BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION
ASSIGNMENT 1 DUE DATE: 28/04/14 LECTURER: MR MAGOMELO CS402 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXPERT SYSTEMS
APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MUNGAZI AGRIPPA B1129976 AND KAPONDO DAVID B1130022
APRIL 28, 2014
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Intelligence is the ability to think, to imagine, to create, memorize, understand, recognize patterns, make choices, adapt to change and learn from experience. Artificial intelligence is a human endeavor to create a non-organic machine-based entity that has all the above abilities of natural organic intelligence. It is the ultimate challenge for an intelligence, to c reate an equal, another intelligent being. It is the ultimate form of art, where the artist's creation, not only inherits the impressions of his thoughts, but also his ability to think! Even simple functions like face recognition, spacial sense, p attern recognition and language comprehension were beyond their programming skills! How will one recognize artificial intelligence? According to Alan Turing, if you question a human and an artificially intelligent being and if b y their answers, you can't recognize which is the artificial one, then you have succeeded in creating an artificial intelligence. Initial hopes of computer scientists of creating an artificial intelligence, were dashed hopelessly as the y realized how much they had underrated the human mind's capabilities. Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Applications of artificial intelligence (AI) are a convergence of cutting edge research in computer science and robotics. The goal is to create smart machines that can perform complex tasks on their own. Application of artificial intelligence is possible in every field, w here intelligent analysis, precision and automation is necessary. Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence in the form of expert systems and neural networks ha ve applications in every field of human endeavor. They combine precision and computational power with pure logic, to solve problems and reduce error in operation. Already, robot expert systems are taking over many jobs in industries that are dangerous for or beyond human ability. Some of the applications divided by domains are as follows: Artificial Neural Systems (ANS)
A neural network is an electronic model of the brain consisting of many interconnected simple processors. This imitates how your actual brain works. Neural Networks basically aims at mimicking the structure and functioning of the human brain, to create intelligent behavior. Researchers are attempting to build a silicon-based electronic network that is modeled on the working and form of the human brain!
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Our brain is a network of billions of neurons, each connected with the other. At an individual level, a neuron has very little intelligence, in the sense that it operates by a simple set of rules, conducting electric signals through its network. However, the combined network of all these neurons creates intelligent behavior that is unrivaled and unsurpassed. So these researchers created network of electronic analogues of a neuron, based on Boolean logic. Memory was recognized to be an electronic signal pattern in a closed neural network. How the human brain works is, it learns to realize patterns and remembers them. Similarly, the neural networks developed have the ability to learn patterns and remember. This approach has its limitations due to the scale and complexity of developing an exact replica of a human brain, as the neurons number in billions! Currently, through simulation techniques, people create virtual neural networks. This approach has not been able to achieve the ultimate goal but there is a very positive progress in the field. The progress in the development of parallel computing will aid it in the future. Applications of artificial neural systems
Learning to read postcodes
Stock market prediction
Debt risk assessment
Advantages artificial neural systems
These do not need to be programmed to be able to learn.
Disadvantages artificial neural systems
Set up – time and money as this requires plenty of expert advice.
Vision systems
The need to interpret, fully understand and make sense of visual input on the computer, i.e. Artificial Intelligence is used to try and interpret and understand an image - industrial, military use, satellite photo interpretation. Spy plane takes a photograph and experts would then analyse it to try and figure it out - see if it was an enemy area. Police using the computer to come up with a photo fit drawing of a criminal. Doctors using the system to make diagnosis of patient.
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Speech recognition
The ability of the computer to understand a human talking to it. There are many problems associated with this – humans have different accents, slang words, no ise in the background, feeling poorly (flu, cold etc). This means that the computer has to be trained to recognize the voice of the human. This means that the human has to ensure that by talking to the computer system before, i.e. train it, the system will be able to recognise their words, sentences, etc. Honda CRV has the following range of voice commands that the driver can use whilst driving. Using the mobile phone, turning the temperature up or down, turning the air con on or off, asking the car to navigate using the satellite navigation system, turning the radio on or off or u p or down. Disabled people can use them to write a memo or use the internet on their computer. The latest phones have a built in program that allows the human to make calls or find out the weather conditions. Handwriting recognition
This is where human handwriting is turned into text that then can be edited when input into a palmtop computer or a tablet. A stylus is used to write on the computer screen and then handwriting recognition software will then change it into the text, e.g. a teacher using a smart board can turn their own writing into text in the same manner. This allows you to scan in a page, containing text, and the OCR software will convert this into editable text. It does this by recognising the shapes of the letters and converting them into ASCII text. There is a great need to train the computer system to recognise different human handwriting since humans all write certain letters in different ways. Intelligent Robots
An intelligent robot has many different sensors, large processors and a large memory in order to show that they have intelligence. The robots will learn from their mistakes and be able to adapt to any new situation that may arise. An intelligent robot can be programmed with its own expert system, e.g. a factory floor is blocked with fallen boxes. An intelligent robot will remember this and take a different route. These intelligent robots carry out many different tasks such as automated delivery in a factory, pipe inspection, bomb disposal, exploration of dangerous/unknown environments.
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Advantages
Work 24/7, 365 days/year, unlike human workers; do not need holidays
Cheaper – do not need paid - company make more money in the long run
More accurate
Safer than sending a human into dangerous places, e.g. nuclear power stations
Search techniques
Problem solving by search Any solution to an Artificial Intelligence problem can be solved as the human has a series of choices. In a game of chess the first move can be any pawn (8 separate moves) or any knight (2 separate moves) - that's a total of 10 separate moves. For the second move this escalates and the human has more choices. As you then complete the game of chess, the number of possible moves grows very quickly leaving the human with many options.
These steps can be seen in the above World Cup Diagram which is called a search tree. An Artificial Intelligence program examines all solutions until a goal is found. There are two different ways that Artificial Intelligence Systems do this: Breadth first search This is where the search tree is searched from left to right one layer at a time until the goal state or target is found.
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Result : World Cup Hosts, South America, North America, Central America, Africa, Europe, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, USA, Mexico, South Africa, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, England. Depth first search This is where the search tree starts at the top node, goes down the left most path until the lowest point, then backup and then down the next again u ntil the lowest point, until the goal is found. Result: World Cup Hosts, South America, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, North America, USA, Central America, Mexico, Africa, South Africa, Europe, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, England. Note: the two searches give different results. Knowledge Representation
Semantic Net
Semantic net is a knowledge representation technique. It is a way of showing all the relative relationships between members of a set of objects, i.e. facts. The following facts are represented in the semantic net above:
cat is a mammal dog is a mammal dog likes meat dog likes water cat likes cream Finance
Banks use intelligent software applications to screen and anal yze financial data. Software programs that can predict trends in the stock market have been created which have been known to beat humans in predictive power. Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize operations, invest in stocks, and manage properties. In August 2001, robots beat humans in a simulated financial trading competition. Financial institutions have long used artificial neural network systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation.
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Hospitals and medicine
A medical clinic can use artificial intelligence systems to organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and provide medical information. Artificial neural networks are used as clinical decision support systems for medical diagnosis, such as in Concept Processing technology in EMR software. Other tasks in medicine that can potentially be performed by artificial intelligence include:
Computer-aided interpretation of medical images. Such systems help scan digital images, e.g. from computed tomography, for typical appearances and to highlight conspicuous sections, such as possible diseases. A typical application is the detection of a tumor. Heart sound analysis
Heavy Industries and Space :
Robotics and cybernetics have taken a leap combined with artificially intelligent expert systems. An entire manufacturing process is now totally automated, controlled and maintained by a computer system in car manufacture, machine tool production, computer chip production and almost every high-tech process. They carry out dangerous tasks like handling hazardous radioactive materials. Robotic pilots carry out complex maneuvering techniques of unmanned spacecrafts sent in space. Japan is the leading country in the world in terms of robotics research and use. Robots have proven effective in jobs that are very repetitive which may lead to mistakes or accidents due to a lapse in concentration and other jobs which humans may find degrading. Online and telephone customer service
An automated online assistant providing customer service on a web page. Artificial intelligence is implemented in automated online assistants that can be seen as avatars on web pages. It can avail for enterprises to reduce their operation and training cost. A major underlying technology to such systems is natural language processing. Similar techniques may be used in answering machines of call centres, such as speech recognition software to allow computers to handle first level of customer support, text mining and natural language processing to allow better customer handling, agent training by automatic mining of best practices from past interactions, support automation and many other technologies to improve agent productivity and customer satisfaction. Telecommunications
Many telecommunications companies make use of heuristic search in the management of their workforces, for example BT Group has deployed heuristic search in a scheduling application that provides the work schedules of 20,000 engineers. Transportation
Fuzzy logic controllers have been developed for automatic gearboxes in automobiles
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Game Playing
Much of the early research in state space search was done using common board games such as checkers, chess, and the 15-puzzle.
Games can generate extremely large search spaces. These are large and complex enough to require powerful techniques for determining what alternative to explore
Automated reasoning and Theorem Proving
Theorem-proving is one of the most fruitful branches of the field Theorem-proving research was responsible in formalizing search algorithms and developing formal representation languages such as predicate calculus an d the logic programming language
Music
The evolution of music has always been affected by technology. With AI, scientists are trying to make the computer emulate the activities of the skillful musician. Composition, performance, music theory, sound processing are some of the major areas on which research in Music and Artificial Intelligence are focusing. Aviation
Air lines use expert systems in planes to monitor atmospheric conditions and system status. The plane can be put on auto pilot once a course is set for the destination. The Air Operations Division (AOD) uses AI for the rule based expert systems. The AOD has use for artificial intelligence for surrogate operators for combat and training simulators, mission management aids, support systems for tactical decision making, and post processing of the simulator data into symbolic summaries. The use of artificial intelligence in simulators is proving to be very useful for the AOD. Airplane simulators are using artificial intelligence in order to process the data taken from simulated flights. Other than simulated flying, there is also simulated aircraft warfare. The computers are able to come up with the best success scenarios in these situations. The computers can also create strategies based on the placement, size, speed and strength of the forces and counter forces. Pilots may be given assistance in the air during combat by computers. The artificial intelligent programs can sort the information and provide the pilot with the best possible maneuvers, not to mention getting rid of certain maneuvers that would be impossible for a human being to perform. Multiple aircraft are needed to get good approximations for some calculations so computer simulated pilots are used to gather data. These computer simulated pilots are also used to train future air traffic controllers. The system allowed the regular workers to communicate with the system and avoid mistakes, miscalculations, or having to speak to one of the specialized workers.
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News, Publishing & Writing
The company Narrative Science makes computer generated news and reports commercially available, including summarizing team sporting events based on statistical data from the game in English. It also creates financial reports and real estate analyses. Artificial intelligence is used to turn structured data into intelligent comments and recommendations in natural language. It is possible to write financial reports, executive summaries, personalized sales or marketing documents and more at a speed of thousands of pages per second and in multiple languages including English, Spanish, French & German using artificial intelligence
Expert System
One major insight gained from early work in problem solving was the importance of domainspecific knowledge. Expert knowledge is a combination of a theoretical understanding of the problem and a collection of heuristic problem-solving rules. Instead of starting at the base level of neurons, by taking advantage of the phenomenal computational power of the modern computers, followers of the expert systems approach are designing intelligent machines that solve problems by deductive logic. It is like the dialectic approach in philosophy. This is an intensive approach as opposed to the extensive approach in neural networks. As the name expert systems suggest, these are machines devoted to solving problems in very specific niche areas. They have total expertise in a specific domain of human thought. Their tools are like those of a detective or sleuth. They are programmed to use statistical analysis and data mining to solve problems. They arrive at a decision through a logical flow developed by answering yes-no questions. Chess computers like Fritz and its successors that beat chess grandmaster Kasparov are examples of expert systems. Chess is known as the drosophila or experimental specimen of artificial intelligence.
Computer Science : Researchers in quest of artificial intelligence have created spin offs like dynamic programming, object oriented programming, symbolic programming, intelligent storage management systems and many more such tools. The primary goal of creating AI still remains a distant dream but people are getting an idea of the ultimate path which could lead to it. Weather Forecast : Neural networks are used for predicting weather conditions. Previous data is fed to a neural network which learns the pattern and uses that knowledge to predict weather patterns. Swarm Intelligence : This is an approach to, as well as application of AI, similar to a neural network. Here, programmers study how intelligence emerges in natural systems like swarms of bees even though on an individual level, a bee just follows simple rules. They study relationships in nature like the prey-predator relationships that give an insight into how intelligence emerges in Page 8 of 9 Mungazi and Kapondo
a swarm or collection from simple rules at an individual level. They develop intelligent systems by creating agent programs that mimic the behavior of these natural systems! Is artificial Intelligence really possible? Can an intelligence like a human mind surpass itself and create its own image? The depth and the powers of the human mind are just being tapped. Who knows, it might be possible, only time can tell! Even if such an intelligence is created, will it share our sense of morals and justice, will it share ou r idiosyncrasies? This will be the next step in the evolution of intelligence. Hope I have succeeded in conveying to you the excitement and possibilities this subject holds Other
Various tools of artificial intelligence are also being widely deployed in homeland security, data mining, and e-mail spam filtering. Applications are also being developed for gesture recognition (understanding of sign language by machines), individual voice recognition, global voice recognition (from a variety of people in a noisy room), facial expression recognition for interpretation of emotion and non-verbal cues. Other applications are robot navigation, obstacle avoidance, and object recognition.
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