Aprender a aprender, un manual para sobrevivir en la Universidad

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8* S_F]FJUHMBÝJ @l} mlj}fal} xvf hxvë uf srf}fjuhkl} srfufjefj fj}føhruf h srlgrhkhr uv ubfksl ef f}uvebl, h lrghjbqhr uv khufrbh` ef urhohal, h vub`bqhr `l} rfmvr}l}  }frtbmbl} eb}sljbo`f} h urhtâ} ef `h} obo`blufmh} ef `h Vjbtfr}behe, h `ffr  ulkhr hsvjuf} mlrrfmuhkfjuf, h rf}vkbr  kfklrbqhr `l hsrfjebel***, f} efmbr, shrh xvf kfjlr f}dvfrql loufjgh} kfalrf} rf}vùhel}* F}uf srlgrhkh khjvh` f}uè mlj kfjlr f}dvfrql ebrbgbel h `l} f}uvebhjuf} xvf ef}fhj hexvbrbr nèobul} ef f}uvebl mlrrfmul} l xvf nhobfjel loufjbel ovfjl} rf}vùhel} ef}fhj kfalrhr`l} hñj kè}* @h} uâmjbmh} ef f}uvebl svfefj }lj ñub`f} shrh1 t t t t t

F}uvebhr kfalr* Ef}hrrl``hr vj kâulel ef f}uvebl srlsbl* Kfalrhr uv} mhshmbehef} bjuf`fmuvh`f}* Slufjmbhr `h} hsubuvef} sfr}ljh`f} .`fmuvrh, hjè`b}b}, mlksrfj}býj, }ëjuf}b}*** ", h urhtâ} ef `h} ebdfrfjuf} h}bgjhuvrh}* Eb}sljfr ef kè} ubfksl `borf*

Shrh f``l, thkl} h urhuhr `l} }bgvbfjuf} h}sfmul} rf`hmbljhel} mlj nèobul} ef f}uvebl  uâmjbmh} ef urhohal bjuf`fmuvh`1 t t t t t t

]hofr lrghjbqhr  s`hjbdbmhr `h uhrfh* Ufjfr `h }vdbmbfjuf klubthmbýj shrh f}uvebhr* Eb}sljfr ef vj hkobfjuf ef f}uvebl dë}bmhkfjuf hefmvhel* Vub`bqhr `h} uâmjbmh} ef `fmuvrh, }vorhhel, f}xvfkhubqhmbýj, rf}vkfj, kfklrbqhmbýj, fjurf lurh}* Hufjefr }f`fmubthkfjuf h `h uhrfh uhrfh ef f}uvebl* Mljurl`hr `h mh`behe ef uv} uhrfh}*

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Mljlmfr `h} ebdfrfjuf} uâmjbmh} ef urhohal bjuf`fmuvh`* Hs`bmhr `h} `h} hjufrblrf} hjufrblrf} uâmjbmh} uâmjbmh} fj eb}ubjul} èkobul} èkobul} ef mljlmbkbfjul* Mljmfjurhr}f fj f` f}uvebl* Ulkhr hsvjuf} mlrrfmuhkfjuf* Vub`bqhr `h kfklrbh }hmèjel`f ulel f` srltfmnl sl}bo`f* Dlkfjuhr vjh hmubuve hmubth hjuf f` f}uvebl* Lsubkbqhr f` ubfksl ef f}uvebl* Bjufrblrbqhr f` kâulel ef urhohal*

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=* DHMUL_F] XVF BJD@VRFJ FJ F@ F]UVEBL* F` â~bul hmheâkbml efsfjef srbjmbsh`kfjuf ef mvhurl h}sfmul}1 8* ?* =* 5*

Hsubuvef} bjuf`fmuvh`f}* bjuf`fmuvh `f}* Mljlmbkbfjul} srftbl}* Klubthmbýj* Uâmjbmh}  nèobul} ef f}uvebl*

Efof} }hofr xvf `h kfrh `fmuvrh ef vj `borl ef uâmjbmh} ef f}uvebl l `h h}b}ufjmbh h vj mvr}l }lorf `h} kb}kh}, jl ghrhjubqh `l} rf}vùhel}* Shrh }hmhr srltfmnl h `h} uâmjbmh} ef f}uvebl jl oh}uh mlj `ffr`h} l mljlmfr`h}, efofj }fr hs`bmheh}* =*8* D HMUL_F] HKOBFJUH@F] * @l} dhmulrf} hkobfjuh`f} bjmbefj ebrfmuhkfjuf }lorf f` rfjebkbfjul s}bmldë}bml, h` hmuvhr }lorf uv mljmfjurhmbýj  rf`hahmbýj  mrfhr vj hkobfjuf hefmvhel l bjhefmvhel shrh `h uhrfh ef f}uvebhr* t

@vghr ef f}uvebl1 F` kfalr `vghr f} uv nhobuhmbýj sfr}ljh` xvf efof rfvjbr ovfjh} mljebmbljf} ef b`vkbjhmbýj, }b`fjmbl, ufksfrhuvrh, tfjub`hmbýj, fum*, shrh dhtlrfmfr h}ë uv }f}býj ef f}uvebl* Fj mh}l ef jl }fr sl}bo`f, f} kfalr f}uvebhr fj vjh obo`blufmh `l kè} }b`fjmbl}h sl}bo`f, mfrmh ef mh}h  }bfksrf `h kb}kh, shrh xvf h}lmbf} `h fjurheh fj `h }h`h ef f}uvebl mlj `h jfmf}behe ef` kb}kl*

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]b`fjmbl1 @l} rvbel} }lj eb}urhmulrf} f~ufrjl} xvf ebdbmvùhj `h mljmfjurhmbýj h` ef}tbhr `h hufjmbýj* @l} rvbel} mlj }fjubel kl`f}uhj kè} xvf `l} rvbel} }bj }fjubel hvjxvf }fhj ef kfjlr bjufj}behe* Fj mvhjul h }b f} mljtfjbfjuf f}uvebhr l jl mlj kñ}bmh, `l} rf}vùhel} nhj efkl}urhel xvf mbfrul ubsl ef kñ}bmh ef mlksl}bulrf} ef` Ohrrlml dhtlrfmf f` f}uvebl  `h kfklrbh h` srlevmbr fj f` }vaful vj f}uhel s}bmldë}bml ef mljmfjurhmbýj rf`haheh* @h} mlksl}bmbljf} fj `h} xvf srfelkbjfj lurl} kltbkbfjul} svfefj sfravebmhr f` rfjebkbfjul fj f` f}uvebl* F` tl`vkfj tl`vkfj ef hvebmbýj efof efof }fr ohal shrh ftbuhr xvf `h kñ}bmh mfjurf uleh jvf}urh hufjmbýj 9 jl }f urhuh ef lër kñ}bmh  f}uvebhr h` kb}kl ubfksl* F` loafubtl ef `h kñ}bmh f} bjd`vbr }lorf uv kfjuf  mvfrsl ml`lmèjeluf dë}bmh  kfjuh`kfjuf fj `h }buvhmbýj befh` shrh f}uvebhr, slr fafks`l, fj `h} }h`h} ef kñ}bmh ef jvf}urh} obo`blufmh} svfef} }bjuljbqhr f` mhjh` 8 f` mvh` rfsrlevmf vjh }f`fmmbýj ef kñ}bmh ohrrlmh,

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B`vkbjhmbýj1 @h b`vkbjhmbýj kè} hmlj}faho`f f} `h jhuvrh`* Mvhjel vub`bmfkl} `h hrubdbmbh` nh xvf mlkobjhr `h hefmvheh b`vkbjhmbýj gfjfrh` ef uv nhobuhmbýj mlj `h b`vkbjhmbýj `lmh` eh vjh Bèkshrh ef 43w mlkl këjbkl, xvf b`vkbjf ebrfmuhkfjuf `l xvf f}uè} nhmbfjel* Shrh ftbuhr `h dlrkhmbýj ef }lkorh}, fj `l} ebf}url} `h `vq efof fjurhr slr `h bqxvbfreh , fj `l} qvrel}, slr `h efrfmnh*

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Klob`bhrbl  sl}uvrh1 Vjh kf}h hks`bh, xvf sfrkbuh ufjfr ulel f` khufrbh` jfmf}hrbl shrh ftbuhr bjufrrvsmbljf}  vjh }b``h rfgv`ho`f fj hùvrh f} `h kè} hefmvheh* Vjh sfxvføh f}uhjufrëh eljef gvhrehr gvhrehr ulel uv khufrbh` ef urhohal shrh ftbuhr ufjfr xvf ef}s`hqhruf* @h sl}uvrh mlrrfmuh shrh f}uvebhr }frëh1 `h f}shèh rfmuh, `h} sbfrjh} dlrkhjel èjgv`l rfmul, `l} sbf} fj f` }vf`l, `l} hjuforhql} fjmbkh ef `h kf}h  `h mhofqh  shruf hùh ef `h f}shèh `bgfrhkfjuf bjm`bjheh} nhmbh hef`hjuf*

=*?* D HMUL_F] BJUF_JL] @l} dhmulrf} xvf thkl} h kfjmbljhr }lj dvjehkfjuh`f} shrh f` â~bul fj f` f}uvebl, bjm`v}l h slr fjmbkh ef `h} hsubuvef} bjuf`fmuvh`f}* bjuf`fmuvh`f}* Â}ul} }lj1 t

_f`hahmbýj1 @h mljmfjurhmbýj f~bgf urhjxvb`behe ef èjbkl9 slr f``l nh} ef hsrfjefr h rf`hahruf shrh mlkfjqhr f` f}uvebl fj vjh hmubuve ef ‐mljmfjurhmbýj rf`haheh/, xvf f} f` f}uhel befh` shrh rfjebr h` kè~bkl evrhjuf f` kb}kl* Uf f~sljfkl} el} uâmjbmh} ef rf`hahmbýj shrh srhmubmhr1  

@h uâmjbmh ef mljurhmmbýj+rf`hahmbýj1 @h uâmjbmh mlj}b}uf fj xvf `lgrf} ufj}hr tl`vjuhrbhkfjuf `l} kñ}mv`l} ef uv mvfrsl, shrh ef}svâ} ef}ufj}hr`l}  rf`hahr`l}* Mvhjel nhh} ufrkbjhel uf nh``hrè} bjkfr}l fj vjh }fj}hmbýj ef rf`hahmbýj* Vub`bqh f` }bgvbfjuf kâulel1 Ufj}hr f` kñ}mv`l h` kè~bkl, hsrl~bkhehkfjuf evrhjuf mvhurl }fgvjel}* Ulkhr mljmbfjmbh ef `h ufj}býj ef ebmnl kñ}mv`l* Ef}ufj}hr f` kñ}mv`l h` kè~bkl, hsrl~bkhehkfjuf evrhjuf lmnl }fgvjel}* Ulkhr mljmbfjmbh ef `h hgrheho`f }fj}hmbýj ef rf`hahmbýj xvf }f f}uè srlevmbfjel fj ebmnl kñ}mv`l* _fsbuf f}ul} fafrmbmbl} fj ulel} `l} kñ}mv`l} ef uv mvfrsl* Mvhjel ufrkbjf} rfh`bqh bj}sbrhmbljf} srldvjeh}  f~sbrhmbljf} xvf efofj }fr f` elo`f ef mheh bj}sbrhmbýj*

 

@h uâmjbmh ef `h sf}hefq ef` mvfrsl1 F}uf uâmjbmh }f efof rfh`bqhr uvkohel ef f}shèh }lorf f` }vf`l, }lorf vjh mhkh, fum*** F` fafrmbmbl mlj}b}uf fj f~sfrbkfjuhr f~sfrbkfjuhr `h }fj}hmbýj }fj}hmbýj ef sf}hefq ef ulel uv mvfrsl,

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sfrl srlmfebfjel kfuýebmhkfjuf* Mlkbfjqh mlj `l} sbf}9 bkhgëjhuf xvf }f nhmfj sf}hel}, mljubjñh mlj `h} shjulrrb``h}, rleb``h}, kv}`l}*** Nhq vj }fgvjel rfsh}l mlj vjbehef} khlrf}1 `h sbfrjh, f` orhql, uleh `h mhofqh9  slr ñùbkl, bkhgbjh `h sf}hefq ef ulel uv mvfrsl mlkl vjbehe* t

Hufjmbýj  mljmfjurhmbýj1 @h hufjmbýj  mljmfjurhmbýj }lj dvjehkfjuh`f} shrh hsrltfmnhr `h} nlrh} ef f}uvebl  `h} f~s`bmhmbljf} eheh} slr f` srldf}lr fj m`h}f* Shrh kvmnl} ef v}ufef}, f}ul f} vj tfrehefrl srlo`fkh* @h jfmf}behe ef f}uhr hufjul  ef mljmfjurhr}f fj f` f}uvebl, f} h`gl oè}bml* F~b}ufj kvmnl} f`fkfjul} xvf bjd`vfj fj `h hufjmbýj1 hufjmbýj1    

   

     

@h klubthmbýj  f` bjufrâ} mlj xvf f}uvebfkl}* @h} srflmvshmbljf}1 srlo`fkh} dhkb`bhrf}, srlo`fkh} mlj `l} mlkshøfrl}, mlj `l} hkbgl}, fum* @h} srflmvshmbljf} mhv}hj kvmnh hj}bfehe  ef}mljmfjurhj jvf}urh kfjuf h `h nlrh ef f}uvebhr l hufjefr* @h dhubgh1 jl }f svfef f}uvebhr f}uhjel mhj}hel l mlj }vføl* @l} dhmulrf} hkobfjuh`f} ef uv fjulrjl1 efdbmbfjuf b`vkbjhmbýj, ufksfrhuvrh bjhefmvheh, sl}uvrh f~mf}bthkfjuf mýkleh* @h kljluljbh* @h f~mf}bth ebdbmvùhe ef `h khufrbh* @h mlksfufjmbh mlj lurl} loafubtl}1 tfr f` shrubel, br h` mbjf,***

@h mljmfjurhmbýj f} `h hufjmbýj fj }v grhel kè~bkl* Mlj}b}uf fj mfjurhr uhjul `h hufjmbýj fj vjh uhrfh xvf f` rf}ul ef `h} mbrmvj}uhjmbh} ef` fjulrjl xvfehj bgjlrheh} f bjm`v}l hjv`heh}* Shrh rfjebr fj `l} f}uvebl}, h jbtf` hsrfmbho`f, }f rfxvbfrf mljmfjurhmbýj* H`gvjh} rfmlkfjehmbljf} rfmlkfjehmbljf} xvf uf svfefj }fr ñub`f} shrh bjmrfkfjuhr uv jbtf` ef mljmfjurhmbýj }lj1  

     

 

 

 

Eb}føh hmubuvef} shrh mlkohubr h `l} eb}urhmulrf} bjufrjl} l f~ufrjl} xvf eb}kbjvfj uv grhel ef hufjmbýj  uf h`fahj ef` f}uvebl* S`hjbdbmh uv} nlrh} ef f}uvebl  ef}mhj}l* Khjuâj f` hefmvhel grhel ef ufj}býj s}bmldë}bmh* Srlmvrh xvf `h nhobuhmbýj ef f}uvebl ufjgh `h} mljebmbljf} hefmvheh},  h`fah ef uv tb}uh ulel mvhjul svfeh eb}urhfruf* V}h, }b f} sl}bo`f, }bfksrf `h kb}kh nhobuhmbýj  `l} kb}kl} nlrhrbl} ef f}uvebl* _fmlksfj}h uv mljmfjurhmbýj fj f` f}uvebl lulrgèjeluf vj srfkbl evrhjuf `l} ef}mhj}l}* H` bjbmbl ef `h }f}býj ef f}uvebl rf}vùh kè} ebdëmb` mljmfjurhr}f* mljmfjurhr}f* @h mvrth ef `h mljmfjurhmbýj evrhjuf `l} srbkfrl} kbjvul} f} ohah9 `vfgl B`fgh h }v grhel kè~bkl, dbjh`kfjuf, efmhf h mhv}h ef `h dhubgh* Shrh

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`lgrhr vjh hefmvheh mljmfjurhmbýj efof} nhmfr vj f}dvfrql bjbmbh` }vsfrblr, svfef} rfmvrrbr h `h} uâmjbmh} ef mljmfjurhmbýj* mljmfjurhmbýj* _f}sbrh `fjuh  srldvjehkfjuf  srlmvrh mljmfjurhruf fj `l} ebdfrfjuf} ubfksl} ef uv rf}sbrhmbýj9 bjnh`hr, khjufjfr}f evrhjuf mvhurl }fgvjel}, f~nh`hr  khjufjfr f` hbrf evrhjuf lmnl }fgvjel}* Ef}svâ} ef ebfq rf}sbrhmbljf} uf }fjubrè} kè} rf`hahel  mljmfjurhel*

Klubthmbýj1 @h klubthmbýj f} vjl ef `l} srbjmbsh`f} dhmulrf} xvf f~s`bmhj f` â~bul fj `l} f}uvebl}* @h klubthmbýj h` f}uvebl f}uè mlj}ubuvbeh slr hxvf``l} dhmulrf} xvf uf lulrghj `h fjfrgëh jfmf}hrbh shrh mlkfjqhrh f}uvebhr  `h dvfrqh ef tl`vjuhe shrh khjufjfruf fj f` f}uvebl nh}uh mlj}fgvbr `l} dbjf} srfufjebel}* Nh ebdfrfjuf} ubsl} ef dhmulrf} klubthelrf}1 gv}ul ef hsrfjefr  elmvkfjuhr}f, ufrkbjhr vjh mhrrfrh, kfalrhr uv }uhuv} }lmbh`*** Ulel} }lj bgvh`kfjuf hefmvhel} }b `lgrhj lulrghruf `h fjfrgëh }vdbmbfjuf shrh khjufjfruf dbrkf fj `l} f}uvebl}* Uf srf}fjuhkl} h`gvjh} uâmjbmh} xvf svfefj }frtbruf shrh bjmrfkfjuhr uv klubthmbýj fj f` f}uvebl1  

 

   

 

 

   

Ov}mhr loafubtl}* Khrmhruf sfxvføl} loafubtl} xvf khjufjghj uv bjufrâ} h `l `hrgl ef` f}uvebl9 hsrlohr f` }fkf}urf, }hmhr kv ovfjh jluh fj vj rhkl , ufrkbjhr vj urhohal*** Fks`fhr uâmjbmh} hmubth} ef f}uvebl1 }vorhhel, f}xvfkh, rf}vkfj*** mlj `h} mvh`f} nh} ef mlj}fgvbr vjh kfalrh ef` hsrfjebqhaf  ef` rfmvfrel  uf nhrèj }fjubr kè} klubthel shrh srl}fgvbr fj f` f}uvebl* Nhmfr ef` f}uvebl vj nèobul* Nhmfr vj grèdbml ef `l} loafubtl} mvks`bel}  mljmfefruf sfxvføl} srfkbl} mvhjel mlj}bgh} loafubtl} s`hjbdbmhel}* Nhmfr vj }lorff}dvfrql bjbmbh`* @l} srbkfrl} eëh} ef` }fkf}urfl }lj `l} kè} ebdëmb`f} ef ulel}  kè} ulehtëh }b nh} mhkobhel ef fuhsh l jbtf`* Ef}hrrl``hr `h mvrbl}behe* ]f hubfjef kfalr h hxvf``l} ufkh} xvf kè} bjufrf}hj  xvf f}ul }f urhevmf fj vjh khlr dhmb`behe shrh fjufjefr`l}* Ftbuhr `l} eb}urhmulrf}* Ufjfr hvulmljdbhjqh* H`gvjh} ef `h} mhv}h} kè} nhobuvh`f} ef` ohal rfjebkbfjul, }vf`fj }fr `l} mlks`fal}  `h ef}mljdbhjqh fj `h} srlsbh} mhshmbehef}*

5* S@HJBDBMHMBÝJ EF EF@ @ F]UVEBL* Vjh hefmvheh s`hjbdbmhmbýj ef` f}uvebl sl}ff `h} }bgvbfjuf} tfjuhah}1 t t

Hnlrrh Hnlrrh ubfksl  fjfrgëh}* fjfrgëh}* Mrfh fj ub vj nèobul* Uf ml}uhrè kfjl} sljfruf h f}uvebhr  `lgrhrè} mljmfjurhruf mlj khlr dhmb`behe*

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Hsrfjefr h Hsrfjefr + Khjvh` shrh }lorftbtbr fj `h Vjbtfr}behe Vjbtfr}behe \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\ 4 t t t

_hmbljh`bqh `h mhjubehe ef ubfksl xvf efebmh} h` f}uvebl  h` f}shrmbkbfjul sfr}ljh`* Mljurl`h uv rfjebkbfjul  svfef} klebdbmhr uv f}dvfrql shrh hefmvhr`l h `h} jfmf}behef} ef` klkfjul* Ftbuh mh`fjuhr `h} srvfoh} f` eëh hjufrblr*

Evrhjuf `h s`hjbdbmhmbýj efof} hjh`bqhr  mlj}befrhr h`gvjl} ehul}1 t t t

5*8*

Nh xvf ufjfr fj mvfjuh `h} hmubtbehef} dbah} xvf ef}hrrl``h} h `l `hrgl ef vj eëh  th`lrhr f` ubfksl xvf `f efebmh} h mheh vjh ef f``h}* Ubfjf} xvf eb}urbovbr f` ubfksl ef f}uvebl  `l} ef}mhj}l}* Nh xvf tfr f` jñkfrl ef h}bgjhuvrh}  `h ebdbmvùhe xvf srf}fjuhj  `l} loafubtl} xvf srfufjef} fj mheh vjh ef f``h}*

M LJDFMMBÝJ EF VJ NL_H_BL*

@l} svjul} srbjmbsh`f} fj `h mljdfmmbýj ef vj nlrhrbl }lj1 t t t t t

Ubfjf} xvf f}urvmuvrhr uleh `h }fkhjh, jl vj eëh* Ubfjf} xvf ufjfr fj mvfjuh uleh} `h} lmvshmbljf} xvf sl}ff} .m`h}f}, efslruf}, sl`l`fl, mhrrfuf, lrghjbqhmbljf} , fum***" @h} nlrh} xvf nh xvf efebmhr h mheh h}bgjhuvrh efsfjefj ef `h ebdbmvùhe xvf srf}fjuf* Nh xvf nhmfr vjh f}mh`h ef h}bgjhuvrh}, th`lrhjel `h} ebdbmvùhef} xvf shrh ub srf}fjuh mheh vjh ef f``h}* Slr ulel f``l, f` ubfksl xvf efebxvf} h f}uvebhr mheh h}bgjhuvrh jl }frè f` kb}kl, efsfjefrè ef1      

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Ulkhr mljuhmul mlj `l} mljufjbel}* ]f ov}mh vjh tb}býj gfjfrh`* Mhsuhr `h befh gfjfrh` ef` ufkh fj mvf}ubýj, tfr ef xvâ }f urhuh  `l} h}sfmul} fj xvf }f ef}g`l}h* Mljlmfr `h} sl}bob`behef} ef hehsuhob`behe ef` khufrbh`*

Mhrhmufrë}ubmh}1 t t t t t

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Mhrhmufrë}ubmh}1 t t t

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Mýkl nhmfr`l1 t t t

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Tfjuhah}1 t t t

Dlkfjuh vj f}uvebl hmubtl* Dhtlrfmf vjh ovfjh mlksrfj}býj ef` ufkh* Dhmb`buh `h rfh`bqhmbýj ef `l} sh}l} }bgvbfjuf}1 }vorhhel  f}xvfkh*

6*=* ] VO_HRHEL* Loafubtl}1 t

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Mhrhmufrë}ubmh}1 t

F} `h }fgvjeh `fmuvrh mlks`fuh ef vj ufkh*

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Jvjmh efof nhmfr}f fj `h srbkfrh `fmuvrh* ]f efofj ufjfr fj mvfjuh `h} hjluhmbljf} khrgbjh`f}*

Mýkl nhmfr`l1 t t t

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Tfjuhah}1 t t t t t

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Mhrhmufrë}ubmh}1 t t t

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Mýkl nhmfr`l1 t t

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Mýkl nhmfr`l1 t t

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Mhrhmufrë}ubmh}1 t

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Mýkl nhmfr`l1 t

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Tfjuhah}1 t

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Uf khjubfjfj hmubtl  hufjul kbfjurh} hsrfjef}* Uf lo`bghj h `h mhsuhmbýj ef `h} befh} dvjehkfjuh`f}  h `h f~srf}býj }bjufubqheh* Uf srlslrmbljhj vj th`bl}l rfmlrehulrbl xvf svfef} vub`bqhr  rftb}hr mvhjel ef}ff}*

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@h} eb}ubjuh} dlrkh} ef h}b}ubr h m`h}f svfefj }fr1 t

]bj jbjgñj ubsl ef hsvjuf}  }bj srf}uhr `h hufjmbýj efobeh* @l} rf}vùhel} ef f}uf ubsl ef hvebfjmbh }lj mlj uleh }fgvrbehe jfdh}ul}*

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Mlsbh uf~uvh`* Mlj}b}uf fj mlsbhr uf~uvh`kfjuf, sh`horh slr sh`horh `h} drh}f} ef` srldf}lr* Ef}ef f` svjul ef tb}uh ef `h mlksrfj}býj vub`bqhr f}uh uâmjbmh jl uf hveh h ef}hrrl``hr f}uh mhshmbehe, h xvf jl uf srflmvsh} slr mlksrfjefr `l xvf ebmf f` srldf}lr, }bjl slr mlsbhr`l* @h} mlj}fmvfjmbh} ef` v}l ef f}uh uâmjbmh }lj `h} }bgvbfjuf}1 `hgvjh}  frrlrf} fj `l} hsvjuf}, jfmf}behe ef sh}hr h `bksbl `l} ghrhohul} nfmnl} h uleh tf`lmbehe, sfrebeh ef ubfksl fj `h} }f}bljf} ef f}uvebl*

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F} mljtfjbfjuf vub`bqhr nlah} }vfùh} l vj Hrmnbthelr xvf sfrkbuh

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bjufrmhkobhr mlj dhmb`behe `h} nlah},  ml`lmhr â}uh} slr h}bgjhuvrh}* F} mljtfjbfjuf efahr vj khrgfj obfj hks`bl fj `h shruf efrfmnh l fj `h bjdfrblr ef `h nlah shrh f}mrbobr hm`hrhmbljf} sl}ufrblrf}* sl}ufrblrf}* Srlmvrhr efahr f}shmbl} fj o`hjml fjurf `h} befh} srbjmbsh`f} shrh slefr mlks`fuhr kè} uhref* Srf}uhr f}sfmbh` hufjmbýj h` mlkbfjql ef `h f~s`bmhmbýj ef vj ufkh slrxvf fj f}f klkfjul f` srldf}lr }vf`f bjebmhr f` uëuv`l ef` kb}kl, bkslruhjmbh, rf`hmbýj mlj f` ufkh hjufrblr, fum* F} hmlj}faho`f `h vub`bqhmbýj ef horftbhuvrh}* @l befh` f} xvf f}uh} }fhj sfr}ljh`f}, f} efmbr, xvf mheh vjl bjtfjuf `h} }vh}* F}uhr hufjul h `l} gf}ul}, uljl ef tlq, fum*, h xvf svfefj bjebmhr f` mhkobl ef vjh befh h lurh* Srf}uhr hufjmbýj h `h} f~srf}bljf} xvf khjfah f` srldf}lr  xvf svfefj bjebmhrjl} `l} h}sfmul} kè} bkslruhjuf} ef` ufkh1 /F} bkslruhjuf rfmlrehr xvf***/, / @h mljm`v}býj ef ulel f}ul f}***/ F} ef grhj vub`behe mljlmfr f` f}ub`l ef` srldf}lr fj mvhjul h `h dlrkh, lrefj xvf }bgvf shrh bjurlevmbr `h} eb}ubjuh} m`h}f} ef befh} l mljmfsul}* Ef}mvorbfjel Ef}mvorbfjel }v f}ub`l f}uhkl} fj ýsubkh} mljebmbljf} shrh slefr hs`bmhr jvf}url }b}ufkh ef ulkhr hsvjuf}* F} bkslruhjuf xvf f` h`vkjl }f }buñf `l kè} mfrmh sl}bo`f ef` srldf}lr* F}ul ftbuh bjmljtfjbfjuf} ef hmñ}ubmh  ef tb}býj, f`bkbjhjel sl}bob`behef} sl}bob`behef} ef eb}urhmmbýj*

>* S_FSH_HMBÝJ EF F^ÈKFJF] * @l} f~èkfjf} }lj vjh rfh`behe slr `h xvf jfmf}hrbhkfjuf ufjerè} xvf sh}hr1 slr f}l, srflmvshj  jl} nhmfj srfgvjuhrjl}1 ¼Xvâ svfel nhmfr shrh kfalrhr kb rfjebkbfjul fj `l} f~èkfjf}<* Srlsljfkl} h`gvjh} rfmlkfjehmbljf}1 rfmlkfjehmbljf}1 t

Hjuf} ef` f~hkfj1  

 

 

 

@h srfshrhmbýj ef` f~hkfj jl }f efof nhmfr vjl} eëh} hjuf} }bjl ef}ef f` srbkfr eëh ef` }fkf}urf mlj `h h}b}ufjmbh h m`h}f  `h ulkh ef hsvjuf}* @`fth h` eëh `l} rhkl} vub`bqhjel `h} uâmjbmh} ef f}uvebl h f}uvebheh}* Srf}uh f}sfmbh` hufjmbýj h` rfsh}l* F}uvebh mlj hjufrblrbehe h` f~hkfj  rfsh}h shrh srfshrhr`l* F` rfsh}l h` eëh }bgvbfjuf ef nhofr f}uvebhel f} kv fdbmhq* Lrghjbqh vj s`hj ef rfsh}l ef hmvfrel mlj f` jñkfrl ef rhkl}  ef f~èkfjf}, `h mhjubehe ef khufrbh xvf nh} ef rfsh}hr  f` f}uhel hmuvh` ef uv mljlmbkbfjul ef f}uh} khufrbh}* Mheh }f}býj ef f}uvebl l rfsh}l nh ef }fr, hsrl~bkhehkfjuf ef vjh nlrh, ef}svâ} efof} efahr mbjml kbjvul} shrh ef}mhj}hr* Ef}svâ} ef `h srbkfrh

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nlrh, slr mheh nlrh kè} xvf efebxvf} h` f}uvebl efebmhrh} mbjml kbjvul} kè} h` ef}mhj}l*  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

]b thrëh} ef h}bgjhuvrh ef}svâ} ef vjh ý el} nlrh} ef f}uvebl, }frè kè} hkfjl  f}uhrè} kè} rf`hahel, sfrl ubfjf f` bjmljtfjbfjuf ef xvf `l} mljufjbel} jvftl} bjufrdbfrfj mlj `l hsrfjebel  }f srlevmf mbfrul fdfmul ef olrrhel }lorf `l kfklrbqhel* Slr f``l thrbhr ef khufrbh f} kè} hmlj}faho`f evrhjuf f` f}uvebl xvf evrhjuf f` rfsh}l* @h jlmnf hjufrblr h` f~hkfj efof} efahr ef f}uvebhr mfrmh ef `h} ebfq* _f`èahuf, f}mvmnh kñ}bmh, tf `h uf`ftb}býj, nhq fafrmbmbl f bjufjuh elrkbr mlj urhjxvb`behe* Mvhjel f}uè} srfshrhjel vj f~hkfj jluhrè} xvf hvkfjuh uv hj}bfehe* @h hj}bfehe ubfjf }v lrbgfj fj f` kbfel l drhmh}l* ]b jl nh} srfshrhel obfj f` f~hkfj ubfjf }v av}ubdbmhmbýj  f` kfebl f} efebmhr`f kè} ubfksl h` f}uvebl* ]b `l f}uè} srfshrhjel obfj f} vj f}uëkv`l xvf mljurbovf h bjmrfkfjuhr uv klubthmbýj  srflmvshmbýj slr f` ufkh* ]bkv`h `h }buvhmbýj ef f~hkfj mljurh rf`la, rf}sljebfjel slr f}mrbul h h`gvjh} srfgvjuh}9 uf nhobuvhrè} h `h uâmjbmh ef` f~hkfj, hsrfjefrè} h mljurl`hr f` ubfksl  uf ehrè} mvfjuh ef h`gvjl} frrlrf}* _fsh}h ulel f` khufrbh` xvf nhh} hmvkv`hel }lorf f` ufkh* H` rfvjbr ulel} f}l} f`fkfjul} loufjerè} vjh tb}býj ef mljavjul xvf hvkfjuhrè uv jbtf` ef mlksrfj}býj* Uhkobâj ghjhrè} fj m`hrbehe }b f}uvebh} thrbl} mhsëuv`l} rf`hmbljhel} slr `h ufkèubmh xvf urhuhj* Fj f` f~hkfj, `h kfjuf ahkè} }f xvfehrè fj o`hjml h xvf `h} befh} ef `l} ufkh} rf`hmbljhel} uf }vgfrbrèj tëh} ef rf}svf}uh h `h srfgvjuh s`hjufheh* Jl f}uvebf} bjkfebhuhkfjuf ef}svâ} ef `h} mlkbeh} slrxvf f` helrkfmbkbfjul ebdbmvùhrè xvf uf svfeh} mljmfjurhr fj f` f}uvebl* Fjuârhuf mlj hjufrblrbehe ef `h} mhrhmufrë}ubmh} mhrhmufrë}ubmh} ef` f~hkfj* ]b f` f~hkfj }f rfh`bqh fj uv }h`h nhobuvh`, }bâjuhuf eljef jlrkh`kfjuf `l nhmf}, h}ë ufjerè} `h }fj}hmbýj ef jlrkh`behe, uf mljmfjurhrè} fj uv urhohal  uf }fjubrè} kè} rf`hahel evrhjuf f` f~hkfj*

Evrhjuf f` f~hkfj* Uf svfef} fjmljurhr, fjurf lurl}, mlj `l} }bgvbfjuf} ubsl} ef f~èkfjf}1 t

 

F}mrbul ubsl fj}hl1 +

Eb}urbovf f` ubfksl xvf eb}sljf} fjurf `h} srfgvjuh}  rf}frth vjl} kbjvul} shrh rftb}hr f` f~hkfj vjh tfq ufrkbjhel*

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+

@ff `h} srfgvjuh}, srf}uh hufjmbýj h `l xvf }f uf sbef, efufjuf fj `h} sh`horh} m`htf xvf f~s`bmhj `l xvf efof} nhmfr1 mlkshrhr, mljurh}uhr, m`h}bdbmhr, efdbjbr, f}xvfkhubqhr, av}ubdbmhr, rf`hmbljhr***

+

Hjuf} ef mlkfjqhr h rfehmuhr svfef} rfh`bqhr vj f}xvfkh ef `h srfgvjuh, h}ë ftbuhrè} xvf }f uf l`tbefj befh}  }horè} fj mheh klkfjul `h uhrfh xvf uf rf}uh slr mlks`fuhr fj f` ubfksl eb}sljbo`f*

+

Mlkbfjqh h rf}sljefr, }b }f uf sfrkbuf, slr `h srfgvjuh xvf kfalr mljlqmh}*

+

]b tf} xvf eb}sljf} ef slml ubfksl shrh rf}sljefr h vjh srfgvjuh, jl `h efaf} fj o`hjml, nhq vj f}xvfkh, ol}xvfal l rf}vkfj shrh bjebmhr h` srldf}lr xvf mljlmf} `h rf}svf}uh*

+

Ftbuh mhfr fj el} frrlrf}1 mljuf}uhr uf`fgrèdbmhkfjuf l fjrl``hruf fj vj svjul efufrkbjhel fj efurbkfjul ef `l} efkè}*

+

]b }f uf xvfeh `h kfjuf fj o`hjml, jl uf srflmvsf}* _f`èahuf, mbfrrh `l} lal}  mljmâjurhuf* @h ñjbmh dlrkh ef }vsfrhr f` o`lxvfl f} }vsrbkbr f` jbtf` ef hj}bfehe h urhtâ} ef `h rf`hahmbýj*

+

Efah f}shmbl fj o`hjml fjurf srfgvjuh}  fjurf `l} sèrrhdl} kè} bkslruhjuf}, h}ë slerè} tl`tfr }lorf f``l}  hjluhr `l xvf l`tbeh}uf*

+

@h srf}fjuhmbýj ef` f~hkfj nh ef }fr hmfsuho`f  f` uf~ul nh ef f}uhr f}mrbul mlj `furh `fgbo`f*

+

Hjuf} ef fjurfghr f` f~hkfj efebmh vjl} kbjvul} h rfsh}hr*

Srvfoh} Loafubth}* Efjurl ef f``h} slefkl} fjmljurhr thrbl} ubsl}1 + + + +

Srvfoh} ef fj`hmf l rf`hmbýj* Srvfoh} ef tfrehefrl l dh`}l* Srvfoh} ef mlks`fuhr* Srvfoh} ef }f`fmmbýj kñùbs`f*

Fj f}uf ubsl ef srvfoh} nh} ef ufjfr fj mvfjuh `h} }bgvbfjuf} rfmlkfjehmbljf}1 +

_fshruf f` ubfksl fjurf `h} eb}ubjuh} srfgvjuh}, sfrl s`hjbdbmèjel`l fj eb}ubjuh} sh}heh}*

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Hsrfjefr h Hsrfjefr + Khjvh` shrh }lorftbtbr fj `h Vjbtfr}behe Vjbtfr}behe \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\ 8>

 

t

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Mvhjel nhh} ufrkbjhel `h srbkfrh sh}heh eh vjh }fgvjeh tvfùh shrh rf}sljefr hxvf``h} kè} h}fxvbo`f} fjurf `h} xvf uf efah}uf  slr ñùbkl f` ubfksl }lorhjuf efeëmh`l h `h} xvf }f uf rf}b}uhj*

+

_f}sljef srbkfrl h hxvf``h} }lorf `h} xvf jl ufjgh} `h kfjlr eveh* Mvhjel uf fjmvfjurf} mlj h`gvjh xvf jl mljlmf}, sh}h h `h }bgvbfjuf }bj sfrefr ubfksl*

+

Srlmfef slr f`bkbjhmbýj ef hùfrjhubth}*

+

Srf}uh f}sfmbh` hufjmbýj h `h} sh`horh} m`htf1 }bfksrf, h tfmf}, jbjgvjl, ulel}, bgvh`, slml}***

+

Fjuârhuf }b }f sfjh`bqhj `l} frrlrf}* ]b }f sfjh`bqhj jl `h} mljuf}uf}*

+

Efah ubfksl shrh rftb}hr f` f~hkfj, mvhjel `l rfsh}f} mhkobh `h rf}svf}uh eheh }b mlksrvfoh} xvf uf fxvbtlmh}uf  hjñ`h`h }b f}uè} fj vjh eveh xvf jl svfeh} ef}sfahr

F~èkfjf} lrh`f}* +

F` jfrtbl}b}kl f} khlr* Nh} ef hsrfjefr h rf`hahruf vub`bqhjel h`gvjh uâmjbmh, }lorf ulel h` bjbmbl* Urhj}mvrrbel} `l} srbkfrl} kbjvul} uhkobâj fj f` f~hkfj lrh` }vf`f ohahr f` jbtf` ef hj}bfehe*

+

F}mvmnh mlj hufjmbýj `h srfgvjuh  }buñh`h fj }v mljuf~ul hjuf} ef rf}sljefr*

+

Srlmvrh fjurfjhruf srftbhkfjuf }bkv`hjel `h }buvhmbýj*

+

]b svfef} nhq vj orftf f}xvfkh kfjuh` hjuf} ef rf}sljefr*

Ef}svâ} ef` f~hkfj*  

 

 

Fj `h rftb}býj ef f~èkfjf}, jl uf mljdlrkf} mlj kbrhr `h jluh, `ff `l} mlkfjuhrbl} ef` srldf}lr, mljdrljuh f` f~hkfj mlj `l} hsvjuf}  f` `borl* Mlksrvfoh uv} hmbfrul}  frrlrf}* Hjuf f` }v}sfj}l svfef} }fjubr vjh drv}urhmbýj xvf gfjfrh hgrf}btbehe* ]â rfh`b}uh, f` }v}sfj}l svfef efofr}f h uv dhùh ef srfshrhmbýj  ubfjf `h tbruve ef bjdýrkhuf ef f``l shrh xvf svfeh} mlrrfgbruf h ubfksl* F}mvmnh `l} mlkfjuhrbl} ef` srldf}lr xvf }vf`fj mfjurhr}f fj `l} dh``l} kè} nhobuvh`f} ef `h m`h}f  fj `h dlrkh mlrrfmuh mlkl }f efofrëh nhofr

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