown here have at one time been the tallest buildings in the world. Only the Leaning Tower of Pisa has held no such record, but it is unique in that it leans dramatically to one side.
building until the construction of the Chrysler Building 1930.
tallest
The Chrysler Building, New York of the world's
most
beautiful skyscrapers, the
Chrysler Building was erected in 1930, briefly holding the record as the world's tallest building before being overtaken by the It
IS
Empire 1.046
ft
State Building. (318
m)
tall.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa Started in 1174
completed
and
in 1350,
tower of Pisa
is
179
finally
the bell ft
(55
m)
but leans almost 13 ft (4 m) to one side. This is caused by the ground shifting beneath the tower. tall
is
now
The Eiffel Tower, Paris Completed m 1889, the Eiffel Tower is 986 ft (300 m) tall, and was the world's
m
One
were soon Empire State Building,
1930. But its 77 storys
the tallest at 2,063
ft
(629 m).
w
The Empire State Building, New York The Empire State Building, completed m 1931, was the
-^
\.
X
world's tallest building until 1971, when the World
Trade Center
y
m New York
was completed. The Empire State Building stands 1,472
(449
m)
ft
tall.
wm
.^i
\^y
?s^
Sears Tower, Chicago The headquarters of Sears
'j^i
Roebuck Company, a department store chain, the Sears
^¥1,
Tower was
completed vx:
in 1973, briefly
becoming the world's tallest building.
1,454
ft
city of
(443
It
Chicago,
^^ ^"^^
'4...
The CN Tower, Toronto Completed m 1975, the 1,822 ft (555 m) tower is the world's tallest self-supporting building. The top 335 ft (102 m) consist of a steel transmission mast, assembled from 39 different sections lifted into
place by helicopter.
-^\
7^^ '((''MfC
stretches
m) above the
tot
THE WONDERS OF
SIZE
One of the reasons the original Seven Wonders were chosen was for their size. When they were built, they were among the tallest constructions m the world, dwarfing the houses that most people lived m. Yet their size was limited by the materials available for building. As stone is heavy, a building
would topple over. This was a natural limit to the height of buildings. So even though St. Peter's m Rome, the biggest church m the world, was built as late as the 16th century, it could easily fit mside the could not be too
meant
tall
or
it
that for centuries there
built 4,500 years before it, But the introduction of iron and steel, then reinforced concrete in the last two centuries has made it possible to construct much taller buildings.
Great Pyramid,
The
Eiffel
Tower
Chicago and the
m Pans,
the Sears
overlook the original Seven of the World.
Pharos of Alexandria, Egypt ft
(122
m)
Tower
in
ON Tower in Toronto all easily
Wonders
400
Wonders old and new Shown with the original Seven Wonders are five more recent ones - the Leaning Tower of Pisa, St. Peter's Church m Rome, the Eiffel Tower m Pans, the Sears Tower m Chicago and the CN Tower m Toronto.
Great Pyramid, Giza, Egypt 450 ft (137 m)
CN Tower, Toronto, Canada 1,822 ft (555 m)
INDEX Agra, India 42
Easter Island statues 52
Mecca, Saudi Arabia 28-29
skyscrapers
Alexander the Great 30, 56 Alexandria, Egypt 54, 56-57, 62
Egypt
megaliths
Sostratus 56
altis
24
5
Alexandre Gustave 51, 58 Mesopotamia 5, Tower, Pans 58-59, 60, 63 Middle Ages 36 Mmg tombs 45 Empire State Building, New monuments 43 York 58-59, 61 Eiffel,
EPCOT 25,
Antipater 4 Apostle Peter, tomb of 35 Artemis 33 statue of 33 Temple of 30-33
Babylon, Iraq 14, 15, Barcelona, Spain 34
16-17,
63
Bartholdi, Frederic-Auguste 50
Black Stone, Mecca 29 Borglum, Gutzon 53 Borobodur, Java 10-11 Buddha 10, 26 Buddhist
sports.
standing stones
Nebuchadrezzar, King 15, 16 New York, U.SA. 50-51, 58-59,
25
60,61 Nike 23 Nile River 6 Nirvana 26
Gothic 36 Great Mosque, Mecca 28, 29 Great Pyramids, Giza 4, 6-9 Great Sphinx, Giza 52 Great Wall of China 12-13
Gunbad-i-Qabus
of
St. Basil's
of
5, 14-15, 16, 17,
63
Sydney, Australia
36-37
Colossus of Rhodes 48-49 Great Pyramid, Giza 8-9 Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
4,
22, 24, 25,
24,
25
pilgnms/pilgnmage Poland
Babylon
Ishtar Gate,
towers 58-59
chamber, Egyptian king's
8 buttresses 36
16
Dam,
60, 61
pyramids
Islam 28 Itaipu
21
Agra 42-43 Ephesus
5,
of the
Golden Buddha,
Thailand 27 Temple of the Giant Jaguar, 11
of Solomon, Jerusalem of Zeus,
Olympia
4, 5,
24
temples Babylonian 16 Buddhist 10-11
Chinese 44-45 Guatemala 11 Tomb of Theodoric the Goth, Ravenna 43 Tikal,
Toronto,
Tower
Canada
of Babel,
61,
63
Babylon
17
14-15
4, 5, 6-9, 10-11,
Pythias 40
Brazil 13
Temple
terracotta army,
28-29
11,
Polonnaruva, Sri Lanka 27 Pompidou Center, Pans 20 Ptolemy 56, 57
63
Ishtar 16
Ephesus 32-33
54-57
5,
Pisa, Italy 60, 62
16,
21
of Artemis,
Tikal
Parana River 13 Pans, France 20, 58-59, 60, 63 Pegu, Burma (Myanmar) 26 pentathlon 25 Pharos of Alexandria Phidias 22
Helios 46, 57 Herakles 24 Herostratus 30
Iraq
35, 62
28
40-41 of Artemisia,
Rome
Sydney Opera House
Temple 5,
5,
Babylon
12
10
Temple
63
Hanging Gardens
Chartres Cathedral, France
27
Peter's Church,
Temple
building of
22-23,
Cathedral 34
Taj Mahal,
Olympia, Greece
Olympic Games
10-11
Olympia
30-33, 62
Gungan,
Halicarnassus Mausoleum 38-41, 63 Halicarnassus, Turkey 41
26,
Stonehenge stupa
18, 19
New York 48,
giant 52-53
St.
gods/goddesses. Ancient 22,
Statue of Zeus, 63 statues
Buddhist
gladiators
12
Statue of Liberty, 50-51
29
Mumtaz-i-Mahal 42 Museum of Alexandria 57 Muslims 28
Greek
Way, China 45 Ancient Greek 25
Spirit
Gal Vihara Temple, Polonnaruva 27 gargoyles 37 Gaudi, Antonio 34 Giza, Egypt 5, 6-9, 52, 62
Persia 43
statues 26-27
temples
28,
60, 61
South Dakota, U.S.A. 53
17
Moscow, Russia 34 Motherland, The 52, 53 Mount Olympus, Greece 24 Mount Rushmore, U.SA, 53 Mughal tombs 42, 43
Center, Florida 21 Ephesus, Turkey 30, 41, 62 Epidaurus, Greece 18 Euphrates River 15, 16, 17
Muhammad
Artemisia 40, 41 Artemision 30 Asia Minor 5 athletes. Ancient Greek 24, 25 Avenue of Animals, China 45
burial
16,
Eiffel
amphitheater 18, 19, Amytis 15 Ancient Egyptians 6, 8-9 Ancient Greeks 18, 22, 24, 33,48 Ancient Romans 18, 19
Temple
12
Ulm Cathedral
Ivan the Terrible 34
35
Utzon, Jorn 21
Bey Fort, Alexandria 54 Qin Shi Huangdi, Emperor 12, Qait
Jerusalem, Israel 28 Jumna River 42
Turkey 38 cathedrals 34-35, 36-37 Chares 48 Caria,
chariot of
Mausolus and
Artemisia 41 Chartres Cathedral, France
Mecca 29 Khafu, King 6 kings. Ancient Egyptian
44
6,
8-9
36-37
Chicago, U.SA.
63 Chinese tombs 44, 45 Christ the
de Rome, Rio
48,
62
Janeiro, Brazil 53 Italy 18, 35,
62
61,
Redeemer, Rio de
Janeuro 53 Chrysler Building 60 churches 34-35
CN Tower,
Vuchetich, Yevgenyi 53
Ravenna, Italy 43 Rhodes, Greece 46,
Kaaba,
Toronto
61,
63
Colosseum, Rome 18-19 Colossus of Rhodes 5, 46-49 Constantinople, Turkey 22 Croesus, King 30
Landowski, Paul 53 Leaning Tower of Pisa 60, 62 Library of Alexandria 57 lighthouse 54-55 Lincoln Memorial, Washington 43 Lysippus 48
Marduk 16 Mausoleum
at
Halicarnassus
38-41, 63
Disney. Walt 21 Disneyworld, Florida 21
Mausolus, King
Mayas
11
38, 40, 41
5,
Volgograd, Russia 53
sarcophagus 8, 41 Scopas 40 Sears Tower, Chicago, U.S.A. 61,63
Wailing Wall, Jerusalem 28 radio mast, Poland 60,61 Wat Trimitr, Thailand 27
Warszawa
Wood, J.T. 32 World Trade Center,
Xi'an,
U.S.A. 61
China 44
Semiramis 15 Shah Jahan 42, 43 shrine, Buddhist 10
ziggurat
Shwethalyaung, Pegu 26
Zeus
16,
17
22, 23, 24,
25
Acknowledgements Dorling Kmdersley would like to thank Sandra Archer, Andrew Duncan, Martin Greenwood, Kate Hinton, David Salariya, and Lynn Bresler for their help in producing this book.
^T'm.
5|3i?^'7^*'r»:^--
WONDERS THE WORLD of
For thousands of years, people have compiled lists of humankind's The most famous of these - only one of which is still standing were known as the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and were renowned for their spectacular size and beauty. Wonders of the World skillfully reconstructs these seven ancient "wonders" as they were when first built. It relates the story behind the building of each - such as the pyramids, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and the Colossus of Rhodes - and draws greatest buildmgs.
intriguing parallels with other extraordinary buildings, both ancient
1
and modern.
Carefully researched and magnificently illustrated, this book shows how people have labored through the ages, with or without the aid of machines, to create buildings of lasting beauty and fascination.
Giovanni Caselli has produced many stunning
history
books
for
young readers.
A leading author and illustrator, he also wrote Life Through the Ages and illustrated The Body and How It Works in the See & Explore Library series.
.^...i^i^^
See & Explore Library is an original and wide-ranging series of reference books, each of which is a wealth of information and color illustrations. Every topic in the series has been carefully chosen not only to appeal to young people's interests and enthusiasms, but also to stimulate them to find out more about the world m which they live. Other
titles in this
series include:
Animals and Where They Live Birds and How They Live The Body ai\d How It Works Cars and How They Work Dinosaurs and How They Lived Life Through the Ages Machines and How They Work Sharks and Other Creatures of the Deep Space, Stars, Planets and Spacecraft Trains and Railroads Whales, Porpoises, and Dolphins •
•
•
•
•
•
I!
!
'Z9L3}rgr.
SEE « KXIM ORE 1.IHKAKY
m
$12.95 I'rinted in
Spain
ISBN
1-56458-U5-4
90000
DORi.iNG kim)i:ksi,ey, inc. NEW YORK 78156A"58U57'
+
