UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL PEDRO RUIZ GALLO-FICSA-2013
ABASTECIMIENTO DE AGUA POTABLE ABASTECIMIENTO POTABLE EN LA CUIDAD DE CHICLAYO I.
SISTEMAS DE ABASTECIMIENTO DE AGUA POTABLE
Un sistema de abastecimiento de agua potable para una población es el conjunto de obras, equipos y servicios destinados al suministro de agua potable para consumo doméstico, industrial, servicios públicos y otros usos. Para la elaboración de un proyecto de abastecimiento de agua, es necesario realizar estudios de campo, de laboratorio y de gabinete, para un correcto dimensionado que considere las necesidades actuales de consumo y las futuras, contemplando la posibilidad de la construcción por etapas o modular. El sistema de abastecimiento de agua se clasifica dependiendo del tipo de usuario, el sistema se clasificara en urbano o rural.
Los sistemas de abastecimientos rurales suelen ser sencillos y no cuentan en su mayoría con rede de distribución sino que utilizan Piletas Publicas o llaves para uso común en muchas oportunidades tienen como fuente las aguas subterráneas captadas mediante una bomba manual o hidráulica. Los sistemas de abastecimiento urbano son sistemas complejos que cuentan con una serie de componentes como los que citamos a continuación:
a. Fuente:
Es el espacio natural desde el cual se derivan los caudales demandados por la población a ser abastecida. Pueden ser superficial o subterránea.
OBRAS DE SANEAMIENTO
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b. Obra de Captación:
Es la estructura destinada a facilitar la derivación de los caudales demandados por la población. c. Línea de aducción o impulsión: i mpulsión:
Es el tramo de tubería destinado a conducir los caudales desde la obra de captación hasta el depósito regulador o la planta de tratamiento. d. Planta de Tratamiento:
Es el conjunto de estructuras destinadas a dotar el agua de la fuente de la calidad necesaria para el consumo humano, es decir potabilizarla. e. Depósito Regulador:
Es la estructura destinada a almacenar parte de los volúmenes requeridos por la población a fin de garantizar su entrega de manera continua y permanente. Además el depósito regulador tiene como objetivo garantizar las presiones requeridas en los aparatos sanitarios de las viviendas. f. Línea Matriz:
Es el tramo de tubería destinado a conducir el agua desde el depósito regulador o la planta de tratamiento hasta la red de distribución. g. Red de Distribución:
Es el conjunto de tuberías y accesorios destinados a conducir las aguas a todos y cada una de los usuarios a través de las calles. h. Acometida Domiciliaria:
Es el tramo de tubería que conduce las aguas desde la red de distribución hasta el interior de la vivienda. En este tramo de tubería se colocan los contadores o medidores que son equipos destinados destinados a medir la cantidad de agua que utiliza cada usuario y esta puede ser medida volumétricamente o por el caudal.
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i.
Caudales de Diseño de un Acueducto.
Los diferentes componentes del sistema de abastecimiento de agua potable se diseñan a partir de los caudales que hay que manejar dependiendo de la población que se pretende dotar o satisfacer con el servicio, dentro de estos caudales están: El Caudal Medio Diario, Caudal Máximo Diario, Caudal Máximo horario, Caudal de Bombeo, Caudal de Incendio.
Caudal Máximo Diario:
Es el caudal correspondiente al promedio de los caudales diarios utilizados por una población determinada, dentro de una serie de valores medidos. En virtud de la insuficiencia de datos medidos este el caudal medio diario se obtiene de la relación de la dotación necesaria y el parámetro de la población total. Caudal Máximo Diario:
Es el caudal máximo correspondiente al día de máximo consumo de la serie de datos medidos, de igual manera en ausencia de datos este igual se consigue mediante la aplicación de un coeficiente de variación diaria. diari a. Caudal Máximo Horario:
Es el caudal correspondiente a la hora de máximo consumo en el día de máximo consumo y se obtiene a partir del caudal medio y un coeficiente de variación horaria. Caudal de Bombeo:
Es el caudal requerido por las instalaciones destinadas a impulsar el agua a los puntos elevados del sistema de abastecimiento de agua y no es más que estimar el caudal equivalente al caudal medio para el número de horas de bombeo necesaria que no puede exceder las 16 horas diarias.
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Caudal de Incendio:
Es el Caudal destinado a combatir las emergencias por causas de los incendios y este se estima entre cinco (5) y diez (10) litros por segundo. Este caudal debe estar disponible en hidrantes localizados de manera tal que cubra un radio de cien metros.
Estos Caudales se utilizan de la manera siguiente: El Caudal Máximo Diario: Línea
de aducción, Planta de tratamiento y depósito regulador. • Caudal de Bombeo: Sistema de Bombeo y Línea de Impulsión. • La Red de Distribución: Se diseña con el mayor caudal entre el Caudal Máximo horario y el Caudal Máximo diario.
A. CICLO OPERACIONAL DEL AGUA POTABLE
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II.
SISTEMA DE ABASTECIMIENTO DE AGUA POTABLE EN CHICLAYO
El sistema de abastecimiento de agua para la ciudad de Chiclayo, tiene como fuente principal la Captación y Conducción de las aguas superficiales que abastecen al Valle Chancay - Lambayeque y afluentes, que discurren a la vertiente Atlántica a través de las obras de derivación de la primera etapa del Proyecto de Tinajones, tanto el río Conchano como el río Chotano aportan a la cuenca del Pacífico una masa anual de 250 millones de m3 de agua incrementando las descargas del Río Chancay con una mayor disponibilidad del recurso hídrico en épocas de máximas avenidas. La captación se realiza a través de la bocatoma Raca-Rumi ubicado en el río Chancay con una capacidad de captación de hasta 75 m3/s., cuenta con dos compuertas radiales que comunican al canal alimentador a través de 6 cámaras desarenadoras, 3 compuertas tipo vagón que regulan el volumen de embalse y un aliviadero de demasías que sirve para evacuar los excesos de agua por encima de los 300 m3/s., las aguas derivadas del Río Chancay por la bocatoma Raca-Rumi ingresan al Reservorio Tinajones a través de un canal alimentador de 16 km. de longitud con una capacidad máxima de 70 m3/s. A lo largo de la conducción hacia el Reservorio, el agua cruda pasa a través de “las Cascadas”, estructura formada por gradas adyacentes que permiten salvar un
desnivel de 42 metros, para amortiguar la caída y como consecuencia, disipar la energía que la masa de agua lleva consigo, para posteriormente ser almacenada en el Reservorio Tinajones que tiene una capacidad de embalse de 320 millones de m3, profundidad máxima de 37 metros, un espejo de agua de 20 Km2, además cuenta con un dique principal de 2440 m.l. y tres diques secundarios. Luego, es
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máxima de 70 m3/s, las mismas que llegan al Partidor «La Puntilla» construido también en el cauce del Río Chancay; en esta estructura se reparte las aguas del río Chancay tanto al Río Reque como al canal Taymi y Río Lambayeque pasando por el Desarenador Desaguadero ubicado 2.5 km aguas abajo. Esta obra cuenta con16 compuertas de limpia que descargan a un canal lateral, conduciendo las arenas al Río Reque, posteriormente se ubica el Repartidor Desagüadero, esta estructura da origen al Canal Taymi principal vía de distribución de agua en el valle, aquí también nace el canal Pátapo y el Río Lambayeque afluentes de las lagunas Boró, conduciendo sus aguas en una longitud de 40 km. pasando por las Tomas Tabernas, calupe hasta llegar a la Toma Santeño la misma que a su vez se divide en dos corrientes hídricas una de ellas continúa siendo el Río Lambayeque hasta llegar al Partidor Chéscope y el otro Ramal es el Canal Santeño, en el mismo curso aguas abajo se llega a la Toma Bola de Oro, estructura principal de captación donde se realiza el reparto de agua para uso poblacional, industrial y agrícola. A través de la estación de aforo Bola de Oro el agua es conducida a las lagunas Boró I y Boró II, recorriendo una longitud total de 5,255 m.l. de los cuales 1621 mts, representan el canal alimentador, iniciando su recorrido en la toma de reparto «Bola de Oro» siendo el caudal promedio de conducción de 1400 l/s. El agua cruda llega a las lagunas Boró por el Canal “Las Mercedes” las mismas que
actúan como pre- Sedimentadores y como embalses de regulación en épocas de emergencia o estiaje.
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OBRAS DE SANEAMIENTO
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III.
DESCRIPCIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE AGUA POTABLE
El abastecimiento de agua potable a las localidades de Chiclayo, Pimentel y San José se realiza a través de dos sistemas que se muestran en el Gráfico N° 01. Los sistemas son: Sistema Chiclayo – Pimentel Sistema San José
El sistema San José se describe en la localidad de San José. A su vez el sistema Chiclayo – Pimentel está compuesto por tres sub sistemas, los cuales son: Sub sistema Chiclayo – Pimentel: Infraestructura sanitaria común para
Chiclayo y Pimentel (A1). Sub sistema Chiclayo: Infraestructura sanitaria exclusiva de Chiclayo (A2). Sub sistema Pimentel: Infraestructura sanitaria exclusiva de Pimentel (A3).
Por lo tanto, el análisis e identificación de los problemas de los sistemas de agua potable se realizará siguiendo esta distribución.
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OBRAS DE SANEAMIENTO
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3.1.
SISTEMA CHICLAYO – PIMENTEL. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL ESTADO ACTUAL DE – PIMENTEL. LA INFRAESTRUCTURA
El abastecimiento de agua potable que se brinda a las localidades de Chiclayo y Pimentel es posible debido a que existen algunos componentes que forman parte de su respectiva infraestructura sanitaria que es común para ambas localidades, quedando otros al servicio exclusivo de cada una de estas localidades.
– PIMENTEL SUB SISTEMA CHICLAYO – PIMENTEL
El sub sistema Chiclayo – Pimentel comprende todos los componentes comunes de la infraestructura sanitaria que participa en el abastecimiento de agua potable a las localidades mencionadas. Estos componentes comunes son enumerados en el Cuadro N°01
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IV.
CAPTACION DE AGUA SUPERFICIAL
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Chongoyape por el este; de manera que el reservorio Tinajones es una obra hidráulica de gran importancia en la región, ubicado a 70 kms al oeste de Chiclayo. Las aguas que regula Tinajones, son devueltos al río Chancay, el mismo que aguas abajo del canal de descarga se divide en dos ramales o ríos, denominados Lambayeque y Reque. Parte del agua que es utilizada por EPSEL S.A. para la producción de agua potable es derivada del río Lambayeque a través de la Toma Santeño.
CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL SISTEMA TINAJONES
La captación de aguas provenientes del Río Chancay para el reservorio reservorio Tinajones se realiza en la Bocatoma Raca Rumi con una capacidad de hasta 75 m3/s. Los volúmenes de agua en exceso, son evacuados hacia el río, a través del Aliviadero de Demasías. Parte de las aguas captadas en esta Bocatoma ingresan al Reservorio
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La corona de la presa se encuentra en la cota 216.08 msnm. En el Partidor La Puntilla nace el río Lambayeque, que conduce las aguas en una longitud de 40 km hasta la Toma Santeño, en donde se divide en dos ramales, uno continua siendo el Río Lambayeque y el otro ramal se convierte en el Canal Santeño; en este curso aguas abajo, se llega a la Toma Bola de Oro, que es el punto de inicio y de aforo del Canal Alimentador del Sistema Boro. De la Toma Bola de Oro se conducen las aguas a través de un canal de 1.724,50 m hasta la Toma
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La EPSEL cuenta con una Resolución Administrativa del Ministerio de Agricultura, para captar hasta 2 500 l/s. La capacidad de conducción de los canales desde la Toma Bola de Oro es 2 500 l/s. La capacidad de conducción del tramo de canal entre la Toma Santeño y la Toma Bola de Oro es aproximadamente aproximadamente de 4 m3/s. El agua es conducida de la toma Santeño hasta la Toma Botador mediante un canal que forma parte del sistema de riego del sistema Tinajones. De la toma Botador, se derivan las aguas a través del canal denominado Las Mercedes.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS TOMAS DEL SISTEMA
Toma Santeño
La Toma Santeño consta de una obra de barraje de concreto con sistema de compuertas para repartición de caudales al río Lambayeque y al canal Santeño y un vertedero de alivio hacia el río Lambayeque. Aguas debajo de la compuerta que
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concreto de la toma está en mal estado y la compuerta está deteriorada y pesa mucho para operarla, tiene troncos de madera en mal estado como plataforma de paso y operación, no tiene barandas. La cota de la corona del barraje es de 59.71 msnm. El 02.AGO.2005, las compuertas de la toma se operaban para dividir el circulante a razón de 1.4 m3/s para EPSEL SA y 0.2 m3/s hacia la Cooperativa Pomalca. La velocidad de aproximación de las aguas, aguas arriba del barraje es de 0.29 m/s. Aguas arriba del barraje se presentan velocidades bajas que facilitan la sedimentación de arenas en el canal. A partir de la Toma Bola de Oro, EPSEL SA asume los costos de mantenimiento del canal entre Bola de Oro y Boró. Los trabajos de mantenimiento consisten en: a) desarenado que se realiza cada 2 años, estos trabajos se realizan con el uso de una retroexcavadora de brazo largo y b) desbroce de maleza de fondo y taludes que se realiza cada año.
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Toma Coloche Nuñez
La Toma coloche Núñez es una toma de derivación de aguas para riego y lugar de referencia del sistema de riego y de alimentación a Boró.
Toma Botador
La toma Botador es una toma de derivación de aguas para riego y punto de referencia del último tramo del canal alimentador. Capacidad de conducción 4 m3/s limpio y desarenado.
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Laguna Boro I
La construcción de la Laguna Boró I data del año 1950, sin embargo a partir del año 1994 se realizaron trabajos de mejoramiento del dique central, así como de rehabilitación y mejoramiento de la laguna. Ocupa un superficie de 22,00 has y posee una capacidad de almacenamiento de 500,000 m3. La Laguna Boró I está provista de un canal de ingreso del agua cruda proveniente de la toma “Botador”, un dique central que la separa de la Laguna Boró II, cámaras de reunión con sus compuertas de concreto armado, tuberías de desfogue de
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Laguna Boro II
La Laguna Boró II tiene una capacidad de almacenamiento de 1’630,000 m3, un
espejo de agua de 57 hectáreas, un periodo de retención de 27 días y opera a una cota de embalse de 49.30 m.s.n.m. El agua pretratada es conducida a las plantas de tratamiento ubicadas en la ciudad de Chiclayo. La operación de la laguna Boró II es permanente, comprende estructuras de salida para la conducción de aguas a la cámara de Carga 2 y para desagüe de limpia
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Para efectos de descripción, en esta parte se describe cada línea una por
separado, consignando la información de cada parte constituyente.
5.1.
– CISTERNA LÍNEA Nº 01 CONDUCCIÓN BORÓ I – I – CHÉSCOPE CHÉSCOPE – CISTERNA (LCAC-1)
La línea Nº 01 conduce el agua pre tratada desde la Laguna Boró I hasta la Cisterna de la Planta de Tratamiento Nº 01, por gravedad en tramos; tiene una capacidad de conducción de 700 lps, y su abastecimiento es directo a la Planta Nº 01.
TRAMO 01.1: BORÓ I CÁMARA DE CARGA 1
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En esta línea existen 2 cajas de válvula de aire en mal estado. Una caja se encuentra sin techo y la otra sin tapa cubierta de vegetación. No cuentan con válvula ni accesorios.
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En esta línea existen 4 cajas de válvula de aire en mal estado. 3 cajas se encuentran sin tapa y una sin techo y cubiertas de vegetación. No cuentan con válvula ni accesorios.
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5.4.
LÍNEA N° 04 LÍNEA POR GRAVEDAD: CÁMARA DE CARGA 3 – MÓDULO SUR DE PLANTA N° 01 (LCAC N° 04)
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VI.
SISTEMA DE ALMACENAMIENTO DE AGUA TRATADA
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