I.
PROJECT TITLE:
“GULOD” Evacuation Centre A proposed Local Weather and Calamity Rescue Centre that coul could d ith ithst stan and d and and adapt adapt !rom !rom the natu natura ral l cala calami miti ties es that that enda endan" n"er er the the lives lives o! nativ native e and and local local resi reside dence nce ithin the community# Development o! $ shelter prototypes that that is sta% sta%le le& & resi resili lien ent& t& and and adap adapti tive ve to natu natura ral l calamities#
PURPOSE
'he 'he prim primar ary y purp purpos ose e o! the the Evac Evacua uati tion on Cent Centre re (lan (lan is to prov provid ide e "uid "uidan ance ce to muni munici cipa pali liti ties es !or !or the the cons consid ider erati ation on o! pu%lic health matters durin" the esta%lishment esta%lishment and monitorin" o! an evacua evacuation tion centre centre# # )t consid considers ers the physic physical al re*uir re*uiremen ements& ts& health protection& and health promotion amon"st evacuees housed in an evacuation centre#
KEY PRINCIPLES
(lan (lanni nin" n" !or !or an evac evacua uati tion on cent centre re need needs s to addr addres ess s many many pu%lic health concerns# concerns# 'hese include the physical amenities and space re*uired !or ell+%ein"& minimi,in" the ris- o! di!!erent calamities and the need to promote the health o! evacuees to prevent the acute e.acer%ation o! diseases# 'he 'he Comm Commun unit ity y Emer Emer"e "enc ncy y Cont Contro rol l Grou Group p is ulti ultima mate tely ly responsi%le !or the activation o! an evacuation centre in the event that resources are not e*uipped to mana"e the accommodation re*u re*uir irem emen ents ts !oll !ollo oin" in" a deci decisi sion on to evac evacua uate te a popu popula lati tion on# # Acti Activa vati tion on o! an evac evacua uati tion on cent centre re ill ill re*u re*uir ire e mult multi+ i+a" a"en ency cy consultation and response#
USE OF THE GUIDELINE
(reparin" !or and respondin" to a pu%lic health emer"ency is a /ealth Unit ide responsi%ility# 'his document serves as a re!e re!ere renc nce e to or"a or"ani ni,e ,ers rs o! an evac evacua uati tion on cent centre re in orde order r to miti"ate and prevent di!!erent calamities#
/oe /oeve ver& r& as in any any emer emer"e "enc ncys ysit itua uati tion on& & ther there e may may %e !actors hich cannot %e covered %y a sin"le set o! "uidelines# 'his 'his docu docume ment nt shou should ld %e used used as a "uid "uide e !or !or cons consid ider erat atio ion n rather than a mandatory directive# )t does not replace the need !or !or the the appl applica icati tion on o! e.pe e.pert rt 0ud" 0ud"me ment nt to each each indi indivi vidua dual l situation#
Introduction
(lan (lanni nin" n" !or !or an evac evacua uati tion on cent centre re need needs s to addr addres ess s many many pu%lic health concerns# concerns# 'hese include the physical amenities and spac space e re*u re*uir ired ed !or !or ell ell+% +%ei ein" n"& & mini minimi mi,i ,in" n" o! the the risris- o! comm commun unic ica% a%le le dise disease ase out%r out%rea ea-s -s& & and and the need need to prom promot ote e the the health o! evacuees to prevent the acute e.acer%ation o! chronic diseases# 'he 1unicip 1unicipal al Emer"e Emer"ency ncy Respon Response se (lans (lans detail detail emer"en emer"ency cy prep prepar ared edne ness ss& & resp respon onse se and and reco recove very ry arra arran" n"em emen ents ts !or !or the the community to ensure the coordinated response to emer"encies %y all all a"enc a"encie ies& s& hic hich h have have resp respons onsi% i%il ilit itie ies s and and !unct !unctio ions ns in emer"encies# 'he 1unici 1unicipal pality ity2s 2s Communi Community ty Contro Control l Group Group is ultima ultimatel tely y responsi%le !or the activation o! an evacuation centre in the even event t that that norma normal l resou resourc rces es are are not not e*ui e*uipp pped ed to mana mana"e "e the the accommodation re*uirements !olloin" a decision to evacuate a popu popula lati tion on# # Acti Activa vati tion on o! an evacu evacuat atio ion n centr centre e ill ill re*u re*uir ire e multi a"ency consultation and response# 'his 'his docum documen ent t prov provid ides es "uid "uidan ance ce re"a re"ardi rdin" n" pu%l pu%lic ic heal health th matters that may need to %e considered in the esta%lishment and moni monito tori rin" n" o! an evac evacua uati tion on cent centre re# # )t ill ill not not cons consid ider er provision o! medical or mental health services& althou"h these too ill have a si"ni!icant impact on the health o! the evacuee population#
I.
STATEMENT PROBLEM
/oe /oeve ver& r& as in any any emer emer"e "enc ncys ysit itua uati tion on& & ther there e may may %e !actors hich cannot %e covered %y a sin"le set o! "uidelines# 'his 'his docu docume ment nt shou should ld %e used used as a "uid "uide e !or !or cons consid ider erat atio ion n rather than a mandatory directive# )t does not replace the need !or !or the the appl applica icati tion on o! e.pe e.pert rt 0ud" 0ud"me ment nt to each each indi indivi vidua dual l situation#
Introduction
(lan (lanni nin" n" !or !or an evac evacua uati tion on cent centre re need needs s to addr addres ess s many many pu%lic health concerns# concerns# 'hese include the physical amenities and spac space e re*u re*uir ired ed !or !or ell ell+% +%ei ein" n"& & mini minimi mi,i ,in" n" o! the the risris- o! comm commun unic ica% a%le le dise disease ase out%r out%rea ea-s -s& & and and the need need to prom promot ote e the the health o! evacuees to prevent the acute e.acer%ation o! chronic diseases# 'he 1unicip 1unicipal al Emer"e Emer"ency ncy Respon Response se (lans (lans detail detail emer"en emer"ency cy prep prepar ared edne ness ss& & resp respon onse se and and reco recove very ry arra arran" n"em emen ents ts !or !or the the community to ensure the coordinated response to emer"encies %y all all a"enc a"encie ies& s& hic hich h have have resp respons onsi% i%il ilit itie ies s and and !unct !unctio ions ns in emer"encies# 'he 1unici 1unicipal pality ity2s 2s Communi Community ty Contro Control l Group Group is ultima ultimatel tely y responsi%le !or the activation o! an evacuation centre in the even event t that that norma normal l resou resourc rces es are are not not e*ui e*uipp pped ed to mana mana"e "e the the accommodation re*uirements !olloin" a decision to evacuate a popu popula lati tion on# # Acti Activa vati tion on o! an evacu evacuat atio ion n centr centre e ill ill re*u re*uir ire e multi a"ency consultation and response# 'his 'his docum documen ent t prov provid ides es "uid "uidan ance ce re"a re"ardi rdin" n" pu%l pu%lic ic heal health th matters that may need to %e considered in the esta%lishment and moni monito tori rin" n" o! an evac evacua uati tion on cent centre re# # )t ill ill not not cons consid ider er provision o! medical or mental health services& althou"h these too ill have a si"ni!icant impact on the health o! the evacuee population#
I.
STATEMENT PROBLEM
A 3ation 3ational al Governm Government ent+o +oned ned and control controlled led corpora corporatio tion n has decide decided d that that one thousa thousand nd ei"ht ei"ht hundred hundred 45&677 45&677 s*uare s*uare meters meters8 8 prop proper erty ty loca locate ted d in Alme Almeda da /i"h /i"hay ay& & 3a"a 3a"a City City shal shall l host host an Evac Evacua uati tion on Cent Centre re to serv serve e as thei their r shel shelte ter r duri durin" n" natu natura ral l calamities that usually occur ithin the place# A! SPACE RE"UIREMENTS
A#5# (hysical Amenities Areas Re*uired: 5# Administrati Administration on 9 ta!! ta!! Areas ;# Re"ist Re"istrat ration ion Areas Areas $# 1ud9Disin!ec 1ud9Disin!ectin" tin" Areas 4to prevent prevent mud and de%ris de%ris %ein" trac-ed into the %uildin" 'his ill simply cleanin" and also reduce the riso! !alls on et !loors8 <# leepin" leepin" Areas 4includin" 4includin" “addresses” “addresses” ithin ithin the slee sleepi pin" n" area area so that that evac evacue uees es can can %e easi easily ly located !or !ollo+up o! social or medical issues8 =# Eatin" Eatin" Area Area ># hoer and toilet toilet !acilities !acilities ?# @itchen9!ood @itchen9!ood preparation preparation Area Area 6# Gar%a"e Gar%a"e collection collection Area # Laun Laundr dry y 57#pecial (urpose Areas 4e#"# prayer area8 55#tora"e 5;#/and ashin" stations 5$#Clinic area 5<#)solation area !or potentially in!ectious people 5=#Recreation areas 4e#"# play area8 5>#Child Care 5?#(et holdin" area 4Re!er to ection =8
Fir#t Bui$din% &E'(cu(tion C)ntr)! Ground F$oor S*(c) R)+uir),)nt#
5# Clinic Clinic Admin Admin ;# Eatin" Eatin" Area Area $# <# tora"e9 tora"e9Util Utility ity <# )solat )solation ion Room Room
=# Laundr Laundry y Area Area ># Rest Restro room oms s ?# /and /and ash ash Area Area 6# Admi Admin n Area Area # Disin! Disin!ect ectin" in" Area S)cond F$oor
57# 55# 5;#
ta!!s Area hoer Room /and Wash Area
S)cond Bui$din% &R)#cu) C)ntr)! S*(c) r)+uir),)nt#
5$# 5<# 5=# 5># 5?# 56#
O!!ices Restrooms leepin" Buarters tora"e Lo%%y Rescue E*uipments
T-ird ui$din% &Loc($ /)(t-)r St(tion! S*(c) R)+uir),)nt#
5# leepi leepin" n" Buarters Buarters ;# Lo%% Lo%%y y $# O!!i O!!ice ces s <# tor tora" a"e e =# Rest Restro room oms s
P-0#ic($ (,)niti)#
election o! an evacuation center site and mana"ement o! the center is the responsi%ility o! other a"encies# 'he in!ormation %elo provides "uidance !or pu%lic health services i! they are as-ed to provide advice as to the ade*uacy o! planned !acilities#
Mud1di#in2)ctin% (r)(
O!ten evacuees may come !rom an area that has %een contaminated 4e#"# %y sea"e8 or is muddy or dusty# )n order to maintain the cleanliness o! the !acility and reduce the chance o! introduction o! disease an area at the entrance to the !acility should %e put aside !or cleanin" mud !rom shoes and clothes# Toi$)t#
)deally there should %e a ma.imum o! ;7 people !or each availa%le toilet# )n the initial phases o! the emer"ency a !i"ure o! =7 people per toilet may %e used until additional !acilities are availa%le# Use o! toilets could %e arran"ed %y households and9or se"re"ated %y se.# 'he allocation o! toilets may depend on the demo"raphics o! the evacuees 4e#"# predominantly male vs# pred predom omin inan antl tly y !ema !emale le8# 8# A re"u re"ula lar r clea cleani nin" n" rost roster er shou should ld %e esta esta%l %lis ishe hed d and and main mainta tain ined ed# # 'oil 'oilet et !aci !acili litie ties s shou should ld incl include ude provis provision ion !or the dispos disposal al o! omen2s omen2s sanitar sanitary y produc products ts 4e#"# 4e#"# %ins ith ti"ht !ittin" lids8# 'oilets should %e sited in such a ay as to minimi,e threats to users 4particularly children and !emale !emales8# s8# 'his includ includes es appropr appropriat iate e li"htin li"htin"& "& or provis provision ion o! torches to those in the evacuation center# 'here should %e one ash %asin per 57 people# oap& ater and hand toels should %e availa%le in the toilets !or hand ashin"# (osters promotin" hand ashin" should %e availa%le in the toilet %loc-# Re!use %ins ith ti"h ti"ht t !itt !ittin in" " lids lids shou should ld %e loca locate ted d in the the toil toilet et %loc %loc-# -# aci acili liti ties es !or !or chan" chan"in in" " in!an in!ants ts and and !or !or the the sa!e sa!e disp dispos osal al o! childr children2 en2s s used used nappie nappies s should should %e esta%li esta%lishe shed& d& includ includin" in" hand hand ashin" !acilities ne.t to the chan"in" station9s# 1a0or Evacuation Center: (u%lic /ealth Considerations Guideline GL;755755 )ssue date: Au"ust ;755 (a"e ? o! $; R)cr)(tion (r)(
A sa!e sa!e& & secu secure re recr recrea eati tion on area area shou should ld %e put put asid aside e !or !or children and adults# Children and adults ill need an area !or phys physic ical al acti activi vity ty such such as spor sport t and and "ame "ames# s# Chil Childr dren en may may also also re*uire an indoor area !or more passive activities#
L(undr0 &3-)r) ('(i$($)!
Laundry should %e processed o!!+site as !ar as possi%le& or underta-en in an area separate to personal hy"iene !acilities# )! laundry !acilities are provided there should %e one ash stand per 577 people# Garments heavily soiled ith !eces should %e handled care!ully& earin" "loves& and placed in a plastic %a" !or disposal# )! !eces can easily %e removed usin" toilet paper& the "arment may %e laundered %y ashin" in a ashin" machine usin" normal temperature settin"s and laundry deter"ent# 'here is no need to disin!ect the tu%s o! ashers or tum%lers o! dryers i! cycles are run until they are completed# Any donated clothin" must %e ashed and screened !or appropriateness %e!ore distri%ution# All a!!ected people should have access to su!!icient chan"es o! clothin" to ensure their thermal com!ort& di"nity& health and ell+%ein"# 'his ill re*uire at least to sets o! essential items& particularly underclothes& to ena%le launderin"# G(r(%) &#o$id 3(#t) ,(n(%),)nt!
Local council is responsi%le !or aste mana"ement in an emer"ency& hoever pu%lic /ealth services may %e as-ed !or advice# Waste disposal& includin" disposal o! re"ulated clinical aste such as needles and syrin"es& should comply ith local re*uirements# acilities should %e provided !or the proper disposal o! needles and syrin"es used !or medications# Containers desi"ned !or sharp aste disposal should %e placed here needles and syrin"es are used# harps containers must %e A93 compliant# 1any people ho use needles and syrin"es may %e reluctant to disclose their need pu%licly& hence all evacuation center !acilities 4e#"# toilet %loc-s& clinic areas8 should have some capacity !or the sa!e disposal o! needles and syrin"es# Gar%a"e receptacles should %e lined ith plastic %a"s that can %e securely tied shut# Gar%a"e %a"s should not %e over!illed& nor should they %e compressed %y hand to e.pel e.cess air# 1a0or Evacuation Centers: (u%lic /ealth Considerations Guideline GL;755755 )ssue date: Au"ust ;755 (a"e o! $; Gar%a"e should %e placed in an area separated !rom the livin" spaces& pre!era%ly in "ar%a"e %ins# Gar%a"e %ins should have ti"ht !ittin" lids to discoura"e vermin# Waste pic-+ups should %e !re*uently scheduled + daily& i! possi%le# )! daily pic-+ups are not occurrin"& ensure the "ar%a"e is stored in a
shady location in secure %ins# 'here should %e at least one 577L %in per <7 people# 'he %in should have a ti"ht !ittin" lid and %e chan"ed every ; days# 'here should %e ;#= "ar%a"e collectors !or litter control per 5777 residents#
R)cr)(tion Ar)(
A sa!e& secure recreation area should %e desi"nated# Evacuees ill need an area !or physical activity such as sport and "ames# Children may also re*uire an indoor area !or more passive activities# A"e+appropriate physical activities can %e recommended %ased on availa%le resources# Access to "yms& sports !ields& e*uipment and pro"rams may %e possi%le throu"h contacts and relationships ith area schools#
S,o4in%
'he mo-e ee Ontario Act and local %ylas adhered to in and around the evacuation centre#
must
%e
'here is no le"al o%li"ation to provide desi"nated smo-in" areas# /oever& i! it is decided such areas are to %e provided& they should %e: F
located outdoors& clearly desi"nated and ell+ventilated ith no possi%ility the resultant smo-e ill contaminate indoor areas
F located aay !rom cross+tra!!ic and here people may %e con"re"ated F provided ith "ar%a"e cans and ash cans or more in!ormation re"ardin" to%acco re"ulations& re!er to the mo-e ree Ontario Act and local municipal %ylas# 'o%acco use reduction and cessation support may %e o!!ered# Assistance or support in accessin" or usin" nicotine+replacement therapy may %e availa%le !rom the /ealth Unit# 'rainin" !or evacuation centre sta!! and volunteers re"ardin" su%stance use prevention and aareness may %e valua%le as an anticipatory measure or upon identi!ication o! concerns re"ardin" su%stance use or a%use %y evacuees#
II.
DESIGN OBJECTI5ES :
A# 'o desi"n an evacuation centre that shall %e e.pressive o! the national "overnment desire to render e.cellence pu%lic service # 'o desi"n a %uildin" that ill serve as a *uicre!erence !or the people in the community hen settin" up temporary shelters and evacuation centre durin" emer"encies 9 calamities# C# 'o desi"n a %uildin" applyin" vernacular architecture& tropical desi"n& "reen architecture& sustaina%le architecture& ener"y conservation& and proper space plannin"# D# 'o desi"n a %uildin" that can easily adapt !rom the local eather and natural calamities occurrin" in the vicinity# E# 'o desi"n a $ prototype evacuation %uildin" shoin" sta%ility& resiliency and adapta%ility# # 'o desi"n a %uildin" usin" the availa%le materials ithin the vicinity# III. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
A. Reaction time 4travel distance to re!u"e and activation B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L.
time !or emer"ency support systems8# Duration o! occupancy (rivacy ecurity9 a!ety o! the %uildin" 4secure stora"e& doors& loc-s& indos9vie ports8 )solation areas !or ill or contaminated occupants or e*uipment Adapta%ility to the e!!ects o! climate chan"e Water upply Hernacular Architecture 'ropical Desi"n Green Architecture ustaina%le Architecture Ener"y Conservation
M. Local Weather I Calamities
C$i,(t) R)#i$i)nc0
I. W)3D I WA'ER EEC' O3 LDG#
'J(E O CO3'RUC')O3 J'E1 •
• • •
4WOOD& CO3CRE'E& CO3CRE'E+WOOD& 'EEL& 'EEL8 ROO)3G J'E1 I 1A'ER)AL W)3D EEC' O3 LDG LOCA')O3 I OR)E3'A')O3 O LDG
A# )3D)GE3OU 4A1OO&COCOLU1ER&3)(A&A3A/AW8
CO3CRE'E+
CO3'RUC')O3
A#5# C/ARAC'ER)')C • • • • • •
A#; •
A#$ • •
•
•
Li"htei"ht 'emporary Least sti!! W9 hei"ht limitation 1ost economical (rone to in!estation EEC' evere dama"e li-e upli!tin" o! the roo! or even the entire structure due to li"htness I lac- o! sti!!ness RECO11E3DA')O3 (rovide ade*uate ties !or 0oints I !rames (rovide additional# support I %racin"s on e.istin" structural !rames )ncrease dead load %y usin" heavier materials especially !or %am%oo construction (rovide additional# ties on 0oints or !ramin" connections
•
(rovide emer"ency anchora"e li-e concrete& stone pe"s& or trees to tie structure hen the need arises
# CO3CRE'E #5
C/ARAC'ER)')C /eavy and sturdy (ermanent Cost e!!ective %ecause o! a%undance o! a""re"ates in the locality EEC' 1inimal dama"e li-e crac-s due to roc-in" I vi%ration# or orst cases crum%lin" o! %uildin" due to poor structural desi"n • • •
#;
•
•
#$
RECO11E3DA')O3 •
• •
•
•
(ractice appropriate mi.ture proportion !or the di!!erent structural elements O%serve standard structural anchora"e (rovide alloance !or movements li-e control 0oints Evaluate e.istin" structure !or possi%le de!ects and dama"e Avoid usin" su%+standard materials
C# 'EEL C#5 C/ARAC'ER)')C • • • • • • •
Li"htei"ht and stron" Lasts lon"er hen properly primed and painted u%0ect to corrosion under salty environment (est resistance Less construction time re*uired 1ore e.pensive than concrete Availa%ility is a pro%lem
C#; EEC'
•
1inimal dama"e li-e tistin" and %uc-lin" under hi"h ind velocity conditions
C#$ RECO11E3DA')O3 •
• •
(rovide additional# %racin"s& sti!!eners and 0oints must %e !ully elded or properly %olted Apply rust protection coatin"s Evaluate e.istin" structure !or possi%le de!ects and dama"e
D# 1)KED 4Concrete& teel& Wood8 D#5 C/ARAC'ER)')C Cost e!!ective as selection o! materials is an option 1ost pre!erred type o! construction Allos !le.i%ility in desi"n •
• •
D#; EEC' •
•
)ncompati%ility o! materials may result to structural collapse eparation at 0oints due to ea- or lac- o! anchora"e
D#$ RECO11E3DA')O3 • • •
II.
(rovide proper anchora"e Avoid usin" su%+standard materials Evaluate e.istin" structure !or de!ects and dama"e
possi%le
ROO)3G J'E1 A# 'ypes 4Ga%le& /ip& hed& Curved8 A#5 E!!ect • •
/ip type is more sta%le !orm than "a%le hed is economical yet most vulnera%le upli!t ind e!!ect
to
•
Curve roo!s is less vulnera%le to aerodynamic dra"
•
A#; RECO11E3DA')O3 • •
Use roo! shapes that are less resistant to ind Avoid lo pitch roo! !orm # 1aterials 4G#)#& )ndi"enous& Concrete& Clay8
#5 EEC'
)ndi"enous roo!in" materials have poor ind resistance and su%0ect to ater lea-s G#)# roo!in" i! o! a loer "au"e is prone to rippin" and upli!t Concrete dec- is su%0ect to ater seepa"e #; RECO11E3DA')O3
)nvest on thic-er "au"e !or G#)# roo!in" (rovide add2l# !asteners at roo! sheet lappin" (rovide nets !or indi"enous roo!in" Concrete dec-s must %e ater ti"ht and ith su!!icient over !lo drains Use i! possi%le concrete "utters 9 over!lo provision (rovide I secure screen over concrete "utters to prevent clo""in" !rom !orei"n materials (rovide ade*uate stainless ties !or clay I concrete roo! tiles Roo! vents must have smaller slots to di!!use ind C# W)3D EEC' O3 LDG
D)REC' (REURE DRAG UC')O3 ROC@)3G& UER)3G H)RA')O3 CLEA3+O EEC'
D# LOCA')O3 I OR)E3'A')O3 O LDG#
Open I relatively !lat terrain has hi"h rispro%a%ility !or ind e!!ects (ro0ectin" elements are su%0ect to clean+o!! uildin"s at coastal areas are prone to !loodin" I hi"h ind pressure Consider "eo"raphic I "eolo"ic !actor !or site selection 4some areas are su%0ect to li*ue!action& erosion& !loodin"& etc#8
Pu$ic H)($t- Ro$) (nd R)#*on#ii$iti)#
(u%lic health has %een descri%ed as the science and art o! preventin" disease& prolon"in" li!e and promotin" health”# )t is concerned ith threats to the overall health o! the community %ased on population health analysis# 'he population in *uestion can %e as small as a hand!ul o! people& as in an evacuation centre or as lar"e as all the inha%itants o! several continents 4!or instance& in the case o! a pandemic8# 'he /ealth Unit does not provide acute care medical services !or evacuees# 'he municipal emer"ency response plans outline numerous responsi%ilities o! the 1edical O!!icer o! /ealth9/ealth Unit durin" an emer"ency# 'he /ealth Unit is responsi%le !or the !olloin" ith respect to an evacuation centre: a8
(rovides inspection o! evacuation centres& ma-es recommendations and initiates remedial action in areas o! accommodation standards related to: i# overcrodin"& sea"e and aste disposalM
ii# monitorin" o! ater supply& air *uality& sanitationM iii# !ood handlin"& stora"e& and serviceM
preparation& distri%ution
iv# appropriate in!ection and control practices
%8 Liaises ith local social service a"encies on areas o! mutual concern re"ardin" evacuation centres related to pu%lic health in!ormationM
c8
(rovides surveillance and (u%lic /ealth in!ectious disease cases and out%rea-s#
mana"ement
o!
)! a re"ular epidemiolo"ical report is needed& it ould %e "enerated and shared ith all relevant a"encies& decision+ma-ers and the community# 'he !re*uency o! the report ill vary ith the emer"ency and the sta"e o! the emer"ency# Responsi%ility !or the production o! the epidemiolo"ical report is that o! the /ealth Unit Research& urveillance and Evaluation team at the time o! the health emer"ency# Con!identiality o! the data stored ould %e ensured and reportin" per!ormed in a non+disclosive !ashion# 'he health in!ormation system ould include a component to ensure the timely detection o! and response to in!ectious disease out%rea-s# upplementary data !rom other relevant sources 4e#"# police& social services8 may %e used to assist in the interpretation o! surveillance data and to "uide decision+ ma-in"#
Loc(tion
Where possi%le and sa!e& evacuees should %e accommodated near to their homes# )! the nature o! the emer"ency is such that the evacuation site is li-ely to %e a!!ected 4e#"# poer& ater and9or sanitation !ailures8 then it is pre!era%le to move people to a site o! sa!ety# Any %uildin" should %e structurally sound and have su!!icient emer"ency e.its# Ensure that "as& electricity& ater and seera"e systems have %een chec-ed %y the relevant authorities# 'he !acility ill li-ely %e housin" individuals ith limited physical mo%ility N includin" those in heelchairs& those usin" mo%ility aids and those ith very youn" children# 'his should %e considered hen plannin" an evacuation site#
P-0#ic($ S*(c) (nd Air Circu$(tion
Livin" areas should %e ell ventilated ith a reasona%le supply o! !resh air availa%le# (eople should have su!!icient covered livin" space providin" thermal com!ort& !resh air and protection !rom the climate# 'his ensures their privacy& sa!ety and health and ena%les essential household and livelihood activities to %e underta-en# A covered !loor area in e.cess o! $#?; m;per person ill o!ten %e re*uired to meet these considerations# 'he !loor+to+ceilin" hei"ht is also a -ey !actor& ith "reater hei"ht %ein" pre!era%le in hot and humid times o! the year to aid air circulation# A loer hei"ht is pre!era%le in cold times o! the year to minimi,e the internal volume that re*uires heatin"# 'he internal !loor+to ceilin" hei"ht should %e a minimum o! to meters at the hi"hest point# 'here shall %e no smo-in" in the evacuation centre 4Re!er to ection $#558 and coo-in" shall only occur in the !ood preparation area# 'he am%ient temperature o! the %uildin" should ideally %e 5?+;5C# /i"h temperatures may lead to heat stress# Loer temperatures may leave vulnera%le persons prone to hypothermia#
S(2)t06 Pri'(c06 Ri%-t# (nd R)#*on#ii$iti)#
Where possi%le& !amilies should %e accommodated to"ether# Well+planned access routes throu"h the evacuation centre should %e hi"hli"hted# 1aterials to screen personal space and opportunities !or internal su%division ithin the evacuation centre should %e provided# )ndividual spaces can aid the provision o! ade*uate privacy and sa!ety# (eople see-in" or receivin" assistance in an evacuation centre and those ho provide that care have the ri"ht to %e treated ith respect# All care ill %e provided in a manner that shos courtesy and consideration !or a person2s culture& reli"ious %elie!s& se.ual orientation& issues arisin" !rom a disa%ility and ri"ht to privacy 43e outh Whales& Department o! /ealth& (opulation /ealth + Disaster 1ana"ement& ;7558
B(0 Fri)nd$0 En'iron,)nt
)t is important to esta%lish& maintain and support an environment that is elcomin" and accommodatin" to !amilies and %reast!eedin" mothers# Re"ardless o! a !amily2s in!ant !eedin" decision& support and in!ormation can %e o!!ered to assist !amilies in achievin" optimal health# Women should %e elcomed to %reast!eed anyhere and privacy should %e accommodated i! desired#
/(t)r R)+uir),)nt#
'he *uantities o! ater needed !or domestic use may vary accordin" to the climate& the sanitation !acilities availa%le& peoplePs normal ha%its& their reli"ious and cultural practices& the !ood they coo-& the clothes they ear& and so on# )n an a%solute emer"ency& ?L per person per day o! ater should %e provided# )deally& at least 5=L per person per day should %e supplied !or drin-in"& coo-in" and personal hy"iene re*uirements# 'he very youn" and the elderly are at the hi"hest ris- o! dehydration# 'he allocated amount may need to %e increased in hot conditions or here heavy or- is %ein" carried out# (eople should have to *ueue !or no more than 5= minutes to access ater and it should ta-e no more than three minutes to !ill a ;7L container# E.cessive aitin" time su""ests that there is inade*uate ater availa%ility# Consider the num%er o! people per tap and the ater !lo# A rou"h "uide is ;=7 people per tap hen the ater !lo is ?#=L9min# teps should %e ta-en to minimi,e post+ater delivery contamination 4e#"# containers dedicated to ater collection should %e provided !or !amily "roups8# (eople in the centre should %e provided ith in!ormation re"ardin" any ater *uality concerns# 'he !olloin" ta%le advises %asic survival ater needs:
Si,*$i2i)d t($) o2 (#ic #ur'i'($ 3(t)r n))d#
urvival needs: ;#=+$ litres per day Depends on: the ater inta-e climate and 4drin-in" and !ood8 individual physiolo"y asic hy"iene ;+> litres per day Depends on: social practices and cultural norms asic coo-in" needs
$+> litres per day
'otal %asic ater
Depends on: !ood type& social as ell as cultural norms ?#=+5= litres per day
Water supplied to the evacuation centre shall %e pota%le& in su!!icient *uantity to meet the needs o! the occupants& and o%tained !rom a source approved %y the 1edical O!!icer o! /ealth or (u%lic /ealth )nspector# P)r#on($ H0%i)n)
Good personal hy"iene should %e promoted throu"hout the centre# /and hy"iene and "ood respiratory eti*uette 4coverin" cou"hs and snee,es8 should %e promoted ith education materials and distri%ution o! e*uipment 4e#"# alcohol+%ased hand cleanser& tissues& and aste containers8 i! possi%le# eparate handashin" stations should %e set up near toilet and meal areas and there should %e systems in place to ensure hi"h compliance# A ratio o! one shoer per =7 people is su""ested i! the eather is temperate and one shoer per $7 people in hot eather# A supply o! personal hy"iene products should %e availa%le to evacuees and additional items essential !or ensurin" personal hy"iene& di"nity and ell+%ein" must %e accessi%le 4e#"# incontinence pads& !eminine hy"iene products8# Each individual should have access to a supply o! soap# C$)(nin% o2 Li'in% Ar)(#
Rosters o! personnel 4either volunteers or evacuees8 should %e developed and systematic cleanin" underta-en# Cleanin" materials should %e made availa%le to all residents and residents encoura"ed to -eep the evacuation centre clean and
tidy# Any cleanin" materials desi"nated& secure cup%oard#
should
%e
sa!ely
stored
in
a
All !loors should %e sept& electrostatically mopped or vacuumed daily# leepin" areas must %e -ept neat and tidy to !acilitate cleanin" activities# (eople should not eat in the sleepin" area to !acilitate ease o! cleanin" and reduce the attraction o! insects# @eepin" sur!aces and items clean helps reduce the spread o! in!ections amon" people livin" or or-in" at the evacuation centre# ur!aces should %e cleaned ith a household cleaner hen visi%ly dirty and on a re"ular schedule# @itchens and %athrooms should %e cleaned at least daily and as necessary 4e#"# a!ter use8# ed !rames& mattresses and pillos should %e cleaned and their coverin"s laundered %eteen occupants# Other !urniture should %e cleaned ee-ly and as needed# pills should %e cleaned up immediately# aniti,e 4i#e# reduce micro%ial contamination to sa!er levels8 hi"h+ris- sur!aces usin" a household disin!ectant or a mi.ture o! 5 teaspoon o! household %leach in 5 liter o! clean ater& mi.ed !resh daily# /ousehold %leach and deter"ents are dan"erous and should %e stored securely aay !rom children# Where needed& disin!ectant solutions should %e made up as re*uired and then discarded %y %ein" !lushed ith copious amounts o! ater don the sin- 4don a dedicated sin- !or cleaners i! availa%le8# )t is pre!era%le to ear disposa%le "loves hile per!ormin" cleanin" activities# )! usin" %leach& "loves& apron and a !ace shield should %e orn# Cleanin" o! hi"h+ris- sur!aces /i"h+ris- sur!aces include:
is
particularly
important#
F !ood preparation sur!aces F sur!aces used !or diaper chan"in" F sur!aces soiled ith %ody !luid 4e#"# emesis& %lood& !eces8# ecause o! the potentially hi"h ratio o! residents to toilets& temporary evacuation centres have a particular need !or !re*uent and supervised cleanin" and maintenance o! ashroom !acilities# Desi"nated centre personnel should ensure sur!aces are iped don ith disin!ectant at least hourly hile the premises are occupied and %asic supplies such as hand soap& paper toels& and toilet paper are maintained in each ashroom#
Food S(2)t0
All !oods served in the evacuation centre should %e prepared in a /ealth Unit approved !acility# Donation o! !oods prepared in home -itchens should not %e served# An e.ception to this rule ould %e lo+ris- %a-ed "oods#
Food Pr)*(r(tion Ar)(
Where possi%le& !ood should %e prepared on+site in a dedicated !ood preparation area here !ood preparation standards are o%served# )t is pre!era%le to have a (u%lic /ealth )nspector !rom the /ealth Unit inspect the !ood preparation area prior to its use to ensure it meets the appropriate standards# ood should not %e consumed in sleepin" areas# A separate dinin" area should %e made availa%le to assist in -eepin" the evacuation centre clean# When people %rin" their on hot !ood into the evacuation centre& they should %e encoura"ed to consume it entirely or thro out the le!tovers# Dinin" ta%les should %e cleaned and saniti,ed a!ter each use# 'he dinin" area !loors should %e ashed daily and maintained in a sanitary condition#
P)t# (nd Pu$ic H)($t-
'he /ealth Unit does not recommend pets %e alloed into the evacuation centre ith the e.ception o! service animals# 'here is a ris- to pu%lic health i! people re!use to evacuate %ecause o! concern !or a pet2s el!are and the municipality should %e prepared to provide advice# While havin" a pet near%y may provide a source o! com!ort !or those ho have %een evacuated& pets may pose a ris- to pu%lic health throu"h transmission o! disease& ris- o! in0ury and loss o! amenity 4noise and smell8# 'he appropriateness o! housin" pets in pu%lic evacuation centres should %e care!ully considered 4Center !or Disease Control and (revention 4CDC8& ;77=8#
ometimes separate areas can %e esta%lished !or pets# )! this is done& then these areas should %e sta!!ed ith animal care personnel ho have %een trained in the handlin" o! animals& as ell as appropriate approaches to in!ection control# Animal evacuation centres or !oster homes may %e "ood alternatives# )! there is no alternative to havin" pets in the evacuation centre& the !olloin" "uidelines developed %y the Center !or Disease Control and (revention& may help reduce riso! in0ury or disease: •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
)! a pet is -ept at a human evacuation centre& it should not %e alloed to roam !reely around the !acility and should %e -ept under control at all times& either via ca"in" or a leash# 'his is !or the animal2s sa!ety& as ell as the sa!ety o! the people in the evacuation centre# Animals must %e -ept out o! !ood preparation areas# urred or !eathered pets should %e housed in areas separate !rom people ith aller"ies or asthma tri""ered %y !ur& !eathers& or dander# Cats should %e -ept in a ca"e ith a litter %o. that is cleaned !re*uently& at least once every ;< hours# (re"nant omen or immunocompromi,ed people should not have contact ith used litter# Do"s should %e al-ed re"ularly on a leash outside the centre to allo them to urinate and de!ecate in desi"nated areas# Any !eces should %e immediately collected and disposed o!# Anyone %itten %y an animal should spea- ith a healthcare provider to discuss associated concerns 4e#"# tissue trauma& in!ection& ra%ies8# ites and scratches should %e thorou"hly cleaned ith soap and ater# (eople carin" !or pets in evacuation centres should practice "ood hy"iene %y cleanin" up a!ter their pets 4e#"# disposal o! !eces8 and !re*uently ashin" their hands# Children youn"er than = years old should not handle reptiles ithout adult supervision& and should alays ash their hands a!ter doin" so# /and ashin" should %e monitored %y an adult#
Contro$ o2 Co,,unic($) Di#)(#)#
Any evacuation centre should provide a !ocus on preventin" the spread o! in!ectious diseases# Good in!ection control& plans !or e!!ective sanitation& care!ul attention to !ood handlin" and stora"e& and plans !or the isolation o! people ith in!ectious disease can miti"ate the ris- o! a lar"e+scale in!ectious disease out%rea-# Evacuation centres may have limited capacity !or providin" sanitary and !ood preparation !acilities# athin" and laundry resources are also li-ely to %e limited# (eople should %e discoura"ed !rom preparin" !ood or laundry on+site as this may lead to unsanitary conditions# 'he centre sta!! should ensure that appropriate hy"iene and cleanin" !acilities are availa%le# 'hey should %e aare o! the procedures re*uired to mana"e a person ith a potentially in!ectious disease# (u%lic health services may need to provide advice or %asic trainin" o! this topic# (osters should %e posted emphasi,in" the importance o! hand hy"iene& sa!e !ood handlin" and hat people should do i! they %ecome ill# 'hese posters should %e placed in prominent locations in the evacuation centre# )n areas that have %een !lood+a!!ected& there is an increased chance o! ound contamination# Residents should %e encoura"ed to clean ounds appropriately# Where puncture or other contaminated ounds have occurred& people should have their tetanus vaccination status assessed and %e immuni,ed i! their vaccination is not up to date or un-non# 3um%ers o! mos*uitoes can increase si"ni!icantly !olloin" !loods in armer months# Control measures should ensure that ater holes or containers capa%le o! holdin" ater are re"ularly chec-ed !or evidence o! mos*uito %reedin"#
5(ccin(tion#
'he or"ani,ation o! a vaccination campai"n re*uires "ood mana"ement a%ility and technical -noled"e# Responsi%ilities !or each component o! the vaccination pro"ram rest ith the /ealth Unit# 'he /ealth Unit2s Haccine (reventa%le Diseases (ro"ram is e.perienced in settin" up vaccination clinics and mana"in" immuni,ation needs#
'here is no prede!ined list o! vaccines !or any sin"le emer"ency# 'he vaccination pro"ram ill consider each person individually in the conte.t o! the presentin" situation# Routine vaccines ill %e considered !irst# )! possi%le& all evacuees should %e up+to+date ith current standard vaccine recommendations# urther vaccines ill %e considered accordin" to the presentin" ris-#
G)n)r($ In2)ction Contro$ 2or E'(cu(tion C)ntr)#
Use o! appropriate in!ection control measures %y all sta!!& volunteers and evacuees can reduce the spread o! in!ectious diseases# Encoura"e "ood personal hy"iene practices %y adoptin" the !olloin": F cover cou"hs9snee,es ith tissues or sleeves& dispose o! tissues in the "ar%a"e a!ter one use F
ash hands or use alcohol+%ased hand cleanser a!ter cou"hin"& snee,in"& a!ter "oin" to the toilet and %e!ore eatin"
F
provide tissues& aste receptacles and !acilities in evacuation centre livin" areas
hand
hy"iene
F prepare !ood hy"ienically# F do not share eatin" utensils or drin-in" containers F do not share personal care items such as com%s& ra,ors& tooth%rushes& or toels F have sharps disposal containers availa%le 1ana"ement o! (eople ith )n!ectious Diseases in Evacuation Centres 'he arrival o! people ho may have symptomatic in!ections& and9or unreco"ni,ed or incu%atin" in!ectious diseases& com%ined ith potential !or crodin" and limited sanitary in!rastructure increases the ris- o! in!ections spreadin" amon" residents and %eteen residents and sta!!# 'his is particularly true o! respiratory in!ections and enteric diseases# e!ore enterin" an evacuation centre& all residents should %e re*uested to report the !olloin" conditions: F !ever F cou"h 4ne or chan"ed8
F vomitin" F diarrhea F rash (eople ith any o! the a%ove conditions should %e admitted to the evacuation centre only a!ter appropriate medical evaluation and care# Evacuation centre sta!! should %e actively and re"ularly as-in" residents o! the centre a%out the presence o! a%ove syndromes in order to identi!y illness# Residents o! the centre should %e instructed to report any o! the a%ove conditions to the centre sta!!& in order to consult health authorities in a timely !ashion# Evacuation centre sta!! ith any o! the a%ove symptoms should not or- in the centre& %ut should see- medical evaluation %y their on healthcare provider !or assessment and clearance prior to returnin" to or-# )! a communica%le disease is identi!ied in a person already residin" at the centre& the ill individual4s8 should %e separated !rom other residents or trans!erred to a special accommodation centre or “sic- %ay” 4see ection >#=8# A separate area or room to house potentially in!ectious people should %e identi!ied in advance# )! several people ith similar symptoms are identi!ied& they may %e housed to"ether in one area# /oever& %eds should %e separated %y at least ; metres and pre!era%ly screened# A dedicated toilet !acility should %e identi!ied and reserved !or use o! the ill individuals only# 1ore than one separate area may %e needed i! more than one illness is identi!ied in the population# or e.ample& an area !or people ith an enteric illness and another area !or people ith respiratory illness# Each separate area ill have to have health sta!! cohorted to monitor and care !or the people housed there# 4Ontario 1inistry o! /ealth and Lon" 'erm Care& ;778# Ensure that the area is -ept clean and appropriately supplied# Each evacuation centre should have a clear plan !or trans!errin" individuals ith potentially in!ectious diseases !rom the centre to an appropriate “sic- %ay”& either ithin the centre or near%y# 'he sic- %ay should ideally %e a room here the sic- person can %e isolated# )ll individuals ith respiratory symptoms should ear a sur"ical mas- i! in close pro.imity to others hile aaitin" evaluation or trans!er# A aitin" area should %e desi"nated that is separate !rom the main centre livin" areas& %ut hich can %e closely monitored %y centre sta!!# A system !or identi!yin" and noti!yin" the sta!! at the receivin"
“sic- %ay” must %e in place# /and hy"iene accessi%le#
stations must %e
Centre sta!! or-in" ith people ho have symptoms o! illness should use Routine (ractices 4de!ined in ection >#<8 !or any interactions that re*uire potential contact ith %ody !luids and should place particular emphasis on hand hy"iene# 'he use o! tandard (recautions aims to protect residents and sta!! !rom e.posure to reco"ni,ed and unreco"ni,ed sources o! in!ection# Routine (ractices and Additional (recautions: F ear "loves i! hand contact is e.pected ith %lood& %ody !luids& respiratory secretions or potentially contaminated sur!aces F ear a disposa%le "on i! clothes mi"ht %ecome soiled ith a patient2s %lood& %ody !luids or respiratory secretions F chan"e "loves and "ons a!ter each patient encounter and ash hands or use alcohol+%ased hand cleanser immediately a!ter removin" "loves F ash hands or use alcohol+%ased hand cleanser %e!ore and a!ter touchin" a patient& a!ter touchin" the patient2s environment& or a!ter touchin" the patient2s respiratory secretions& hether or not "loves are orn F
hen hands are visi%ly dirty or contaminated ith respiratory secretions& ash hands ith soap 4either plain or antimicro%ial8 and ater
F cover any cuts or sores prior to patient care F ear a mas- and protective eye ear i! there is a ris- o! splash o! %odily !luids#
7Sic4 B(0#81S*)ci($ T),*or(r0 Acco,,od(tion C)ntr)#
'here ill %e circumstances here a person %ecomes unell and does not re*uire hospital+level care& %ut does re*uire a separate room %ecause o! the nature o! the disease or %ecause o! the potential to in!ect others# (u%lic health services should %e prepared to ma-e recommendations !or the appropriate placement o! a!!ected people& notin" that people in this situation only need the level o! care that !amily or !riends ould usually provide# )t is stron"ly recommended that such !acilities are planned !or& and that centre sta!!& some ith health care e.perience
4e#"# re"istered nurses8& ho are illin" to care !or sicpeople are identi!ied& and provided ith the appropriate instruction and supplies 4i#e# ((E8# A clear re!erral pathay to hospital care 4i! re*uired8 and !or reportin" disease out%rea-s should %e made availa%le durin" the accommodation plannin"# (rovision should %e made to accommodate at least up to ;Q o! people in this !ashion# 'his is an estimate %ased on the prevalence o! in!ectious diseases durin" the inter period in the population# /oever& in a closed environment the prevalence is li-ely to %e hi"her and "reater space may %e re*uired should an out%rea- occur#
Sur')i$$(nc) (nd D)t)ction
When a communica%le disease out%rea- is suspected amon" the residents& the /ealth Unit should %e immediately in!ormed# Case de!initions and thresholds !or noti!ication developed& in consultation ith the /ealth Unit#
ill
%e
)! a source is suspected& that source must %e controlled in consultation ith the /ealth Unit# 4e#"# !ood& ater& environment8# uscepti%le "roups 4e#"# those ho are unimmuni,ed or ho have incomplete immuni,ation& the very youn"& and the very old8 may need particular protection# Coordination o! la% testin" in the event o! an out%reaould %e done in consultation ith the /ealth Unit#
Contro$ o2 Non9Co,,unic($) Di#)(#)#1C-ronic I$$n)## M(n(%),)nt
In:ur0
'he health in!ormation system should identi!y any in0uries related to the evacuation centre and implement in0ury prevention pro"rams to minimi,e the ris- o! in0ury in evacuees#
H0%i)n) Pro,otion
A hy"iene promotion campai"n should %e esta%lished ithin the centre# 'his should %e included in the evacuee induction#
H(nd H0%i)n)
)t is important !or residents to ash their hands re"ularly and to dry them ith a paper toel to avoid illness# ta!! and residents should ash their hands ith soap and runnin" ater !or at least 57 seconds a!ter usin" the toilet and %e!ore handlin" !ood# Alcohol+%ased hand cleanser is an e!!ective addition to hand ashin" and a reasona%le temporary su%stitute hen soap and clean ater are not readily availa%le# Evacuation centres are li-ely to have limited availa%ility o! and9or accessi%ility to sin-s !or hand ashin"# 'here!ore& additional attention should %e paid to positionin" alcohol+ %ased hand cleanser dispensers in convenient locations& such as: F the entrance to the !acility& F throu"hout the livin" areas 4dependin" on the si,e o! the venue8& F at the %e"innin" o! !ood service lines and F in toilet !acilities# Ensure all arrivin" residents are instructed on their use and availa%ility# /and hy"iene messa"es are provided in Appendi. < and ># ample posters are also provided !or in!ormation# (osters are availa%le !rom the /ealth Unit#
R)turnin% Ho,) In2or,(tion
When it is time !or people to return home a!ter a cyclone& !lood& or other natural disaster& the /ealth Unit ill provide in!ormation and "uidance in order to reduce the pro%a%ility o! illness& disease or in0ury to individuals and !amilies !rom ha,ards resultin" !rom the disaster# 'he criteria !or evacuees returnin" home may include: F the incident is under control and not e.pected to escalate F residential premises are considered sa!e %y the relevant authorities or& i! considered unsa!e& evacuees are trans!erred to lon"er+term accommodation F provide in!ormation to evacuees on the current situation and actions to ta-e re"ardin" recovery !rom the incident 4e#"# clean up in!ormation& sa!ety precautions& utilities supply8 F in!ormation and advice a%out hom to contact i! any ill health e!!ects develop 4e#"# General (ractitioner& local hospital8 peci!ic assistance and advice may %e re*uired !or people ith e.istin" illness or in0uries prior to returnin" home& such as: F ade*uate prescription medication supply and stora"e !acility 4e#"# insulin and re!ri"eration8 F
speci!ic medical e*uipment o.y"en cylinders& %anda"es8
4e#"#
%lood
"lucose
monitor&
C$i,(t) Ad(*t(tion
Climate scientists have %een spea-in" out !or decades a%out the need to reduce "reenhouse "as emissions in order to avoid a si"ni!icantly armer and less liva%le !uture# 3o that climate chan"e is !inally part o! the pu%lic discussion& the !uture is already
hereand
it2s
only "ettin"
armer# Desi"nin" ener"y+
e!!icient %uildin"s is an important step toard preventin" more drastic
armin"#
We
need
to
redou%le
these
e!!ortsthe
;7$7
Challen"e "oal o! car%on+neutral %uildin"s %y ;7$7 ill %e a di!!icult yet critical standard to meet# 1ore and more e.perts ac-noled"e that hile e must continue to do all e can to slo
"reenhouse "as emissions& e must also %e"in desi"nin" %uildin"s that ill or- in a chan"in" climate# 'his article e.amines the science o! "lo%al climate chan"e and loo-s at ho e can adapt the %uilt environment to a orld that ill& %y most accounts& %e very di!!erent %y the end o! this century !rom the one e -no today# T-) R)($it0 o2 C$i,(t) C-(n%)
De%ate may continue in some circles a%out hether humans are causin" climate chan"e& or even hether it is happenin" at all& %ut the scienti!ic consensus is overhelmin"ly clear# A report issued in Sune ;77 %y the U## Glo%al Chan"e Research (ro"ram 4UGCR(8hich coordinates climate chan"e research o! 5$ !ederal a"encies and operated as the U## Climate Chan"e cience (ro"ram !rom ;77; throu"h ;776 under estimates
that
appro.imately
"lo%al
5#=T
the Geor"e W# ush presidency
avera"e
47#6TC8
temperatures
since
%e!ore
have
the
risen
)ndustrial
Revolution and could rise another ;TN55T 45#5TCN>#5TC8 %y the end o! this century& %ased on modelin" o! a variety o! "reenhouse "as emissions levels& miti"ation e!!orts& and economic scenarios# “'he reality o! climate chan"e is une*uivocale see it in many aspects o! the Earth2s climate system&” said Sonathan Overpec-& (h#D#& co+director o! the )nstitute o! the Environment at the University o! Ari,ona and a co+author o! the UGCR( report# A matter of degrees
'he
*uestion
in
the
scienti!ic
community
seems
to
%e
not whether e ill see chan"e %ut how much e ill see# “'he con!idence
that
somethin"
is
"oin"
to
happen
is
e.ceedin"ly
hi"h&” said tephen chneider& (h#D#& pro!essor o! %iolo"y and interdisciplinary environmental studies at tan!ord University and a leadin" proponent o! climate chan"e adaptation# “Where it "ets a %it more speculative is ith *uestions li-e ho many
meters o! sea level rise e ill see and hat the chan"es in rain!all ill loo- li-e&” chneider told EBN # /e su""ests that the e.tent o! chan"e depends on a !e primary !actors& includin" the
speed
ith
hich
the
climate
responds
to
varyin"
concentrations o! "reenhouse "ases& or “climate sensitivity”M the a%ility o! the oceans and land+%ased ecosystems to a%sor% car%on dio.ide 4CO;8 emissionsM and the ro%ustness o! our e!!orts to cur% the release o! "reenhouse "ases into the atmosphere# ome e!!ects o! the armin" planet are already %ein" !elt& and !urther conse*uences are on their ay# 'hese chan"es ill vary !rom re"ion to re"ion& %ut "eneral trends include chan"in" precipitation patterns and heavier donpours& even in areas here overall
precipitation ill declineM
lon"er& hotter&
and
more
!re*uent heat avesM risin" sea levels due to meltin" "laciers and land+%ased ice sheetsM loss o! %oth sea ice and protective snopac- in coastal areasM stressed ater sources due to drou"ht and decreased alpine sno!allM and “positive !eed%ac- loops” conse*uences
o!
armin"
that
cause
!urther
armin"&
such
as
meltin" sea ice decreasin" the capacity o! the northern oceans to re!lect solar radiation %ac- out o! the atmosphere# Alarmin"ly& a paper pu%lished in the (roceedin"s o! the 3ational Academy o! ciences %y usan olomon& (h#D#& o! the 3ational
Oceanic
and
Atmospheric
Administration
43OAA8&
and
collea"ues in e%ruary ;77 reported that these chan"es to the earth2s systems due to anthropo"enic "reenhouse "as emissions ill %e lar"ely stop#
'he
irreversi%le !or
authors
5&777 years after emissions
emphasi,ed
that
i!
atmospheric
CO; concentrations rise to anyhere %eteen <=7N>77 ppm 4!rom their current levels around $6=
ppm8& e ill see
permanent
decreases in dry+season rain!all and “ine.ora%le sea level rise” %eteen 7#< and 5#7 meters 45=N<7 inches8 i! CO;concentrations
reach
>77
ppm&
and
7#>
to
5#
meters
4;
inches8
i!
concentrations rise a%ove 5&777 ppmthe conse*uences o! hich ould %e catastrophic# Other scientists& includin" Sames /ansen& (h#D#& director o! 3AA2s Goddard )nstitute !or pace tudies& %elieve that e must reduce CO; levels to %elo $=7 ppm or ris“irreversi%le catastrophic e!!ects#” Adaptation: ‘Not an either-or proposition’
1uch o! hat e already do in "reen %uildin" is related to miti"atin" 4preventin" or sloin"8 our impact on climate chan"e# ut "iven the slo pace o! climate policy chan"es and the still+ contentious
political
climate& e cannot
stop "reenhouse
"as
emissions on a dime& hich means e are loo-in" at chan"es to the earth2s systems that could radically alter our ay o! li!e# 'he implications are clear: no amount o! miti"ation ill prevent potentially devastatin" impactsM it2s necessary !or us to adapt# 'he human tendency to adapt reactively is ell documented& as in the case o! 3e Orleans& here the destruction o! /urricane @atrina laid %are the city2s vulnera%ility to e.treme storms# ut proactive adaptation ill idespread
impacts
municipalities
have
o! %e"un
%e
necessary
climate to
to avoid
chan"e
incorporate
!ar
elsehere# climate
more ome
adaptation
provisions into their lon"+ran"e plannin"& and in Au"ust ;77 Cali!ornia unveiled the !irst stateide strate"y to adapt to climate chan"e# 'hese policy e!!orts have %een sloer than some climate scientists !eel is necessary& and some o! this may %e due to a perception
that
adaptation
initiatives
ill
ta-e
time
and
resources aay !rom miti"ation pro"rams# “What should %e done a%out climate chan"eV is a le"itimate de%ate&” says chneider& %ut he ar"ues that ultimately& miti"ation and adaptation must
complement each other# “'he %ottom line is that you2ve "ot to adapt to hat on2t "et miti"atedand un!ortunately that2s "oin" to %e a
!e
de"reesand
miti"ate hat you
can2t
adapt
to#”
Sonathan Overpec- a"rees: “Adaptation and miti"ation are not an either+or proposition&” he told EBN # 'here chan"in"
are
many ays in hich
climate#
'he
strate"ies
e can descri%ed
plan today %elo
!or
a
provide
a
samplin" o! ideasM this is not a comprehensive list# 1any o! these strate"ies ma-e sense !or other reasons& such as reduced operatin" costs& reduced emissions& and "reater dura%ility& %ut providin" resilience to the e!!ects o! a chan"in" climate may prove to %e the easiest ay to 0usti!yor mandatesuch chan"es# Warmer temperatures
)ncreasin" temperature is at the heart o! climate chan"e& and respondin" to this chan"e is a critical component o! any climate+chan"e
adaptation
!re*uent
aves
heat
increase
heat+related
strate"ies
di!!er
strate"y#
raise
demands
deaths
mar-edly
Lon"er& !or
and
%y
hotter&
and
air+conditionin"
in0uries#
climatehat
more and
/eat+adaptive
ma-es
sense
in
(hoeni.& here temperatures in the summer o! ;77 have e.ceeded 55= 4<>C8& ill %e very di!!erent !rom hat ma-es sense in the Arctic& here meltin" perma!rost is already a!!ectin" !oundation desi"n& accordin" to Sohn Davies& (h#D#& research director at the Cold Climate /ousin" Research Center in air%an-s& Alas-a# D)#i%n coo$in%9$o(d9('oid(nc) ,)(#ur)# into ui$din%#.
Use %uildin" "eometries to limit solar "ain on east and est !aades& limit the area o! east+ and est+!acin" "la,in"& incorporate
e.terior
shadin"
devices
a%ove
"la,in"&
speci!y
"la,in"s tuned to the orientation 4"lass ith a lo solar heat "ain coe!!icient on east and est !aades8& incorporate hi"h insulation levels to reduce conductive heat "ain& provide hi"h+
al%edo 4re!lective8 roo!in"& and provide optimi,ed dayli"htin" to minimi,e the use o! electric li"htin"# D)#i%n n(tur($ ')nti$(tion into ui$din%#. )n some climates&
particularly those ith lo relative humidity& %uildin"s can %e desi"ned to rely entirely on natural ventilationM in hi"her+ humidity climates natural ventilation may %e more practical as a %ac-up coolin" strate"y that can %e used durin" poer outa"es as a passive surviva%ility measure or durin" periods hen %rin"in" in outside air ill not introduce e.cessive moisture# Li,it int)rn($ %(in# 0 #*)ci20in% -i%-9)22ici)nc0 $i%-tin% )+ui*,)nt. 'he
(nd
hi"her the
e!!iciency
o! li"htin"& o!!ice
e*uipment& appliances& and mechanical e*uipment& the less aste heat
is
"enerated#
)n
"eneral&
e*uipment
choices
are
less
important than desi"n decisions since e*uipment is replaced more !re*uently# Mod)$
)n)r%0
*)r2or,(nc)
3it-
-i%-)r
coo$in%
d)#i%n
t),*)r(tur)#.
With a climate that is pro0ected to %ecome armer& coolin" desi"n temperatures used in ener"y modelin" should %e raised# 'his ill help to 0usti!y hi"her investments in coolin"+load+ avoidance measures# 4We2re still li-ely to see cold inters& so don2t raise the heatin" desi"n temperatures#8 Pro'id) $(nd#c(*in% to ,ini,i;) coo$in% r)+uir),)nt#.
'rees& vines& annuals& and "reen roo!s can all help control heat "ain and minimi,e coolin" demands on a %uildin"# Care!ully desi"ned landscapin" can also help to channel coolin" %ree,es into %uildin"s to enhance natural ventilation# )nvolve landscape architects or desi"ners at the earliest sta"e o! plannin" ith a
ne %uildin" so that e.istin" ve"etation can %e preserved to aid in these uses# Addr)##
ur(n
-)(t
i#$(nd#
in
ui$din%
d)#i%n
(nd
$(nd#c(*in%.
)t
is
not
unusual
!or
ur%an
heat
islands
to
maintain
temperatures >N6 4$CN<C8 a%ove that o! surroundin" rural land& accordin" to Larence er-eley 3ational La%oratory# Ur%an heat islands increase coolin" re*uirements and produce locali,ed smo"# peci!ic measures to reduce ur%an heat islands include tree plantin"& installation o! "reen roo!s on %uildin"s& roo!in" ith re!lective colored
mem%ranes
or coatin"s& and
4hi"her+al%edo8
pavement
installation
and
al-ay
o! li"ht+ sur!aces#
3ei"h%orhood participation and policies that address ur%an heat islands ill help communities achieve the "reatest %ene!it& as these
strate"ies
are
most
e!!ective
ith
idespread
implementation# P$(n 2or t)r,it) r(n%)# )
e.tendin" north& so measures to e.clude or control these insects should %e implemented in the northern U## and parts o! Canada 4see EBN ept# ;7778# Drought and water shortages
Chan"es in precipitation patterns are an e.pected outcome o! climate chan"e& so desi"nin" !or drou"ht is a hi"h priority in many re"ions# Even in places that receive relatively hi"h levels o! precipitation& such as the southeastern U##& drou"ht can occur& as e learned in ;77? hen La-e Lanier& the Atlanta area2s primary ater source& shran- to historically lo levels# (laces that have not traditionally had to deal ith drou"ht are less prepared
to
respond#
commonly
imposed
durin"
Emer"ency drou"ht&
ater+use %ut
there
restrictions are
desi"n+
are and
plannin"+related measures that can reduce the ris- and lessen the di!!iculty or lon"+term impacts o! response# A'oid n)3 d)')$o*,)nt in t-) dri)#t r)%ion#. An o%vious& %ut
remar-a%ly rare& response to e.pected ater shorta"es and drou"ht is
to
restrict
a!!ected#
ne
development
Cali!ornia has
a
in
areas
provision
most
li-ely
to
%e
re*uirin" developers
o!
lar"e pro0ects 4over =77 housin" units8 to demonstrate that there ill %e an ade*uate ater supply !or ;7 years %e!ore a %uildin" permit
is
issued#
)t
is
li-ely
that
much
%roader
%uildin"
moratoriums ill %ecome necessary in many areas in the !uture& and it ma-es sense !or municipalities to esta%lish procedures today that ill ena%le such measures to %e instituted hen and i! they %ecome necessary# S*)ci20 3(t)r9)22ici)nt 2i
!i.tures and e*uipment are replaced relatively o!tenmany cycles ithin the li!espan o! a typical %uildin"%ut this doesn2t mean you shouldn2t install state+o!+the+art ater+conservin" products hen any ne %uildin" is constructed or an e.istin" %uildin" is renovated# uildin" oners should ensure that any replacements are state+o!+the+art as ell# P$u, ui$din%# 3it- 3(t)r9con#)r'in% 2i
homes& structured plum%in" 4sometimes re!erred to as “home+run” systems8& in hich individual pipin" lines 4(EK tu%in"8 run to each
!i.ture
or
appliance
!rom
a
central
mani!old&
allos
smaller+diameter lines to !eed ater+conservin" !i.tures# or e.ample& i! a ater+savin"& 7#= "allon per minute 45# lpm8& lavatory !aucet is supplied %y a $X< 45 mm8 pipe& there ill %e a lon" ait !or hot ater# 'he ait time 4and ater aste8 can %e si"ni!icantly reduced %y runnin" a $X6+diameter 457 mm8 line to this !eature#
P$u, ui$din%# 2or %r(03(t)r #)*(r(tion. Even i! "rayater
collection
is
not
permitted
today&
it
ma-es
sense
to
plum%
asteater lines to simpli!y the installation o! a "rayater system in the !uture# H(r')#t r(in3(t)r.
)n many climates& rainater can %e collected and stored !or outdoor irri"ation& toilet !lushin"& and& ith proper !iltration and treatment& pota%le uses# y addressin" rainater harvestin" durin" desi"n& it may %e possi%le to locate cisterns hi"h on the %uildin"
to
critically
!acilitate important
"ravity
durin"
distri%utionhich
poer
outa"es
or
can
%e
emer"ency
situations# Rainater collection is still ille"al in some states& particularly in the West& %ut that is chan"in" as ater shorta"es %ecome a reality# P$(nt
n(ti')6
c$i,(tic($$0
(**ro*ri(t)
tr))#
(nd
inches
45
ot-)r
')%)t(tion.
Conventional
tur!
re*uires
a%out
<7
m8
o!
rain!all per year& distri%uted evenly over the "roin" season& and such tur! is %ein" planted !rom Ari,ona to 1aine# imilarly& the same !e do,en trees and shru%s are %ein" planted nationide& no matter hat the climateo!ten loc-in" %uildin" oners into decades o! aterin"# When drou"ht emer"encies are imposed& such ve"etation o!ten dies& una%le to survive ithout irri"ation# A %etter and loer+ris- approach is to plant ve"etation that is adapted
to
drou"hts#
the
local
uch practice
climate
and
is o!ten
a%le
to
re!erred
survive
to
periodic
as xeriscaping #
Areas o! tur! needed as play areas or !or aesthetic reasons can %e
irri"ated
ith
harvested
rainater
or
"rayater
re"ulations allo# More intense storms, flooding, and rising sea levels
as
local
Accordin" to some e.perts& the most visi%le and imminent e!!ects o! climate chan"e ill li-ely %e the increasin" severity o! storms# As ater temperatures rise in the outh Atlantic& tropical storm systems ill pic- up more ener"y& resultin" in hi"her+ma"nitude
hurricanes
on
the
Gul!
Coast
and
Eastern
ea%oard# Elsehere& chan"in" precipitation patterns are e.pected to deliver more rain!all in intense storms that result in river !loodin"# landscapes
'o
complicate
less
a%le
to
matters& a%sor%
development
rain!all&
has
says
made
our
architect
Don
Watson& A)A& ho is ritin" a %oo- on “desi"n !or resilience#” “We2ve ta-en aay all the a%sorptive capacity o! our landscapes&” Watson told EBN # Adaptin" to climate chan"e ill re*uire ma-in" our %uildin"s more resilient to storms and lon"er
term&
e
need
to
prepare
!or
!loodin"#
risin"
sea
)n the
levels
and
restorin" the a%ility o! our land to a%sor% ater# A'oid ui$din% in 2$ood ;on)#.
lood ,ones are e.pandin"o!ten !aster than revisions to ,onin"
re"ulations&
meanin"
that
simply
!olloin"
the
la
relative to the sitin" o! %uildin"s may not %e enou"h# )nstead o! desi"nin" !loods&
to 577+year
see-in"
civil
!loods&
consider
en"ineerin"
or
desi"nin" surveyor
to =77+year
assistance
as
needed# E<*(nd #tor, 3(t)r ,(n(%),)nt c(*(cit0 (nd r)$0 on n(tur($ #0#t),#.
1ore intense storms ill strain the capacity o! standard storm
ater mana"ement
in!rastructure
in
some areas#
(rovide
lar"er storm ater conveyance and detention %asins& and try to rely
on
natural
!eatures&
constructed
etlands&
and
other
ecolo"ically %ased systems to mana"e storm ater# “Restore the ecolo"ical services o! the landscape&” says Watson#
D)#i%n ui$din%# to #ur'i') )
'he 1iami+Dade County /urricane Code has done a "reat deal to lessen storm dama"e in lorida# 'his sort o! code should %e adopted much more idely 4not 0ust in hurricane+prone areas8 to protect %uildin"s !rom the more severe storms that are e.pected# E.amples o! speci!ic measures that impart "ood ind resistance to a %uildin" include installin" impact+resistant indos 4compliant ith 1iami+Dade (rotocols (A ;75& (A ;7;& and (A ;7$8 or e.terior shuttersM installin" outard+openin" doors that are less li-ely to %e pushed inard in intense indM desi"nin" alls to resist upli!t usin" hurricane strappin" and other metal !asteners that provide a continuous load path !rom !oundation to roo! 4see photo a%ove8M anchorin" alls properly to !oundations or !rost allsM desi"nin"
alls
to
resist
shear
en"ineered all %racin" or shear
and
lateral
panels !or
!orces
usin"
!rame alls and
proper use o! re+%ar !or masonry allsM desi"nin" roo! "eometries 4such as hip roo!s8 that are less prone to ind dama"e than "a%le roo!sM
installin"
continuous
roo!
underlaymentM
properly
installin" hi"h+stren"th roo! sheathin" 4such as =X6 plyood8 that ill resist upli!tM and speci!yin" roo!in" that has %een tested to A'1 standards !or ind resistance# R(i#) ui$din%# o22 t-) %round.
)n !lood+prone areaseven here !loodin" is only remotely possi%leraise %uildin"s or livin" spaces a%ove "round level to minimi,e dama"e in the event o! !loodin"# With any type o! pier !oundation& use "reat care to ensure that ener"y per!ormance and airti"htness are not compromisedM raised !loors are notoriously di!!icult to insulate and seal# S*)ci20 ,(t)ri($# t-(t c(n #ur'i') 2$oodin%.
Especially in locations here !loodin" or hurricane dama"e is li-ely& use materials that can "et et and then dry out ith
minimal dama"e# uch materials include preservative+treated sills and ood !ramin" 4choosin" environmentally !riendly treatments li-e sodium silicate and %orate8& !i%er"lass+!aced rather than paper+!aced dryall& and tile or resilient !loorin" rather than carpetin"# In#t($$
#*)ci($i;)d
co,*on)nt#
to
*rot)ct
ui$din%#
2ro,
2$oodin% or ($$o3 2$oodin% 3it- ,ini,($ d(,(%).
rea-aay all panels on pier !oundations in !lood+prone areas
can
destroyin"
allo it#
!loodaters
lood vents
to
pass
under
a
4permanent openin"s
house in
ithout
!oundation
alls8 allo !loodaters to escape# peciali,ed !lood %arriers& such as products made %y avannah 'rims 4#!lood%arriers#net8& can -eep risin" !loodaters out in certain situations# E$)'(t) ,)c-(nic($ (nd )$)ctric($ )+ui*,)nt.
'o
minimi,e
mechanical
dama"eand
e*uipment&
dan"er!rom
electrical
panels&
!loodin"& and
other
elevate e*uipment
a%ove a reasona%ly e.pected !lood level# In#t($$ c-)c4 '($')# in #)3)r $in)#.
'hese prevent !loodaters !rom %ac-in" up into drains in a %uildin"hich can occur hen seers or com%ined storm seers are overloaded# B)%in *$(nnin% 2or ri#in% #)( $)')$# in co(#t($ (r)(#.
ome o! our lar"est population centers
and a num%er o!
resort developments are located in lo+lyin" coastal areas that are vulnera%le to risin" sea levels# Considera%le plannin" ill %e needed to protect %uildin"s and in!rastructure in such places ran"in"
!rom
construction
o!
levees
and
!lood
alls
to
recon!i"urin" entire coastal landscapes in ays that minimi,e ris-s !rom risin" sea levels# )n some areas& it ill %e necessary
to move entire cities and tons# We need to %e"in plannin" !or such monumental e!!orts in a serious ay# Wildfire
)n certain climates
and
ecosystems&
climate
chan"e ill
increase the ris- o! ild!ireparticularly in the West %ut also in other areas here it is not common today# 'he concern is e.acer%ated %y development that has spraled into chaparral areas that are mana"ed %y periodic !ire# 1ost homes that are i"nited %y ild!ires catch !ire !rom air%orne em%ers 4!ire%rands8 that may e.tend ahead o! a ild!ire %y a mile or more# 1easures descri%ed here lar"ely concern residential %uildin"s& hich comprise most o! the structures %ein" %uilt in ild!ire+prone areas# S*)ci20 C$(## A roo2in%.
'he roo! is the most vulnera%le component o! a house to ild!ire& accordin" to the Center !or ire Research and Outreach at the University o! Cali!ornia& er-eley# tandard tile roo!s are
particularly
vulnera%le
to
ild!ire&
%ecause
ind+%lon
em%ers can enter attics throu"h "aps in the tile# 'o reduce ris-& a Class A “assem%ly ratin"&” !or roo!in"& hich addresses %oth the roo!in" and underlyin" components& should %e speci!ied 4%ased on A'1 E+576 testin"8# Comple. roo!lines ith dormers& valleys& and
other
architectural
!eatures
increase
ris-
%ecause
pine
needles and other de%ris accumulate in these places and can catch !ire !rom %loin" em%ers# E$i,in(t) %utt)r# or d)#i%n (nd ,(int(in t-), to ,ini,i;) 2ir) ri#4.
Em%ers can *uic-ly i"nite pine needles and other de%ris cau"ht
in
assem%ly#
"utters& oth
hich
metal
can
and
then
vinyl
impin"e "utters
on are
the
roo!+ed"e
pro%lematic
noncom%usti%le metal "utters stay in place hen %urnin"& thus
e.posin" the roo! ed"e to !ire& hile vinyl "utters typically melt and !all o!! %ut continue %urnin" on the "round& e.posin" sidin"
to
!ire#
Eliminatin"
"utters
and
providin"
moisture
mana"ement in some other ay is one option in !ire+prone areas# )! "utters are used& screenin" and other !eatures can help -eep "utters !ree o! de%ris& thou"h some trap de%ris a%ove the "utter# Dili"ent
cleanin"
o!
"utters
%y
homeoners
is
o!
paramount
importance# A'oid ')nt)d roo2# or *rot)ct ')nt# 2ro, ),)r )ntr0.
Em%ers enterin" a roo! throu"h so!!it vents are one o! the leadin" causes o! home i"nition durin" ild!ires# 'he %est option is to desi"nand care!ully %uildan unvented 4or hot8 roo!M "reat care is re*uired to control air lea-a"e and moisture entry# Where vents are used in ild!ire areas& ma.imum 5X6 4$ mm8 screenin" should %e used& %ut even this can admit some em%ers# peciali,ed so!!it ventin" products are availa%le to minimi,e ris-# While some
ild!ire
desi"n
"uides
su""est
limitin"
roo!
overhan"s
4so!!it depths8 %ecause they can trap poc-ets o! heated air& this con!licts ith moisture+control %ene!its o! deep overhan"s& and the er-eley Center !or Wild!ire Research and Outreach recommends maintainin" deep overhan"s# In#t($$
-i%-9*)r2or,(nc)6
t),*)r)d
3indo3#. Windo
"lass
%rea-s !rom thermal stresses durin" a !ire& alloin" !ire to enter the house# Dou%le+ and triple+"la,ed indos are less prone to
%rea-a"e
durin"
a
!ire
than
sin"le+"la,ed
indos&
and
tempered or rein!orced "lass !urther helps prevent %rea-a"e# C-oo#)
composite
d)c4
dec-s
,(t)ri($#
are
c(r)2u$$0. (lastic
and ood+plastic
!airly vulnera%le to !ires
4see EBN 3ov#
;77;8# olid ood dec-in" is surprisin"ly resistant to ild!ire& thou"h some treated dec-in" products& such as 'im%er )L& o!!er si"ni!icantly %etter !ire resistance# Generally more important than the dec-in" materials is the mana"ement o! the dec- area and
-eepin" com%usti%le ve"etation and other material aay !rom it# (atios provide a sa!er alternative to dec-s# In#t($$ nonco,u#ti$) #idin%. While sidin" is less o!ten
the point o! home i"nition in a ild!ire than the roo!& indos& or vents& it can %e the ea- point i! these other components are particularly !ire+sa!e or i! an ad0acent structure catches !ire# 3on+com%usti%le
options
include
!i%er+cement
sidin"&
metal
sidin"&three+coat stucco& and %ric-# Wood sidin" can %e made “i"nition+resistant”
%y
treatin"
it
ith
an
e.terior
!ire+
retardant chemical# M(n(%)
!ire+sa!e
')%)t(tion
-o,)#. )n
(round
landscapin"
around
a
home
ild!ire+prone is
very
areas&
important#
Recommended practices include -eepin" dry "rasses& %rush& and dead leaves at least $7 !eet 457 m8 !rom the house 4more on a slope8M
maintainin"
!ire!i"hter
access
around
the
houseM
selectin" drou"ht+tolerant& hi"h+moisture+content plantsM prunin" trees to maintain at least 57 !eet 4$ m8 %eteen %ranches and the roo!M and prunin" loer %ranches o! trees near homes to eliminate “!ire ladders” that allo !ires to reach tree canopies# ome homeoners "o so !ar as to -eep all ve"etation aay !rom a home& maintainin" instead a %arren “mulch” o! crushed stoneM such an e.treme
measure
should
not
%e
re*uired
in
most
places#
ee
re!erences& includin" ireise#or"& !or more recommendations# Power interruptions
ome o! the li-ely impacts o! climate chan"e& such as intense storms and !loodin"& can cause poer outa"es directly# Drou"ht can also cause poer outa"es indirectly i! lac- o! coolin" ater !or
poer
plants
results
in
rollin"
%lac-outs
or
%ronouts#
Adaptin" %uildin"s to climate chan"e should include measures that ill ma-e those %uildin"s less a!!ected %y poer outa"es# 'his is one
o!
the
-ey
in EBN 1ay ;77>#
tenets
o! passive
survivability &
detailed
D)#i%n ui$din%# to ,(int(in *(##i') #ur'i'(i$it0. /omes&
apartment %uildin"s& schools& hospitals& and certain other pu%lic %uildin"s should %e desi"ned to maintain liva%le conditions in the event o! loss o! poer or heatin" !uel& or shorta"es o! ater a
desi"n
criterion
strate"ies
include
-non an
as
passive
e.tremely
surviva%ility#
peci!ic
hi"h+per!ormance
%uildin"
envelope 4hi"h insulation levels& triple+"la,ed indos in cooler climates&
etc#8&
coolin"+load+avoidance
!eatures&
natural
ventilation& and passive solar heatin"# Pro'id) du($9,od) o*)r(i$it0 3it- -i%-9ri#) ui$din%#. Loo-
into desi"nin" tall %uildin"s that ill operate in normal mode hen utility poer is availa%le& and in an emer"ency passive mode durin" poer outa"es or hen site+"enerated poer is used# )n the passive mode& electricity !lo ould %e limited to critical needs such as elevators& ventilation !ans& heatin" system pumps and !ans& !ire suppression systems& critical li"htin"& and so !orth& so that the %uildin" could maintain limited !unctionality rather than havin" to %e evacuated# D)#i%n
,)c-(nic($
#0#t),#
to
o*)r(t)
on
DC
*o3)r. )!
mechanical systems are desi"ned ith DC+poered pumps& motors& and !ans& they can %e more easily sitched to non+"rid poer& hich could %e provided %y %ac-up "enerators or renea%le ener"y systems# Pro'id)
#it)9%)n)r(t)d
)$)ctricit0
2ro,
r)n)3($)
)n)r%0. )ncorporate photovoltaic panels into %uildin"s or lin-
%uildin"s ith other near%y renea%le ener"y sources such as stand+alone ind tur%ines or small hydropoer !acilities# Pro'id)
systems# passively
#o$(r
-ot
3(t)r. )nstall
Especially appropriate or
that
rely
on
are
inte"ral
solar
ater+heatin"
systems that can photovoltaic
operate
modules
to
operate pumps so that !unctionality is maintained durin" poer outa"es#
In
ur(n
(nd
#uur(n
#un. ite+"enerated
(r)(#6
electricity
and
,(int(in
(cc)##
solar+thermal
to
t-)
ener"y
ill
%ecome increasin"ly important ith climate chan"e& and %ein" a%le to retro!it %uildin"s !or solar electricity& ater heatin"& space heatin"& and a%sorption or evaporative coolin" ill depend on solar access# olar access should %e mandated %y ,onin" and other provisions# P$(n (nd ;on) co,,uniti)# to ,(int(in 2unction($it0 3it-out *o3)r. )ncorporate measures !or ensurin" mo%ility& access to -ey
services& "asoline ,onin"#
and
"eneral
shorta"es (rovidin"
!unctionality
throu"h
durin"
e!!ective
poer
municipal
outa"es
plannin"
hi"h+density& pedestrian+!riendly&
or and
mi.ed+use
communities surrounded %y !armland and open space should %e a hi"h priority amon" planners# Loo4in% to t-) Futur)
1ost e!!ects
o!
o!
these
strate"ies
climate
chan"e
are
!or
adaptin"
relatively
%uildin"s
to
the
strai"ht!orardand
eminently doa%le# )t ma-es sense to incorporate these into our desi"n palette today# 'here are other challen"es that are li-ely to
%e
!ar
more
comple.&
re*uirin"
si"ni!icant
cultural
and
economic shi!ts i! e are to adapt to a !uture that is not only armer
%ut
must
transportation
!unction
systems&
ne
ithout
petroleum#
a"ricultural
Alternate
practices
and
!ood
systems& more locali,ed economies& and stron"er nei"h%orhood and community netor-s ill ma-e us more resilient to chan"es and uncertainty
in
a
ay
that
simply
%uildin"
%etter
%uildin"s
cannot# 'he adaptive measures addressed here "ive us somethin" e can thin- a%out and act upon today# 'he "ood nes is that many o! these measures also help to miti"ate climate chan"eand *uite a !e
reduce
%uildin"
operatin"
costs
or
improve
dura%ility&
%ene!itin" %uildin" oners as ell as the !uture o! the planet#
FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
(RE)DE3')AL DECREE 3o# 556= )RE CODE O '/E (/)L)(()3E AE'J 1EAURE& )RE AE'J& WAR)3)3G J'E1 a!ety measures !or /a,ardous 1aterials ire a!ety shall %e re*uired !or the stora"e& handlin" o! ha,ardous materials involvin": F Cellulose nitrate plastic o! any -ind& F Com%usti%le !i%ersM F Cellular materials such as !oam& ru%%er& spon"e r plastic !oam F lamma%le and com%usti%le li*uids or "ases classi!icationsM F 4lamma%le paints& varnishes& stains and or"anic coatin"sM F /i"h+piled or idely spread com%usti%le stoc-M F 1etallic ma"nesium in any !ormM F Corrosive li*uids& o.idi,in" materials& or"anic pero.ide& nitro methane& ammonium nitrate& or any amount o! hi"hly to.ic& pyrophoric& hyper"olic& or cryo"enic materials or poisonous "ases as ell as material compounds hich hen e.posed to heat or !lame %ecome a !ire conductor& or "enerate e.cessive smo-e or to.ic "assesM F lastin" a"ents& e.plosives and special industrial e.plosive materials& %lastin" caps& %lac- poder& li*uid nitro+"lycerin& dynamite& nitro+cellulose& !ulminates o! any -ind& and plastic e.plosive containin" ammonium salt or chlorate# F ireor-s materials o! any -ind or !ormM F 1atches in commercial *uantitiesM F /ot ashes& live coals and em%ersM F 1ineral& ve"eta%le& or animal oils and other derivatives9%y productsM F Com%usti%le aste materials !or recyclin" or resaleM F E.plosive dusts and vaporsM and F A"riculture& !orest& marine or mineral products hich may under"o spontaneous com%ustion&
F ire protection !eatures such as sprin-ler systems& hose %o.es& hose reels or strand pipe systems and other !ire!i"htin" e*uipmentM F ire alarm systemsM F irealls to separate ad0oinin" %uildin"s& or arehouses and stora"e areas !rom other occupancies in the same %uildin"M F (rovisions !or con!inin" the !ire at its source such as !ire resistive !loors and alls e.tendin" up to the ne.t !loor sla% or roo!& curtain %oard and other !ire containin" or stoppin" componentsM F 'ermination o! all e.it in an area a!!ordin" sa!e passa"e to a pu%lic ay or sa!e dispersal areaM F tairay& vertical sha!ts & hori,ontal e.its& and other meals o! e"ress sealed !rom smo-e and heatM F A !ire e.it plan !or each !loor o! the %uildin" shoin" the route !rom each other room to appropriate e.its& displayed prominently on the door o! such roomM F el!+closin" !ire resistive doors leadin" to corridorsM F ire dampers in centrali,ed air+conditionin" ductsM F Roo! vents !or use %y !ire !i"htersM and F (roperly mar-ed li"hted e.its ith provision !or emer"ency li"hts to ade*uately illuminate e.it ays in case o! poer !ailure (RO/))'ED AC' 'he !olloin" are declared as prohi%ited act and emission F O%structin" or %loc-in" the e.it ays or across to %uildin" clearly mar-ed !or !ire sa!ety purposes& such as %ut not #limited to aisles in interior rooms& any part o! stairays& hallays& corridors& vesti%ule& %alconies or %rid"es leadin" to a stairay or e.it o! any -ind& or toleratin" or alloin" said violationsM F Constructin" "ates& entrances and al-ays to %uildin"s components and yards hich o%struct the orderly and easy passa"e o! !ire !i"htin" vehicles and e*uipmentM
F (revention& inter!erence are o%struction o! any operation o! the !ire service& or o! duly or"ani,ed and authori,ed !ire %ri"adesM F O%structin" desi"nated !ire lanes or access to !ire hydrantsM F Overcrodin" or admission o! person %eyond the authori,ed capacity in movie houses& theaters& coliseumsM F Auditoriums or other pu%lic assem%ly %uildin"s& e.cept on other assem%ly areas on the "round !loor ith open sides or open doors su!!icient to provide sa!e e.itsM F Loc-in" !ire e.its durin" period hen people are inside the %uildin"M F (revention or o%struction o! the automatic closure o! !ire doors or smo-e partitions or dampersM F Use o! !ire protective o! !ire!i"htin" e*uipment o! the ire ervice other than !or !ire!i"htin" e.cept in other emer"encies here their use are 0usti!iedM Government reserves the ri"ht to re0ect the entire lot or lots o! plants represented %y the detective samples# Any plant rendered& unsuita%le !or plantin" %ecause o! the inspection ill %e considered as samples and ill not %e paid !or# (AR@)3G ;# (ar-in" Areas ;#5 Accessi%le par-in" spaces should %e located as close as possi%le to %uildin" entrances or to accessi%le entranceM ;#; Accessi%le par-in" slots should have a minimum idth o! $#?7 mM ;#$ A al-ay !rom accessi%le spaces o! 5#;7 m clear idth shall %e provided %eteen the !ront ends o! par-ed carsM ;#< (ar-in" spaces !or the disa%led should never %e located at ramped or slopin" areas ?# Corridors shall have a minimum clear idth o! 5#;7 mM aitin" areas and other !acilities or spaces shall not o%struct the minimum clearance re*uirementM 6# 'urn a%out spaces should also %e provided at or ithin $#=7 m o! dead endM # As in al-+ays& corridors should %e maintained level and provided ith slip+ resistant sur!aceM WA/ROO1 A3D 'O)LE' ?# Accessi%le pu%lic ashrooms and toilets shall permit easy passa"e o! a heelchair allo the occupant to enter a stall& close the door and trans!er to the ater closet !rom either a !rontal or lateral positionM 6# Accessi%le ater closet stall shall have a minimum area o! 5#?7 m . 5#67 mM # A turnin" space o! ;#;= s*uare meter ith a minimum dimension o! 5#=7 meter !or heelchairs shall %e provided outside
ater closet stallsM 57# 'he minimum num%er o! accessi%le ater closet on each !loor level or on that part o! a !loor level accessi%le to the disa%le shall %e one 458 here the total num%er o! ater closets per si. on that level is tenty 4;78M and to 4;8 here the num%er o! the ater closets e.ceed tenty 4;78M 55# 1a.imum hei"ht o! lavatories should %e 7#67 meter ith a -nee recess o! 7#>7 N 7#?7 vertical distance and a 7#=7 meter depthM 5;# Urinals should have an elon"ated lip or should %e trou"h+ typeM the ma.imum hei"ht o! the tip should %e 7#<6 meter#
I5.
PROJECT SITE FEATURES
'he 5677 s*uare meters total lot area is an inside lot ith a ;7Q open space# )t is located alon" a tenty meters 4;7#7 m8 ide Ri"ht Road o! Way# )t has a !ive meter 4=m8 ide !ronta"e !acin" the southeast# 'o the le!t side is a river# 'o the rear side are mountains#
5.
APPLICABLE DE5ELOPMENT CONTROL
'he !olloin" development controls apply to the (ro0ect site: a# a# ,onin" classi!ication is G) 4"eneral institutional development8M the property has a le"islatedM %# %# %ased on the 3C( ;77< R+)RR& the (ro0ect site has the !olloin" development limitations: 5# 'he minimum set%ac-s at "round !loor are at !ive 4=#78 m at the !ront# ;# An Alloa%le 1a.imum 'GA o! up nine hundred !orty+seven 4
IDENTIFIED DE5ELOPMENT POTENTIAL
'he (ro0ect potentials:
site
has
the
!olloin"
development
a# up to three 4$#78 !loors at eleven point !ive 455#=8 m !loor to !loor hei"htM %# a !ive point !ive 4=#=8 level9!loor %uildin" development i#e# to %e constructed a%ove the podium development& at !our 4<#78 m !loor to ceilin" hei"htM 5II. SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
Harious approaches to evacuations have %een ta-en in di!!erent countries around the orld# 'his "uide relates to emer"encies resultin" !rom natural disasters and incorporates considerations& %est practices and "uidance !rom a ide ran"e o! di!!erent sources& and !rom a variety o! countries& to provide a "eneric template !or creatin" an evacuation plan# )t should %e noted& there!ore& that the template must %e adapted to ta-e into account speci!ic varia%les important to di!!erent conte.ts# Haria%les mi"ht include& !or e.ample& the potential scale and location o! evacuation ,ones and areas o! re!u"eM shelter options availa%leM access to sa!e transportM pu%lic in!ormation and %asic servicesM social& cultural& a"e and "ender+speci!ic needs !or protectionM the potential duration o! evacuees2 displacement and evolvin" needsM processes to !acilitate sa!e and voluntary return or relocation elsehereM or administrative procedures and %ud"etary allocations lin-in" evacuation to post+disaster recovery# Assessments o! ris- re*uire systematic collection and analysis o! data and should consider the dynamic nature o! ha,ards and vulnera%ilities that arise !rom socio+economic conditions and chan"in" environment#
/a,ard and vulnera%ility in!ormation is central to almost every aspect and every sta"e o! natural disaster ris- mana"ement6# Di!!erent ha,ards and their ris-s may re*uire di!!erent courses o! action# )n the event that ha,ard mappin" and ris- assessments point to the need to develop an evacuation plan& the template %elo can %e used %y practitioners as a tool !or developin" their on plans# 'his development also assumes that evacuation is a measure o! last shelter: it should not e.pose people in transit to more dan"er than i! they had sheltered !rom the dan"er# II.
DESIGN RE"UIREMENTS
'he stated (ro0ect re*uirements are as !ollos# hould the re*uirements e.ceed the development controls and potentials under items H) and H)) a%ove& the necessary ad0ustments have to %e made to !ully comply ith the stated development controls#
III. DRA/ING RE"UIREMENTS
A# loor (lans at scale 5 : 577 1M provide !urniture9 e*uipment layouts only as necessaryM i! rooms9areas are typical& provide !urniture layout only !or a representative room9area to save timeM hi"hli"ht all introduced accessi%ility !eatures and !ire e.itsM # Elevations at scale 5 : 577 1M C# Lon"itudinal ection 4at lon" a.is o! the %uildin"8 at scale 5 : 577 1 D# ite Development (lan at scale 5 : ;77 1eters 418 and shoin" the !olloin" -ey in!ormation: 5# outline o! the %uildin" !ootprintM
;# accessi%ility !eatures 4disa%led8M $# site perimeter security !eatures e#"# perimeter all9 !ence& "ate& pedestrian9 vehicular %arriers& "uard outpost 4as necessary8& etc#M <# pedestrian access systemsM =# open par-in"& driveay and par-in" ramps 4as needed8M ># "round+mounted si"na"e locations 4i! any8M ?# call out9indicate areas to %e landscaped 4hardscape and so!tscape8M 6# the area o! the %uildin" !ootprint and its percenta"e ith respect to the 5&677 s*m 'LAM # 'he street& particularly the sideal-sM 57# 'he ad0oinin" land usesM and indicate the northin" and the directions o! the sun path& the ma0or inds 4ha%a"at and amihan8& sources o! noise and odors and availa%le vies 4i! any are clearly identi!ia%le8#
BUBBLE DIAGRAM
RESCUE CENTER
RESTROO M
OFFICES
LOBBY
SLEEPING QUATERS
RESCUE EQUIPMENTS STORAG E
BUBBLE DIAGRAM LOCAL WEATHER STATION
LOBBY
OFFICES
SLEEPING QUARTERS
STORA GE
RESTROO M
BUBBLE DIAGRAM EVACUATION CENTER ISOLATION ROOM HANDRESTR WASH OOM AREA
LAUDR CLINIC Y AREA
KITCHEN / FOOD PREPARATION EATING AREA AREA ADMINISTRATIREGISTRATIO STAIR STORAGE/U ON OFFICE UP N TILITY
DISINFECTING AREA
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
BUBBLE DIAGRAM EVACUATION CENTER
HANDWASH AREA
BATHROOM / SHOWER ROOM
