A History of CRISPR

A HISTORY OF CRISPR 1987 •

rst describe a describe a paern of short, palindromic repeats of DNA interspersed with short, non-repeve “spacers” of DNA in E. coli bacteria. Ishino et al.

2002 •

Jansen et al. name name the  the paern CRISPR, short for “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.”

2007 •

Barrangou et al. show that CRISPR, mediated by Cas proteins, provides bacterial immunity against viruses by matching DNA in spacer sequences with DNA from viruses.

2010 •

Garneau et al. show that the CRISPR/Cas system can acquire new spacers from foreign DNA.

2012 •

Jinek, Doudna, Charpener et al. develop develop CRISPR/Cas9,  CRISPR/Cas9, which can be programmed to recognize and target any DNA sequence.

2013 •

Cong, Zhang et al. show that CRISPR/Cas9 can precisely edit DNA in human & mouse cells, and that a single CRISPR/Cas9 array can be programmed programmed to edit several sites at once.

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Tan et al.

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Ran, Zhang et al. report report that  that a technique called “double nicking,” which breaks both strands of ...........  DNA, can reduce CRISPR/Cas9 o-targeng by 50- to 1,500-fold. •

use CRISPR/Cas9 use  CRISPR/Cas9 in pig, goat, and cale cells.

Sciensts use CRISPR/Cas9 to modify the genome of silkworm silkworm and  and frog embryos embryos..

2014 •

Fu, Sander et al . report report that  that using truncated guide RNAS can reduce CRISPR/Cas9 o-targeng by 5,000-fold or more.

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Shalem, Zhang et al. use use CRISPR/Cas9  CRISPR/Cas9 for genome-scale screening of cancer-related cancer-related genes in in human cells.

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Niu et al. report report the  the birth of twin monkeys that have been genecally engineered with CRISPR/Cas9.

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Hu, Khalili et al. use use CRISPR/Cas9  CRISPR/Cas9 to eradicate HIV from human immune cell lines.

2015 •

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Wu et al . use use CRISPR/Cas9  CRISPR/Cas9 to correct genec disease in mice germ cells. •

Sciensts publish editorials in Nature and Science calling for a pause on researching clinical applicaons of CRISPR/Cas9 in human reproducve cells.

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Hilton et al. create create a  a CRISPR/Cas9-based system system that can edit the epigenome, a set of chemical “switches” that can turn genes on and o.

Liang et al. report that they have used CRISPR/Cas9 to gene-edit non-viable human embryos with limited success. Images by Maurizio Fausillo, Mister Pixel, Olivier Guin, Stewart Lamb Cromar, b mijnlie, and Mike Ashley for the Noun Project