Ekgus
WGKL]DAWK GH^OCHGK Bdhrt ehcfurd @hnrcdffh Od ^ksh, Lhaudfh Lha udfh ]hrodk
ODECACYCKAD
Fk sgklpdask ghrochgk, odactk gkld f–caghphgctí odf gukrd h lhatdadrd uah `ctthth hod`uhth hffd dsc`dazd ldthnkfcgbd odff–kr`hacslk, odff–kr`hacslk, â gkasd gkasd-`udazh oc ua `ruppk dtdrk`dadk oc phtkfk`cd hagbd aka prclctcvhldatd ghrochgbd gbd prkvkghak ua–hftdrhzckad oc uak k pcó odtdrlcahatc odffh `ctthth ghrochgh9 ‗ prdghrcgk: ‗ pkstghrcgk: ‗ gkatrhttcfctí: ‗ erdqudazh ghrochgh. GHTWD D CAGCODAYH
Ca dtí houfth fk sgklpdask ghrochgk â lkftk spdssk sdgkaohrck h phtkfkphtkfk`ch csgbdlcgh: ca dtí pdochtrcgh, cavdgd, fd ghusd prcagcphfc skak9 ocedttc gka`dactc gbd odtdrlcahak ua skvrhgghrcgk oc prdssckad d/k oc vkfuld, ghrocklckphtcdd `dadtcghldatd odtdrlcahtd k hgqucsctd, ocseuazckad lckghrocklckphtc ghrocgh sdgkaohrch ho catdrvdatc ghrockgbcrur ghrockgbcrur`cgc. `cgc. F–cagcodazh F–cagcodazh haauhfd â odffk =,7? Ð 8==.=== nhlncac. Fd ghrockphtcd gka`dactd skak fd rdspkashncfc odffh lh``ckr phrtd odc ghsc oc casuegcdazh ghrochgh ghr ochgh ca dtí pdochtrcgh. pdochtrcgh . F–cagcodazh F–cagcodazh oc sgklpdask ghrochgk ca thfd ehsgch oc phzcdatc vh ohffk =.8% hffk =.>%. C ocedttc ghrochgc gka skvrhgghrcgk oc vkfuld gkld cf ocedttk catdrvdatrcgkfhrd (OCU) do cf ghahfd htrck-vdatrcgkfhrd (GHU), skak fd ghusd pcó erdqudatc adc prclc 5 ldsc oc vcth. F–cagcodazh odffd ghrocklckphtcd â ocegcfd oh odtdrlcahrd skprhttuttk pdr fh fkrk dtdrk`dacgctí dzckfk`cgh (â rcpkrthth suf rd`cstrk hldrcghak odffd ghrocklckphtcd ua–cagcodazh oc =.5 ghsc pdr 8==.=== nhlncac). Wgkaksgcuth â f–cagcodazh odffk sgklpdask ghrochgk sdgkaohrck ho caca tdrvdatk ghrockgbcrur ghrockgbcrur`cgk. `cgk. F–dpkgh oc gklphrsh odff–casuegcdazh ghrochgh vhrch ca rhppkrtk hf tcpk oc phtkfk`ch skttksthatd.
Ahsgcth
Ghrockphtcd gka`dactd ‗ Lh Lhfh fhtt ttch ch oc Dn Dnst stdc dca a ‗ Hlp Hlpch ch ecstkf ecstkfhh hrtdrkv hrtdrkvdak daksh sh scstdlc scstdlcgh gh Ocseuazckad odf lusgkfk ghrochgk ‗ Hsecs Hsecssch, sch, sdpsc, cpk`f cpk`fcgdlc cgdlch, h, cpkgh cpkghfgdlc fgdlchh Haklhfcd dlhtkfk`cgbd ‗ Had Hadlch lch,, scaork scaorkld ld oh cpdrv cpdrvcsg csgksc ksctí tí Hrctlcd ‗ Nfkggk htrck-v htrck-vdatrcgkf datrcgkfhrd hrd (NH (NHU), thgbcghroch thgbcghroch phrksscstc phrksscstcgh gh skprhvdatrcgkfhrd (_]WU)
Ahsgcth-8sdttclhah
Ghrockphtcd gka`dactd ‗ Gukrd scacst scacstrk rk cpkpfhsc cpkpfhscgk, gk, gkhrthzc gkhrthzckad kad hkrtcgh, hkrtcgh, htrdsc htrdschh hkrtcgh, stdaksc pkflkahrd grctcgh, rctkrak vdaksk pkflkahrd haklhfk tkthfd (^U]H_) gka kstruzckad, okttk hrtdrcksk pdrvck (]OH) adf prdlhturk Ocseuazckad odf lusgkfk ghrochgk d hrctlcd ]htkfk`cd daokgrcad d rdahfc ‗ Cas Casue ueecg ecgcda cdazh zh gkrtcgk gkrtcgksur surrda rdahfd hfd ‗ Ca Casu suee eecg cgcd cdaz azhh rdah rdahfd fd
Oh 8 h 5 sdttclhad
Ghrockphtcd gka`dactd ‗ Hlpck OCU, OCU, ]OH, GHU GHU, truagus, ^U]H ^U]H_ aka kstructk, kstruzckac scacstrd Krc`cad haklhfh odffh gkrkahrch sa ohff–hrtdrch pkflkahrd Haklhfcd lusgkfk ghrochgk ‗ Gh Ghro rock cklc lckp kpht htcd cd ‗ Lckghroctd
Oh 5 sdttclhad h 5 ldsc
Hlpck OCU, ]OH, GHU
Okpk c 8> ldsc fk sgklpdask ghrochgk â ldak erdqudatd d fd ghusd prcagcphfc skak9 hrctlcd: lckghroctd: ghrockphtcd hgqucsctd (ghroctd rdulhtcgh, lhfhttch oc Jhwhshjc): ghrocklckphtcd: ocseuazckad lckghrocgh sdgkaohrch ho catdrvdatk ghrockgbcrur ghrockgbcrur`cgk. `cgk. § § § § §
ECWCK]H_KFK@CH
Caocpdaodatdldatd ohf ldgghacslk dzckfk`cgk, f–casuegcdazh ghrochghrochgh odtdrlcah uah `ctthth ghrochgh cahod`uhth hffd dsc`dazd tcssuthfc. Wc casthurhak hfguac ldgghacslc gklpdashtkrc gbd hffh fua`h pktdazchak d pd``ckrhak fk sgklpdask ghrochgk. C ldgghacslc gklpdashtkrc skak
rhpprdsdathtc dssdazchfldatd ohff–httcvhzckad adurk-krlkahfd d ohff–cohff–c pdrtrkh lckghrocgh. F–httcvhzckad odf scstdlh sclphtcgk hutkaklk d odf scstdlh rdacah haha `cktdascah prkvkghak deedttc hordadr`cgc gka vhskgkstrczckad pdrcedrcgh d rctdazckad corkshfcah. Cf rcfhsgck oc ghtdgkfhlcad odtdrlcah ua huldatk odffh ekrzh gkatrhttcfd, lh sekrtuahthldatd fh vhskgkstrczckad pdrcedrcgh prkvkgh ua huldatk odf pkst-ghrcgk d qucaoc odf fhvkrk vdatrcgkfhrd ksthgkfhaokadd fk svukthldatk ksthgkfhaoka svukthldatk.. F–cpdrtrkh gklpdashtkrch huldath fh ghphgctí gkatrhttcfd lh gkaougd prk`rdsscvhldatd prk`rdsscvhlda td ho ua hftdrhtk rcfhsgchldatk rcfhsgchldatk ochstkfcgk. _uttc _u ttc qudstc dvdatc prkvkghak h fua`k haohrd gka`dstckad vdaksh scstdlcgh d pkflkahrd. Fh nhsd lkfdgkfhrd odffk sgklpdask ghrochgk â rhpprdsdathth ohffd hftdhftdrhzckac odff–hpkptksc, ldgghacslk `dadtcghldatd odtdrlcahtk odstcahtk hffh ocstruzckad oc gdffufd ohaad``chtd. F–httcvhzckad adurk-krlkahfd, prdsdatd ca tuttc c phzcdatc gka ocseuazckad vdatrcgkfhrd scacstrh, httcvh f–hpkptksc gka fcndrhzckad oc dazclc prktdkfctcgc rdspkashncfc odffh adgrksc lckghrocgh. _hfd _hfd prkgdssk â rdvdrscncfd ak h gbd f–hpkptksc aka cathggh cf augfdk gdffufhrd. Fh sgklphrsh odff–httcvhzckad adurk-krlkahfd, gbd sc puþ httuhrd gka fh tdrhpch gka n-nfkgghatc do HGD-cacnctkrc, do cf rclkodffhldatk vdatrcgkfhrd, pksscncfd okpk fh ghrockgbcrur`ch, pksskak gkaourrd h rdgupdrk gdffufhrd. GH^H__D^CW_CGBD GH^H __D^CW_CGBD GFCACGBD
Fk sgklpdask ghrochgk puþ gklphrcrd h quhfschsc dtí, tutthvch c nhlnhl ncac hf oc skttk oc ua haak rhpprdsdathak gcrgh cf 3=% oc tuttc c phzcdatc pdochtrcgc. C sd`ac do c scatklc skak ghushtc ca phrtd ohffh rcouzckad odffh `ctthth ghrochgh do ca phrtd ohffh prdsdazh oc gka`dstckad vdaksh scstdlcgh d pkflkahrd. Wcatklc d sd`ac Adkahtk d fhtthatd9 ocegkftí hfcldathrc, rcthrok oc grdsgcth, thgbcpadh
gbd pd``ckrh gka f–hfcldathzckad, thgbcghroch (1 85= npl adf skaak), rctlk oc `hfkppk, pkfsc odnkfc, gutd erdooh, tdlpk oc rdff ghpcffhrd prkfua`htk, suokrhzckad, suokrhzckad, dphtkld`hfch. dphtkld`hfch. Nhlncak9 ocspadh oh sekrzk, thgbcpadh gka rcdatrhldatc catdrgksthfc, rhatkfc ac grdpcthatc, ehgcfd heehtcghncfctí, tkssd k ahusdh, thgbcghroch (1 8== npl), dphtkld`hfch, rhrc `fc dodlc pdrcedrcgc gksæ gkld fh
ocstdasckad odffd vdad odf gkffk, sghrsk hppdtctk do hrrdstk oc grdsgcth. Ad`fc hokfdsgdatc pksskak dssdrd prdsdatc cakftrd krtkpadh, ocspadh aktturah d scatklc `hstrkcatdstcahfc. Adffh prhtcgh gfcacgh sc rcgkrrd hffh gfhssceghzckad oc ^kss pdr vhfuthrd fh sdvdrctí odffk sgklpdask ghrochgk9 GFHWWD C
‗ Hscatklhtcgc.
GFHWWD CC ‗ Adkahtc9 fcdvd thgbcpadh, suokrhzckad ourhatd c phstc. Nhlncac9 ocspadh oh sekrzk. GFHWWD CCC ‗ Adkahtc9 lhrghth thgbcpadh, suokrhzcka suokrhzckadd ourhatd c phstc, prkfua` prkf ua`hld hldatk atk odff odffhh our ourhth hth odf phs phstk, tk, hrrd hrrdstk stk oc grds grdsgcth gcth.. Nhlncac9 lhrghth ocspadh oh sekrzk. GFHWWD CU ‗ _hgbcpadh, rcdatrhldatc catdrgksthfc, suokrhzckad, `ruatca` h rcpksk. OCH@AKWC
Fh och`aksc oc sgklpdask ghrochgk â uah och`aksc dssdazchfldatd gfcacgh ca guc fh vhfuthzckad fhnkrhtkrcstcgh d struldathfd â skfk oc skstd`ak. ^x tkrhgd9 dvcodazch ghrockld`hfch d cagrdldatk odffh trhlh vhsgkfhrd.
Fh ghrockld`hfch â sdlprd prdsdatd trhaad trh aad gbd adffd kstruzckac hf odussk vdaksk pkflkahrd gkld fh stdaksc lctrhfcgh k cf ^U]H_ kstructk. aka â och`akstcgk oc sgklpdask ghrochgk, lh oc skstd`ak adffh vhfuthzckad dzckfk`cgh (hrctlcd). DG@9
Dgkghrock`rheh9 pdrldttd
fh vhfuthzckad odffd ghldrd ghrochgbd, od`fc caocgc oc euazckahfctí scstk-ochstkfcgh d gkasdatd oc lkactkrczzhrd fh tdrhpch. euaDshlc dlhtkgbclcgc9 spdssk â prdsdatd uah fcdvd hadlch: c tdst oc euazckahfctí rdahfd dvcodazchak uah rcouzckad odf ftrhtk `fkldrufhrd do dfdvhzckad odc fcvdffc oc grdhtcacah adf sha`ud. Adf sdocldatk urcahrck pksskak dssdrd prdsdatc prdsdatc prktdcaurch do dlhturch dlhturch lcgrksgkpcgh.
]^K@AKWC
Fh ghush prcagcphfd oc sgklpdask ghrochgk ca dtí pdochtrcgh â rhpprdrhpprdsdathth ohc ocedttc gka`dactc, fh lh``ckr phrtd odc quhfc gkrrd``cncfc gbcrur`cghldatd. Fh prk`aksc ca thfd ghtd`krch oc phzcdatc â strdtthldastrdtthlda td gkaadssh hf tcpk oc ghrockphtch gka`dacth. ]urtrkppk pdr fd ekrld oc sgklpdas sgkl pdaskk ghrochgk sdgkaohrcd h ghrocklckphtcd prclctcvd k sdgkaohrcd fh prk`aksc â hagkrh pkgk cagkrh``chatd9 fh lkrthfctí h 4 haac rclhad caehttc odff–2=%. _D^H]CH
Cf phzcdatd odvd dssdrd kspdohfczzhtk pkcgbã fk sgklpdask ghrochgk â uah gkaoczckad pktdazchfldatd fdthfd d odvd dssdrd caczchtk hf pcó prdstk cf fhvkrk och`akstcgk vkftk h sthncfcrd fh ghush pdr pktdrfh rclukvdrd. r clukvdrd. @fc kncdttcvc odffh tdrhpch skak9 rclkzckad odffh phtkfk`ch skttksthatd: gkatrkffk odff–casuegcdazh ghrochgh. F–dfclcahzckad odffh odff h ghush â `dadrhfldatd f–hpprkggck f–hpprkg gck lc`fckrd d spdssk ca dtí pdochtrcgh gkascstd adffh gkrrdzckad gbcrur`cgh oc ua ocedttk gkagka`dactk k adf trhtthldatk ldocgk oc uah spdgcgh gkaoczckad gkld uah sdpsc k uah sdvdrh cpdrtdasckad k hadlch. Cf gkatrkffk odff–casuegcdazh prdvdod9 fh rcouzckad odffh rctdazckad corcgk-shfcah: fh lkoufhzckad odffd haklhfcd adurk-krlkahfc: f–huldatk odffh gkatrhttcfctí lcghrochgh. § §
§ § §
Lcsurd `dadrhfc
• ]ksczckad sdouth h 7=½ pdrgbã rcougd fh gka`dstckad vdaksh pkflkahrd. • Huldatk odff–hppkrtk oc kssc`dak (oh dvcthrd ca prdsdazh oc ghrockphtcd gka`dactd okttk ocpdaodatc). • Lhatdacldatk odffh tdlpdrhturh gkrpkrdh adc rha`d oc akrlhfctí. • ^couzckad odf gkasulk gkasulk oc kssc`dak kssc`dak trhlctd sdohzckad sdohzckad (adc phzcdatc phzcdatc h`cthtc), dfclcahzckad oc caedzckac d ednnrd. • Hfcldathzckad9 sc gkasc`fch lh``ckrd erhzckahldatk odc phstc do dvdatuhfd usk oc catd`rhtkrc `fugcocgc d fcpcocgc pdr huldathrd cf gkatdautk ghfkrcgk odf phstk sdazh huldathrad cf vkfuld. Adc ghsc pcó `rhvc sc prdedrcsgd f–hfcldathzckad trhlctd skaocak ahsk-`hstrcgk. F–hppkrtk corcgk ca ehsd caczchfd odvd dssdrd oc 54 lf/j`/ocd. • Gkrrdzckad oc dvdatuhfd hadlch.
Lcsurd spdgcegbd
C ehrlhgc oh utcfczzhrd, fd lkohfctí, fh oksd d fh vch oc skllcacstrhzckad vhaak sthncfctc ca nhsd hffh `rhvctí odffh sgklpdask ghrochgk. 8) Ocurdtcgc
C ocurdtcgc gkstctucsgkak ua prdscock ekaohldathfd adf trhtthldatk odffk sgklpdask ghrochgk. Wkak sthtc clpcd`htc 7 gfhssc oc ocurdtcgc9 8. ocurdtcgc odff–hash9 eurksdlcod, hgcok dthgrcacgk gbd h`csgkak ca lhacdrh lkftk rhpcoh sd skllcacstrhtc pdr vch daokvdaksh. ]ksskak prkvkghrd cpkjhfcdlch: cpkjhfcdlch: >. ocurdtcgc tchzcocgc9 gfkrktchzcod do corkgfkrktchzcod h`csgkak suf tunufk prkssclhfd d ocsthfd. ocsthfd. Wkak ocurdtcgc lkodrhtc: lkodrhtc: 7. hath`kacstc odff–hfokstdrkad9 spcrkakfhttkad. Aka ghush cpkjhfcdlch d fh suh hsskgchzckad gka c ocurdtcgc odff–hash d tchzcocgc hcuth adf prdvdacrfh. Tah gklpfcghazh odffh tdrhpch ocurdtcgh catdascvh â f–hfghfksc cpkgfkcpkgfkrdlcgh.
Hgcok dthgrcacgk (DODG^CA)
Wkllcacstrhzckad DU Wkllcacstrhzckad pdr ks >-7 l`/j`/ ocd ca > oksc (lhx 5 8-> l`/j`/ oksd l`/j`) 8 l`/j`/ oksd >-7 l`/j`/ocd ca > oksc
_chzcocgc Gfkrktchzcod (OCT^CF) Corkgfkrktchzcod (DWCO^DR)
>=-?= l`/j`/ocd ca >-7 oks >-4 l`/j`/ocd ca >-7 oksc
Ocurdtcgc odff–hash Eurksdlcod (FHWCR)
Hatchfokstdrkacgc Wpcrkakfhttkad (HFOHG_KAD) >-7 l`/j`/ocd ca > oksc ]kthssck ghardkahtk (JHA^DAKF) 8-7 l`/j`/ocd ca > oksc
8-7 l`/j`/ocd ca > oksc
>) Uhskocfhthtkrc
C vhskocfhthtkrc rcougkak fd rdscstdazd pdrcedrcgbd d qucaoc cf pkst-ghrcgk, ehgcfcthak fk svukthldatk vdatrcgkfhrd d oc gkasd`udazh huldathak fh `ctthth scstkfcgh sdazh lkocghrd fk sthtk gkatrhttcfd d sdazh huldathrd cf gkasulk oc kssc`dak. Wkak gkluadldatd ocvcsc ca nhsd hff–hzckad prdvhfdatd ca hrtdrcksc, vdaksc vdaksc d lcstc. Ca dtí pdochtrcgh skak pcó erdqudatdldatd ushtc c vhskocfhthtkrc lcstc9
HGD cacnctkrc9 ushtc gkld ehrlhgc oc 8h sgdfth h`csgkak httrhvdrsk f–cf–c-
acnczckad odff–dazclh gbd ghthfczzh fh gkavdrsckad odff–ha`cktdascah C cahttcvh ca ha`cktdascah CC, pktdatd vhskgkstrcttkrd. vhskgkstrcttkr d. ^cougkak fh lkrthfctí odf >4%, rcougkak fh scatklhtkfk`ch d c pdrckoc oc kspdohfczzhzckad, lc`fckrhak fh tkffdrhazh hffk sekrzk. Wkak gkatrkcaocghtc ca ghsk oc cpktdasckad scatklhtcgh, cpdrjhfcdlch, stdaksc odff–hrtdrch rdahfd ncfhtdrhfd, euazckahfctí rdahfd ca pd``ckrhldatk pd``ckrhldatk.. Â ndad gklcagchrd gka fh oksd lcaclh d cagrdldathrfh ak ho hvdrd uah rcspksth gfcacgh. EH^LHGC
Oksd CACYCHFD
Ghptkprcf (GH]K_DA)
Adkahtc9
Dahfhprcf (DAH]^DA)
Oksd LHWWCLH
=.=4-=.8 l`/j` oksd k`ac 2 krd Fhtthatc d nhlncac9 =.84-=.7l`/j` oksd k`ac 2 krd Hokfdsgdatc9 5.>4- 8>.4 l`/ oksd k`ac 2-8> krd
=.4 l`/j`/oksd k`ac 2 krd
=.8-=.4 l`/j`/ocd k`ac 8>->? krd
?= l`/ocd k`ac 8>->? krd
> l`/j`/oksd k`ac 2 krd 4= l`/ oksd k`ac 2-8> krd
7) Caktrkpc
Uc skak 7 gfhssc oc ehrlhgc caktrkpc9 8. `fcgkscoc oc`cthfcgc: >. n8 h`kacstc: 7. cacnctkrc odffh odffh eksekocdstdrhsc. eksekocdstdrhsc. Oc`cthfd
Fh oc`ksscah â fh prdphrhzckad ushth ca pdochtrch. Kftrd hff–deedttk caktrkpk caktrkpk httrhvdrsk f–cacnczckad f–cacncz ckad odffh pklph Ah-J-H_]hsc Ah-J-H_]hsc oc ldlnrhah, fh f h oc`cthfd â ua ehrlhgk sclphtcgkcacnctk sclphtcgkcacnctkrd. rd. Akak Ak akst stha hatd td fh oc oc`k `kss ssca cahh sc schh hl hlpc pchl hlda datd td us usht hthh pd pdrr fk sg sgkl klpd pdas askk ghrochgk, pkgbc skak `fc stuoc ca dtí pdochtrcgh gbd ad suppkrthak k ldak f–usk. Httuhfldatd fd caocghzckac hf trhtthldatk gka oc`cthfd skak9 pdrscstdazh odc scatklc ca phzcdatc `cí trhtthtc gka ocurdtcgk, HGD cacnctkrd d n nfkgghatd: hrctlcd cpdrgcadtcgbd skprhvdatrcgkfhrd gbd ghushak k gklpfcghak gklpfcghak fk sgklpdask ca adkahtc k fhtthatc. §
§
_hndffh odc oksh``c pdr ks FHAKRCA
Oksd tkthfd oc oc`cthfczzhzcka oc`cthfczzhzckadd (η /j`/ocd)
Lhatdacldatk (η /j`/ocd)
>=->4
4
Adkahtk h tdrlcad
7=
2-8=
Nhlncac (6 > haac)
7=-?=
2-8=
Nhlncac (1 > haac)
7=-?=
2-8=
]rdlhturk (6 70 sdtt. D@)
Wc caczch fh oc`cthfczzhzckad oc ua phzcdatd skllcacstrhaok sunctk fh ldtí odffh oksd oc htthggk, qucaoc ¶ okpk 2 krd d cf rclhadatd ¶ okpk hftrd 2 krd. Cf lhatdacldatk caczch 8> krd okpk fh skllcacstrhzckad odff–ufodff–uf tclh odffd oksc oc htthggk do â kppkrtuak rcpdtdrd ua DG@ d rcgdrghrd dvdatuhfc sd`ac oc tksscgctí. Fh oksd odf lhatdacldatk vh suoocvcsh ca > skllcacstrhzck skllcacstrhzckad. ad. Wd sc ush fh vch daokvdaksh c oksh``c oh ushrd skak cf 04% oc qudffc pdr ks. Fh oc`ksscah â gkatrkcaocghth ca prdsdazh oc NHU NHU, thlpkahldatk ghrochgk d ghrocklckphtch cpdrtrkgh. Cf rha`d tdrhpdutcgk â =.4->.= a`/lf. Ocvdrsc ehrlhgc catdrh`csgkak catdr h`csgkak gka fh oc`cthfd huldathaokad fh gkagdatrhzckad scdrcgh, ca phrtcgkfhrd hlckohrkad, vdrhphlcfd do drctrklcgcah. ]rclh d ourhatd cf trhtthldatk oc`cthfcgk â adgdsshrck dsd`ucrd ua DG@ do uah jhfcdlch, pdrgbã f–cpkjhfcdlch prdocspkad hffh tksscgctí tksscgctí oc`cthfcgh. C sd`ac oc tksscgctí oc`cthfcgh oc`cthfc gh gkascstkak adffk svcfuppk oc hrctlcd oh huldahuldathth hutklhtcgctí k adffh odprdssckad odffh gkaouzckad htrckvdatrcgkfhrd. n8 H`kacstc
F–hzckad caktrkph oc ehrlhgc gkld fh okphlcah d fh oknuthlcah sklskllcacstrhtc pdr caeusckad gkatcauh, â serutthth adff–casuegcdazh ghrochgh rderhtthrch hffh tdrhpch gkavdazckahfd d adffh scaorkld oh nhssh `ctthth sdgkaohrch ho catdrvdatc ghrockgbcrur`cgc. Fh okphlcah kftrd ho hvdrd ua deedttk ocrdttk suc rdgdttkrc n8 h`kacstc, prklukvd cf rcfhsgck oc akrhordahfcah ohffd tdrlcahzckac adrvksd scl phtcgbd. C sukc sukc deedttc deedttc skak skak gkrrdfhtc gkrrdfhtc hffd oksc. Gka Gka nhssk oksh``ck (6 4`) stclkfh c rdgdttkrc okphlcadr`cgc prkougdaok vhskocfhthzckad rdahfd, h oksc trh 4-8=` bh deedttk caktrkpk d prkvkgh ua huldatk odffh `ctthth, h oksc supdrckrd g–â httcvctí h-hordadr`cgh gbd odtdrlcah vhskgkstrczckad pdrcedrcgh.
Fh oknuthlcah bh ua–hzckad prclctcvhldatd caktrkph, gka uah fcdvd vhskocfhthzckad pdrcedrcgh. Fd oksc d fd lkohfctí oc prdphrhzckad skak rcpkrthtd ca thndffh. EH^LHGK
OKWH@@CK
Okphlcah (^DUCUHA)
>- 4 η /j`/lca (rdahfd) (rdahfd) 4-84 η /j`/lca (caktrkpk) 1 84 η /j`/lca (prdsskrck) (prdsskrck)
Oknuthlcah (OKNT_^DR)
>->= η /j`/lca
Cacnctkrc odffh eksekocdstdrhsc eksekocdstdrhsc
Wkak ehrlhgc gbd prdsdathak uah pktdatd hzckad caktrkph d vhskocfhthatd. Fd caocghzckac h fkrk usk skak sclcfc h qudffd odc ndth 8 h`kacstc. EH^LHGK
OKWH@@CK
Hlrcakad (CAKGK^)
4-8= η /j`/ lca
Dakxclkad (]D^EHA)
4->= η /j`/lca
?) n Nfkgghatc
C n Nfkgghatc skak ldak gkluadldatd utcfczzhtc adf trhtthldatk sthaohro odffk sgklpdask ghrochgk grkacgk ca dtí pdochtrcgh, sdnndad gc schak ekrtc dvcodazd odffh fkrk utcfctí ca dtí houfth. Dssc h`crdnndrk httdauhaok f–httcvhzckad adurk-hordadr`cgh rdspkashrdspkash ncfd odffh ocseuazckad lckghrocgh, odff–hpkptksc d odf rclkodffhldatk vdatrcgkfhrd. Ocfhtrdao o) â cf ehrlhgk httuhfldatd pcó utcfczzhtk, Cf ghrvdocfkfkfk ( Ocfhtrda sdgkaok c ohtc ocspkacncfc ca fdttdrhturh, ca qudsth ghtd`krch oc phzcdatc. Okvrdnnd dssdrd catrkokttk ca phzcdatc gka sgklpdask ghrochgk grkacgk sthncfd ho ua oksh``ck caczchfd oc =.=? l`/j` pdr ks > vkftd hf oæ oh huldathrd fdathldatd ak ho uah oksd oc =.7> l`/j` pdr ks > vkftd hf oæ. Â clpkrthatd gkluaqud prdgcshrd gbd httuhfldatd aka gc skak ohtc gbd oclkstrcak f–deghgch, ca tdrlcac oc lc`fckrhldatk odffh skprhvvcvdazh, oc qudsth ghtd`krch oc ehrlhgc ca phzcdatc pdochtrcgc.
Ncnfck`rheh dssdazchfd
- Jhatkr ]E dt hf. ]rdsdathtcka, och`akscs, hao ldocghf lhah`dldat ke bdhrt ehcfurd ca gbcforda9 Ghahocha Ghrockvhsgufhr Wkgcdty `ucodfcads. Gbcforda–s Bdhrt Ehcfurd Wtuoy @rkup. Gha I Ghrockf. >=87:>39 8474-4>. - Edatka L, Nurgb L. Taodrsthaoca` gbrkacg bdhrt ehcfurd. Hrgb Ocs gbcfo. >==0: 3>928>-85. - Lkeedtt NW, Gbha` HG. Euturd ]bhrlhgkfk`cg h`dats ekr trdhtldat ke bdhrt ehcfurd. ]dochtr Ghrockf. >==5: >09477-448.
