EXPERIMEANT 1 ANALYSIS OF ASPIRIN IN COMMERCIAL APC TABLET USING FTIR SPECTROSCOPY
OBJECTIVES
To determine the aspirin (acetylsalicylic (acetylsalicylic acid), phenacetin and caffeine content in APC tablet To understand understand the spectrum spectrum obtained from FTIR FTIR INTRODUCTION
Aspirin is among the most fascinating and a versatile drug known to medicine and it is among the oldest. The first known use of an aspirin-like preparation can be traced to ancient Greece and Rome. Salicigen, an extract of willow and poplar bark, has been used as a pain reliever (analgesic) for centuries. In the middle of the last century it was found that salicigen is a glycoside formed from a molecule of salicylic acid and a sugar molecule. Salicylic acid is easily synthesized on a large scale by heating sodium phenoxide with carbon dioxide at 150°C under slight pressure (the Kolbe synthesis):
Unfortunately, however, salicylic acid attacks the mucous membranes of the mouth and esophagus and causes gastric pain that may be worse than the discomfort it was meant to cure. Felix Hoffmann, a chemist for Friedrich Bayer, a German dye company, reasoned that the corrosive nature of salicylic acid could be altered by addition of an acetyl group; and in 1893 the Bayer Company obtained a patent on acetylsalicylic acid, despite the fact that it had been synthesized some 40 years previously by Charles Gerhardt. Bayer coined the name Aspirin for their new product to reflect its acetyl nature and its natural occurrence in the Spiraea plant. Over the years the company has allowed the term aspirin to fall into the public domain so that it is no longer capitalized. In 1904, the head of Bayer, Carl Duisberg, decided to emulate John D. Rockefeller's Rockefeller' s Standard Oil Company and formed an interessen gemeinschaft (IG, a cartel) of the dye
industry (Farbenindustrie). This cartel completely dominated the world dye industry before World War I, and it continued to prosper between the wars, even though some of their assets were seized and sold after World War I. After World War I, an American company, Sterling Drug, bought the rights to aspirin. The company's Glenbrook Laboratories division still is the major manufacturer of aspirin in the United States (Bayer Aspirin). Because of their involvement at Auschwitz, the top management of IG Farbenindustrie was tried and convicted at the Nuremberg trials after World War II, and the cartel broken into three large branches, Bayer, Hoechst, and BASF (Badische Anilin and Sodafabrik), each of which now does more business than DuPont, the largest American chemical company. By law, all drugs sold in the United States must meet purity standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, so all aspirin is essentially the same. Each 5 grain tablet contains 0.325 g of acetylsalicylic acid held together with a binder. The remarkable difference in price for aspirin is primarily a reflection of the advertising budget of the company that sells it. Aspirin is an analgesic (painkiller), an antipyretic (fever reducer), and an antiinflammatory agent. It is the premier drug for reducing fever, a role for which it is uniquely suited. As an anti-inflammatory, it has become the most widely effective treatment for arthritis. Patients suffering from arthritis must take so much aspirin (up to four grams per day) that gastric problems may result. For this reason, aspirin is often combined with a buffering agent. Buffering is an example of such a preparation. The ability of aspirin to diminish inflammation is apparently due to its inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins, a group of C-20 molecules that enhance inflammation. Aspirin alters the oxygenise activity of prostaglandin synthesise by moving the acetyl group to a terminal amine group of the enzyme. If aspirin were a new invention, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) would place many hurdles in the path of its approval. It has been implicated, for example, in Reyes syndrome, a brain disorder that strikes children and young people under 18. It has an effect on platelets, which play a vital role in blood clotting. In newborn babies and their mothers, aspirin can lead to uncontrolled bleeding and problems of circulation for the baby-even brain haemorrhage in extreme cases. This same effect can be turned into an advantage, however. Heart specialists urge potential stroke victims to take aspirin regularly to inhibit clotting in their arteries, and it has recently been shown that one-half tablet per day will help prevent heart attacks in healthy men. Aspirin is found in more than 100 common medications, including AlkaSeltzer, Anacin ("contains the pain reliever doctors recommend most"), APC, Coricidin, Excedrin, Midol, and Vanquish. Despite its side effects, aspirin remains the safest, cheapest, and most effective nonprescription drug.
INSTRUMENTATION
1. Instrument model : 2. Serial no : 3. Location :
Perkin Elmer-Spectrum One (FTIR) 55705 306
SOLID SAMPLE PREPARATION
1. Mixture of sample and KBr a) The agate mortar and pestle was removed from the desiccators. b) 0.001 g of sample was grinded in agate mortar into powder. c) 0.080 g of KBr was added into the sample powder and was mixed using the pestle. d) The mixture in the center of the mortar was scrapped and heaped and was grind again for one minute. The remaining KBr was returned into the desiccators after use. 2. KBr pellets a) One fourth of the KBr mixture was transferred into the collar of the handpress. The anvil was placed along with the longer die pin, allowing it comes into contact with the samples. b) The die set was carefully lifted by holding the lower anvil. The collar was ensured to stay in place. c) The handle of the handpress was opened slowly and the die set was inserted into the handpress. The handle was closed. d) The dial pressure was rotated until the upper ram of the handpress slightly touches the upper anvil on the die assembly. e) The unit was tilted back in order to hold the die set from falling off. The handle was opened. f) The pressure dial was rotated clockwise in one half turn. g) The mixture was slowly compressed while closing the handle in two minutes. The unit was tilted back, the handle was opened and the die set was removed from the unit carefully. The pallet was weighed and inspected.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1) Table for spectrum : Frequency Range (cm-1)
Intensity
Type of Bonds
Compound Types
1500-1400
Variable
C=C stretching
Aromatic rings
3300-2500
Medium
O-H stretching
Carboxylic acids
1300-1050
Strong
C-O stretching
Carboxylic acids, Esters
1760-1690
Strong
C=O stretching
Carboxylic acids, ester
The new method has been designed for the quantitative determination of Aspirin, Phenacetin, Caffeine and their mixtures in the commercial preparations. The quantitative determination methods for the mentioned compounds depend on time consuming extractions. In this research FTIR spectrometer has been used by taking the integrals of a characteristic signal of each compound and comparing them with the integral intensity of a standard compound. From the analysis of aspirin by using FTIR spectroscopy, the contents of aspirin in commercial APC tablet were determined to be 87.65 %. This is due to the fact that sample pellet is fully transparent and nicely round shaped, yet a little bit thick which affect the reading of FTIR spectroscopy. To reduce the error, the amount of sample use during making the pellet must be ensured not in excess amount and we must compress the pallet twice. First with pressure up to 7000 psi then was left to rest for two minutes before it was compressed again to 8000 psi and let to rest for a minute before released from the die pin and extracted. Based on the spectrum from our group analysis, the functional group that were presents in the aspirin are C=C stretching (aromatic rings) in range of 1500-1400 cm -1,O-H stretching (carboxylic acids) in range of 3300-2500 cm -1 with its characteristic which is medium and broader band, C-O stretching (carboxylic acids, esters) in range 1300-1050 cm-1, which carry the characteristic of strong radiation and C=O stretching (carboxylic acids, esters) in range 1760-1690 cm -1. Based on the other group spectrum, the contents of aspirin in APC tablet were determined are slightly low to us. It is because the sample pellets for the other group is thicker and encounter slight cracks due to improper compressing method, thus affecting the reading for aspirin using FTIR spectroscopy. In the other group spectrum, their spectrum was nearly similar to us, but there are several additional peaks on their spectrum at 803.84cm -1, 1419.63 cm-1, 3589.72 cm-1, and 3619.59 cm-1. Those peaks were shown in spectrum because during preparation of sample pellet, there are some contaminants
mixing with the samples, thus as the sample was analyze on FTIR spectroscopy, the functional group of contaminants also shown in spectrum. In order to prevent the contaminants from mix with sample, all the apparatus must be cleaned first before experimental procedure. The results obtained with this method show superiority to those obtained with conventional methods.
CONCLUSIONS
The functional groups that present in aspirin are were C=C stretching (aromatic rings) in range of 1500-1400 cm -1, O-H stretching (carboxylic acids), C-O stretching (carboxylic acids, esters) and C=O stretching (carboxylic acids, esters). It is clear that FT-IR spectrometry is capable of direct determination of Acetylsalicylic acid. With the commercial software, the method proposed is simple, precise and not time-consuming compared to the chromatographic methods that exist in literature. Quantification could be done in about 5-10 minutes, including sample preparation and spectral acquisition.
REFERENCES
1. Andrei A. B, en el. FT-IR Spectrophotometric analysis of acetylsalicylic acid and its pharmaceutical formulations. July 5,2006. University of Bucharest, 92-96, Sos. Panduri, Bucharest 5, 050663, Romania. 2. Aspirin . Retrieved May 11, 2014 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_aspirin . 3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy . Retrieved May 11, 2014 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscop y . 4. Holler, Skoog& Crouch (2007). Principles of Instrumental Analysis (6thed.). Thomson Brooks/Cole.
